@misc{forumoninformation&democracyForumMembersIts2024, title = {The {Forum}, members of its {Working} {Group} and researchers call for the {DSA} to provide researchers access to conduct experimental evaluations of {VLOPs}’}, url = {https://informationdemocracy.org/2024/06/14/the-forum-members-of-its-working-group-and-researchers-call-for-the-dsa-to-provide-researchers-access-to-conduct-experimental-evaluations-of-vlops/}, language = {en-GB}, urldate = {2024-10-11}, journal = {Forum Information \& Democracy}, author = {Forum on Information \& Democracy}, month = jun, year = {2024}, keywords = {/unread, Final Draft Additions}, file = {Snapshot:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/FU6RBYHV/the-forum-members-of-its-working-group-and-researchers-call-for-the-dsa-to-provide-researchers-.html:text/html}, } @techreport{strayAlgorithmicManagementPolarization2023, title = {The {Algorithmic} {Management} of {Polarization} and {Violence} on {Social} {Media}}, url = {http://knightcolumbia.org/content/the-algorithmic-management-of-polarization-and-violence-on-social-media}, language = {en}, urldate = {2024-10-11}, institution = {Knight First Amendment Institute, Columbia University}, author = {Stray, Jonathan and Iyer, Ravi and Larrauri, Helena Puig}, year = {2023}, keywords = {/unread, Final Draft Additions, Review, Global North}, file = {Snapshot:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/D8HNFJAC/the-algorithmic-management-of-polarization-and-violence-on-social-media.html:text/html;The Algorithmic Management of Polarization and Vio.pdf:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/J6PAL4B9/The Algorithmic Management of Polarization and Vio.pdf:application/pdf}, } @article{robertsonFunhouseMirrorFactory2024, title = {Inside the funhouse mirror factory: {How} social media distorts perceptions of norms}, volume = {60}, issn = {2352-250X}, shorttitle = {Inside the funhouse mirror factory}, url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2352250X24001313}, doi = {10.1016/j.copsyc.2024.101918}, abstract = {The current paper explains how modern technology interacts with human psychology to create a funhouse mirror version of social norms. We argue that norms generated on social media often tend to be more extreme than offline norms which can create false perceptions of norms–known as pluralistic ignorance. We integrate research from political science, psychology, and cognitive science to explain how online environments become saturated with false norms, who is misrepresented online, what happens when online norms deviate from offline norms, where people are affected online, and why expressions are more extreme online. We provide a framework for understanding and correcting for the distortions in our perceptions of social norms that are created by social media platforms. We argue the funhouse mirror nature of social media can be pernicious for individuals and society by increasing pluralistic ignorance and false polarization.}, urldate = {2024-10-11}, journal = {Current Opinion in Psychology}, author = {Robertson, Claire E. and del Rosario, Kareena S. and Van Bavel, Jay J.}, month = dec, year = {2024}, keywords = {/unread, Final Draft Additions, Review}, pages = {1--7}, file = {Robertson et al. - 2024 - Inside the funhouse mirror factory How social med.pdf:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/4K8Q7Z43/Robertson et al. - 2024 - Inside the funhouse mirror factory How social med.pdf:application/pdf;ScienceDirect Snapshot:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/VP2CFX3P/S2352250X24001313.html:text/html}, } @incollection{verdegemIntroductionWhyWe2021, title = {Introduction: {Why} {We} {Need} {Critical} {Perspectives} on {AI}}, shorttitle = {Introduction}, url = {https://www.uwestminsterpress.co.uk/site/chapters/e/10.16997/book55.a/}, abstract = {This chapter introduces the volume and lays the foundations of why critical perspectives are necessary to overcome utopian and dystopian perspectives on AI. It develops the argument that we need to ask critical questions and come up with a nuanced vision towards AI if we want to make sure that AI will benefit society at large. Key themes include: conceptualising AI, visions of AI in policies and ethics, the role of capitalism and power and the case for a radical democratisation of AI before articulating some key principles to follow in developing AI of benefit to all. Finally the introduction gives an overview of how the edited volume is organised and how the different contributions fit together.}, language = {en}, urldate = {2024-10-12}, booktitle = {{AI} for {Everyone}? {Critical} {Perspectives}}, publisher = {University of Westminster Press}, author = {Verdegem, Pieter}, editor = {Verdegem, Pieter}, month = sep, year = {2021}, note = {Publisher: University of Westminster Press}, keywords = {/unread, Final Draft Additions}, pages = {1--18}, file = {Full Text:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/SS9H853R/Verdegem - 2021 - Introduction Why We Need Critical Perspectives on.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/UT6VFPCH/book55.a.html:text/html}, } @techreport{forumoninformation&democracyDataProtectionAuthorities2024, title = {Data protection authorities stand up to big tech: the importance of democratic institutions to safeguard citizens’ privacy rights}, url = {https://informationdemocracy.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/09/FID-Insight-Nr-1-Data-protection-authorities-and-AI.pdf}, institution = {Forum on Information \& Democracy: Unpacking Current Developments in the Information Space Insight Nr. 1}, author = {Forum on Information \& Democracy}, month = sep, year = {2024}, keywords = {Global South, /unread, Final Draft Additions, BRICS, Report}, file = {Forum on Information & Democracy - 2024 - Data protection authorities stand up to big tech .pdf:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/HELXIT7Y/Forum on Information & Democracy - 2024 - Data protection authorities stand up to big tech .pdf:application/pdf}, } @techreport{unitednationsPactFutureGlobal2024, title = {Pact for the {Future}, {Global} {Digital} {Compact}, and {Declaration} on {Future} {Generations}}, url = {https://www.un.org/sites/un2.un.org/files/sotf-the-pact-for-the-future.pdf}, institution = {United Nations}, author = {United Nations}, month = sep, year = {2024}, keywords = {/unread, Final Draft Additions, Global, Policy}, file = {United Nations - 2024 - Pact for the Future, Global Digital Compact, and D.pdf:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/5VX6YMN4/United Nations - 2024 - Pact for the Future, Global Digital Compact, and D.pdf:application/pdf}, } @book{jinSocialMediaCrisis2022, title = {Social {Media} and {Crisis} {Communication}}, isbn = {978-1-00-054296-7}, abstract = {The second edition of this vital text integrates theory, research, and application to orient readers to the latest thinking about the role of social media in crisis communication. Specific crisis arenas such as health, corporate, nonprofit, religious, political, and disaster are examined in depth, along with social media platforms and newer technology. Social Media and Crisis Communication, Second Edition provides a fresh look at the role of visual communication in social media and a more global review of social media and crisis communication literature. With an enhanced focus on the ethics section, a short communication overview piece, and case studies for each area of application, it is practical for use in a variety of learning settings. A must-read for scholars, advanced students, and practitioners who wish to stay on the leading edge of research, this book will appeal to those in public relations, strategic communications, corporate communications, government and NGO communications, and emergency and disaster response.}, language = {en}, publisher = {Routledge}, editor = {Jin, Yan and Austin, Lucinda L.}, month = feb, year = {2022}, keywords = {Business \& Economics / Economics / General, Political Science / General, Social Science / Media Studies, Language Arts \& Disciplines / Journalism, History / General, /unread, Final Draft Additions, Global, Business \& Economics / Public Relations, Computers / Computer Science, Computers / General, Language Arts \& Disciplines / Communication Studies, Nature / Natural Disasters, Science / Earth Sciences / Geography, Technology \& Engineering / Military Science, Review}, } @misc{mateenPayingNewsWhat2023, title = {Paying for news: {What} {Google} and {Meta} owe publishers}, shorttitle = {Paying for news}, url = {https://ipdcolumbia.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/08/Paying-for-News-What-Google-and-Meta-Owe-US-Publishers-—-Draft-Working-Paper.pdf}, abstract = {What would Meta and Google owe US publishers under a fair payment for the use of their content? The authors of this blog estimate that the tech platforms should be paying a total of between \$11.9 and \$13.9 billion annually.}, language = {en}, urldate = {2024-10-12}, publisher = {Initiative for Policy Dialogue, Columbia University}, author = {Mateen, Haaris and Tabakovic, Haris and Holder, Patrick and Schiffrin, Anya}, year = {2023}, keywords = {/unread, Final Draft Additions, Global North, Mixed}, file = {Mateen et al. - 2024 - Paying for news What Google and Meta owe publishe.pdf:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/KEU3DH6L/Mateen et al. - 2024 - Paying for news What Google and Meta owe publishe.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/8QIMDAW5/paying-news-what-google-and-meta-owe-publishers.html:text/html}, } @misc{eckerWhyMisinformationMust2024, title = {Why {Misinformation} {Must} {Not} {Be} {Ignored}}, url = {https://osf.io/8a6cj}, doi = {10.31234/osf.io/8a6cj}, abstract = {Recent academic debate has seen the emergence of the claim that misinformation is not a significant problem. We believe that the arguments used to support this minimizing position are flawed, particularly if interpreted (e.g., by policymakers or the public) as suggesting that misinformation can be safely ignored. Here, we rebut the two main claims, namely that misinformation is not of substantive concern (1) due to its low incidence and (2) because it has no causal influence on notable political or behavioral outcomes. Through a critical review of current literature, we demonstrate that (1) the prevalence of misinformation is non-negligible if reasonably inclusive definitions are applied and that (2) misinformation has causal impacts on important beliefs and behaviors. Both scholars and policymakers should therefore continue to take misinformation seriously.}, language = {en-us}, urldate = {2024-10-11}, publisher = {PsyArXiv}, author = {Ecker, Ullrich and Tay, Li Qian and Roozenbeek, Jon and van der Linden, Sander and Cook, John and Oreskes, Naomi and Lewandowsky, Stephan}, month = mar, year = {2024}, keywords = {misinformation, disinformation, information environment, Systematic literature review, /unread, Final Draft Additions, informational influence, public discourse}, file = {Submitted Version:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/Y8PDTNDK/Ecker et al. - 2024 - Why Misinformation Must Not Be Ignored.pdf:application/pdf}, } @book{coombsHandbookCrisisCommunication2022, title = {The {Handbook} of {Crisis} {Communication}: {Second} {Edition}}, isbn = {978-1-119-67893-9}, shorttitle = {The {Handbook} of {Crisis} {Communication}}, abstract = {The revised and updated new edition of the comprehensive guide to crisis communication research and practice The Handbook of Crisis Communication provides students, researchers, and practitioners with a timely and authoritative overview of the dynamic field. Contributions by an international team of 50 leading scholars and practitioners demonstrate various methodological approaches, examine how crisis communication is applied in a range of specific contexts, discuss the role of culture and technology in crisis communication, and present original research of relevance to the development and evaluation of crisis communication theory. Now in its second edition, the Handbook covers the latest advances in global crisis communication technology, current trends in research and practice, social media in crisis communication, and more. Each of the 38 chapters incorporate new material offering fresh insights into existing areas of crisis communication and explore new and emerging lines of research. A wealth of new case studies, practical scenarios, and in-depth analyses of recent crises are integrated throughout. Examines traditional applications, recent advances, and emerging areas in crisis communication Discusses communication approaches for organizational crises, disasters, political crises, and public health crises Provides up-to-date coverage of the latest terminology, methods, and research trends in the field Highlights how crisis communication theory and research can inform real-world practice Features detailed analyses of crisis communication in major events such as terrorist attacks, natural disasters, industrial accidents, and global pandemicsThe Handbook of Crisis Communication, Second Edition is an excellent textbook for advanced students in public relations and strategic communication programs, and a valuable reference for researchers and practitioners in fields such as crisis communication, public relations, and corporate communication.}, language = {en}, publisher = {John Wiley \& Sons}, editor = {Coombs, W. Timothy and Holladay, Sherry J.}, month = oct, year = {2022}, note = {Google-Books-ID: ryCYEAAAQBAJ}, keywords = {Social Science / Media Studies, /unread, Final Draft Additions, Global, Technology \& Engineering / Electronics / General, Mixed}, } @techreport{forumoninformation&democracyUSSupremeCourt2024, title = {{US} {Supreme} {Court} {Decision} on social media regulation, uncertainty remains!}, url = {https://informationdemocracy.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/09/FID-Insight-Nr-2-US-Supreme-Court-Decision-on-social-media-regulation.pdf}, institution = {Forum on Information \& Democracy: Unpacking Current Developments in the Information Space Insight Nr. 2}, author = {Forum on Information \& Democracy}, month = sep, year = {2024}, keywords = {/unread, Final Draft Additions, Report, Global North}, file = {Full text:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/IFC3LFDP/Forum on Information & Democracy - 2024 - US Supreme Court Decision on social media regulati.pdf:application/pdf}, } @misc{mendesRoadRegulationArtificial2023, title = {The road to regulation of artificial intelligence: the {Brazilian} experience}, shorttitle = {The road to regulation of artificial intelligence}, url = {https://policyreview.info/articles/news/road-regulation-artificial-intelligence-brazilian-experience/1737}, abstract = {Brazil is currently examining a comprehensive AI bill to establish a rights-based and risk-based regulatory framework. In contrast to notions of legal transplant or the influence of the Brussels effect, Brazil seeks to carve its own path, addressing the nation's distinct challenges and opportunities.}, urldate = {2024-10-13}, journal = {Internet Policy Review}, author = {Mendes, Laura Schertel and Kira, Beatriz}, month = dec, year = {2023}, keywords = {Global South, /unread, Final Draft Additions, BRICS, Review}, } @article{vandijckSeeingForestTrees2020, title = {Seeing the {Forest} for the {Trees}: {Visualizing} {Platformization} and {Its} {Governance}}, volume = {23}, copyright = {https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/full/10.1177/1461444820940293}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1177/1461444820940293}, number = {9}, journal = {New Media \& Society}, author = {van Dijck, José}, month = jul, year = {2020}, keywords = {/unread, Final Draft Additions, Review, Global North}, pages = {2801--2819}, file = {Full text:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/MGZ4TJP6/van Dijck - 2020 - Seeing the Forest for the Trees Visualizing Platf.pdf:application/pdf}, } @incollection{puppisIntroductionMediaCommunication2024, title = {Introduction to media and communication governance: {From} labelling to theorizing and practice}, booktitle = {Handbook of {Media} and {Communication} {Governance}}, publisher = {Edward Elgar Publishing}, author = {Puppis, Manuel and Mansell, Robin and Van den Bulck, Hilde}, year = {2024}, keywords = {/unread, Final Draft Additions}, pages = {1--26}, } @article{motamediIranUnveilsPlan2024, title = {Iran unveils plan for tighter internet rules to promote local platforms}, url = {https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2024/2/24/iran-unveils-plan-for-tighter-internet-rules-to-promote-local-platforms}, abstract = {From ‘shells’ of foreign apps to a focus on local versions, the directive has clues for the future of internet in Iran.}, language = {en}, urldate = {2024-10-13}, journal = {Al Jazeera}, author = {Motamedi, Maziar}, month = feb, year = {2024}, keywords = {Global South, /unread, Final Draft Additions, Report}, file = {Snapshot:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/WRBJ2DSI/iran-unveils-plan-for-tighter-internet-rules-to-promote-local-platforms.html:text/html}, } @techreport{governmentofbrazilProjetoLei23382023, title = {Projeto de {Lei} 2338/2023, {Dispõe} sobre o uso da {Inteligência} {Artificial}}, url = {https://legis.senado.leg.br/sdleg-getter/documento?dm=9347593&ts=1726246471801&disposition=inline}, institution = {Government of Brazil}, author = {Government of Brazil}, year = {2023}, keywords = {Regulation, Global South, /unread, Final Draft Additions}, file = {Government of Brazil - 2020 - Projeto de Lei nº 21, de 2020, do Deputado Federal.pdf:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/38TAW8HG/Government of Brazil - 2020 - Projeto de Lei nº 21, de 2020, do Deputado Federal.pdf:application/pdf}, } @misc{innesOSINTVsDisinformation2023, title = {{OSINT} vs {Disinformation}: {The} {Information} {Threats} ‘{Arms} {Race}’}, shorttitle = {{OSINT} vs {Disinformation}}, url = {https://crestresearch.ac.uk/comment/osint-vs-disinformation-the-information-threats-arms-race/}, abstract = {Exploring the interplay between open-source intelligence (OSINT) and disinformation to illuminate how they drive vital innovations in the organisation and conduct of each other.}, language = {en-GB}, urldate = {2024-10-13}, journal = {Centre for Research and Evidence on Security Threats}, author = {Innes, Helen and Dawson, Andrew and Innes, Martin}, month = oct, year = {2023}, keywords = {/unread, Final Draft Additions, Report}, file = {Snapshot:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/VL229H7F/osint-vs-disinformation-the-information-threats-arms-race.html:text/html}, } @article{curzidemendoncaElonMusksFeud2024, title = {Elon {Musk}’s feud with {Brazilian} judge is much more than a personal spat − it’s about national sovereignty, freedom of speech and the rule of law}, url = {http://theconversation.com/elon-musks-feud-with-brazilian-judge-is-much-more-than-a-personal-spat-its-about-national-sovereignty-freedom-of-speech-and-the-rule-of-law-238264}, abstract = {Brazil’s attempt to strike a balance between free speech and regulation of online platforms has become politicized – complicating future legislation.}, language = {en-GB}, urldate = {2024-10-07}, journal = {The Conversation}, author = {Curzi de Mendonça, Yasmin}, month = sep, year = {2024}, keywords = {Global South, /unread, Final Draft Additions, BRICS, Report}, file = {Snapshot:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/9A4Z8ZQ9/elon-musks-feud-with-brazilian-judge-is-much-more-than-a-personal-spat-its-about-national-sover.html:text/html}, } @article{gorwaModeratingModelMarketplaces2024, title = {Moderating model marketplaces: platform governance puzzles for {AI} intermediaries}, volume = {Online First}, issn = {1757-9961}, shorttitle = {Moderating model marketplaces}, url = {https://doi.org/10.1080/17579961.2024.2388914}, doi = {10.1080/17579961.2024.2388914}, abstract = {The AI development community is increasingly making use of hosting intermediaries, such as Hugging Face, which provide easy access to user-uploaded models and training data. These model marketplaces lower technical deployment barriers for hundreds of thousands of users, yet can be used in numerous potentially harmful and illegal ways. In this article, we explain the ways in which AI systems, which can both ‘contain’ content and be open-ended tools, present one of the trickiest platform governance challenges seen to date. We provide case studies of several incidents across three illustrative platforms – Hugging Face, GitHub and Civitai – to examine how model marketplaces moderate models. Building on this analysis, we outline important (and yet nevertheless limited) practices that industry has been developing to respond to moderation demands: licensing, access and use restrictions, automated content moderation, and open policy development. While the policy challenge at hand is a considerable one, we conclude with some ideas as to how platforms could better mobilise resources to act as a careful, fair, and proportionate regulatory access point.}, number = {0}, urldate = {2024-10-07}, journal = {Law, Innovation and Technology}, author = {Gorwa, Robert and Veale, Michael}, year = {2024}, note = {Publisher: Routledge \_eprint: https://doi.org/10.1080/17579961.2024.2388914}, keywords = {machine learning, content moderation, platform governance, artificial intelligence, /unread, Final Draft Additions, Hosting intermediaries, models, Global North, Qual}, pages = {1--51}, file = {Full Text PDF:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/AX7PXRCU/Gorwa and Veale - Moderating model marketplaces platform governance.pdf:application/pdf}, } @article{vandijckDataficationDataismDataveillance2014, title = {Datafication, dataism and dataveillance: {Big} {Data} between scientific paradigm and ideology}, volume = {12}, issn = {1477-7487}, shorttitle = {Datafication, dataism and dataveillance}, url = {https://ojs.library.queensu.ca/index.php/surveillance-and-society/article/view/datafication}, doi = {10.24908/ss.v12i2.4776}, language = {en}, number = {2}, urldate = {2024-07-29}, journal = {Surveillance \& Society}, author = {Van Dijck, José}, month = may, year = {2014}, keywords = {social media, surveillance, Big Data, /unread, metadata, Prism, Review, Second Draft Report Additions}, pages = {197--208}, file = {Full Text PDF:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/Y2YWVVUJ/Dijck - 2014 - Datafication, dataism and dataveillance Big Data .pdf:application/pdf}, } @techreport{europeancommissionRegulationEU20242024, title = {Regulation ({EU}) 2024/1083 establishing a common framework for media service ({European} {Media} {Freedom} {Act})}, url = {https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/PDF/?uri=CELEX:52022PC0457}, institution = {European Commission OJ 17 April 2024}, author = {European Commission}, year = {2024}, keywords = {Regulation, /unread, First Draft Report Cited, Global North}, file = {European Commission - 2022 - A Common Framework for Media Services in the Inter.pdf:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/QRQE658M/European Commission - 2022 - A Common Framework for Media Services in the Inter.pdf:application/pdf;OJ_L_202401083_EN_TXT.pdf:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/CM9FW7XU/OJ_L_202401083_EN_TXT.pdf:application/pdf}, } @book{davisPoliticalCommunicationIntroduction2023, address = {Cambrige}, title = {Political {Communication}: {An} {Introduction} for {Crisis} {Times}}, url = {https://www.politybooks.com/bookdetail?book_slug=9781509557042}, urldate = {2023-11-15}, publisher = {Polity Press}, author = {Davis, Aeron}, month = dec, year = {2023}, keywords = {/unread, Second Draft Report Additions, Global North, OID Media, Qual}, } @incollection{galliRegulationContentModeration2023, address = {Cham}, title = {The {Regulation} of {Content} {Moderation}}, isbn = {978-3-031-40516-7}, url = {https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-031-40516-7_5}, abstract = {Online platforms have become a key infrastructure for creating and sharing content, thus representing a paramount context for the individual/collective exercise of fundamental rights (e.g., freedom of expression, association) and the realisation of social values (citizens’ information, education, democratic dialogue). At the same time, platforms offer new opportunities for unfair or harmful behaviours, such as the unauthorised distribution of copyrighted content, privacy violation, unlawful content distribution (e.g., hate speech, child pornography), and fake news. To prevent or at least mitigate the spread of such content, online platforms have been encouraged to resort to content moderation. This activity uses automated systems to govern content flows to ensure lawful and productive user interactions. These systems deploy state-of-the-art AI technologies (e.g., deep learning, NLP) to detect prohibited content and restrict its further dissemination. In this Chapter, we will address the use of automated systems in content moderation and the related regulatory aspects. Section 2 will provide a general overview of content moderation on online platforms, focusing mainly on automated filtering. Further, Sect. 3 will describe existing techniques for automatically filtering content. Section 4 will discuss some critical challenges in automated content moderation, namely vulnerability, failures in accuracy, subjectivity and discrimination. Furthermore, Sect. 5 will define some of the steps needed to regulate moderation. Finally, in Sect. 6, we will review existing legislation that addresses content moderation in online environments.}, booktitle = {The {Legal} {Challenges} of the {Fourth} {Industrial} {Revolution}: {The} {European} {Union}'s {Digital} {Strategy}}, publisher = {Springer International Publishing}, author = {Galli, Federico and Loreggia, Andrea and Sartor, Giovanni}, editor = {Moura Vicente, Dário and de Vasconcelos Casimiro, Sofia and Chen, Chen}, year = {2023}, keywords = {/unread, Final Draft Additions, Review}, pages = {63--87}, } @techreport{ruggieReportSpecialRepresentative2011, title = {Report of the {Special} {Representative} of the {Secretary}-{General} on the {Issue} of {Human} {Rights} and {Transnational} {Corporations} and {Other} {Business} {Enterprises}: {Guiding} {Principles} on {Business} and {Human} {Rights} : {Implementing} the {United} {Nations} '{Protect}, {Respect} and {Remedy}' {Framework}}, shorttitle = {Report of the {Special} {Representative} of the {Secretary}-{General} on the {Issue} of {Human} {Rights} and {Transnational} {Corporations} and {Other} {Business} {Enterprises}, {John} {Ruggie}}, url = {https://digitallibrary.un.org/record/705860}, language = {en}, urldate = {2024-05-06}, institution = {United Nations General Assembly A/HRC/17/31}, author = {Ruggie, John Gerard}, month = mar, year = {2011}, note = {Publisher: UN,}, keywords = {/unread, Report, Global, First Draft Report Cited}, file = {A_HRC_17_31-EN.pdf:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/UVT48LYW/A_HRC_17_31-EN.pdf:application/pdf;Full Text PDF:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/PGIXBCDC/Ruggie and Enterprises - 2011 - Report of the Special Representative of the Secret.pdf:application/pdf}, } @article{de-limasantosEntanglementsDataJournalism2023, title = {The {Entanglements} between {Data} {Journalism}, {Collaboration} and {Business} {Models}: {A} {Systematic} {Literature} {Review}}, volume = {12}, issn = {2167-0811}, shorttitle = {The {Entanglements} between {Data} {Journalism}, {Collaboration} and {Business} {Models}}, url = {https://doi.org/10.1080/21670811.2023.2247449}, doi = {10.1080/21670811.2023.2247449}, abstract = {Despite it being somewhat of a niche project back in 2009, at this stage of its evolution, data journalism has gained significant traction to grow into a maturing field. However, little is known about the intersection of data journalism and collaboration in the news organizations’ business models from an infrastructure perspective, that is, key activities, key resources, and partner networks. These elements play an important role in the business model as they outline how an organization can optimize the efficiency within the business to provide the public with the best value proposition, in this case, data storytelling. Therefore, through a systematic literature review, this study aims to identify research trends and gaps in the field, conceptualize current paradigmatic views and therein provide clear propositions to guide future research in the entanglements of data journalism, collaboration, and business models. The originality of this study is rooted in the comprehensive search and systematic review of studies in the discourse around data and collaborative journalisms as part of the news organizations’ business models, which have not been unified to date, although both practices became popularized with the digitization of news organizations.}, number = {2}, urldate = {2023-12-25}, journal = {Digital Journalism}, author = {de-Lima Santos, Mathias-Felipe}, year = {2023}, note = {Publisher: Routledge \_eprint: https://doi.org/10.1080/21670811.2023.2247449}, keywords = {Systematic literature review, /unread, First Draft Report Cited, Global North, OID Media, business model, collaborative journalism, Data journalism, USED, systema}, pages = {256--281}, file = {de-Lima-Santos - 2023 - The Entanglements between Data Journalism, Collabo.pdf:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/D7AZ5C2H/de-Lima-Santos - 2023 - The Entanglements between Data Journalism, Collabo.pdf:application/pdf}, } @article{eadyExposureRussianInternet2023, title = {Exposure to the {Russian} {Internet} {Research} {Agency} foreign influence campaign on {Twitter} in the 2016 {US} election and its relationship to attitudes and voting behavior}, volume = {14}, copyright = {2023 The Author(s)}, issn = {2041-1723}, url = {https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-022-35576-9}, doi = {10.1038/s41467-022-35576-9}, abstract = {There is widespread concern that foreign actors are using social media to interfere in elections worldwide. Yet data have been unavailable to investigate links between exposure to foreign influence campaigns and political behavior. Using longitudinal survey data from US respondents linked to their Twitter feeds, we quantify the relationship between exposure to the Russian foreign influence campaign and attitudes and voting behavior in the 2016 US election. We demonstrate, first, that exposure to Russian disinformation accounts was heavily concentrated: only 1\% of users accounted for 70\% of exposures. Second, exposure was concentrated among users who strongly identified as Republicans. Third, exposure to the Russian influence campaign was eclipsed by content from domestic news media and politicians. Finally, we find no evidence of a meaningful relationship between exposure to the Russian foreign influence campaign and changes in attitudes, polarization, or voting behavior. The results have implications for understanding the limits of election interference campaigns on social media.}, language = {en}, number = {1}, urldate = {2024-04-19}, journal = {Nature Communications}, author = {Eady, Gregory and Paskhalis, Tom and Zilinsky, Jan and Bonneau, Richard and Nagler, Jonathan and Tucker, Joshua A.}, month = jan, year = {2023}, note = {Publisher: Nature Publishing Group}, keywords = {Politics, Social sciences, Global South, /unread, BRICS, First Draft Report Cited, Quant}, pages = {1--11}, file = {Full Text PDF:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/T3NV9BT8/Eady et al. - 2023 - Exposure to the Russian Internet Research Agency f.pdf:application/pdf}, } @article{economidesEconomicsNetworkNeutrality2012, title = {The economics of network neutrality}, volume = {43}, issn = {0741-6261}, url = {https://www.jstor.org/stable/41723347}, abstract = {Under the current regime for Internet access, "network neutrality, "parties are billed only by the Internet service provider (ISP) through which they connect to the Internet; pricing is not contingent on the content being transmitted. Recently, ISPs have proposed that content and applications providers pay them additional fees for accessing the ISPs' residential clients, as well as fees to prioritize certain content We analyze the private and social implications of such fees when the network is congested and more traffic implies greater delays. We derive conditions under which network neutrality would be welfare superior to any feasible scheme for prioritizing service.}, number = {4}, urldate = {2024-01-11}, journal = {The RAND Journal of Economics}, author = {Economides, Nicholas and Hermalin, Benjamin E.}, year = {2012}, keywords = {/unread, Review, First Draft Report Cited}, pages = {602--629}, file = {Economides and Hermalin - 2012 - The economics of network neutrality.pdf:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/HGT2MMFW/Economides and Hermalin - 2012 - The economics of network neutrality.pdf:application/pdf}, } @article{edgerlyRedMediaBlue2015, title = {Red {Media}, {Blue} {Media}, and {Purple} {Media}: {News} {Repertoires} in the {Colorful} {Media} {Landscape}}, volume = {59}, issn = {0883-8151, 1550-6878}, shorttitle = {Red {Media}, {Blue} {Media}, and {Purple} {Media}}, url = {http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/08838151.2014.998220}, doi = {10.1080/08838151.2014.998220}, language = {en}, number = {1}, urldate = {2024-04-05}, journal = {Journal of Broadcasting \& Electronic Media}, author = {Edgerly, Stephanie}, month = jan, year = {2015}, keywords = {/unread, First Draft Report Cited, Global North, Quant}, pages = {1--21}, file = {Edgerly - 2015 - Red Media, Blue Media, and Purple Media News Repe.pdf:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/PK4GRAHV/Edgerly - 2015 - Red Media, Blue Media, and Purple Media News Repe.pdf:application/pdf}, } @article{edgerlyHeadHeartNews2022, title = {The head and heart of news avoidance: {How} attitudes about the news media relate to levels of news consumption}, volume = {23}, issn = {1464-8849, 1741-3001}, shorttitle = {The head and heart of news avoidance}, url = {http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/14648849211012922}, doi = {10.1177/14648849211012922}, abstract = {In today’s media environment, there are increased opportunities to consume news in various formats and styles. Why then, do some people say they consume little to no news? The focus of this study is to identify the factors related to extremely low levels of news consumption. Survey data from a nationally representative sample of U.S. adults is used to test different explanations for news avoidance. Results point to several factors that explain lower overall levels of news consumption. Extremely low news consumption is related to a disinterest in politics, perceptions of news lacking relevance, low news self-efficacy and a lack of knowledge about the news system. Perhaps surprisingly, the emotional toll of news (e.g. news fatigue, upset feelings) did not explain variation in overall levels of news consumption. Based on these findings, efforts to convert news avoiders into more regular consumers of news is discussed.}, language = {en}, number = {9}, urldate = {2024-02-02}, journal = {Journalism}, author = {Edgerly, Stephanie}, month = sep, year = {2022}, keywords = {/unread, First Draft Report Cited, Global North, Quant}, pages = {1828--1845}, file = {Edgerly - 2022 - The head and heart of news avoidance How attitude.pdf:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/LHSCHFKR/Edgerly - 2022 - The head and heart of news avoidance How attitude.pdf:application/pdf}, } @incollection{eichlerCrossmediaPlatformisedJournalism2023, title = {Cross-media and platformised journalism: {ARD}’s innovation attempts at becoming a multi-platform contributor to society}, shorttitle = {Chapter 13. {Cross}-media and platformised journalism}, url = {https://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:norden:org:diva-12871}, abstract = {This chapter presents results of a comprehensive research project which examined strategies with which ARD (a joint organisation of public service broadcasters in Germany) attempted to manage the c ...}, language = {eng}, urldate = {2023-12-01}, booktitle = {Public {Service} {Media}'s {Contribution} to {Society}: {RIPE}@2021}, publisher = {Nordicom}, author = {Eichler, Henning}, editor = {Puppis, Manuel and Ali, Christopher}, year = {2023}, keywords = {/unread, First Draft Report Cited, Global North, Qual}, pages = {265--288}, file = {Eichler - 2023 - Cross-media and platformised journalism ARD’s inn.pdf:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/2AXWSQNF/Eichler - 2023 - Cross-media and platformised journalism ARD’s inn.pdf:application/pdf}, } @techreport{eisenachEconomicsZeroRating2015, title = {The {Economics} of {Zero} {Rating}}, url = {https://www.nera.com/insights/publications/2015/the-economics-of-zero-rating.html#:~:text=Zero%20Rating%20plans%20enable%20mobile,counted%20against%20data%20usage%20limits.}, language = {en}, institution = {NERA Economic Consulting}, author = {Eisenach, Jeffrey A}, year = {2015}, keywords = {/unread, Review, First Draft Report Cited}, file = {Eisenach - The Economics of Zero Rating.pdf:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/LV2YBHH5/Eisenach - The Economics of Zero Rating.pdf:application/pdf}, } @article{elishar-malkaRethinkingPoliticalCommunication2020, title = {Rethinking political communication in the digital sphere}, volume = {26}, issn = {1321-6597}, url = {https://doi.org/10.1080/13216597.2020.1771397}, doi = {10.1080/13216597.2020.1771397}, abstract = {Twenty-five years after the first emergence of the Internet in its World Wide Web format, the nexus between the digital sphere and the political communication sphere is no longer disputed. This paper examines the vibrant changes of the relationships between the digital sphere and political communication from the mid-1990s till today. We highlight four stages in this evolving linkage, the last of which is still going through its initial formation process. We will examine this fourth phase as a continuation of an evolutionary process, with a special focus on the ‘fake news’ phenomenon. Finally, we suggest that the shifts currently underway may warrant a reexamination by communication scholars of early communication theories.}, number = {2}, urldate = {2023-12-13}, journal = {The Journal of International Communication}, author = {Elishar-Malka, Vered and Ariel, Yaron and Weimann, Gabriel}, month = jul, year = {2020}, note = {Publisher: Routledge \_eprint: https://doi.org/10.1080/13216597.2020.1771397}, keywords = {fake news, /unread, Review, First Draft Report Cited, communication theories, digital sphere, Political communication}, pages = {190--210}, file = {Full Text PDF:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/SW5E9XMR/Elishar-Malka et al. - 2020 - Rethinking political communication in the digital .pdf:application/pdf}, } @article{elkin-korenContestingAlgorithmsRestoring2020, title = {Contesting algorithms: {Restoring} the public interest in content filtering by artificial intelligence}, volume = {7}, issn = {2053-9517, 2053-9517}, shorttitle = {Contesting algorithms}, url = {http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/2053951720932296}, doi = {10.1177/2053951720932296}, abstract = {In recent years, artificial intelligence has been deployed by online platforms to prevent the upload of allegedly illegal content or to remove unwarranted expressions. These systems are trained to spot objectionable content and to remove it, block it, or filter it out before it is even uploaded. Artificial intelligence filters offer a robust approach to content moderation which is shaping the public sphere. This dramatic shift in norm setting and law enforcement is potentially game-changing for democracy. Artificial intelligence filters carry censorial power, which could bypass traditional checks and balances secured by law. Their opaque and dynamic nature creates barriers to oversight, and conceals critical value choices and tradeoffs. Currently, we lack adequate tools to hold them accountable. This paper seeks to address this gap by introducing an adversarial procedure— – Contesting Algorithms. It proposes to deliberately introduce friction into the dominant removal systems governed by artificial intelligence. Algorithmic content moderation often seeks to optimize a single goal, such as removing copyright-infringing materials or blocking hate speech, while other values in the public interest, such as fair use or free speech, are often neglected. Contesting algorithms introduce an adversarial design which reflects conflicting values, and thereby may offer a check on dominant removal systems. Facilitating an adversarial intervention may promote democratic principles by keeping society in the loop. An adversarial public artificial intelligence system could enhance dynamic transparency, facilitate an alternative public articulation of social values using machine learning systems, and restore societal power to deliberate and determine social tradeoffs.}, language = {en}, number = {2}, urldate = {2024-01-30}, journal = {Big Data \& Society}, author = {Elkin-Koren, Niva}, month = jul, year = {2020}, keywords = {/unread, Review, First Draft Report Cited}, pages = {1--13}, file = {Elkin-Koren - 2020 - Contesting algorithms Restoring the public intere.pdf:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/L2W9I6GD/Elkin-Koren - 2020 - Contesting algorithms Restoring the public intere.pdf:application/pdf}, } @article{elliottMetaMadeMillions2022, title = {Meta {Made} {Millions} in {Ads} {From} {Networks} of {Fake} {Accounts}}, url = {https://www.wired.com/story/meta-is-making-millions-from-fake-accounts/}, urldate = {2024-05-13}, journal = {Wired}, author = {Elliott, Vittoria}, month = jun, year = {2022}, keywords = {/unread, Report, First Draft Report Cited, Global North}, file = {Meta Made Millions in Ads From Networks of Fake Accounts | WIRED:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/DW24ABPC/meta-is-making-millions-from-fake-accounts.html:text/html}, } @article{elmerCrowdfundingDisinformationPitching2023, title = {Crowdfunding (as) disinformation: ‘{Pitching}’ {5G} and election fraud campaigns on {GoFundMe}}, volume = {45}, issn = {0163-4437, 1460-3675}, shorttitle = {Crowdfunding (as) disinformation}, url = {http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/01634437221136009}, doi = {10.1177/01634437221136009}, abstract = {This paper argues that the current disinformation studies literature lacks any sustained analysis of a crucial element in any communication campaign – its sources of funding. The paper argues that crowdfunding platforms are arguably better networked and ‘cross platform enabled’ than most social media sites to spread disinformation. And that disinformation actors have weaponized crowdfunding to amplify and sustain the spread of their grievances and forms of disinformation. The paper offers a rich qualitative study of a set of election fraud and 5G themed campaigns on the GoFundMe crowdfunding platform. The study questions how networked content and financial appeals in the crowdfunding pitch can contribute to the disinformation literature and potential solutions.}, language = {en}, number = {3}, urldate = {2024-01-05}, journal = {Media, Culture \& Society}, author = {Elmer, Greg and Ward-Kimola, Sabrina}, month = apr, year = {2023}, keywords = {/unread, First Draft Report Cited, Global North, Qual}, pages = {578--594}, file = {Elmer and Ward-Kimola - 2023 - Crowdfunding (as) disinformation ‘Pitching’ 5G an.pdf:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/UFZR3JEA/Elmer and Ward-Kimola - 2023 - Crowdfunding (as) disinformation ‘Pitching’ 5G an.pdf:application/pdf}, } @techreport{elsomSafetyCensorshipBetter2020, title = {Safety without {Censorship}: {A} better way to tackle online harms}, shorttitle = {Safety without {Censorship}}, url = {https://cps.org.uk/research/safety-without-censorship-a-better-way-to-tackle-online-harms/}, abstract = {New CPS report , 'Safety without Censorship', raises significant concerns about the existing proposals for regulating online speech, which the think tank argues will stifle freedom of expression and penalise small businesses and start-ups who will be unable to afford the costs of compliance.}, language = {en}, urldate = {2024-01-27}, institution = {Centre for Policy Studies, London}, author = {Elsom, Caroline}, year = {2020}, keywords = {/unread, Review, First Draft Report Cited, Global North}, file = {Elsom - Safety without Censorship A better way to tackle .pdf:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/X5NSDIAF/Elsom - Safety without Censorship A better way to tackle .pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/PWD5ZJ2D/safety-without-censorship-a-better-way-to-tackle-online-harms.html:text/html}, } @article{elvestadNewspaperReadersEurope2008, title = {Newspaper {Readers} in {Europe}: {A} {Multilevel} {Study} of {Individual} and {National} {Differences}}, volume = {23}, copyright = {http://journals.sagepub.com/page/policies/text-and-data-mining-license}, issn = {0267-3231, 1460-3705}, shorttitle = {Newspaper {Readers} in {Europe}}, url = {http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/0267323108096993}, doi = {10.1177/0267323108096993}, abstract = {■ This article discusses national and individual differences in newspaper reading in Europe. The study uses comparative data on newspaper reading from 23 European countries from the European Social Survey (ESS). By using a multilevel analysis technique, newspaper reading is analysed from the perspective of both individual and national characteristics. The authors claim the findings of this study could throw new light on Hallin and Mancini's theory of media systems. The analysis shows that individual differences explain most of the variation in newspaper reading, but some of the variance could also be explained as national variance. Age, gender, education level and household income explain differences in newspaper reading, but these variables do not have the same effect in all countries. National-level variables in newspapers' situation, other media use, demography and public opinion also improve the effectiveness of `the newspaper reading in Europe' model. ■}, language = {en}, number = {4}, urldate = {2024-04-05}, journal = {European Journal of Communication}, author = {Elvestad, Eiri and Blekesaune, Arild}, month = dec, year = {2008}, keywords = {/unread, First Draft Report Cited, Global North, Quant}, pages = {425--447}, file = {Available Version (via Google Scholar):/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/QJ5JMFCW/Elvestad et Blekesaune - 2008 - Newspaper Readers in Europe A Multilevel Study of.pdf:application/pdf}, } @incollection{epsteinWhyItDifficult2020, edition = {1}, title = {Why {It} {Is} {So} {Difficult} to {Regulate} {Disinformation} {Online}}, isbn = {978-1-108-91462-8 978-1-108-84305-8 978-1-108-82378-4}, url = {https://www.cambridge.org/core/product/identifier/9781108914628%23CN-bp-8/type/book_part}, language = {en}, urldate = {2023-12-08}, booktitle = {The {Disinformation} {Age}}, publisher = {Cambridge University Press}, author = {Epstein, Ben}, editor = {Bennett, W. Lance and Livingston, Steven}, month = oct, year = {2020}, doi = {10.1017/9781108914628.008}, keywords = {/unread, Review, First Draft Report Cited}, pages = {190--210}, file = {Epstein - 2020 - Why It Is So Difficult to Regulate Disinformation .pdf:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/37TP97PB/Epstein - 2020 - Why It Is So Difficult to Regulate Disinformation .pdf:application/pdf}, } @techreport{ergaERGAReportDisinformation2020, title = {{ERGA} {Report} on disinformation: {Assessment} of the implementation of the {Code} of {Practice}}, url = {https://erga-online.eu/wp-content/uploads/2020/05/ERGA-2019-report-published-2020-LQ.pdf}, language = {english}, institution = {European Regulators Group for Audiovisual Media Services}, author = {ERGA}, year = {2020}, keywords = {/unread, Report, First Draft Report Cited, Global North}, file = {ERGA - 2020 - ERGA Report on disinformation Assessment of the i.pdf:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/K5JESQJC/ERGA - 2020 - ERGA Report on disinformation Assessment of the i.pdf:application/pdf}, } @article{ericksonRethinkingFilterBubble2024, title = {Rethinking the filter bubble? {Developing} a research agenda for the protective filter bubble}, volume = {11}, issn = {2053-9517}, shorttitle = {Rethinking the filter bubble?}, url = {https://doi.org/10.1177/20539517241231276}, doi = {10.1177/20539517241231276}, abstract = {Filter bubbles and echo chambers have received global attention from scholars, media organizations, and the general public. Filter bubbles have primarily been regarded as intrinsically negative, and many studies have sought to minimize their influence. The detrimental influence of filter bubbles is well-studied. Filter bubbles may, for example, create information silos, amplify misinformation, and promote hatred and extremism. However, comparatively few studies have considered the other side of the filter bubble; its protective benefits, particularly to marginalized communities and those living in countries with low levels of press freedom. Through a review of the literature on digital safe spaces and protective filter bubbles, this commentary suggests that there may be a need to rethink the filter bubble, and it proposes several areas for future research.}, language = {en}, number = {1}, urldate = {2024-03-23}, journal = {Big Data \& Society}, author = {Erickson, Jacob}, month = mar, year = {2024}, note = {Publisher: SAGE Publications Ltd}, keywords = {/unread, Review, First Draft Report Cited}, pages = {1--4}, file = {SAGE PDF Full Text:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/J88BGREH/Erickson - 2024 - Rethinking the filter bubble Developing a researc.pdf:application/pdf}, } @article{erieBeijingEffectChinas2021, title = {The {Beijing} {Effect}: {China}'s {Digital} {Silk} {Road} as {Transnational} {Data} {Governance}}, volume = {54}, shorttitle = {The {Beijing} {Effect}}, url = {https://heinonline.org/HOL/Page?handle=hein.journals/nyuilp54&id=5&div=&collection=}, number = {1}, journal = {New York University Journal of International Law and Politics}, author = {Erie, Matthew S. and Streinz, Thomas}, year = {2021}, keywords = {Global South, /unread, BRICS, Review, First Draft Report Cited}, pages = {1--25}, file = {Erie and Streinz - 2021 - The Beijing Effect China's Digital Silk Road as T.pdf:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/JRJG68XR/Erie and Streinz - 2021 - The Beijing Effect China's Digital Silk Road as T.pdf:application/pdf;The Beijing Effect\: China's Digital Silk Road as Transnational Data Governance 54 New York University Journal of International Law and Politics 2021-2022:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/NM2CRFWB/LandingPage.html:text/html}, } @article{ermanGlobalGovernanceArtificial2022, title = {The {Global} {Governance} of {Artificial} {Intelligence}: {Some} {Normative} {Concerns}}, volume = {9}, copyright = {De Gruyter expressly reserves the right to use all content for commercial text and data mining within the meaning of Section 44b of the German Copyright Act.}, issn = {2194-5624}, shorttitle = {The {Global} {Governance} of {Artificial} {Intelligence}}, url = {https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.1515/mopp-2020-0046/html}, doi = {10.1515/mopp-2020-0046}, abstract = {The creation of increasingly complex artificial intelligence (AI) systems raises urgent questions about their ethical and social impact on society. Since this impact ultimately depends on political decisions about normative issues, political philosophers can make valuable contributions by addressing such questions. Currently, AI development and application are to a large extent regulated through non-binding ethics guidelines penned by transnational entities. Assuming that the global governance of AI should be at least minimally democratic and fair, this paper sets out three desiderata that an account should satisfy when theorizing about what this means. We argue, first, that an analysis of democratic values, political entities and decision-making should be done in a holistic way; second, that fairness is not only about how AI systems treat individuals, but also about how the benefits and burdens of transformative AI are distributed; and finally, that justice requires that governance mechanisms are not limited to AI technology, but are incorporated into a range of basic institutions. Thus, rather than offering a substantive theory of democratic and fair AI governance, our contribution is metatheoretical: we propose a theoretical framework that sets up certain normative boundary conditions for a satisfactory account.}, language = {en}, number = {2}, urldate = {2024-01-14}, journal = {Moral Philosophy and Politics}, author = {Erman, Eva and Furendal, Markus}, month = oct, year = {2022}, keywords = {democracy, fairness, artificial intelligence, /unread, Global, Review, First Draft Report Cited, ethics of AI, governance of AI}, pages = {267--291}, file = {Full Text PDF:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/HPBTNZMT/Erman and Furendal - 2022 - The Global Governance of Artificial Intelligence .pdf:application/pdf}, } @incollection{esserNewsMediaUse2017, title = {News media use: {International} comparative research}, shorttitle = {News media use}, url = {https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/book/10.1002/9781118783764}, urldate = {2024-04-05}, booktitle = {The international encyclopedia of media effects}, publisher = {Wiley}, author = {Esser, Frank and Steppat, Desiree}, editor = {Rössler, Patrick}, year = {2017}, note = {Publisher: John Wiley \& Sons, Inc. Hoboken, NJ, USA}, keywords = {/unread, Global, Review, First Draft Report Cited}, pages = {1--17}, file = {Available Version (via Google Scholar):/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/GTVAEYX7/Esser et Steppat - 2017 - News media use International comparative research.pdf:application/pdf}, } @book{eubanksAutomatingInequalityHow2018, title = {Automating {Inequality}: {How} {High}-{Tech} {Tools} {Profile}, {Police}, and {Punish} the {Poor}}, isbn = {978-1-4668-8596-7}, shorttitle = {Automating {Inequality}}, abstract = {WINNER: The 2019 Lillian Smith Book Award, 2018 McGannon Center Book Prize, and shortlisted for the Goddard Riverside Stephan Russo Book Prize for Social JusticeAstra Taylor, author of The People's Platform: "The single most important book about technology you will read this year."Dorothy Roberts, author of Killing the Black Body: "A must-read."A powerful investigative look at data-based discrimination?and how technology affects civil and human rights and economic equityThe State of Indiana denies one million applications for healthcare, foodstamps and cash benefits in three years—because a new computer system interprets any mistake as “failure to cooperate.” In Los Angeles, an algorithm calculates the comparative vulnerability of tens of thousands of homeless people in order to prioritize them for an inadequate pool of housing resources. In Pittsburgh, a child welfare agency uses a statistical model to try to predict which children might be future victims of abuse or neglect.Since the dawn of the digital age, decision-making in finance, employment, politics, health and human services has undergone revolutionary change. Today, automated systems—rather than humans—control which neighborhoods get policed, which families attain needed resources, and who is investigated for fraud. While we all live under this new regime of data, the most invasive and punitive systems are aimed at the poor.In Automating Inequality, Virginia Eubanks systematically investigates the impacts of data mining, policy algorithms, and predictive risk models on poor and working-class people in America. The book is full of heart-wrenching and eye-opening stories, from a woman in Indiana whose benefits are literally cut off as she lays dying to a family in Pennsylvania in daily fear of losing their daughter because they fit a certain statistical profile.The U.S. has always used its most cutting-edge science and technology to contain, investigate, discipline and punish the destitute. Like the county poorhouse and scientific charity before them, digital tracking and automated decision-making hide poverty from the middle-class public and give the nation the ethical distance it needs to make inhumane choices: which families get food and which starve, who has housing and who remains homeless, and which families are broken up by the state. In the process, they weaken democracy and betray our most cherished national values.This deeply researched and passionate book could not be more timely.}, language = {en}, publisher = {St. Martin's Publishing Group}, author = {Eubanks, Virginia}, month = jan, year = {2018}, note = {Google-Books-ID: pn4pDwAAQBAJ}, keywords = {/unread, Review, First Draft Report Cited, Political Science / Public Policy / Science \& Technology Policy, Political Science / Public Policy / Social Services \& Welfare, Social Science / Poverty \& Homelessness, Social Science / Social Classes \& Economic Disparity}, } @techreport{europeancommissionRegulationEU20162016, address = {Brussels}, title = {Regulation ({EU}) 2016/679 of the {European} {Parliament} and of the {Council} of 27 {April} 2016 on the processing of personal data and on the free movement of such data ({General} {Data} {Protection} {Regulation})}, url = {https://eur-lex.europa.eu/eli/reg/2016/679/oj}, institution = {European Commission, OJ L 119/1}, author = {{European Commission}}, month = may, year = {2016}, keywords = {Regulation, /unread, First Draft Report Cited, Global North}, file = {European Commission - 2016 - Regulation (EU) 2016679 of the European Parliamen.pdf:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/D956IKYG/European Commission - 2016 - Regulation (EU) 2016679 of the European Parliamen.pdf:application/pdf}, } @techreport{europeancommissionBackgroundNoteOpen2016, title = {Background {Note} on {Open} {Access} to {Scientific} {Publications} and {Open} {Research} {Data}}, url = {https://research-and-innovation.ec.europa.eu/document/download/4bd9ef8e-0101-457d-9fc5-1096c4e8f6f0_en?filename=ec_rtd_background-note-open-access.pdf}, institution = {European Commission, rtd.ddg1.a.6(2016)2395458}, author = {European Commission}, month = jul, year = {2016}, keywords = {/unread, First Draft Report Cited, Global North}, file = {European Commission - 2016 - Background Note on Open Access to Scientific Publi.pdf:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/E7ASVKLR/European Commission - 2016 - Background Note on Open Access to Scientific Publi.pdf:application/pdf}, } @techreport{europeancommission2018CodePractice2018, title = {2018 {Code} of {Practice} on {Disinformation}}, url = {https://digital-strategy.ec.europa.eu/en/library/2018-code-practice-disinformation}, abstract = {The 2018 Code of Practice on disinformation is the first time worldwide that industry has agreed, on a voluntary basis, to self-regulatory standards to fight disinformation.}, language = {en}, urldate = {2024-05-06}, institution = {European Commission}, author = {European Commission}, year = {2018}, keywords = {/unread, First Draft Report Cited, Global North, Policy}, file = {Snapshot:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/NKGZNG97/2018-code-practice-disinformation.html:text/html}, } @techreport{europeancommissionJointCommunicationEuropean2018, title = {Joint {Communication} to the {European} {Parliament}, the {European} {Council}, the {European} {Economic} and {Social} {Committee} and the {Committee} of the {Regions}, {Action} {Plan} against {Disinformation}}, shorttitle = {Action {Plan} against {Disinformation}}, url = {https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/GA/TXT/?uri=CELEX:52018JC0036}, language = {English}, institution = {European Commission JOIN/2018/36 final}, author = {European Commission}, year = {2018}, keywords = {/unread, Report, First Draft Report Cited, Global North}, file = {European Commission - 2018 - Joint Communication to the European Parliament, th.pdf:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/LJWW3VSS/European Commission - 2018 - Joint Communication to the European Parliament, th.pdf:application/pdf}, } @techreport{europeancommissionTacklingOnlineDisinformation2018, title = {Tackling {Online} {Disinformation}: {A} {European} {Approach}}, url = {https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/PDF/?uri=CELEX:52018DC0236}, urldate = {2023-12-15}, institution = {European Commission COM(2018) 236 final}, author = {European Commission}, month = apr, year = {2018}, keywords = {/unread, Report, First Draft Report Cited, Global North}, file = {PDF.pdf:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/JPARSBFJ/PDF.pdf:application/pdf}, } @techreport{europeancommissionAssessmentCodePractice2020, address = {Brussels}, type = {Commission {Staff} {Working} {Document}}, title = {Assessment of the {Code} of {Practice} on {Disinformation} - {Achievements} and areas for further improvement}, url = {https://digital-strategy.ec.europa.eu/en/library/assessment-code-practice-disinformation-achievements-and-areas-further-improvement}, institution = {European Commission SWD(2020) 180 final}, author = {European Commission}, month = sep, year = {2020}, keywords = {/unread, Report, First Draft Report Cited, Global North}, } @techreport{europeancommissionEuropeanDemocracyAction2020, title = {On the {European} democracy action plan}, url = {https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=COM%3A2020%3A790%3AFIN}, language = {en}, number = {COM(2020) 790 final}, urldate = {2024-01-31}, institution = {European Commission COM(2020) 790 final}, author = {European Commission}, month = dec, year = {2020}, keywords = {/unread, Report, First Draft Report Cited, Global North}, file = {EUR-Lex HTML (EN):/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/NN2J92MT/HTML.html:text/html;EUR-Lex PDF (EN):/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/YGCIH2WG/2020 - COMMUNICATION FROM THE COMMISSION TO THE EUROPEAN .pdf:application/pdf}, } @techreport{europeancommissionSingleMarketDigital2022, title = {A {Single} {Market} {For} {Digital} {Services} and amending {Directive} 2000/31/{EC} ({Digital} {Services} {Act})}, url = {https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=celex%3A32022R2065}, language = {English}, institution = {European Commission, Regulation (EU) 2022/2065 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 19 October 2022}, author = {European Commission}, year = {2022}, keywords = {Regulation, /unread, First Draft Report Cited, Global North}, file = {Full text:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/SVWELJTU/European Commission - 2022 - A Single Market For Digital Services and amending .pdf:application/pdf}, } @techreport{europeancommissionStrengthenedCodePractice2022, title = {The {Strengthened} {Code} of {Practice} on {Disinformation} 2022}, url = {https://digital-strategy.ec.europa.eu/en/library/2022-strengthened-code-practice-disinformation}, abstract = {This strengthened Code of Practice on Disinformation empowers industry to adhere to self-regulatory standards to combat disinformation.}, language = {en}, urldate = {2024-02-26}, institution = {European Commission}, author = {European Commission}, month = jun, year = {2022}, keywords = {/unread, First Draft Report Cited, Global North, Policy}, file = {European Commission - 2022 - The Strengthened Code of Practice on Disinformatio.pdf:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/B53IAQB7/European Commission - 2022 - The Strengthened Code of Practice on Disinformatio.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/4S2AIDZL/2022-strengthened-code-practice-disinformation.html:text/html}, } @techreport{europeancommissionRegulationContestableFair2022, address = {Brussels}, title = {Regulation on {Contestable} and {Fair} {Markets} in the {Digital} {Sector} ({Digital} {Markets} {Act})}, url = {https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/PDF/?uri=CELEX:32022R1925}, institution = {European Commission, (EU) 2022/1925}, author = {European Commission}, month = oct, year = {2022}, keywords = {Regulation, /unread, First Draft Report Cited, Global North}, file = {European Commission - 2022 - Regulation on Contestable and Fair Markets in the .pdf:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/G24K9849/European Commission - 2022 - Regulation on Contestable and Fair Markets in the .pdf:application/pdf}, } @techreport{europeancommissionRegulationSingleMarket2022, address = {Brussels}, title = {Regulation on a {Single} {Market} for {Digital} {Services} ({Digital} {Services} {Act})}, url = {https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/PDF/?uri=CELEX:32022R2065}, institution = {European Commission, (EU) 2022/2065}, author = {European Commission}, month = oct, year = {2022}, keywords = {Regulation, /unread, First Draft Report Cited, Global North}, file = {European Commission - 2022 - Regulation on Single Market for Digital Services (.pdf:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/VQVFH4NJ/European Commission - 2022 - Regulation on Single Market for Digital Services (.pdf:application/pdf}, } @techreport{europeancommissionRegulationEU20232023, title = {Regulation ({EU}) 2023/2854 of the {European} {Parliament} and of the {Council} of 13 {December} 2023 on harmonised rules on fair access to and use of data and amending {Regulation} ({EU}) 2017/2394 and {Directive} ({EU}) 2020/1828 ({Data} {Act})}, url = {https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/PDF/?uri=OJ:L_202401689}, institution = {European Commission (EU) 2023/2854}, author = {European Commission}, month = dec, year = {2023}, keywords = {Regulation, /unread, First Draft Report Cited, Global North}, file = {European Commission - 2023 - Regulation (EU) 20232854 of the European Parliame.pdf:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/N6TKE6KN/European Commission - 2023 - Regulation (EU) 20232854 of the European Parliame.pdf:application/pdf}, } @techreport{europeancommissionRegulationEU20242024a, title = {Regulation ({EU}) 2024/1689 of the {European} {Parliament} and of the {Council} 0f 13 {June} 2024 {Laying} {Down} {Harmonised} {Rules} on {Artificial} {Intelligence} ... ({Artificial} {Intelligence} {Act})}, url = {https://www.europarl.europa.eu/doceo/document/TA-9-2024-0138_EN.html#title2}, institution = {European Commission, OJ 12 July 2024}, author = {European Commission}, year = {2024}, keywords = {Regulation, /unread, First Draft Report Cited, Global North}, file = {European Commission - 2021 - AI Act - Regulation of the European Parliament and.pdf:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/ZBYNTKCS/European Commission - 2021 - AI Act - Regulation of the European Parliament and.pdf:application/pdf;OJ_L_202401689_EN_TXT.pdf:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/KBKBQUPD/OJ_L_202401689_EN_TXT.pdf:application/pdf;PE-24-2024-INIT_en.pdf:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/ZJJYY7HF/PE-24-2024-INIT_en.pdf:application/pdf}, } @techreport{europeancommissionhlgMultidimensionalApproachDisinformation2018, address = {Brussels}, title = {A {Multi}-dimensional {Approach} to {Disinformation}: {Report} of the {Independent} {High} {Level} {Group} on {Fake} {News} and {Online} {Disinformation}}, url = {https://op.europa.eu/en/publication-detail/-/publication/6ef4df8b-4cea-11e8-be1d-01aa75ed71a1/language-en}, institution = {European Commission High Level Group on Disinformation}, author = {European Commission HLG}, month = mar, year = {2018}, keywords = {/unread, Report, First Draft Report Cited, Global North, OID Mis/Disinfo}, file = {HLG - 2018 - A Multi-dimensional Approach to Disinformation Re.pdf:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/SFAK7223/HLG - 2018 - A Multi-dimensional Approach to Disinformation Re.pdf:application/pdf}, } @misc{europeanparliamentArtificialIntelligenceAct2024, title = {Artificial {Intelligence} {Act}: {MEPs} adopt landmark law}, shorttitle = {Artificial {Intelligence} {Act}}, url = {https://www.europarl.europa.eu/news/en/press-room/20240308IPR19015/artificial-intelligence-act-meps-adopt-landmark-law}, abstract = {On Wednesday, Parliament approved the Artificial Intelligence Act that ensures safety and compliance with fundamental rights, while boosting innovation.}, language = {en}, urldate = {2024-05-06}, journal = {European Parliament News}, author = {European Parliament}, month = mar, year = {2024}, keywords = {Law, /unread, First Draft Report Cited, Global North}, file = {Snapshot:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/LGS7FXI4/artificial-intelligence-act-meps-adopt-landmark-law.html:text/html}, } @techreport{evanegaCoronavirusMisinformationQuantifying2022, title = {Coronavirus {Misinformation}: {Quantifying} {Sources} and {Themes} in the {COVID}-19 '{Infodemic}'}, url = {https://allianceforscience.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/Evanega-et-al-Coronavirus-misinformationFINAL.pdf}, institution = {Cornell CALS, Cornell University, Alliance for Science}, author = {Evanega, Sarah and Lynas, Mark and Adams, Jordon and Smolenyak, Karinne}, month = sep, year = {2022}, keywords = {/unread, First Draft Report Cited, Global North, Qual}, file = {Evanega et al. - 2022 - Coronavirus Misinformation Quantifying Sources an.pdf:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/ZENRC28V/Evanega et al. - 2022 - Coronavirus Misinformation Quantifying Sources an.pdf:application/pdf}, } @article{evansGoogleNewsMachine2023, title = {Google {News} and {Machine} {Gatekeepers}: {Algorithmic} {Personalisation} and {News} {Diversity} in {Online} {News} {Search}}, volume = {11}, issn = {2167-0811}, shorttitle = {Google {News} and {Machine} {Gatekeepers}}, url = {https://doi.org/10.1080/21670811.2022.2055596}, doi = {10.1080/21670811.2022.2055596}, abstract = {Through a mixed methods research design, we address normative aspects of news recommendation engines by examining whether search personalisation and news diversity are evident on Google News in the UK. First, in a quasi-experimental design, we asked a diverse set of participants (N = 78) to search Google News using four search terms and report the first five articles recommended for each term. We found little evidence of news personalisation, which challenges the claim that news search algorithms contribute to weakened viewpoint diversity. We also found a high degree of homogeneity in news search results, with legacy media brands dominating. Second, we conducted a manual content analysis of the articles recommended by Google News for our search terms (N = 192), focusing on favourability towards each term. We found that while there was little relationship between the favourability slant of the articles and political leanings of participants, there were two exceptions: self-identified right-wing participants were more likely to see unfavourable stories about 1) immigration, and 2) a left-wing politician. This reopens the question of news search engines’ contributions to polarisation and viewpoint diversity for certain news consumers.}, number = {9}, urldate = {2023-12-25}, journal = {Digital Journalism}, author = {Evans, Ryan and Jackson, Daniel and Murphy, Jaron}, month = oct, year = {2023}, note = {Publisher: Routledge \_eprint: https://doi.org/10.1080/21670811.2022.2055596}, keywords = {news diversity, /unread, First Draft Report Cited, Global North, OID Media, USED, Algorithmic news, experimental methods, Google News, Mixed, news personalisation}, pages = {1682--1700}, file = {Evans et al. - 2023 - Google News and Machine Gatekeepers Algorithmic P.pdf:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/YEZNTXLK/Evans et al. - 2023 - Google News and Machine Gatekeepers Algorithmic P.pdf:application/pdf}, } @techreport{facultyAutomatedApproachesMeasuring2021, title = {Automated approaches to measuring online experiences: {Executive} {Summary}}, url = {https://www.ofcom.org.uk/__data/assets/pdf_file/0015/220425/automated-tooling-report.pdf}, institution = {Faculty plc Report for Ofcom}, author = {Faculty}, month = jun, year = {2021}, keywords = {/unread, Review, First Draft Report Cited}, file = {Faculty - 2021 - Automated approaches to measuring online experienc.pdf:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/TG8SPCZL/Faculty - 2021 - Automated approaches to measuring online experienc.pdf:application/pdf}, } @misc{faifeFedsAreStill2022, title = {Feds are still using {ID}.me to scan your face — and human reviewers can’t keep up}, url = {https://www.theverge.com/2022/2/11/22928082/id-me-irs-facial-recognition-overworked-employees}, abstract = {“In terms of worker treatment, it’s like the Amazon of identity protection.”}, language = {en}, urldate = {2024-05-07}, journal = {The Verge}, author = {Faife, Corin}, month = feb, year = {2022}, keywords = {/unread, Report, First Draft Report Cited, Global North}, file = {Snapshot:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/YWFPAK54/id-me-irs-facial-recognition-overworked-employees.html:text/html}, } @article{fallisWhatDisinformation2015, title = {What {Is} {Disinformation}?}, volume = {63}, issn = {1559-0682}, url = {https://muse.jhu.edu/pub/1/article/579342}, abstract = {Prototypical instances of disinformation include deceptive advertising (in business and in politics), government propaganda, doctored photographs, forged documents, fake maps, internet frauds, fake websites, and manipulated Wikipedia entries. Disinformation can cause significant harm if people are misled by it. In order to address this critical threat to information quality, we first need to understand exactly what disinformation is. This paper surveys the various analyses of this concept that have been proposed by information scientists and philosophers (most notably, Luciano Floridi). It argues that these analyses are either too broad (that is, that they include things that are not disinformation), or too narrow (they exclude things that are disinformation), or both. Indeed, several of these analyses exclude important forms of disinformation, such as true disinformation, visual disinformation, side-effect disinformation, and adaptive disinformation. After considering the shortcomings of these analyses, the paper argues that disinformation is misleading information that has the function of misleading. Finally, in addition to responding to Floridi’s claim that such a precise analysis of disinformation is not necessary, it briefly discusses how this analysis can help us develop techniques for detecting disinformation and policies for deterring its spread.}, number = {3}, urldate = {2023-11-29}, journal = {Library Trends}, author = {Fallis, Don}, year = {2015}, note = {Publisher: Johns Hopkins University Press}, keywords = {/unread, Review, First Draft Report Cited, Global North}, pages = {401--426}, file = {Fallis - 2015 - What Is Disinformation.pdf:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/GV7K7Q7A/Fallis - 2015 - What Is Disinformation.pdf:application/pdf}, } @article{farkasFakeNewsFloating2018, title = {Fake {News} as a {Floating} {Signifier}: {Hegemony}, {Antagonism} and the {Politics} of {Falsehood}}, volume = {25}, issn = {13183222}, shorttitle = {Fake {News} as a {Floating} {Signifier}}, url = {https://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&AuthType=ip,shib&db=cms&AN=131258440&authtype=shib&site=ehost-live&scope=site&custid=s1089299}, doi = {10.1080/13183222.2018.1463047}, abstract = {“Fake news” has emerged as a global buzzword. While prominent media outlets, such as The New York Times, CNN, and Buzzfeed News, have used the term to designate misleading information spread online, President Donald Trump has used the term as a negative designation of these very “mainstream media.” In this article, we argue that the concept of “fake news” has become an important component in contemporary political struggles. We showcase how the term is utilised by different positions within the social space as means of discrediting, attacking and delegitimising political opponents. Excavating three central moments within the construction of “fake news,” we argue that the term has increasingly become a “floating signifier”: a signifier lodged in-between different hegemonic projects seeking to provide an image of how society is and ought to be structured. By approaching “fake news” from the viewpoint of discourse theory, the paper reframes the current stakes of the debate and contributes with new insights into the function and consequences of “fake news” as a novel political category.}, number = {3}, urldate = {2023-12-13}, journal = {Javnost-The Public}, author = {Farkas, Johan and Schou, Jannick}, month = oct, year = {2018}, note = {Publisher: Taylor \& Francis Ltd}, keywords = {misinformation, Fake news, disinformation, fake news, Donald Trump, /unread, Review, First Draft Report Cited, Global North, discourse theory, floating signifier, Hegemony, Political science, Trump, Donald, 1946-, Truthfulness \& falsehood}, pages = {298--314}, file = {EBSCO Full Text:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/7VSZQ9KG/Farkas and Schou - 2018 - Fake News as a Floating Signifier Hegemony, Antag.pdf:application/pdf}, } @article{farooqPoliticsFakeNews2018, title = {Politics of {Fake} {News}: {How} {WhatsApp} {Became} a {Potent} {Propaganda} {Tool} in {India}}, volume = {9}, shorttitle = {Politics of {Fake} {News}}, doi = {10.15655/mw/2018/v9i1/49279}, abstract = {While the Internet and multimedia applications have made it easy to produce and spread media, they have also made it possible to distribute fake news to masses. With over 200 million active users in India and growing, WhatsApp’s reach and features make it a top choice to spread fake news. This not only influences public opinion in India but has also sometimes created panic and incited to violence. This paper looks into how political propaganda is peddled through the WhatsApp in the form of 'news' (fake news). It also explores what makes the WhatsApp such a powerful application in Indian context, how do people use it and how existing laws in India make it difficult to trace the origin of the fake news.}, number = {1}, journal = {Media Watch}, author = {Farooq, Gowhar}, month = mar, year = {2018}, keywords = {Global South, /unread, BRICS, Review, First Draft Report Cited}, pages = {106--117}, file = {Submitted Version:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/BGBUR5H3/Farooq - 2018 - Politics of Fake News How WhatsApp Became a Poten.pdf:application/pdf}, } @article{fawziConceptsCausesConsequences2021, title = {Concepts, causes and consequences of trust in news media – a literature review and framework}, volume = {45}, issn = {2380-8985, 2380-8977}, url = {https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/23808985.2021.1960181}, doi = {10.1080/23808985.2021.1960181}, abstract = {Research on trust in media is on the rise. However, communication scholars have addressed related concepts (e.g. media credibility) for decades, and these concepts have often been used interchangeably with that of trust. This practice has resulted in a confusing field of research, with studies using different labels and drawing on various theoretical backgrounds. This article aims to improve conceptual clarity. On the basis of a literature review, we first propose a broad conceptualization of trust in news media and disentangle it from related concepts. Second, we develop a framework that identifies individual- and societal-level causes and consequences of trust in various media objects. Third, we review the current state of research on social, political, and media-related correlates of trust.}, language = {en}, number = {2}, urldate = {2023-03-10}, journal = {Annals of the International Communication Association}, author = {Fawzi, Nayla and Steindl, Nina and Obermaier, Magdalena and Prochazka, Fabian and Arlt, Dorothee and Blöbaum, Bernd and Dohle, Marco and Engelke, Katherine M. and Hanitzsch, Thomas and Jackob, Nikolaus and Jakobs, Ilka and Klawier, Tilman and Post, Senja and Reinemann, Carsten and Schweiger, Wolfgang and Ziegele, Marc}, month = apr, year = {2021}, keywords = {Systematic literature review, /unread, First Draft Report Cited, Qual, A lire}, pages = {154--174}, file = {Fawzi et al. - 2021 - Concepts, causes and consequences of trust in news.pdf:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/HI9ZKN5B/Fawzi et al. - 2021 - Concepts, causes and consequences of trust in news.pdf:application/pdf}, } @article{feathersTechIndustryGroups2022, title = {Tech {Industry} {Groups} {Are} {Watering} {Down} {Attempts} at {Privacy} {Regulation}, {One} {State} at a {Time}}, url = {https://thenextweb.com/news/tech-industry-groups-are-watering-down-attempts-at-privacy-regulation-one-state-at-a-time}, journal = {The Next Web}, author = {Feathers, Todd and Ng, Alfred}, month = may, year = {2022}, keywords = {/unread, Report, First Draft Report Cited, Global North}, } @article{feezellAgendaSettingSocial2018, title = {Agenda {Setting} through {Social} {Media}: {The} {Importance} of {Incidental} {News} {Exposure} and {Social} {Filtering} in the {Digital} {Era}}, volume = {71}, issn = {1065-9129, 1938-274X}, shorttitle = {Agenda {Setting} through {Social} {Media}}, url = {http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/1065912917744895}, doi = {10.1177/1065912917744895}, abstract = {Conventional models of agenda setting hold that mainstream media influence the public agenda by leading audience attention, and perceived importance, to certain issues. However, increased selectivity and audience fragmentation in today’s digital media environment threaten the traditional agenda-setting power of the mass media. An important development to consider in light of this change is the growing use of social media for entertainment and information. This study investigates whether mainstream media can influence the public agenda when channeled through social media. By leveraging an original, longitudinal experiment, I test whether being exposed to political information through Facebook yields an agenda-setting effect by raising participants’ perceived importance of certain policy issues. Findings show that participants exposed to political information on Facebook exhibit increased levels of issue salience consistent with the issues shared compared with participants who were not shown political information; these effects are strongest among those with low political interest.}, language = {en}, number = {2}, urldate = {2024-02-20}, journal = {Political Research Quarterly}, author = {Feezell, Jessica T.}, month = jun, year = {2018}, keywords = {/unread, First Draft Report Cited, Global North, Quant}, pages = {482--494}, file = {Available Version (via Google Scholar):/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/2JPR5C8E/1065912917744895.html:text/html;Feezell - 2018 - Agenda Setting through Social Media The Importanc.pdf:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/84JPZVDB/Feezell - 2018 - Agenda Setting through Social Media The Importanc.pdf:application/pdf}, } @article{fendjiLeftLeftOut2024, title = {From left behind to left out: {Generative} {AI} or the next pain of the unconnected}, url = {https://hdsr.mitpress.mit.edu/pub/jo4xfs0s/release/2}, abstract = {NOT PUBLISHED Check may be forthcoming}, journal = {Harvard Data Science Review}, author = {Fendji, Jean Louis Kedieng Ebongue}, month = jan, year = {2024}, keywords = {Global South, /unread, Review, First Draft Report Cited}, pages = {1--3}, file = {Fendji - 2024 - From left behind to left out Generative AI or the.pdf:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/HWSR66I8/Fendji - 2024 - From left behind to left out Generative AI or the.pdf:application/pdf}, } @article{ferraraGenAIHumanityNefarious2024, title = {{GenAI} against humanity: nefarious applications of generative artificial intelligence and large language models}, volume = {7}, issn = {2432-2717, 2432-2725}, shorttitle = {{GenAI} against humanity}, url = {https://link.springer.com/10.1007/s42001-024-00250-1}, doi = {10.1007/s42001-024-00250-1}, abstract = {Generative Artificial Intelligence (GenAI) and Large Language Models (LLMs) are marvels of technology; celebrated for their prowess in natural language processing and multimodal content generation, they promise a transformative future. But as with all powerful tools, they come with their shadows. Picture living in a world where deepfakes are indistinguishable from reality, where synthetic identities orchestrate malicious campaigns, and where targeted misinformation or scams are crafted with unparalleled precision. Welcome to the darker side of GenAI applications. This article is not just a journey through the meanders of potential misuse of GenAI and LLMs, but also a call to recognize the urgency of the challenges ahead. As we navigate the seas of misinformation campaigns, malicious content generation, and the eerie creation of sophisticated malware, we’ll uncover the societal implications that ripple through the GenAI revolution we are witnessing. From AI-powered botnets on social media platforms to the unnerving potential of AI to generate fabricated identities, or alibis made of synthetic realities, the stakes have never been higher. The lines between the virtual and the real worlds are blurring, and the consequences of potential GenAI’s nefarious applications impact us all. This article serves both as a synthesis of rigorous research presented on the risks of GenAI and misuse of LLMs and as a thought-provoking vision of the different types of harmful GenAI applications we might encounter in the near future, and some ways we can prepare for them.}, language = {en}, urldate = {2024-05-11}, journal = {Journal of Computational Social Science}, author = {Ferrara, Emilio}, month = feb, year = {2024}, keywords = {/unread, Review, First Draft Report Cited, Global North}, pages = {549--569}, file = {Ferrara - 2024 - GenAI against humanity nefarious applications of .pdf:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/WLWRXRM6/Ferrara - 2024 - GenAI against humanity nefarious applications of .pdf:application/pdf}, } @article{ferraraFairnessBiasArtificial2024, title = {Fairness and {Bias} in {Artificial} {Intelligence}: {A} {Brief} {Survey} of {Sources}, {Impacts}, and {Mitigation} {Strategies}}, volume = {6}, copyright = {http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/}, issn = {2413-4155}, shorttitle = {Fairness and {Bias} in {Artificial} {Intelligence}}, url = {https://www.mdpi.com/2413-4155/6/1/3}, doi = {10.3390/sci6010003}, abstract = {The significant advancements in applying artificial intelligence (AI) to healthcare decision-making, medical diagnosis, and other domains have simultaneously raised concerns about the fairness and bias of AI systems. This is particularly critical in areas like healthcare, employment, criminal justice, credit scoring, and increasingly, in generative AI models (GenAI) that produce synthetic media. Such systems can lead to unfair outcomes and perpetuate existing inequalities, including generative biases that affect the representation of individuals in synthetic data. This survey study offers a succinct, comprehensive overview of fairness and bias in AI, addressing their sources, impacts, and mitigation strategies. We review sources of bias, such as data, algorithm, and human decision biases—highlighting the emergent issue of generative AI bias, where models may reproduce and amplify societal stereotypes. We assess the societal impact of biased AI systems, focusing on perpetuating inequalities and reinforcing harmful stereotypes, especially as generative AI becomes more prevalent in creating content that influences public perception. We explore various proposed mitigation strategies, discuss the ethical considerations of their implementation, and emphasize the need for interdisciplinary collaboration to ensure effectiveness. Through a systematic literature review spanning multiple academic disciplines, we present definitions of AI bias and its different types, including a detailed look at generative AI bias. We discuss the negative impacts of AI bias on individuals and society and provide an overview of current approaches to mitigate AI bias, including data pre-processing, model selection, and post-processing. We emphasize the unique challenges presented by generative AI models and the importance of strategies specifically tailored to address these. Addressing bias in AI requires a holistic approach involving diverse and representative datasets, enhanced transparency and accountability in AI systems, and the exploration of alternative AI paradigms that prioritize fairness and ethical considerations. This survey contributes to the ongoing discussion on developing fair and unbiased AI systems by providing an overview of the sources, impacts, and mitigation strategies related to AI bias, with a particular focus on the emerging field of generative AI.}, language = {en}, number = {1}, urldate = {2024-04-16}, journal = {Sci}, author = {Ferrara, Emilio}, month = mar, year = {2024}, note = {Number: 1 Publisher: Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute}, keywords = {fairness, artificial intelligence, /unread, Review, First Draft Report Cited, Global North, bias, discrimination, mitigation strategies}, pages = {1--15}, file = {Full Text PDF:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/43MV2VFM/Ferrara - 2024 - Fairness and Bias in Artificial Intelligence A Br.pdf:application/pdf}, } @article{feuerriegelResearchCanHelp2023, title = {Research can help to tackle {AI}-generated disinformation}, volume = {7}, copyright = {2023 Springer Nature Limited}, issn = {2397-3374}, url = {https://www.nature.com/articles/s41562-023-01726-2}, doi = {10.1038/s41562-023-01726-2}, abstract = {Generative artificial intelligence (AI) tools have made it easy to create realistic disinformation that is hard to detect by humans and may undermine public trust. Some approaches used for assessing the reliability of online information may no longer work in the AI age. We offer suggestions for how research can help to tackle the threats of AI-generated disinformation.}, language = {en}, number = {11}, urldate = {2024-01-03}, journal = {Nature Human Behaviour}, author = {Feuerriegel, Stefan and DiResta, Renée and Goldstein, Josh A. and Kumar, Srijan and Lorenz-Spreen, Philipp and Tomz, Michael and Pröllochs, Nicolas}, month = nov, year = {2023}, keywords = {Communication, Science, technology and society, /unread, Review, First Draft Report Cited}, pages = {1818--1821}, file = {Full Text PDF:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/GFG6NDNQ/Feuerriegel et al. - 2023 - Research can help to tackle AI-generated disinform.pdf:application/pdf}, } @article{finkelImpactAdultCivic2014, title = {The {Impact} of {Adult} {Civic} {Education} {Programmes} in {Developing} {Democracies}}, volume = {34}, copyright = {© 2014 The Authors. Public Administration and Development published by John Wiley \& Sons, Ltd.}, issn = {1099-162X}, url = {https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/pad.1678}, doi = {10.1002/pad.1678}, abstract = {Are individuals in emerging democracies more likely to embrace democratic values, to learn basic knowledge about political processes, and to engage in politics in response to donor-sponsored civic education programmes? After more than a decade of civic education evaluations, it is a good time to take stock of what we have learned about the impacts of these efforts to strengthen democratic political culture in developing democracies. This article describes four US Agency for International Development-sponsored evaluations that have been conducted since the late 1990s, summarizes their most important findings, and discusses the lessons learned. I show that civic education can have meaningful and relatively long-lasting effects in terms of increasing political information, increasing feelings of empowerment, and mobilizing individuals, even in contexts beset by political and ethnic violence. However, these interventions are much less likely to affect ‘deep-seated’ democratic values such as political tolerance, support, and trust. Moreover, the size of the effects depends critically on how the programmes are designed, the kinds of pedagogical methods employed, and the quality of the trainers. I conclude with a discussion of current developments in the field. © 2014 The Authors. Public Administration and Development published by John Wiley \& Sons, Ltd.}, language = {en}, number = {3}, urldate = {2024-05-08}, journal = {Public Administration and Development}, author = {Finkel, Steven E.}, year = {2014}, note = {\_eprint: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1002/pad.1678}, keywords = {Global South, /unread, First Draft Report Cited, Qual, civic education, democracy assistance, developing democracies, foreign aid, impact evaluations}, pages = {169--181}, file = {Full Text PDF:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/ZMBVNNM8/Finkel - 2014 - The Impact of Adult Civic Education Programmes in .pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/HANVX9SH/pad.html:text/html}, } @article{fischer-lescanoStrugglesGlobalInternet2016, title = {Struggles for a global {Internet} constitution: protecting global communication structures against surveillance measures}, volume = {5}, copyright = {https://www.cambridge.org/core/terms}, issn = {2045-3817, 2045-3825}, shorttitle = {Struggles for a global {Internet} constitution}, url = {https://www.cambridge.org/core/product/identifier/S204538171600006X/type/journal_article}, doi = {10.1017/S204538171600006X}, abstract = {In 2014, the UN Human Rights Committee published its Concluding Observations on the United States’ fourth periodic report on the progress of the implementation of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (UN Doc CCPR/C/SR/3061), in which also the US surveillance practices are criticised. The Committee’s insistence on the right to privacy and its exterritorial effect is an important first step, but it is not comprehensive, as by remaining within the individual rights framework the UN Human Rights Committee fails to sufficiently take into account the systemic challenges in play. Developing a constitution of the Internet would necessitate not only protecting individual fundamental rights against state interference, but protecting communicative spheres by guaranteeing institutional autonomies and subjecting all social spheres to democratic control; this also requires opening up spaces for a critical public, including whistleblowers, and establishing a right to cryptography – a crucial refraction in the polycentric panoptic schema.}, language = {en}, number = {2}, urldate = {2024-05-06}, journal = {Global Constitutionalism}, author = {Fischer-Lescano, Andreas}, month = jul, year = {2016}, keywords = {/unread, Global, Review, First Draft Report Cited}, pages = {145--172}, file = {Fischer-Lescano - 2016 - Struggles for a global Internet constitution prot.pdf:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/6KMA33YQ/Fischer-Lescano - 2016 - Struggles for a global Internet constitution prot.pdf:application/pdf}, } @article{fisherTroubleTrustNews2016, title = {The trouble with ‘trust’ in news media}, volume = {2}, issn = {2204-1451, 2206-3374}, url = {https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/22041451.2016.1261251}, doi = {10.1080/22041451.2016.1261251}, abstract = {Questions surrounding trust in news media have preoccupied scholars for almost a century. Based on a review of interdisciplinary literature, this paper provides an overview of the evolution of conceptions of news trust over the past 80 years. In doing so, this paper highlights key problems with the question of trust in this context. First, despite the volume of research on this topic, there is no agreed definition or measure of ‘trust’ in news media. Second, there is a growing disconnect between the normative ideal of an informed citizenry and the complex range of influences on perceptions of news credibility in the digital era. Third, in an age of uncertainty about the veracity of online information, is ‘trust’ in news even desirable? In response to these issues, this paper asks whether research based on undefined general questions about public ‘trust’ in news media continues to be relevant.}, language = {en}, number = {4}, urldate = {2024-03-25}, journal = {Communication Research and Practice}, author = {Fisher, Caroline}, month = oct, year = {2016}, keywords = {/unread, Review, First Draft Report Cited, Global North}, pages = {451--465}, file = {Fisher - 2016 - The trouble with ‘trust’ in news media.pdf:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/YYJBLH3D/Fisher - 2016 - The trouble with ‘trust’ in news media.pdf:application/pdf}, } @techreport{fitzgeraldStatePrivacyHow2024, title = {The {State} of {Privacy}: {How} state "privacy" laws fail to protect privacy and how they can do better.}, url = {https://www.documentcloud.org/documents/24400016-state-of-privacy-feb-2024}, language = {en}, urldate = {2024-04-25}, institution = {Electronic Privacy Information Center \& US PIRG Education Fund}, author = {Fitzgerald, Catriona and Williams, Kara and Cross, R.J.}, month = feb, year = {2024}, keywords = {/unread, First Draft Report Cited, Global North, Qual}, file = {Snapshot:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/IKWLAF3G/24400016-state-of-privacy-feb-2024.html:text/html}, } @article{flewDigitalPlatformsFuture2023, title = {Digital platforms and the future of news: regulating publisher-platform relations in {Australia} and {Canada}}, volume = {Online First}, issn = {1369-118X}, shorttitle = {Digital platforms and the future of news}, url = {https://doi.org/10.1080/1369118X.2023.2291462}, doi = {10.1080/1369118X.2023.2291462}, abstract = {This article provides an overview of news media bargaining codes as a way of regulating relations between digital platforms and news publishers. Taking the Codes developed in Australia and Canada as policy case studies, the paper discusses recent reforms which respond to the unequal bargaining power between digital platforms and news media publishers. Despite these reforms, there are few guarantees that funds received by news publishers will be reinvested into public interest journalism. The article asks whether the discourse surrounding digital platform regulation generally, and measures by nation-states to rebalance market relations to the benefit of news publishers, are likely to yield necessary safeguards required to sustain public interest journalism, promote reliable information, and stabilise democratic societies.}, number = {0}, urldate = {2024-02-23}, journal = {Information, Communication \& Society}, author = {Flew, Terry and Iosifidis, Petros and Meese, James and Stepnik, Agata}, year = {2023}, note = {Publisher: Routledge \_eprint: https://doi.org/10.1080/1369118X.2023.2291462}, keywords = {platform governance, /unread, Review, First Draft Report Cited, Global North, bargaining codes, Digital platforms, future of news, media regulation, news publishers}, pages = {1--17}, file = {Full Text PDF:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/3X2TS48I/Flew et al. - 2023 - Digital platforms and the future of news regulati.pdf:application/pdf}, } @article{flewValueNewsAligning2024, title = {The {Value} of {News}: {Aligning} {Economic} and {Social} {Value} {From} an {Institutional} {Perspective}}, volume = {12}, issn = {2183-2439}, shorttitle = {The {Value} of {News}}, url = {https://www.cogitatiopress.com/mediaandcommunication/article/view/7462}, doi = {10.17645/mac.7462}, abstract = {Terry Flew, Agata Stepnik}, language = {en}, number = {2024}, urldate = {2024-02-23}, journal = {Media and Communication}, author = {Flew, Terry and Stepnik, Agata}, month = feb, year = {2024}, keywords = {/unread, Review, First Draft Report Cited, Global North}, pages = {1--16}, file = {Full Text PDF:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/8ZJZMD5L/Flew and Stepnik - 2024 - The Value of News Aligning Economic and Social Va.pdf:application/pdf}, } @book{floridiFourthRevolutionHow2014, address = {Oxford, UK}, title = {The {Fourth} {Revolution}: {How} the {Infosphere} is {Reshaping} {Human} {Reality}}, isbn = {978-0-19-960672-6}, shorttitle = {The {Fourth} {Revolution}}, abstract = {Who are we, and how do we relate to each other? Luciano Floridi, one of the leading figures in contemporary philosophy, argues that the explosive developments in Information and Communication Technologies (ICTs) is changing the answer to these fundamental human questions. As the boundaries between life online and offline break down, and we become seamlessly connected to each other and surrounded by smart, responsive objects, we are all becoming integrated into an "infosphere". Personas we adopt in social media, for example, feed into our 'real' lives so that we begin to live, as Floridi puts in, "onlife". Following those led by Copernicus, Darwin, and Freud, this metaphysical shift represents nothing less than a fourth revolution. "Onlife" defines more and more of our daily activity - the way we shop, work, learn, care for our health, entertain ourselves, conduct our relationships; the way we interact with the worlds of law, finance, and politics; even the way we conduct war. In every department of life, ICTs have become environmental forces which are creating and transforming our realities. How can we ensure that we shall reap their benefits? What are the implicit risks? Are our technologies going to enable and empower us, or constrain us? Floridi argues that we must expand our ecological and ethical approach to cover both natural and man-made realities, putting the 'e' in an environmentalism that can deal successfully with the new challenges posed by our digital technologies and information society.}, language = {en}, publisher = {Oxford University Press}, author = {Floridi, Luciano}, month = jun, year = {2014}, note = {Google-Books-ID: hOF\_AwAAQBAJ}, keywords = {/unread, Computers / Computer Science, Computers / General, Review, First Draft Report Cited, Computers / Information Technology, Computers / Social Aspects, Science / General, Science / Philosophy \& Social Aspects, Technology \& Engineering / Social Aspects}, } @article{floridiHowDesignAI2020, title = {How to {Design} {AI} for {Social} {Good}: {Seven} {Essential} {Factors}}, volume = {26}, issn = {1471-5546}, shorttitle = {How to {Design} {AI} for {Social} {Good}}, url = {https://doi.org/10.1007/s11948-020-00213-5}, doi = {10.1007/s11948-020-00213-5}, abstract = {The idea of artificial intelligence for social good (henceforth AI4SG) is gaining traction within information societies in general and the AI community in particular. It has the potential to tackle social problems through the development of AI-based solutions. Yet, to date, there is only limited understanding of what makes AI socially good in theory, what counts as AI4SG in practice, and how to reproduce its initial successes in terms of policies. This article addresses this gap by identifying seven ethical factors that are essential for future AI4SG initiatives. The analysis is supported by 27 case examples of AI4SG projects. Some of these factors are almost entirely novel to AI, while the significance of other factors is heightened by the use of AI. From each of these factors, corresponding best practices are formulated which, subject to context and balance, may serve as preliminary guidelines to ensure that well-designed AI is more likely to serve the social good.}, language = {en}, number = {3}, urldate = {2024-04-10}, journal = {Science and Engineering Ethics}, author = {Floridi, Luciano and Cowls, Josh and King, Thomas C. and Taddeo, Mariarosaria}, month = jun, year = {2020}, keywords = {Artificial intelligence, Safety, Systematic literature review, /unread, First Draft Report Cited, Global North, AI4SG, Ethics, Privacy, Social good, Transparency}, pages = {1771--1796}, file = {Full Text PDF:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/5CQ8TK9F/Floridi et al. - 2020 - How to Design AI for Social Good Seven Essential .pdf:application/pdf}, } @article{fontesAIpoweredPublicSurveillance2022, title = {{AI}-powered public surveillance systems: why we (might) need them and how we want them}, volume = {71}, issn = {0160-791X}, shorttitle = {{AI}-powered public surveillance systems}, url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0160791X22002780}, doi = {10.1016/j.techsoc.2022.102137}, abstract = {In this article, we address the introduction of AI-powered surveillance systems in our society by looking at the deployment of real-time facial recognition technologies (FRT) in public spaces and public health surveillance technologies, in particular contact tracing applications. Both cases of surveillance technologies assist public authorities in the enforcement of the law by allowing the tracking of individual movements and extrapolating results towards monitoring and predicting social behavior. Therefore, they are considered as potentially useful tools in response to societal crises, such as those generated by crime and health related pandemics. To approach the assessment of the potentials and threats of such tools, we offer a framework with three dimensions. A function dimension, examines the type, quality and quantity of data the system needs to employ to work effectively.The consent dimension considers the user's right to be informed about and reject the use of surveillance, questioning whether consent is achievable and whether the user can decide fully autonomously/independently. Finally, a societal dimension that frames vulnerabilities and the impacts of the increased empowerment of established political regimes through new means to control populations based on data surveillance. Our analysis framework can assist public authorities in their decisions on how to design and deploy public surveillance tools in a way that enables compliance with the law while highlighting individual and societal tradeoffs.}, number = {2022}, urldate = {2024-04-15}, journal = {Technology in Society}, author = {Fontes, Catarina and Hohma, Ellen and Corrigan, Caitlin C. and Lütge, Christoph}, month = nov, year = {2022}, keywords = {AI, Surveillance, /unread, Review, First Draft Report Cited, AI governance, Dataveillance}, pages = {1--12}, file = {Fontes et al. - 2022 - AI-powered public surveillance systems why we (mi.pdf:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/WUAKGA86/Fontes et al. - 2022 - AI-powered public surveillance systems why we (mi.pdf:application/pdf}, } @techreport{forumoninformation&democracyPluralismNewsInformation2023, title = {Pluralism of {News} and {Information} in {Curation} and {Indexing} {Algorithms}: {Policy} {Framework}}, url = {https://informationdemocracy.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/08/Report-on-Pluralism-Forum-on-ID.pdf}, institution = {Forum on Information \& Democracy}, author = {Forum on Information \& Democracy}, month = feb, year = {2023}, keywords = {/unread, Report, Global, Review, First Draft Report Cited}, file = {Forum on Information & Democracy - 2023 - Pluralism of News and Information in Curation and .pdf:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/YE7LU8S5/Forum on Information & Democracy - 2023 - Pluralism of News and Information in Curation and .pdf:application/pdf}, } @techreport{forumoninformation&democracyAIPublicGood2024, title = {{AI} as a {Public} {Good}: {Ensuring} {Democratic} {Control} of {AI} in the {Information} {Space}}, url = {https://informationdemocracy.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/02/ID-AI-as-a-Public-Good-Feb-2024.pdf}, institution = {Forum on Information \& Democracy}, author = {Forum on Information \& Democracy}, month = feb, year = {2024}, keywords = {/unread, Report, Global, Review, First Draft Report Cited}, file = {Forum on Information & Democracy - 2024 - AI as a Public Good Ensuring Democratic Control o.pdf:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/8KI2ZQKZ/Forum on Information & Democracy - 2024 - AI as a Public Good Ensuring Democratic Control o.pdf:application/pdf}, } @techreport{francoisActorsBehaviorsContent2019, title = {Actors, {Behaviors}, {Content}: {A} {Disinformation} {ABC}: {Highlighting} {Three} {Vectors} of {Viral} {Deception} to {Guide} {Industry} \& {Regulatory} {Responses}}, url = {https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=&ved=2ahUKEwi60bnQy8GEAxVZVEEAHbn3AZsQFnoECA0QAQ&url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ivir.nl%2Fpublicaties%2Fdownload%2FABC_Framework_2019_Sept_2019.pdf&usg=AOvVaw0UGiSX28-YDZLxOgWCmiGw&opi=89978449}, language = {en}, institution = {TransAtlantic Working Group by Graphika and Berkman Klein Center for Internet \& Society, Harvard University}, author = {François, Camille}, year = {2019}, keywords = {/unread, Review, First Draft Report Cited, Global North}, file = {François - Actors, Behaviors, Content A Disinformation ABC.pdf:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/Q2ZNYRE5/François - Actors, Behaviors, Content A Disinformation ABC.pdf:application/pdf}, } @article{franksPublicSquareImagining2021, title = {Beyond the {Public} {Square}: {Imagining} {Digital} {Democracy}}, volume = {131}, url = {https://www.yalelawjournal.org/forum/beyond-the-public-square-imagining-digital-democracy}, language = {en}, number = {2021-22}, journal = {Yale Law Journal}, author = {Franks, Mary Anne}, year = {2021}, keywords = {/unread, Review, First Draft Report Cited}, pages = {427--453}, file = {Franks - 2021 - Beyond the Public Square Imagining Digital Democr.pdf:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/5VBTJWJQ/Franks - 2021 - Beyond the Public Square Imagining Digital Democr.pdf:application/pdf}, } @incollection{fraserRethinkingPublicSphere1992, address = {Cambridge, MA}, title = {Rethinking the {Public} {Sphere}: {A} {Contribution} to the {Critique} of {Actually} {Existing} {Democracy}}, shorttitle = {Rethinking the {Public} {Sphere}}, url = {https://complit.utoronto.ca/wp-content/uploads/COL1000-Week04_Oct7_NancyFraser.pdf}, urldate = {2024-03-26}, booktitle = {Habermas and the {Public} {Sphere}}, publisher = {MIT Press}, author = {Fraser, Nancy}, editor = {Calhoun, Craig}, year = {1992}, keywords = {/unread, Review, First Draft Report Cited}, pages = {109--142}, file = {Available Version (via Google Scholar):/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/3XWEIPYV/Fraser - 1999 - Rethinking the Public Sphere A Contribution to th.pdf:application/pdf}, } @article{frau-meigsHowDisinformationReshaped2022, title = {How {Disinformation} {Reshaped} the {Relationship} between {Journalism} and {Media} and {Information} {Literacy} ({MIL}): {Old} and {New} {Perspectives} {Revisited}}, volume = {10}, issn = {2167-0811}, shorttitle = {How {Disinformation} {Reshaped} the {Relationship} between {Journalism} and {Media} and {Information} {Literacy} ({MIL})}, url = {https://doi.org/10.1080/21670811.2022.2081863}, doi = {10.1080/21670811.2022.2081863}, abstract = {The fight against rampant disinformation has triggered two major answers: fact-checking and news literacy. These affect the established fields of journalism and of Media and Information Literacy (MIL). They create opportunities for new entrants from the margins to enter professional fields in need of revamping. Using information and communication sciences research on policy and organizations and on the interplay between agency, platforms and networks, this analysis focuses on three main criteria for evaluating the field-configuring role of disinformation: policy rules and professional canons (to regain some lost political and economic ground), key events and projects (to provide sense-making strategies), and interactions with audiences and communities (to restore trust and reputation). Focusing on the European Union as main terrain of analysis due to its pioneering initiatives, this analysis first considers the mutual benefits afforded by the fight against disinformation. Then considers three main challenges: MIL risks being reduced to news literacy, digital journalism risks being reduced to fact-checking, and the disinformation discourse risks downscaling the emphasis on information. It concludes with the implications for the future for all actors to effect real field change in MIL and journalism.}, number = {5}, urldate = {2023-12-27}, journal = {Digital Journalism}, author = {Frau-Meigs, Divina}, month = may, year = {2022}, note = {Publisher: Routledge \_eprint: https://doi.org/10.1080/21670811.2022.2081863}, keywords = {disinformation, journalism, fact checking, /unread, Review, First Draft Report Cited, Global North, information and communication sciences, media and information literacy, News literacy, public policy, transliteracy}, pages = {912--922}, file = {Full Text PDF:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/QL4R3LL8/Frau-Meigs - 2022 - How Disinformation Reshaped the Relationship betwe.pdf:application/pdf}, } @techreport{frau-meigsUserEmpowermentMedia2024, title = {User empowerment through media and information literacy responses to the evolution of generative artificial intelligence ({GAI})}, url = {https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000388547}, abstract = {Nice map of MIL competencies}, urldate = {2024-02-06}, institution = {Prepared for UNESCO, Sorbonne Nouvelle University}, author = {Frau-Meigs, Divina}, year = {2024}, keywords = {/unread, Report, Global, First Draft Report Cited}, file = {Frau-Meigs - 2024 - User empowerment through media and information lit.pdf:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/FPJYF9UT/Frau-Meigs - 2024 - User empowerment through media and information lit.pdf:application/pdf}, } @techreport{fredheimSocialMediaManipulation2023, address = {Riga}, title = {Social {Media} {Manipulation} 2022/2023: {Assessing} the {Ability} of {Social} {Media} {Companies} to {Combat} {Platform} {Manipulation}}, url = {https://stratcomcoe.org/publications/social-media-manipulation-20222023-assessing-the-ability-of-social-media-companies-to-combat-platform-manipulation/272}, urldate = {2023-12-27}, institution = {NATO Strategic Communications Centre of Excellence}, author = {Fredheim, Rolf and Bay, Sebastian and Dek, Anton and Stolze, Martha and Haiduchyk, Tetiana}, year = {2023}, keywords = {/unread, First Draft Report Cited, Global North, Quant}, file = {Fredheim et al. - Social Media Manipulation 20222023 Assessing the.pdf:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/BWMW789G/Fredheim et al. - Social Media Manipulation 20222023 Assessing the.pdf:application/pdf;StratCom | NATO Strategic Communications Centre of Excellence Riga, Latvia:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/EA292X4W/272.html:text/html}, } @techreport{repucciGlobalExpansionAuthoritarian2022, title = {The {Global} {Expansion} of {Authoritarian} {Rule}}, url = {https://freedomhouse.org/report/freedom-world/2022/global-expansion-authoritarian-rule}, abstract = {Global freedom faces a dire threat. Around the world, the enemies of liberal democracy—a form of self-government in which human rights are recognized and every individual is entitled to equal treatment under law—are accelerating their attacks.}, language = {en}, urldate = {2024-03-27}, institution = {Freedom House}, author = {Repucci, Sarah and Slipowitz, Amy}, month = feb, year = {2022}, keywords = {/unread, Report, Global, First Draft Report Cited, Quant}, file = {Freedom House - 2022 - The Global Expansion of Authoritarian Rule.pdf:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/7EFIBIMP/Freedom House - 2022 - The Global Expansion of Authoritarian Rule.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/BUWY66WM/global-expansion-authoritarian-rule.html:text/html}, } @techreport{funkFreedomNet20232023, title = {Freedom on the {Net} 2023: {The} {Repressive} {Power} of {Artificial} {Intelligence}}, url = {https://freedomhouse.org/sites/default/files/2023-10/Freedom-on-the-net-2023-DigitalBooklet.pdf}, institution = {Freedom House}, author = {Funk, Allie and Shahbaz, Adrian and Vesteinsson, Kian}, year = {2023}, keywords = {/unread, Global, First Draft Report Cited, Mixed}, file = {Freedom on the Net 2023.pdf:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/97J2SKGX/Freedom on the Net 2023.pdf:application/pdf}, } @misc{freedomonlinecoalitionFreedomOnlineCoalition2023, title = {Freedom {Online} {Coalition} {Aims} and {Priorities}}, url = {https://freedomonlinecoalition.com/aims-and-priorities/}, abstract = {Aims and Priorities About us The Freedom Online Coalition’s Member States work together to ensure challenges and opportunities relating to Internet freedom and digital technologies are on the policy agenda […]}, language = {en-US}, urldate = {2024-04-13}, journal = {Freedom Online Coalition}, author = {Freedom Online Coalition}, year = {2023}, keywords = {/unread, Global, First Draft Report Cited, Policy}, file = {Snapshot:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/EYYZL2CX/aims-and-priorities.html:text/html}, } @article{freelonBlackTrollsMatter2022, title = {Black {Trolls} {Matter}: {Racial} and {Ideological} {Asymmetries} in {Social} {Media} {Disinformation}}, volume = {40}, issn = {0894-4393}, shorttitle = {Black {Trolls} {Matter}}, url = {https://doi.org/10.1177/0894439320914853}, doi = {10.1177/0894439320914853}, abstract = {The recent rise of disinformation and propaganda on social media has attracted strong interest from social scientists. Research on the topic has repeatedly observed ideological asymmetries in disinformation content and reception, wherein conservatives are more likely to view, redistribute, and believe such content. However, preliminary evidence has suggested that race may also play a substantial role in determining the targeting and consumption of disinformation content. Such racial asymmetries may exist alongside, or even instead of, ideological ones. Our computational analysis of 5.2 million tweets by the Russian government-funded “troll farm” known as the Internet Research Agency sheds light on these possibilities. We find stark differences in the numbers of unique accounts and tweets originating from ostensibly liberal, conservative, and Black left-leaning individuals. But diverging from prior empirical accounts, we find racial presentation—specifically, presenting as a Black activist—to be the most effective predictor of disinformation engagement by far. Importantly, these results could only be detected once we disaggregated Black-presenting accounts from non-Black liberal accounts. In addition to its contributions to the study of ideological asymmetry in disinformation content and reception, this study also underscores the general relevance of race to disinformation studies.}, language = {en}, number = {3}, urldate = {2024-07-24}, journal = {Social Science Computer Review}, author = {Freelon, Deen and Bossetta, Michael and Wells, Chris and Lukito, Josephine and Xia, Yiping and Adams, Kirsten}, month = jun, year = {2022}, note = {Publisher: SAGE Publications Inc}, keywords = {/unread, BRICS, First Draft Report Cited, Global North, Mixed}, pages = {560--578}, file = {Accepted Version:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/AGQP3585/Freelon et al. - 2022 - Black Trolls Matter Racial and Ideological Asymme.pdf:application/pdf;SAGE PDF Full Text:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/RKQ4938G/Freelon et al. - 2022 - Black Trolls Matter Racial and Ideological Asymme.pdf:application/pdf}, } @article{freelonDisinformationPoliticalCommunication2020, title = {Disinformation as {Political} {Communication}}, volume = {37}, issn = {1058-4609, 1091-7675}, url = {https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/10584609.2020.1723755}, doi = {10.1080/10584609.2020.1723755}, abstract = {This introduction to the special issue “Beyond Fake News: The Politics of Disinformation” contains four main sections. In the first, we discuss the major sociopolitical factors that have allowed disinformation to flourish in recent years. Second, we review the very short history of disinformation research, devoting particular attention to two of its more extensively studied conceptual relatives: propaganda and misinformation. Third, we preview the seven articles in this issue, which we divide into two types: studies of disinformation content and of disinformation reception. We conclude by advancing a few suggestions for future disinformation research.}, language = {en}, number = {2}, urldate = {2023-06-04}, journal = {Political Communication}, author = {Freelon, Deen and Wells, Chris}, month = mar, year = {2020}, keywords = {misinformation, propaganda, disinformation, fake news, problematic information, /unread, Review, First Draft Report Cited}, pages = {145--156}, file = {Freelon and Wells - 2020 - Disinformation as Political Communication.pdf:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/JDDKQMFQ/Freelon and Wells - 2020 - Disinformation as Political Communication.pdf:application/pdf;Freelon and Wells - 2020 - Disinformation as Political Communication.pdf:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/BJHCNSL8/Freelon and Wells - 2020 - Disinformation as Political Communication.pdf:application/pdf}, } @article{liRegulatoryCapturesThird2023, title = {Regulatory capture’s third face of power}, volume = {21}, url = {https://academic.oup.com/ser/article/21/2/1217/7030814?login=false}, number = {2}, urldate = {2024-04-25}, journal = {Socio-Economic Review}, author = {Li, Wendy Y}, month = apr, year = {2023}, keywords = {/unread, First Draft Report Cited, Qual}, pages = {1217--1245}, file = {Li - 2023 - Regulatory capture’s third face of power Socio-E.pdf:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/MGPLBW76/Li - 2023 - Regulatory capture’s third face of power Socio-E.pdf:application/pdf;Regulatory capture’s third face of power | Socio-Economic Review | Oxford Academic:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/IHFWM64N/7030814.html:text/html}, } @techreport{limChillingLegislationTracking2023, title = {Chilling {Legislation}: {Tracking} the {Impact} of “{Fake} {News}” {Laws} on {Press} {Freedom} {Internationally}}, url = {https://www.cima.ned.org/publication/chilling-legislation/}, institution = {Center for International Media Assistance}, author = {Lim, Gabrielle and Bradshaw, Samantha}, month = jul, year = {2023}, keywords = {/unread, Global, First Draft Report Cited, Qual}, file = {Lim and Bradshaw - 2023 - Chilling Legislation Tracking the Impact of “Fake.pdf:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/7VRT2NMK/Lim and Bradshaw - 2023 - Chilling Legislation Tracking the Impact of “Fake.pdf:application/pdf}, } @article{linOneThingJournalistic2022, title = {The {One} {Thing} {Journalistic} {AI} {Just} {Might} {Do} for {Democracy}}, volume = {10}, issn = {2167-0811}, url = {https://doi.org/10.1080/21670811.2022.2084131}, doi = {10.1080/21670811.2022.2084131}, abstract = {A recent wave of enthusiasm surrounding artificial intelligence (AI) has seen many observers focus on its potential to transform journalism, as with other forms of knowledge work. This conceptual essay, however, attempts to steer the conversation away from a technocentric emphasis on applications and instead pivot to the fundamental but overlooked issue of normativity: in this case, what should AI actually do to help fulfill journalism’s broader democratic aims? Building our analysis on Rasmus Kleis Nielsen’s approach that emphasizes one essential thing that journalism just might do for democracy—namely, provide accurate, accessible, diverse, relevant, and timely news about public affairs—we argue that journalistic AI could be normatively imagined and evaluated with a similar focus on simplicity and dose of democratic realism. In connection with three primary stages of newswork—information gathering, selection and production, and distribution and consumption—we explain how journalistic AI not only can work but also should work in the service of accuracy, accessibility, diversity, relevance, and timeliness. Ultimately, by placing normativity at the center of this analysis, our goal is to explore how AI might be oriented to enhance how news performs in each of these domains and thus make a pragmatic difference for journalism and democracy.}, number = {10}, urldate = {2023-12-25}, journal = {Digital Journalism}, author = {Lin, Bibo and Lewis, Seth C.}, month = nov, year = {2022}, note = {Publisher: Routledge \_eprint: https://doi.org/10.1080/21670811.2022.2084131}, keywords = {accuracy, diversity, artificial intelligence, /unread, Review, First Draft Report Cited, Global North, OID Media, USED, Accessibility, journalistic AI, normativity, relevance, timeliness}, pages = {1627--1649}, file = {Lin and Lewis - 2022 - The One Thing Journalistic AI Just Might Do for De.pdf:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/N2LB6K9R/Lin and Lewis - 2022 - The One Thing Journalistic AI Just Might Do for De.pdf:application/pdf}, } @inproceedings{lindenPrivacyPolicyLandscape2020, title = {The {Privacy} {Policy} {Landscape} {After} the {GDPR}}, volume = {2020}, copyright = {http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/3.0}, url = {https://petsymposium.org/popets/2020/popets-2020-0004.php}, doi = {10.2478/popets-2020-0004}, abstract = {The EU General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) is one of the most demanding and comprehensive privacy regulations of all time. A year after it went into effect, we study its impact on the landscape of privacy policies online. We conduct the first longitudinal, in-depth, and at-scale assessment of privacy policies before and after the GDPR. We gauge the complete consumption cycle of these policies, from the first user impressions until the compliance assessment. We create a diverse corpus of two sets of 6,278 unique English-language privacy policies from inside and outside the EU, covering their pre-GDPR and the post-GDPR versions. The results of our tests and analyses suggest that the GDPR has been a catalyst for a major overhaul of the privacy policies inside and outside the EU. This overhaul of the policies, manifesting in extensive textual changes, especially for the EU-based websites, comes at mixed benefits to the users. While the privacy policies have become considerably longer, our user study with 470 participants on Amazon MTurk indicates a significant improvement in the visual representation of privacy policies from the users’ perspective for the EU websites. We further develop a new workflow for the automated assessment of requirements in privacy policies. Using this workflow, we show that privacy policies cover more data practices and are more consistent with seven compliance requirements post the GDPR. We also assess how transparent the organizations are with their privacy practices by performing specificity analysis. In this analysis, we find evidence for positive changes triggered by the GDPR, with the specificity level improving on average. Still, we find the landscape of privacy policies to be in a transitional phase; many policies still do not meet several key GDPR requirements or their improved coverage comes with reduced specificity.}, language = {en}, urldate = {2024-05-12}, booktitle = {Proceedings on {Privacy} {Enhancing} {Technologies}}, author = {Linden, Thomas and Khandelwal, Rishabh and Harkous, Hamza and Fawaz, Kassem}, month = jan, year = {2020}, keywords = {/unread, Review, First Draft Report Cited, Global North}, pages = {47--64}, file = {Linden et al. - 2020 - The Privacy Policy Landscape After the GDPR.pdf:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/8KG5R79M/Linden et al. - 2020 - The Privacy Policy Landscape After the GDPR.pdf:application/pdf}, } @article{linvillTrollFactoriesManufacturing2020, title = {Troll {Factories}: {Manufacturing} {Specialized} {Disinformation} on {Twitter}}, volume = {37}, issn = {1058-4609}, shorttitle = {Troll {Factories}}, url = {https://doi.org/10.1080/10584609.2020.1718257}, doi = {10.1080/10584609.2020.1718257}, abstract = {We document methods employed by Russia’s Internet Research Agency to influence the political agenda of the United States from September 9, 2009 to June 21, 2018. We qualitatively and quantitatively analyze Twitter accounts with known IRA affiliation to better understand the form and function of Russian efforts. We identified five handle categories: Right Troll, Left Troll, News Feed, Hashtag Gamer, and Fearmonger. Within each type, accounts were used consistently, but the behavior across types was different, both in terms of “normal” daily behavior and in how they responded to external events. In this sense, the Internet Research Agency’s agenda-building effort was “industrial” – mass produced from a system of interchangeable parts, where each class of part fulfilled a specialized function.}, number = {4}, urldate = {2024-01-03}, journal = {Political Communication}, author = {Linvill, Darren L. and Warren, Patrick L.}, month = jul, year = {2020}, keywords = {Twitter, social media, disinformation, /unread, BRICS, First Draft Report Cited, Global North, Mixed, Internet Research Agency}, pages = {447--467}, file = {Full Text PDF:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/87SDWPQF/Linvill and Warren - 2020 - Troll Factories Manufacturing Specialized Disinfo.pdf:application/pdf}, } @incollection{livingstoneRelationshipsMediaAudiences1998, address = {London, UK}, title = {Relationships between media and audiences: prospects for audience reception studies}, shorttitle = {Relationships between media and audiences}, url = {https://api.taylorfrancis.com/content/chapters/edit/download?identifierName=doi&identifierValue=10.4324/9780203019122-19&type=chapterpdf}, urldate = {2024-04-02}, booktitle = {Media, ritual and identity: {Essays} in honor of {Elihu} {Katz}}, publisher = {Routledge}, author = {Livingstone, Sonia}, editor = {Liebes, Tamar and Curran, James}, year = {1998}, keywords = {/unread, Review, First Draft Report Cited, Global North}, pages = {237--255}, file = {Available Version (via Google Scholar):/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/QGIEFAGL/Livingstone - 2002 - Relationships between media and audiences prospec.pdf:application/pdf}, } @article{livingstoneAudiencesAgeDatafication2019, title = {Audiences in an {Age} of {Datafication}: {Critical} {Questions} for {Media} {Research}}, volume = {20}, issn = {1527-4764}, shorttitle = {Audiences in an {Age} of {Datafication}}, url = {https://doi.org/10.1177/1527476418811118}, doi = {10.1177/1527476418811118}, abstract = {This article critically examines how fears of audience gullibility, ignorance, and exploitation impede media studies’ response to the pressing challenges posed by the growing power of social media platforms and their innovative datafication practices. I revisit the history of audience research to show how empirical findings contested the pejorative conception of the audience problematically yet persistently imagined by theorists of media power during the twentieth century. As media studies joins other disciplines in responding to the growing datafication of society, I propose that the circuit of culture model can help theorize media (including platform and algorithmic) power by opening up the hermeneutic and action space between production and consumption. In this way, critical scholarship might more effectively analyze such metaprocesses as mediatization and datafication precisely by recognizing rather than erasing audiences’ relation to both the everyday lifeworld and the public world of citizen action, regulatory intervention, and the wider society.}, language = {en}, number = {2}, urldate = {2024-02-21}, journal = {Television \& New Media}, author = {Livingstone, Sonia}, month = feb, year = {2019}, note = {Publisher: SAGE Publications}, keywords = {/unread, Review, First Draft Report Cited, Global North}, pages = {170--183}, file = {Accepted Version:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/WBLBCYQ7/Livingstone - 2019 - Audiences in an Age of Datafication Critical Ques.pdf:application/pdf;Livingstone - 2019 - Audiences in an Age of Datafication Critical Ques.pdf:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/699D828Z/Livingstone - 2019 - Audiences in an Age of Datafication Critical Ques.pdf:application/pdf;livingstone-2018-audiences-in-an-age-of-datafication-critical-questions-for-media-research (1).pdf:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/RDMYWYGN/livingstone-2018-audiences-in-an-age-of-datafication-critical-questions-for-media-research (1).pdf:application/pdf}, } @techreport{livingstoneBestInterestsChild2024, title = {The {Best} {Interests} of the {Child} in the {Digital} {Environment}}, url = {https://5rightsfoundation.com/uploads/dfc-report-best-interests-of-the-child.pdf}, institution = {Digital Futures for Children Centre, LSE and 5Rights Foundation}, author = {Livingstone, Sonia and Cantwell, Nigel and Özkul, Didem and Shekhawat, Gazal and Kidron, Beeban}, month = mar, year = {2024}, keywords = {/unread, Review, First Draft Report Cited, Global North}, file = {Livingstone et al. - 2024 - The Best Interests of the Child in the Digital Env.pdf:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/YWMZBF8H/Livingstone et al. - 2024 - The Best Interests of the Child in the Digital Env.pdf:application/pdf}, } @article{livingstoneOutcomesGainingDigital2023, title = {The outcomes of gaining digital skills for young people’s lives and wellbeing: {A} systematic evidence review}, volume = {25}, issn = {1461-4448}, shorttitle = {The outcomes of gaining digital skills for young people’s lives and wellbeing}, url = {https://doi.org/10.1177/14614448211043189}, doi = {10.1177/14614448211043189}, abstract = {Research and policy have invested in the prospect that gaining digital skills enhances children’s and young people’s outcomes. A systematic evidence review of research on digital skills among 12- to 17-year-olds identified 34 studies that used cross-sectional survey methods to examine the association of digital skills with tangible outcomes. Two-thirds concerned the association with online opportunities or other benefits. Another third examined online risks of harm. Findings showed a positive association between digital skills and online opportunities, information benefits, and orientation to technology. Greater digital skills were indirectly linked to greater exposure to online risks, although any link to harm was unclear. While technical skills were linked with mixed or even negative outcomes, information skills were linked with positive outcomes. There was little research on the outcomes of communication or creative digital skills. Future research should examine the dimensions of digital skills separately and encompass a wider range of outcomes.}, language = {en}, number = {5}, urldate = {2023-12-28}, journal = {New Media \& Society}, author = {Livingstone, Sonia and Mascheroni, Giovanna and Stoilova, Mariya}, month = may, year = {2023}, note = {Publisher: SAGE Publications}, keywords = {Systematic literature review, /unread, First Draft Report Cited, Global North, USED, OID Mis/Disinfo}, pages = {1176--1202}, file = {Livingstone et al. - 2023 - The outcomes of gaining digital skills for young p.pdf:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/Q2G4Q5ZU/Livingstone et al. - 2023 - The outcomes of gaining digital skills for young p.pdf:application/pdf}, } @article{livioFoolMeOnce2018, title = {‘{Fool} me once, shame on you’: {Direct} personal experience and media trust}, volume = {19}, issn = {1464-8849, 1741-3001}, shorttitle = {‘{Fool} me once, shame on you’}, url = {http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/1464884916671331}, doi = {10.1177/1464884916671331}, abstract = {While the issue of citizens’ declining trust in journalists has received much attention in both research and public discourse, relatively little research has examined how individuals’ evaluations of the accuracy of media coverage of events they witnessed personally may have long-term effects on the level of trust in journalists. Using the responses of Israeli adults (n = 405) to an online survey, this study explored various predictors of public trust in journalists and found that perceived correspondence between direct personal experience and news reports was the strongest predictor of trust in journalists and the only one that remained significant when controlling for all other factors. In addition, general levels of public trust in journalists were found to be in small decline. These findings suggest that declining levels of trust in journalists may be associated with actual evaluations of the quality of media performance by individuals, thus refocusing the question of trust on journalistic practice rather than on audience attributes. At the same time, the fact that personal and possibly anecdotal evidence may have significant long-term effects on audience levels of trust is potentially problematic from a democratic standpoint. We discuss the implications and limitations of our findings.}, language = {en}, number = {5}, urldate = {2024-04-02}, journal = {Journalism}, author = {Livio, Oren and Cohen, Jonathan}, month = may, year = {2018}, keywords = {/unread, First Draft Report Cited, Global North, Quant}, pages = {684--698}, file = {Available Version (via Google Scholar):/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/H5GZIW6M/1464884916671331.html:text/html;Livio and Cohen - 2018 - ‘Fool me once, shame on you’ Direct personal expe.pdf:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/G8YLIY4M/Livio and Cohen - 2018 - ‘Fool me once, shame on you’ Direct personal expe.pdf:application/pdf}, } @techreport{llansoArtificialIntelligenceContent2020, title = {Artificial intelligence, content moderation, and freedom of expression}, url = {https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=&ved=2ahUKEwjN5LDxp8GEAxV0SEEAHQ99Cb4QFnoECBMQAQ&url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ivir.nl%2Fpublicaties%2Fdownload%2FAI-Llanso-Van-Hoboken-Feb-2020.pdf&usg=AOvVaw0zoOz4T5mpnND1ONV2AGQo&opi=89978449}, institution = {TransAtlantic Working Group on Content Moderation Online and Freedom of Expression, Annenberg Public Policy Center and Institute for Information Law, University of Amsterdam}, author = {Llansó, Emma J and van Hoboken, Joris and Harambam, Jaron}, year = {2020}, keywords = {/unread, Review, First Draft Report Cited, Global North}, file = {Artificial intelligence, content moderation, and freedom of expression.pdf:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/ZJJQ4IPS/Artificial intelligence, content moderation, and freedom of expression.pdf:application/pdf}, } @article{lockiePosttruthPoliticsSocial2017, title = {Post-truth politics and the social sciences}, volume = {3}, issn = {null}, url = {https://doi.org/10.1080/23251042.2016.1273444}, doi = {10.1080/23251042.2016.1273444}, number = {1}, urldate = {2024-04-15}, journal = {Environmental Sociology}, author = {Lockie, Stewart}, month = jan, year = {2017}, note = {Publisher: Routledge \_eprint: https://doi.org/10.1080/23251042.2016.1273444}, keywords = {/unread, Review, First Draft Report Cited}, pages = {1--5}, file = {Full Text PDF:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/VBTF8LYT/Lockie - 2017 - Post-truth politics and the social sciences.pdf:application/pdf}, } @techreport{lodieNewRegimeCivil2022, title = {Towards a {New} {Regime} of {Civil} {Liability} for {AI} {Systems}: {Comment} on the {European} {Commission}'s {Proposals}}, shorttitle = {Civil {Liability} for {AI} {Systems}}, url = {https://ai-regulation.com/eu-commission-proposals-on-ai-civil-liability/}, abstract = {On September 28th, 2022, the European Commission released two proposals to regulate civil liability in relation to AI-enabled systems.}, language = {en-GB}, urldate = {2024-05-14}, institution = {AI-Regulation.com}, author = {Lodie, Alexandre and Celis-Juarez, Stephanie and Karathanasis, Theodoros}, month = oct, year = {2022}, keywords = {/unread, Review, First Draft Report Cited, Global North}, file = {Lodie et al. - 2022 - Towards a New Regime of Civil Liability for AI Sys.pdf:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/YEET7E44/Lodie et al. - 2022 - Towards a New Regime of Civil Liability for AI Sys.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/TFCHZANQ/eu-commission-proposals-on-ai-civil-liability.html:text/html}, } @inproceedings{longWhatAILiteracy2020, address = {Honolulu HI USA}, title = {What is {AI} {Literacy}? {Competencies} and {Design} {Considerations}}, isbn = {978-1-4503-6708-0}, shorttitle = {What is {AI} {Literacy}?}, url = {https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3313831.3376727}, doi = {10.1145/3313831.3376727}, language = {en}, urldate = {2024-05-08}, booktitle = {Proceedings of the 2020 {CHI} {Conference} on {Human} {Factors} in {Computing} {Systems}}, publisher = {ACM}, author = {Long, Duri and Magerko, Brian}, month = apr, year = {2020}, keywords = {Systematic literature review, /unread, Global, First Draft Report Cited}, pages = {1--16}, file = {Full Text PDF:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/GR2K62ZR/Long and Magerko - 2020 - What is AI Literacy Competencies and Design Consi.pdf:application/pdf}, } @misc{longoExplainableArtificialIntelligence2024, title = {Explainable {Artificial} {Intelligence} ({XAI}) 2.0: {A} manifesto of open challenges and interdisciplinary research directions}, shorttitle = {Explainable {Artificial} {Intelligence} ({XAI}) 2.0}, url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1566253524000794}, doi = {10.1016/j.inffus.2024.102301}, abstract = {Understanding black box models has become paramount as systems based on opaque Artificial Intelligence (AI) continue to flourish in diverse real-world applications. In response, Explainable AI (XAI) has emerged as a field of research with practical and ethical benefits across various domains. This paper highlights the advancements in XAI and its application in real-world scenarios and addresses the ongoing challenges within XAI, emphasizing the need for broader perspectives and collaborative efforts. We bring together experts from diverse fields to identify open problems, striving to synchronize research agendas and accelerate XAI in practical applications. By fostering collaborative discussion and interdisciplinary cooperation, we aim to propel XAI forward, contributing to its continued success. We aim to develop a comprehensive proposal for advancing XAI. To achieve this goal, we present a manifesto of 28 open problems categorized into nine categories. These challenges encapsulate the complexities and nuances of XAI and offer a road map for future research. For each problem, we provide promising research directions in the hope of harnessing the collective intelligence of interested stakeholders.}, urldate = {2024-04-15}, publisher = {ArXiv}, author = {Longo, Luca and Brcic, Mario and Cabitza, Federico and Choi, Jaesik and Confalonieri, Roberto and Ser, Javier Del and Guidotti, Riccardo and Hayashi, Yoichi and Herrera, Francisco and Holzinger, Andreas and Jiang, Richard and Khosravi, Hassan and Lecue, Freddy and Malgieri, Gianclaudio and Páez, Andrés and Samek, Wojciech and Schneider, Johannes and Speith, Timo and Stumpf, Simone}, month = jun, year = {2024}, keywords = {/unread, Review, First Draft Report Cited, Actionable XAI, Causality, Concept-based explanations, Ethical AI, Explainable artificial intelligence, Falsifiability, Generative AI, Interdisciplinarity, Interpretability, Large language models, Manifesto, Multi-faceted explanations, Open challenges, Responsible AI, Trustworthy AI, XAI}, file = {Submitted Version:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/TM3I6T37/Longo et al. - 2024 - Explainable Artificial Intelligence (XAI) 2.0 A m.pdf:application/pdf}, } @inproceedings{loosUsingMediaLiteracy2023, address = {Cham}, title = {Using {Media} {Literacy} to {Fight} {Digital} {Fake} {News} in {Later} {Life}: {A} {Mission} {Impossible}?}, isbn = {978-3-031-34866-2}, shorttitle = {Using {Media} {Literacy} to {Fight} {Digital} {Fake} {News} in {Later} {Life}}, doi = {10.1007/978-3-031-34866-2_18}, abstract = {Fake news is a threat to the trustworthiness of digital information sources. Media literacy training that can be used to empower people to fight fake news - understood to refer to any kind of misleading information that could mistakenly be considered accurate, regardless of the mechanisms that led to its propagation [1] - is mostly oriented toward younger people in an educational institutional context. Yet in later life, older people, too, may benefit from such training. Are there appropriate institutions to provide this? In this paper we explore the possibility of enhancing older people’s digital resilience [2] using insights from the field of media literacy to answer the following research questions:}, language = {en}, booktitle = {Human {Aspects} of {IT} for the {Aged} {Population}}, publisher = {Springer Nature Switzerland}, author = {Loos, Eugène and Ivan, Loredana}, editor = {Gao, Qin and Zhou, Jia}, year = {2023}, keywords = {fake news, generations, /unread, Review, First Draft Report Cited, Global North, digital resilience, media literacy training, older people, younger people}, pages = {233--247}, file = {Full Text PDF:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/M79NQDBV/Loos and Ivan - 2023 - Using Media Literacy to Fight Digital Fake News in.pdf:application/pdf}, } @techreport{lsetruthtrust&technologycommissionTacklingInformationCrisis2018, title = {Tackling the {Information} {Crisis}: {A} {Policy} {Framework} for {Media} {System} {Resilience}}, url = {https://www.lse.ac.uk/media-and-communications/assets/documents/research/T3-Report-Tackling-the-Information-Crisis-v6.pdf}, urldate = {2023-12-15}, institution = {LSE Report of the LSE Commission on Truth, Trust and Technology}, author = {LSE Truth, Trust \& Technology Commission}, year = {2018}, keywords = {/unread, Review, First Draft Report Cited}, file = {T3-Report-Tackling-the-Information-Crisis-v6.pdf:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/GV9SHUDR/T3-Report-Tackling-the-Information-Crisis-v6.pdf:application/pdf}, } @article{luchsAIAllChallenging2023, title = {{AI} for {All}? {Challenging} the {Democratization} of {Machine} {Learning}}, volume = {12}, number = {1}, journal = {Minor Tech: A Peer-Reviewed Journal About AI}, author = {Luchs, Inga}, year = {2023}, keywords = {/unread, First Draft Report Cited, Rview}, pages = {135--145}, file = {10_Luchs_135-147_APRJA_Minor_Tech.pdf:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/UFF86HLN/10_Luchs_135-147_APRJA_Minor_Tech.pdf:application/pdf}, } @article{lungaInvestigatingSourceStrategies2019, title = {Investigating the {Source} and {Strategies} {Adopted} by {Mainstream} {Media} in {Combating} {Fake} {News} in the {Kingdom} of {Eswatini}}, volume = {40}, issn = {2374-3670}, url = {https://doi.org/10.1080/23743670.2019.1664606}, doi = {10.1080/23743670.2019.1664606}, abstract = {The spread of “fake news” is a threat to the credibility of the media in the Southern African Development Community (SADC), including Eswatini (formerly Swaziland). These intentionally false stories or disinformation purporting to be news threaten the democratic role of mainstream media in creating a well-informed citizenry. There is hate speech, and disinformation directed at the royal family, the cabinet, prominent figures and the larger Swazi society. This study focuses on disinformation in the mainstream media, the Swazi Observer and the Times of Swaziland, and the strategies being adopted to combat it. The article adopts a qualitative methodological approach using in-depth interviews with journalists and qualitative content analysis of the newspapers as data-gathering methods. The study reveals that the dissemination of false information is partially a consequence of the secretive nature of Swazi society even on matters of public interest. This has resulted in people spreading false news through social media aimed at ridiculing those in authority. On the other hand, “fake news” has found its way into mainstream media as journalists use the internet and social media such as Facebook and Twitter as sources of news without verifying their authenticity due to the pressure to be the first to publish.}, number = {4}, urldate = {2024-04-15}, journal = {African Journalism Studies}, author = {Lunga, Carolyne Mande and Mthembu, Maxwell Vusumuzi}, month = oct, year = {2019}, note = {Publisher: Routledge \_eprint: https://doi.org/10.1080/23743670.2019.1664606}, keywords = {Fake news, social media, mainstream media, Global South, /unread, First Draft Report Cited, Qual, strategies, Swazi Observer, Times of Swaziland}, pages = {96--111}, file = {Lunga and Mthembu - 2019 - Investigating the Source and Strategies Adopted by.pdf:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/3XVT3KF5/Lunga and Mthembu - 2019 - Investigating the Source and Strategies Adopted by.pdf:application/pdf}, } @phdthesis{machillBiasedArtificialIntelligence2020, title = {Biased {Artificial} {Intelligence}: {Algorithmic} {Fairness} and {Human} {Perception} of {Biased} {AI}}, url = {https://run.unl.pt/bitstream/10362/109738/1/TGI0357.pdf}, school = {NOVA Information Management School, Universidade Nova de Lisboa}, author = {Machill, Sidney Anna}, year = {2020}, keywords = {/unread, First Draft Report Cited, Mixed}, file = {TGI0357.pdf:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/JI69FWI7/TGI0357.pdf:application/pdf}, } @article{mackenzieLongestSecondHeader2023, title = {The longest second: {Header} bidding and the material politics of online advertising}, volume = {52}, url = {https://doi.org/10.1080/03085147.2023.2238463}, number = {3}, journal = {Economy and Society}, author = {MacKenzie, Donald and Caliskan, Koray and Rommerskirchen, Charlotte}, year = {2023}, keywords = {Systematic literature review, /unread, First Draft Report Cited, Global North, OID Data Gov}, pages = {554--578}, file = {MacKenzie et al. - 2023 - The longest second Header bidding and the materia.pdf:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/JPAWXFBS/MacKenzie et al. - 2023 - The longest second Header bidding and the materia.pdf:application/pdf}, } @misc{madanUnderstandingMisinformationIndia2021, title = {Understanding {Misinformation} in {India}: {The} {Case} for a {Meaningful} {Regulatory} {Approach} for {Social} {Media} {Platforms}}, url = {https://arxiv.org/ftp/arxiv/papers/2207/2207.01508.pdf}, publisher = {ArXiv}, author = {Madan, Gandharv Dhruv}, year = {2021}, keywords = {Global South, /unread, BRICS, First Draft Report Cited, Qual}, file = {Madan - 2021 - Understanding Misinformatoin in India The Case fo.pdf:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/4AA5NXDL/Madan - 2021 - Understanding Misinformatoin in India The Case fo.pdf:application/pdf}, } @article{maertensLongtermEffectivenessInoculation2021, title = {Long-term effectiveness of inoculation against misinformation: {Three} longitudinal experiments.}, volume = {27}, issn = {1939-2192, 1076-898X}, shorttitle = {Long-term effectiveness of inoculation against misinformation}, url = {https://doi.apa.org/doi/10.1037/xap0000315}, doi = {10.1037/xap0000315}, abstract = {This study shows that inoculation-based media and information literacy interventions such as the Bad News Game can confer protection against the influence of misinformation over time. With regular assessment, the positive effects can be maintained for at least 3 months. Without regular “boosting,” the effects dissipate within 2 months.}, language = {en}, number = {1}, urldate = {2024-04-20}, journal = {Journal of Experimental Psychology: Applied}, author = {Maertens, Rakoen and Roozenbeek, Jon and Basol, Melisa and Van Der Linden, Sander}, month = mar, year = {2021}, keywords = {/unread, First Draft Report Cited, Quant, Global N}, pages = {1--16}, file = {Maertens et al. - 2021 - Long-term effectiveness of inoculation against mis.pdf:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/QEWDC2WL/Maertens et al. - 2021 - Long-term effectiveness of inoculation against mis.pdf:application/pdf}, } @article{magalhaesAlgorithmsShapeCharacter2018, title = {Do {Algorithms} {Shape} {Character}? {Considering} {Algorithmic} {Ethical} {Subjectivation}}, volume = {4}, issn = {2056-3051}, shorttitle = {Do {Algorithms} {Shape} {Character}?}, url = {https://doi.org/10.1177/2056305118768301}, doi = {10.1177/2056305118768301}, abstract = {Moral critiques of computational algorithms seem divided between two paradigms. One seeks to demonstrate how an opaque and unruly algorithmic power violates moral values and harms users’ autonomy; the other underlines the systematicity of such power, deflating concerns about opacity and unruliness. While the second paradigm makes it possible to think of end users of algorithmic systems as moral agents, the consequences of this possibility remain unexplored. This article proposes one way of tackling this problem. Employing Michel Foucault’s version of virtue ethics, I examine how perceptions of Facebook’s normative regulation of visibility have transformed non-expert end users’ ethical selves (i.e., their character) in the current political crisis in Brazil. The article builds on this analysis to advance algorithmic ethical subjectivation as a concept to make sense of these processes of ethical becoming. I define them as plural (encompassing various types of actions and values, and resulting in no determinate subject), contextual (demanding not only sociomaterial but also epistemological and ethical conditions), and potentially harmful (eventually structuring harms that are not externally inflicted by algorithms, but by users, upon themselves and others, in response to how they perceive the normativity of algorithmic decisions). By researching which model(s) of ethical subjectivation specific algorithmic social platforms instantiate, critical scholars might be able to better understand the normative consequences of these platforms’ power.}, language = {en}, number = {2}, urldate = {2021-12-19}, journal = {Social Media + Society}, author = {Magalhães, João Carlos}, month = apr, year = {2018}, note = {Publisher: SAGE Publications Ltd}, keywords = {algorithms, Global South, /unread, BRICS, First Draft Report Cited, Qual, ethics, Michel Foucault, subjectivation, voice}, pages = {1--10}, file = {Magalhães - 2018 - Do Algorithms Shape Character Considering Algorit.pdf:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/AWJS2ZP3/Magalhães - 2018 - Do Algorithms Shape Character Considering Algorit.pdf:application/pdf}, } @article{magalhaesGivingTakingAway2021, title = {Giving by {Taking} {Away}: {Big} {Tech}, {Data} {Colonialism}, and the {Reconfiguration} of {Social} {Good}}, volume = {15}, copyright = {The International Journal of Communication is an academic journal. As such, it is dedicated to the open exchange of information. For this reason, IJoC is freely available to individuals and institutions. Copies of this journal or articles in this journal may be distributed for research or educational purposes free of charge and without permission. However, commercial use of the IJoC website or the articles contained herein is expressly prohibited without the written consent of the editor. Authors who publish in The International Journal of Communication will release their articles under the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial No Derivatives (by-nc-nd) license . This license allows anyone to copy and distribute the article for non-commercial purposes provided that appropriate attribution is given. For details of the rights authors grants users of their work, see the "human-readable summary" of the license , with a link to the full license. (Note that "you" refers to a user, not an author, in the summary.) This journal utilizes the LOCKSS system to create a distributed archiving system among participating libraries and permits those libraries to create permanent archives of the journal for purposes of preservation and restoration. The publisher perpetually authorizes participants in the LOCKSS system to archive and restore our publication through the LOCKSS System for the benefit of all LOCKSS System participants. Specifically participating libraries may: Collect and preserve currently accessible materials; Use material consistent with original license terms; Provide copies to other LOCKSS appliances for purposes of audit and repair.   Fair Use The U.S. Copyright Act of 1976 specifies, in Section 107, the terms of the Fair Use exception: Notwithstanding the provisions of sections 106 and 106A, the fair use of a copyrighted work, including such use by reproduction in copies or phonorecords or by any other means specified by that section, for purposes such as criticism, comment, news reporting, teaching (including multiple copies for classroom use), scholarship, or research, is not an infringement of copyright. In determining whether the use made of a work in any particular case is a fair use the factors to be considered shall include: the purpose and character of the use, including whether such use is of a commercial nature or is for nonprofit educational purposes; the nature of the copyrighted work; the amount and substantiality of the portion used in relation to the copyrighted work as a whole; \& the effect of the use upon the potential market for or value of the copyrighted work. The fact that a work is unpublished shall not itself bar a finding of fair use if such finding is made upon consideration of all the above factors. In accord with these provisions, the International Journal of Communication believes in the vigorous assertion and defense of Fair Use by scholars engaged in academic research, teaching and non-commercial publishing. Thus, we view the inclusion of “quotations” from existing print, visual, audio and audio-visual texts to be appropriate examples of Fair Use, as are reproductions of visual images for the purpose of scholarly analysis. We encourage authors to obtain appropriate permissions to use materials originally produced by others, but do not require such permissions as long as the usage of such materials falls within the boundaries of Fair Use. The International Journal of Communication encourages authors to employ fair use in their scholarly publishing wherever appropriate. Fair use is the right to use unlicensed copyrighted material (whether it is text, images, audio-visual, or other) in your own work, in some circumstances. We consult the Code of Best Practices in Fair Use for Scholarly Research in Communication , created by the International Communication Association and endorsed by the National Communication Association, and you should too. If you have any questions about whether fair use applies to your uses of copyrighted material (whether it is text, images, audio-visual, or other) in your scholarship, simply include your rationale, grounded in the Best Practices, as a supplementary document with your submission.}, issn = {1932-8036}, shorttitle = {Giving by {Taking} {Away}}, url = {https://ijoc.org/index.php/ijoc/article/view/15995}, abstract = {Big Tech companies have recently led and financed projects that claim to use datafication for the “social good.” This article explores what kind of social good it is that this sort of datafication engenders. Drawing mostly on the analysis of corporate public communications and patent applications, it finds that these initiatives hinge on the reconfiguration of social good as datafied, probabilistic, and profitable. These features, the article argues, are better understood within the framework of data colonialism. Rethinking “doing good” as a facet of data colonialism illuminates the inherent harm to freedom these projects produce and why, to “give,” Big Tech must often take away.}, language = {en}, number = {2021}, urldate = {2023-08-10}, journal = {International Journal of Communication}, author = {Magalhães, João Carlos and Couldry, Nick}, month = jan, year = {2021}, note = {Number: 0}, keywords = {political economy, Big Tech, data colonialism, datafication, Global South, /unread, First Draft Report Cited, Qual, social good}, pages = {343--362}, file = {Magalhães and Couldry - 2021 - Giving by Taking Away Big Tech, Data Colonialism,.pdf:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/8L9G23KF/Magalhães and Couldry - 2021 - Giving by Taking Away Big Tech, Data Colonialism,.pdf:application/pdf}, } @article{magerFutureImaginariesMaking2021, title = {Future imaginaries in the making and governing of digital technology: {Multiple}, contested, commodified}, volume = {23}, issn = {1461-4448}, shorttitle = {Future imaginaries in the making and governing of digital technology}, url = {https://doi.org/10.1177/1461444820929321}, doi = {10.1177/1461444820929321}, abstract = {Visions of the future are omnipresent in current debates about the digital transformation. This introductory article and the full special issue are concerned with the function, power, and performativity of future visions and how they relate to the making and governing of digital technology. Revisiting existing concepts, we particularly discuss and advance the concept of sociotechnical imaginaries. In difference to ephemeral visions and partisan ideas, imaginaries are collectively held and institutionally stabilized. Nonetheless, we hold that they are multiple, contested, and commodified rather than monolithic, linear visions of future trajectories enacted by state actors. Introducing and summarizing the articles of the special issue, we conclude that imaginaries are increasingly dominated by technology companies that not only take over the imaginative power of shaping future society, but also partly absorb public institutions’ ability to govern these very futures with their rhetoric, technologies, and business models.}, language = {en}, number = {2}, urldate = {2023-12-23}, journal = {New Media \& Society}, author = {Mager, Astrid and Katzenbach, Christian}, month = feb, year = {2021}, note = {Publisher: SAGE Publications}, keywords = {/unread, First Draft Report Cited, Global North, USED, Mixed, OID Data Gov}, pages = {223--236}, file = {Mager and Katzenbach - 2021 - Future imaginaries in the making and governing of .pdf:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/8MIEFVSZ/Mager and Katzenbach - 2021 - Future imaginaries in the making and governing of .pdf:application/pdf}, } @incollection{mahlerRiskManagementProportionality2022, title = {Between {Risk} {Management} and {Proportionality}: {The} {Risk}-{Based} {Approach} in the {EU}’s {Artificial} {Intelligence} {Act} {Proposal}}, shorttitle = {Between {Risk} {Management} and {Proportionality}}, url = {https://www.lawpub.se/artikel/10.53292/208f5901.38a67238}, language = {en}, urldate = {2024-05-06}, booktitle = {Law in the {Era} of {Artificial} {Intelligence}: {Nordic} {Yearbook} of {Law} and {Informatics} 2020-2021}, publisher = {The Swedish Law and Informatics Research Institute}, author = {Mahler, Tobias}, editor = {Colonna, Liane and Greenstein, Stanley}, month = mar, year = {2022}, keywords = {/unread, Review, First Draft Report Cited, Global North}, pages = {247--270}, file = {delivery.pdf:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/YGA2P3DR/delivery.pdf:application/pdf}, } @techreport{mahomedAIChildrensRights2023, title = {{AI}, {Children}’s {Rights}, \& {Wellbeing}: {Transnational} {Frameworks}: {Mapping} 13 {Frameworks} at the {Intersections} of {Data}-{Intensive} {Technologies}, {Children}'s {Rights} and {Wellbeing}}, shorttitle = {{AI}, {Children}’s {Rights}, \& {Wellbeing}}, url = {https://www.turing.ac.uk/news/publications/ai-childrens-rights-wellbeing-transnational-frameworks}, abstract = {As data-intensive technologies, including artificial intelligence (AI), become more commonplace, children are being impacted from birth and over the course o}, language = {en}, urldate = {2024-02-23}, institution = {Alan Turing Institute}, author = {Mahomed, Sabeehah and Aitken, Mhairi and Atabey, Ayça and Wong, Janis and Briggs, Morgan}, month = nov, year = {2023}, keywords = {/unread, First Draft Report Cited, Global North, Qual}, file = {Mahomed et al. - 2023 - AI, Children’s Rights, & Wellbeing Transnational .pdf:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/UZXZ9WTQ/Mahomed et al. - 2023 - AI, Children’s Rights, & Wellbeing Transnational .pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/YJ65PYKE/ai-childrens-rights-wellbeing-transnational-frameworks.html:text/html}, } @article{makanSustainableIndustrialMachine2023, title = {Sustainable {Industrial} {Machine} {Learning} and {Artificial} {Intelligence}: {A} {Framework} for {Environmentally} {Responsible} {Innovation}}, volume = {15}, copyright = {Copyright (c) 2023}, shorttitle = {Sustainable {Industrial} {Machine} {Learning} and {Artificial} {Intelligence}}, url = {https://journals.threws.com/index.php/TRDAIML/article/view/184}, abstract = {As the world embraces the era of Industry 4.0, the integration of Machine Learning (ML) and Artificial Intelligence (AI) in industrial processes has become increasingly prevalent. However, the rapid adoption of these technologies has raised concerns regarding their environmental impact and long-term sustainability. This paper presents a comprehensive framework for sustainable industrial ML and AI, aiming to guide practitioners in developing environmentally responsible and ethically conscious solutions.}, language = {en}, number = {15}, urldate = {2024-05-14}, journal = {Transactions on Recent Developments in Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning}, author = {Makan, Nnidhi}, month = jun, year = {2023}, note = {Number: 15}, keywords = {/unread, Review, First Draft Report Cited}, pages = {??}, } @article{makhortykhNotAllWho2022, title = {Not all who are bots are evil: {A} cross-platform analysis of automated agent governance}, volume = {24}, issn = {1461-4448}, shorttitle = {Not all who are bots are evil}, url = {https://doi.org/10.1177/14614448221079035}, doi = {10.1177/14614448221079035}, abstract = {The growth of online platforms is accompanied by the increasing use of automated agents. Despite being discussed primarily in the context of opinion manipulation, agents play diverse roles within platform ecosystems that raises the need for governance approaches that go beyond policing agents’ unwanted behaviour. To provide a more nuanced assessment of agent governance, we introduce an analytical framework that distinguishes between different aspects and forms of governance. We then apply it to explore how agents are governed across nine platforms. Our observations show that despite acknowledging diverse roles of agents, platforms tend to focus on governing selected forms of their misuse. We also observe differences in governance approaches used by platforms, in particular when it comes to the agent rights/obligations and transparency of policing mechanisms. These observations highlight the necessity of advancing the algorithmic governance research agenda and developing a generalizable normative framework for agent governance.}, language = {en}, number = {4}, urldate = {2023-12-23}, journal = {New Media \& Society}, author = {Makhortykh, Mykola and Urman, Aleksandra and Münch, Felix Victor and Heldt, Amélie and Dreyer, Stephan and Kettemann, Matthias C}, month = apr, year = {2022}, note = {Publisher: SAGE Publications}, keywords = {/unread, First Draft Report Cited, Global North, Qual, USED, OID Data Gov}, pages = {964--981}, file = {Makhortykh et al. - 2022 - Not all who are bots are evil A cross-platform an.pdf:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/2RRJW4MG/Makhortykh et al. - 2022 - Not all who are bots are evil A cross-platform an.pdf:application/pdf}, } @techreport{malaysiagovernmentFakeNewsBill2018, title = {Anti-{Fake} {News} {Bill} 2018}, url = {https://www.cljlaw.com/files/bills/pdf/2018/MY_FS_BIL_2018_06.pdf}, institution = {Government of Malaysia}, author = {Malaysia Government}, year = {2018}, keywords = {Regulation, Global South, /unread, First Draft Report Cited, Global North}, file = {CLJ Law - 2018 - ‘Malaysia Anti-Fake News Bill 2018’.pdf:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/3GVGV5EK/CLJ Law - 2018 - ‘Malaysia Anti-Fake News Bill 2018’.pdf:application/pdf}, } @book{mansellImaginingInternetCommunication2012, address = {Oxford}, title = {Imagining the {Internet}: {Communication}, {Innovation} and {Governance}}, publisher = {Oxford University Press}, author = {Mansell, Robin}, year = {2012}, keywords = {/unread, Review, First Draft Report Cited}, } @incollection{mansellEuropeanResponsesUS2021, title = {European {Responses} to ({US}) {Digital} {Platform} {Dominance}}, isbn = {978-0-367-81674-2}, url = {https://eprints.lse.ac.uk/105237/1/Mansell_european_responses_to_us_digital_platform_dominance_accepted.pdf}, abstract = {This chapter examines whether Europe can achieve sufficient leverage to achieve protections for public values in the face of dominant digital platforms and its simultaneous support for digital economy strategies. European regulatory moves are intended to achieve the “right” balance between competing economic values and values such as privacy and freedom of expression. Based on a discussion of contemporary European Union initiatives to strengthen digital platform governance, the chapter assesses whether a “digital sovereignty” regulatory strategy is likely to protect or override citizens’ rights. It is concluded that a radical approach will be needed if Europe is to ensure that platforms do not perpetuate exploitative business practices.}, booktitle = {The {Routledge} {Handbook} of {Digital} {Media} and {Globalization}}, publisher = {Routledge}, author = {Mansell, Robin}, editor = {Jin, Dal Yong}, year = {2021}, note = {Num Pages: 9}, keywords = {/unread, Review, First Draft Report Cited, Global North}, pages = {141--149}, file = {Full text:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/PN3ZUPX5/Mansell - 2021 - European Responses to (US) Digital Platform Domina.pdf:application/pdf}, } @book{marconiNewsmakersArtificialIntelligence2020, address = {New York}, title = {Newsmakers – {Artificial} {Intelligence} and the {Future} of {Journalism}}, isbn = {978-0-231-19136-4}, language = {English}, publisher = {Columbia University Press}, author = {Marconi, Francesco}, month = apr, year = {2020}, keywords = {/unread, First Draft Report Cited, Global North, Qual}, } @techreport{mardaWisdomCrowdMultistakeholder2018, address = {Rochester, NY}, title = {Wisdom of the {Crowd}: {Multistakeholder} {Perspectives} on the {Fake} {News} {Debate}}, shorttitle = {Wisdom of the {Crowd}}, url = {https://papers.ssrn.com/abstract=3184458}, abstract = {Social media platforms are increasingly accused of shaping public debate and engineering people’s behavior in ways that might undermine the democratic process. In order to vitalize a much-needed multistakeholder dialogue on corrective measures against the spread of false information, this project has undertaken a truncated multistakeholder consultation, addressing experts from academia, civil society, governments and the industry to assess diverging perspectives on institutional proposals, legislative responses, and self- regulation resolutions that have sprung up around the world. It also asks what new challenges platform moderation and related “fake news” issues pose to what might be called the “procedural fitness” of the current multistakeholder internet governance system. Finally, it suggests recommendations for architectural changes that could promote constructive and inclusive debate on the topic.}, language = {en}, number = {3184458}, urldate = {2024-01-27}, institution = {Internet Policy Observatory, Annenberg School for Communication, University of Pennsylvania and DATACTIVE Ideas Lab, NL}, author = {Marda, Vidushi and Milan, Stefania}, month = may, year = {2018}, keywords = {misinformation, censorship, social media, internet governance, fake news, civil society, platforms, digital literacy, media literacy, /unread, BRICS, First Draft Report Cited, Global North, Qual, chilling effects, multistakeholder governance, online content regulation, procedural fitness, Terms of Services}, file = {Full Text PDF:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/LK8TX3CC/Marda and Milan - 2018 - Wisdom of the Crowd Multistakeholder Perspectives.pdf:application/pdf}, } @article{mareStateOrderedInternetShutdowns2020, title = {State-{Ordered} {Internet} {Shutdowns} and {Digital} {Authoritarianism} in {Zimbabwe}}, volume = {14}, issn = {1932-8036}, url = {https://ijoc.org/index.php/ijoc/article/view/11494}, abstract = {This study critically reflects on why and how private telecommunications operators in a militarized authoritarian state comply with government orders to shut down the Internet. It argues that state-ordered Internet shutdowns must be conceptualized as a form of digital authoritarianism. It demonstrates that between 2016 and 2019, the government in Zimbabwe added state-ordered Internet shutdowns to its ever-expanding authoritarian toolkit, thereby negatively impacting the financial sustainability of telecommunications operators. Deploying the critical political economy approach and the metaphor of lawfare, the study demonstrates that the responses of private telecommunications operators to government orders must be understood within the broader context of sociopolitical and economic factors. Although private companies such as Econet Wireless Zimbabwe and Liquid Telecom control a huge chunk of the telecommunications infrastructure, the government often deploys political, regulatory, and lawfare strategies to force through state-ordered Internet shutdowns. The study argues that private telecommunications operators comply with government partly to abide by their licensing obligations, for fear of political harassment and victimization and threats of arbitrary imprisonment.}, language = {en}, number = {2020}, urldate = {2024-04-20}, journal = {International Journal of Communication}, author = {Mare, Admire}, month = aug, year = {2020}, note = {Number: 0}, keywords = {political economy, Global South, /unread, First Draft Report Cited, Qual, and telecommunications., digital authoritarianism, Internet shutdowns, lawfare, state control, Zimbabwe}, pages = {4244--4263}, file = {Full Text PDF:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/R4RWBQJW/Mare - 2020 - Internet Shutdowns in Africa State-Ordered Intern.pdf:application/pdf}, } @article{mareFakeNewsCyberPropaganda2019, title = {“{Fake} {News}” and {Cyber}-{Propaganda} in {Sub}-{Saharan} {Africa}: {Recentering} the {Research} {Agenda}}, volume = {40}, issn = {2374-3670}, shorttitle = {“{Fake} {News}” and {Cyber}-{Propaganda} in {Sub}-{Saharan} {Africa}}, url = {https://doi.org/10.1080/23743670.2020.1788295}, doi = {10.1080/23743670.2020.1788295}, abstract = {Dominant narratives about the contemporary problem of “fake news” and cyber-propaganda have focused on how its evolution and manifestation has been closely linked with the rise of populist politics, digital capitalism, the transformation of the public sphere and structural weaknesses of liberal and mainstream media. These narratives often use the Western gaze as an analytical and theoretical toolkit to understand a global phenomenon, thereby missing local specificities and nuances. In this special issue we argue that any attempt to make sense of the evolution, mutation and sharing of fake news and cyber-propaganda in sub-Saharan Africa cannot be done outside the determining and constraining context of the production and consumption of news in Africa. At the core of this context of production and consumption are resource-constrained newsrooms, an ever-shifting communication ecology, realignment of the relationship between producers and consumers of content, digitization of political communication, media repression, digital literacy and competencies and competing regimes of truth and non-truth. The special issue engages with the phenomena of “fake news” and cyber-propaganda in sub-Saharan Africa. It attempts to show that there are alternative ways of thinking about the normative and epistemological challenges facing both journalism and society, more generally, in the twenty-first century. The issue carries six theoretically driven empirical studies that use a wide range of qualitative evidence to closely explore a number of themes, including the production and consumption of “fake news” and cyber-propaganda in specific contexts within the continent.}, number = {4}, urldate = {2024-04-15}, journal = {African Journalism Studies}, author = {Mare, Admire and Mabweazara, Hayes Mawindi and Moyo, Dumisani}, month = oct, year = {2019}, note = {Publisher: Routledge \_eprint: https://doi.org/10.1080/23743670.2020.1788295}, keywords = {Fake news, social media, disinformation, elections, Global South, /unread, Review, First Draft Report Cited, cyber-propaganda, sub-Saharan Africa}, pages = {1--12}, file = {Full Text PDF:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/8IL4EASM/Mare et al. - 2019 - “Fake News” and Cyber-Propaganda in Sub-Saharan Af.pdf:application/pdf}, } @techreport{mariniComparingPrivacyLaws2018, title = {Comparing {Privacy} {Laws}: {GDPR} v. {CCPA}}, url = {https://fpf.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/11/GDPR_CCPA_Comparison-Guide.pdf}, institution = {Future of Privacy Forum Data Guidance}, author = {Marini, Alice and Kateifides, Alexis and Bates, Joel and Zanfir-Fortuna, Gabriela and Bae, Michelle and Gray, Stacey and Sen, Gargi}, year = {2018}, keywords = {/unread, Review, First Draft Report Cited, Global North}, file = {GDPR_CCPA_Comparison-Guide.pdf:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/MVNPWBYI/GDPR_CCPA_Comparison-Guide.pdf:application/pdf}, } @article{marsdenComparativeCaseStudies2016, title = {Comparative {Case} {Studies} in {Implementing} {Net} {Neutrality}: {A} {Critical} {Analysis} of {Zero} {Rating}}, volume = {13}, issn = {1744-2567}, shorttitle = {Comparative {Case} {Studies} in {Implementing} {Net} {Neutrality}}, url = {https://script-ed.org/?p=2665}, doi = {10.2966/scrip.130116.1}, abstract = {By Christopher T. Marsden. This article critically examines the relatively few examples of regulatory implementation of network neutrality enforcement at national level. It draws on co-regulatory and self-regulatory theories of implementation and capture, and interdisciplinary studies into the real-world effect of regulatory threats to traffic management practices (TMP). Most academic and policy literature on net neutrality regulation has focussed on legislative proposals and economic or technological principles, rather than specific examples of comparative national implementation. This is in part due to the relatively few case studies of effective implementation of legislation. The article presents the results of fieldwork in South America, North America and Europe over an extended period (2003-2015). The countries studied are: Brazil, India, Chile, Norway, Netherlands, Slovenia, Canada, United States, and those within the European Union. Empirical interviews were conducted in-field with regulators, government officials, ISPs, content providers, academic experts, NGOs and other stakeholders from Chile, Brazil, United States, India, Canada, United Kingdom, Netherlands, Slovenia, Norway. It also explores the opaque practices of co-regulatory forums where governments or regulators have decided on partial private rather than public diplomacy with ISPs, notably in the US, Norway and UK. The article notes the limited political and administrative commitment to effective regulation thus far, and draws on that critical analysis to propose reasons for failure to implement effective regulation. Finally, it compares results of implementations and proposes a framework for a regulatory toolkit. The specific issue considered are the tolerance of zero rating practices, notably as deployed by mobile ISPs.}, language = {en-GB}, number = {1}, urldate = {2024-02-11}, journal = {SCRIPTed}, author = {Marsden, Christopher T.}, month = may, year = {2016}, keywords = {/unread, BRICS, First Draft Report Cited, Global North, Qual}, pages = {1--39}, file = {Marsden - 2016 - Comparative Case Studies in Implementing Net Neutr.pdf:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/7LLFC2E9/Marsden - 2016 - Comparative Case Studies in Implementing Net Neutr.pdf:application/pdf}, } @article{marsdenAppStoresAntitrust2023, title = {App stores, antitrust and their links to net neutrality: {A} review of the {European} policy and academic debate leading to the {EU} {Digital} {Markets} {Act}}, volume = {12}, issn = {2197-6775}, shorttitle = {App stores, antitrust and their links to net neutrality}, url = {https://policyreview.info/articles/analysis/app-stores-antitrust-net-neutrality-eu-digital-markets-act}, abstract = {Google and Apple together control 99\% of the European smartphone operating system market. What are the distinctive European policy and academic contributions to the ongoing global debate on how this new source of market power should be controlled?}, number = {1}, urldate = {2023-01-21}, journal = {Internet Policy Review}, author = {Marsden, Christopher T. and Brown, Ian}, month = jan, year = {2023}, keywords = {/unread, Review, First Draft Report Cited, Global North}, pages = {1--27}, file = {Marsden and Brown - 2023 - App stores, antitrust and their links to net neutr.pdf:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/5ZPHWLHQ/Marsden and Brown - 2023 - App stores, antitrust and their links to net neutr.pdf:application/pdf}, } @misc{marshallWeGetPostplatform2023, type = {Predictions for {Journalism} 2024}, title = {We get past “post-platform”}, url = {https://www.niemanlab.org/2023/12/we-get-past-post-platform/}, abstract = {"With a seemingly limitless number of platforms on which to meet and engage audiences — but still a finite number of hours in the day — teams will need to develop frameworks to understand where to start, stop, and pivot."}, urldate = {2023-12-12}, journal = {Nieman Lab}, author = {Marshall, Sarah}, year = {2023}, keywords = {/unread, Review, First Draft Report Cited}, } @article{martensDecodingAlgorithmsExploring2023, title = {Decoding {Algorithms}: {Exploring} {End}-{Users}’ {Mental} {Models} of the {Inner} {Workings} of {Algorithmic} {News} {Recommenders}}, volume = {11}, issn = {2167-0811}, shorttitle = {Decoding {Algorithms}}, url = {https://doi.org/10.1080/21670811.2022.2129402}, doi = {10.1080/21670811.2022.2129402}, abstract = {Algorithmic recommenders are omnipresent in our daily lives. While a multitude of studies focus on how people use algorithmic recommenders, far too little attention has been devoted to how they perceive and understand these complex systems. In this study we focus on Algorithmic News Recommenders (ANR). Drawing on 26 semi-structured interviews, we investigated how laypeople decode Google News and Facebook News. In our method we employ the scroll-back method, make use of visualizations and a double interview design. Our results differentiate between those with a high and low level of understanding. Those with a high level of understanding acknowledged the role of companies and developers in the workings of ANR. Others, who were less cognizant had a more instrumental view and mostly focused on the relation between their individual data disclosed and the ANR. More importantly, in both groups, their feelings (ranging from admiration to frustration) about and everyday interactions (both dominant and deviating) with ANR shape their general understanding. In the discussion we argue how it’s necessary for future research endeavors and algorithmic literacy initiatives to be mindful of the interconnection between knowledge, feelings, and interactions to understand layman’s perspectives.}, number = {1}, urldate = {2023-12-25}, journal = {Digital Journalism}, author = {Martens, Marijn and De Wolf, Ralf and Berendt, Bettina and De Marez, Lieven}, month = jan, year = {2023}, note = {Publisher: Routledge \_eprint: https://doi.org/10.1080/21670811.2022.2129402}, keywords = {algorithms, /unread, First Draft Report Cited, Global North, Qual, USED, OID Mis/Disinfo, algorithmic news recommenders, Algorithmic recommender systems, decoding, folk theories, in-depth interviews}, pages = {203--225}, file = {Martens et al. - 2023 - Decoding Algorithms Exploring End-Users’ Mental M.pdf:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/KD9QM22C/Martens et al. - 2023 - Decoding Algorithms Exploring End-Users’ Mental M.pdf:application/pdf}, } @misc{martinezCombiningGenerativeArtificial2023, title = {Combining {Generative} {Artificial} {Intelligence} ({AI}) and the {Internet}: {Heading} towards {Evolution} or {Degradation}?}, shorttitle = {Combining {Generative} {Artificial} {Intelligence} ({AI}) and the {Internet}}, url = {http://arxiv.org/abs/2303.01255}, abstract = {In the span of a few months, generative Artificial Intelligence (AI) tools that can generate realistic images or text have taken the Internet by storm, making them one of the technologies with fastest adoption ever. Some of these generative AI tools such as DALL-E, MidJourney, or ChatGPT have gained wide public notoriety. Interestingly, these tools are possible because of the massive amount of data (text and images) available on the Internet. The tools are trained on massive data sets that are scraped from Internet sites. And now, these generative AI tools are creating massive amounts of new data that are being fed into the Internet. Therefore, future versions of generative AI tools will be trained with Internet data that is a mix of original and AI-generated data. As time goes on, a mixture of original data and data generated by different versions of AI tools will populate the Internet. This raises a few intriguing questions: how will future versions of generative AI tools behave when trained on a mixture of real and AI generated data? Will they evolve with the new data sets or degenerate? Will evolution introduce biases in subsequent generations of generative AI tools? In this document, we explore these questions and report some very initial simulation results using a simple image-generation AI tool. These results suggest that the quality of the generated images degrades as more AI-generated data is used for training thus suggesting that generative AI may degenerate. Although these results are preliminary and cannot be generalised without further study, they serve to illustrate the potential issues of the interaction between generative AI and the Internet.}, urldate = {2024-04-19}, publisher = {arXiv}, author = {Martínez, Gonzalo and Watson, Lauren and Reviriego, Pedro and Hernández, José Alberto and Juarez, Marc and Sarkar, Rik}, month = feb, year = {2023}, note = {arXiv:2303.01255 [cs]}, keywords = {Computer Science - Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition, /unread, First Draft Report Cited, Quant}, file = {arXiv.org Snapshot:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/5DANRAUN/2303.html:text/html;Full Text PDF:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/2X54FLIA/Martínez et al. - 2023 - Combining Generative Artificial Intelligence (AI) .pdf:application/pdf}, } @article{martinez-costaNobodyfoolsmePerceptionInfluence2023, title = {Nobody-fools-me perception: {Influence} of {Age} and {Education} on {Overconfidence} {About} {Spotting} {Disinformation}}, volume = {17}, issn = {1751-2786}, shorttitle = {Nobody-fools-me perception}, url = {https://doi.org/10.1080/17512786.2022.2135128}, doi = {10.1080/17512786.2022.2135128}, abstract = {This study introduces the concept of “nobody-fools-me perception”, a cognitive bias consisting of overconfidence in one’s own ability to detect disinformation, associated with the belief that one is more immune to false content than almost everyone else. Specifically, it examines the extent to which variables such as age and education determine the conviction that one is able to spot false content, and influence the skills and habits of checking and sharing potentially unverified information on health, a serious problem in the context of the Covid-19 pandemic. Based on two face-to-face focus groups and one online focus group made up of Spanish people between the ages of 25 and 54, this qualitative research study explored the behaviour of regular citizens when assessing the truthfulness of health-related news, and their habits about believing it. The results reveal that younger people tended to distrust the ability of older people to spot false content, and vice versa. They also show that people with a higher educational level were more confident about their own immunity to disinformation. By introducing the concept of “nobody-fools-me perception”, this study contributes to our understanding of how subjective perceptions lead to believing in false news.}, number = {10}, urldate = {2023-12-27}, journal = {Journalism Practice}, author = {Martínez-Costa, Maria-Pilar and López-Pan, Fernando and Buslón, Nataly and Salaverría, Ramón}, month = nov, year = {2023}, note = {Publisher: Routledge \_eprint: https://doi.org/10.1080/17512786.2022.2135128}, keywords = {disinformation, fake news, selective exposure, /unread, First Draft Report Cited, Global North, Qual, USED, OID Mis/Disinfo, Cognitive bias, information disorders, overconfidence, third-person effect}, pages = {2084--2102}, file = {Martínez-Costa et al. - 2023 - Nobody-fools-me perception Influence of Age and E.pdf:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/77BR4Z2A/Martínez-Costa et al. - 2023 - Nobody-fools-me perception Influence of Age and E.pdf:application/pdf}, } @article{masurHowOnlinePrivacy2020, title = {How {Online} {Privacy} {Literacy} {Supports} {Self}-{Data} {Protection} and {Self}-{Determination} in the {Age} of {Information}}, volume = {8}, url = {https://www.ssoar.info/ssoar/handle/document/69359}, number = {2}, urldate = {2024-04-16}, journal = {Media and Communication}, author = {Masur, Philipp K}, year = {2020}, keywords = {/unread, Review, First Draft Report Cited, Global North}, pages = {1--12}, file = {How Online Privacy Literacy Supports Self-Data Protection and Self-Determination in the Age of Information:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/YSQY294P/69359.html:text/html;Masur - How Online Privacy Literacy Supports Self-Data Pro.pdf:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/2IZ7LGSH/Masur - How Online Privacy Literacy Supports Self-Data Pro.pdf:application/pdf}, } @techreport{matasickGovernanceResponsesDisinformation2020, address = {Paris}, title = {Governance responses to disinformation: {How} open government principles can inform policy options}, shorttitle = {Governance responses to disinformation}, url = {https://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/content/paper/d6237c85-en}, abstract = {This paper provides a holistic policy approach to the challenge of disinformation by exploring a range of governance responses that rest on the open government principles of transparency, integrity, accountability and stakeholder participation. It offers an analysis of the significant changes that are affecting media and information ecosystems, chief among them the growth of digital platforms. Drawing on the implications of this changing landscape, the paper focuses on four policy areas of intervention: public communication for a better dialogue between government and citizens; direct responses to identify and combat disinformation; legal and regulatory policy; and media and civic responses that support better information ecosystems. The paper concludes with proposed steps the OECD can take to build evidence and support policy in this space.}, language = {en}, urldate = {2024-01-02}, institution = {OECD}, author = {Matasick, Craig and Alfonsi, Carlotta and Bellantoni, Alessandro}, month = aug, year = {2020}, doi = {10.1787/d6237c85-en}, keywords = {/unread, Review, First Draft Report Cited, Global North}, file = {Full Text PDF:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/VT4U3N6D/Matasick et al. - 2020 - Governance responses to disinformation How open g.pdf:application/pdf}, } @incollection{mattelartUSDigitalPlatforms2023, title = {{US} {Digital} {Platforms} in the {Global} {South}: {A} {Critical} {Review} of an {Emerging} {Research} {Field}}, isbn = {978-1-00-339174-6}, shorttitle = {{US} {Digital} {Platforms} in the {Global} {South}}, booktitle = {Digital {Platforms} and the {Global} {South}: {Reconfiguring} {Power} {Relations} in the {Cultural} {Industries}}, publisher = {Routledge}, author = {Mattelart, Tristan}, editor = {Bouquillion, Philippe and Ithurbide, Christine and Mattelart, Tristan}, year = {2023}, note = {Num Pages: 19}, keywords = {Global South, /unread, Review, First Draft Report Cited}, pages = {18--36}, } @article{maysonBiasBiasOut2018, title = {Bias {In}, {Bias} {Out}}, volume = {2393}, url = {https://scholarship.law.upenn.edu/faculty_scholarship/2393}, journal = {The Yale Law Journal}, author = {Mayson, Sandra G}, month = jan, year = {2018}, keywords = {/unread, First Draft Report Cited}, pages = {2218--2300}, file = {"Bias In, Bias Out" by Sandra G. Mayson:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/YEYVQMN8/2393.html:text/html;Mayson - 2018 - Bias In, Bias Out.pdf:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/5FLN9HTW/Mayson - 2018 - Bias In, Bias Out.pdf:application/pdf}, } @techreport{mazzoliDigitalTrustInitiatives2023, title = {Digital {Trust} {Initiatives}: {Seeking} to {Reward} {Journalistic} {Ethics} {Online}}, shorttitle = {Digital {Trust} {Initiatives}}, url = {https://www.cima.ned.org/publication/digital-trust-initiatives/}, abstract = {In an online environment increasingly polluted with false information, trust in news has steadily eroded over the years. At the same time, high-quality news has been losing already scarce advertising…}, language = {en-US}, urldate = {2024-04-10}, institution = {Center for International Media Assistance and National Endowment for Democracy}, author = {Mazzoli, Eleonora}, month = sep, year = {2023}, keywords = {/unread, Review, First Draft Report Cited, Global North}, file = {Mazzoli - 2023 - Digital Trust Initiatives Seeking to Reward Journ.pdf:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/L9MVFPNV/Mazzoli - 2023 - Digital Trust Initiatives Seeking to Reward Journ.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/V6BFEHRE/digital-trust-initiatives.html:text/html}, } @article{mccombsAgendaSettingFunctionMass1972, title = {The {Agenda}-{Setting} {Function} of {Mass} {Media}}, volume = {36}, url = {https://academic.oup.com/poq/article/36/2/176/1853310}, language = {en}, number = {2}, journal = {The Public Opinion Quarterly}, author = {McCombs, Maxwell and Shaw, Donald L}, year = {1972}, keywords = {/unread, Review, First Draft Report Cited, Global North}, pages = {176--187}, file = {McCOMBS et Shaw - 2024 - The Agenda-Setting Function of Mass Media.pdf:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/SQ9RDMAD/McCOMBS et Shaw - 2024 - The Agenda-Setting Function of Mass Media.pdf:application/pdf}, } @article{mcintyreConstructiveJournalismIntroduction2017, title = {Constructive journalism: {An} introduction and practical guide for applying positive psychology techniques to news production}, volume = {4}, shorttitle = {Constructive journalism}, url = {https://journals.uio.no/TJMI/article/view/2403}, number = {2}, urldate = {2024-04-08}, journal = {The journal of media innovations}, author = {McIntyre, Karen and Gyldensted, Cathrine}, year = {2017}, keywords = {/unread, First Draft Report Cited, Global North, Mixed}, pages = {20--34}, file = {Available Version (via Google Scholar):/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/HLVRSBRT/McIntyre et Gyldensted - 2018 - Constructive journalism An introduction and pract.pdf:application/pdf}, } @article{mckernanEchoChambersCognitive2023, title = {Echo {Chambers}, {Cognitive} {Thinking} {Styles}, and {Mistrust}? {Examining} the {Roles} {Information} {Sources} and {Information} {Processing} {Play} in {Conspiracist} {Ideation}}, volume = {17}, copyright = {The International Journal of Communication is an academic journal. 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In determining whether the use made of a work in any particular case is a fair use the factors to be considered shall include: the purpose and character of the use, including whether such use is of a commercial nature or is for nonprofit educational purposes; the nature of the copyrighted work; the amount and substantiality of the portion used in relation to the copyrighted work as a whole; \& the effect of the use upon the potential market for or value of the copyrighted work. The fact that a work is unpublished shall not itself bar a finding of fair use if such finding is made upon consideration of all the above factors. In accord with these provisions, the International Journal of Communication believes in the vigorous assertion and defense of Fair Use by scholars engaged in academic research, teaching and non-commercial publishing. Thus, we view the inclusion of “quotations” from existing print, visual, audio and audio-visual texts to be appropriate examples of Fair Use, as are reproductions of visual images for the purpose of scholarly analysis. We encourage authors to obtain appropriate permissions to use materials originally produced by others, but do not require such permissions as long as the usage of such materials falls within the boundaries of Fair Use. The International Journal of Communication encourages authors to employ fair use in their scholarly publishing wherever appropriate. Fair use is the right to use unlicensed copyrighted material (whether it is text, images, audio-visual, or other) in your own work, in some circumstances. We consult the Code of Best Practices in Fair Use for Scholarly Research in Communication , created by the International Communication Association and endorsed by the National Communication Association, and you should too. If you have any questions about whether fair use applies to your uses of copyrighted material (whether it is text, images, audio-visual, or other) in your scholarship, simply include your rationale, grounded in the Best Practices, as a supplementary document with your submission.}, issn = {1932-8036}, shorttitle = {Echo {Chambers}, {Cognitive} {Thinking} {Styles}, and {Mistrust}?}, url = {https://ijoc.org/index.php/ijoc/article/view/19244}, abstract = {Researchers have proposed that conspiracy theory beliefs are fueled by isolation from counter-conspiracy theory information, reliance on intuitive thinking, and/or institutional mistrust. Prior work has not thoroughly explored these factors in the same study, making it difficult to ascertain the extent to which each factor influences conspiracist ideation and thus the necessary components for developing effective interventions. We conducted a survey (N = 1,374) to explore the relationship between each factor and conspiracist ideation. Based on OLS regressions, our findings counter the common portrayal of conspiracy theorists as residing in an isolated information space. We found that conspiracy theorists are more likely to rely on intuitive thinking styles and possess lower levels of institutional trust than nonbelievers. We conclude that efforts to reduce conspiracy theory beliefs through exposure to counter-conspiracy theory information may not suffice. Interventions must also encourage analytical thinking and strengthen institutional trust.}, language = {en}, number = {2023}, urldate = {2023-12-23}, journal = {International Journal of Communication}, author = {McKernan, Brian and Rossini, Patrícia and Stromer-Galley, Jennifer}, month = jan, year = {2023}, note = {Number: 0}, keywords = {echo chambers, conspiracy theories, selective exposure, /unread, First Draft Report Cited, Global North, OID Media, USED, Quant, cognitive thinking styles, information processing, institutional trust}, pages = {1102--1125}, file = {McKernan et al. - 2023 - Echo Chambers, Cognitive Thinking Styles, and Mist.pdf:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/DC4N387W/McKernan et al. - 2023 - Echo Chambers, Cognitive Thinking Styles, and Mist.pdf:application/pdf}, } @book{mcluhanUnderstandingMediaExtensions1964, title = {Understanding {Media}: {The} {Extensions} of {Man}}, shorttitle = {Understanding {Media}}, abstract = {Terms and phrases such as "the global village" and "the medium is the message" are now part of the lexicon, and McLuhan's theories continue to challenge our sensibilities and our assumptions about how and what we communicate.  Marshall McLuhan's classic expose on the state of the then emerging phenomenon of mass media. Terms and phrases such as "the global village" and "the medium is the message" are now part of the lexicon, and McLuhan's theories continue to challenge our sensibilities and our assumptions about how and what we communicate.}, publisher = {McGraw-Hill}, author = {McLuhan, Marshall}, year = {1964}, keywords = {Social Science / Media Studies, /unread, Language Arts \& Disciplines / Communication Studies, First Draft Report Cited, Global North, Technology \& Engineering / Social Aspects, marshall mcluhan}, } @book{mcquailMcQuailsMassCommunication2010, address = {London, UK}, title = {{McQuail}′s {Mass} {Communication} {Theory}, 6th {Edition}}, isbn = {978-1-84920-292-3}, abstract = {McQuail′s Mass Communication Theory has been the benchmark for studying mass communication theory for more than 25 years. It remains the most authoritative and comprehensive introduction to the field and still offers unmatched coverage of the research literature. Fully up-to-date, this new edition includes:New boxed case studies on key research publications, familiarizing students with the critical research texts in the fieldA new streamlined structure for better navigationMore definitions, examples, and illustrations throughout to bring abstract concepts to lifeMajor updates on new media, globalization, work and economyMcQuail′s Mass Communication Theory is the indispensable resource no student of media studies can afford to be without.}, language = {English}, publisher = {Sage Publications}, author = {McQuail, Denis}, month = mar, year = {2010}, keywords = {/unread, First Draft Report Cited, Mixed}, } @techreport{uscongressHealthInsurancePortability1996, title = {Health {Insurance} {Portability} and {Accountability} {Act} ({HIPAA})}, url = {https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/PLAW-104publ191/pdf/PLAW-104publ191.pdf}, institution = {United States Congress, 104th Congress, Publ. L. 104-191}, author = {US Congress}, month = aug, year = {1996}, keywords = {/unread, First Draft Report Cited, Global North, Policy}, file = {US Congress - 1996 - Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Ac.pdf:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/3EP6QPDY/US Congress - 1996 - Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Ac.pdf:application/pdf}, } @article{weismuellerInformationSharingPolitical2023, title = {Information sharing and political polarisation on social media: {The} role of falsehood and partisanship}, volume = {34}, copyright = {© 2023 The Authors. Information Systems Journal published by John Wiley \& Sons Ltd.}, issn = {1365-2575}, shorttitle = {Information sharing and political polarisation on social media}, url = {https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/isj.12453}, doi = {10.1111/isj.12453}, abstract = {We explore if misinformation from political elites (i.e., members of the US Congress) and extreme partisan information from media outlets generate greater engagement than accurate information and non-extreme partisan information. We also investigate how exposure to these information types leads to negative emotions (e.g., anger) in individuals and its association with attitude polarisation. To this end, we analysed fact-checked tweets from political elites, tweets from media outlets and replies to those tweets. Together, these tweets received more than 100 000 replies and were shared more than two million times. We also conducted two online experiments. Our field studies reveal that misinformation and extreme partisan information are associated with higher levels of negative emotions and greater engagement than accurate information and non-extreme partisan information. Our data also show that—while negative emotions in response to extreme partisan information are higher among social media users at the ideological extreme than those at the ideological centre—there is no difference in the two groups' level of negative emotions in response to misinformation. The online experiments demonstrate that exposure to misinformation and extreme partisan information elicits stronger negative emotions than exposure to accurate information and non-extreme partisan information. These negative emotions, in turn, contribute to attitude polarisation. Our work makes practical and theoretical contributions concerning social media information sharing, negativity and political polarisation. We also provide future research avenues with associated research questions.}, language = {en}, number = {3}, urldate = {2023-12-23}, journal = {Information Systems Journal}, author = {Weismueller, Jason and Gruner, Richard L. and Harrigan, Paul and Coussement, Kristof and Wang, Shasha}, year = {2023}, note = {\_eprint: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1111/isj.12453}, keywords = {misinformation, political ideology, partisanship, /unread, First Draft Report Cited, Global North, OID Media, USED, Quant, negative emotions, political polarisation, sharing}, pages = {854--893}, file = {Weismueller et al. - 2023 - Information sharing and political polarisation on .pdf:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/QPQPZ262/Weismueller et al. - 2023 - Information sharing and political polarisation on .pdf:application/pdf}, } @misc{miguelPlatformsPoliciesAImanipulated2023, title = {Platforms’ policies on {AI}-manipulated and generated misinformation}, url = {https://www.disinfo.eu/publications/platforms-policies-on-ai-manipulated-and-generated-misinformation/}, abstract = {This factsheet delves into how some of the main platforms approach AI-manipulated or AI-generated content in their terms of use, exploring how they address its potential risk of becoming mis- and disinformation.}, language = {en-US}, urldate = {2023-12-06}, journal = {EU DisinfoLab}, author = {Miguel, Raquel and Krack, Noémie}, month = sep, year = {2023}, keywords = {/unread, First Draft Report Cited, Global North, Mixed}, file = {20230928_platformpolicies-on-ai.pdf:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/AXFPCJKX/20230928_platformpolicies-on-ai.pdf:application/pdf}, } @article{monseesInformationDisorderFake2023, title = {Information disorder, fake news and the future of democracy}, volume = {20}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1080/14747731.2021.1927470}, abstract = {The terms ‘fake news’ and ‘alternative facts’ have lost their shock value in today’s public discourse and seem to have become part of our normal political vocabulary. Fake news, mis- and disinformation are not a problem of a particular country but are found in politics around the world. In this paper, I look at how disinformation appears as a problem for democracy. Empirically, this paper explores dominant patterns of argumentation with a focus on the US, Germany and Czechia. I discuss the themes of media literacy, hybrid warfare and the emergence of fringe media. This paper argues that more attention needs to be paid to the affectual dimension of why people share fake news. Even though there is no easy solution for dealing with fake news, a first step is to stop denouncing people for believing in fake news and putting all our hope in media literacy.}, number = {1}, journal = {Globalizations}, author = {Monsees, Linda}, year = {2023}, keywords = {/unread, Review, First Draft Report Cited, Global North}, pages = {153--168}, file = {Monsees - 2023 - Information disorder, fake news and the future of .pdf:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/XCZLCAKS/Monsees - 2023 - Information disorder, fake news and the future of .pdf:application/pdf}, } @article{montalverneFairBalancedWhat2023, title = {“{Fair} and balanced”: what news audiences in four countries mean when they say they prefer impartial news}, volume = {24}, issn = {1461-670X}, shorttitle = {“{Fair} and balanced”}, url = {https://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:81429ba5-73ce-4963-9899-ac5a9ccb8508}, abstract = {Impartial news, or news without a partisan slant or overt point-of-view, is overwhelmingly preferred by news audiences worldwide, yet what such preferences mean remains poorly understood. In this study, we examine what people mean when they say they prefer impartial news. We draw on qualitative interviews and focus groups with 132 individuals in Brazil, India, the UK, and the US, conducted in early 2021. Our results show while the idea of impartial news is widely embraced in abstract, ranging from notions of reporting “just the facts” to more nuanced views about how feasible impartiality is to achieve, there is no shared understanding of impartiality in practice. People’s perceptions of impartiality are rooted in two intertwined folk theories: the notion that news production and editorial decisions are guided largely by (a) partisan political agendas or (b) commercial considerations, determining what stories were chosen, ignored, or crafted in order to deceive and manipulate. There is some country variation around the importance of these folk theories, but their recurrence suggests that demonstrating impartiality to audiences requires convincing them not only that news content is balanced but also that editorial decisions were not driven by ulterior motives.}, language = {English}, number = {9}, urldate = {2024-01-07}, journal = {Journalism Studies}, author = {Mont’Alverne, C. and Badrinathan, S. and Ross Arguedas, A. and Toff, B. and Fletcher, R. and Nielsen, R.}, year = {2023}, keywords = {/unread, BRICS, First Draft Report Cited, Global North, Qual}, pages = {1--19}, file = {Full Text PDF:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/SAIQSUV8/Mont’Alverne et al. - 2023 - “Fair and balanced” what news audiences in four c.pdf:application/pdf}, } @article{medradoParticipatoryActionResearch2024, title = {Participatory action research in critical data studies: {Interrogating} {AI} from a {South}–{North} approach}, volume = {11}, issn = {2053-9517}, shorttitle = {Participatory action research in critical data studies}, url = {https://doi.org/10.1177/20539517241235869}, doi = {10.1177/20539517241235869}, abstract = {In this article, we draw inspiration from participatory action research (PAR) and the work of Latin American thinkers such as Freire and Fals Borda to interrogate artificial intelligence (AI). We propose a South-North flow by utilising PAR approaches that stem from Latin America, challenging how the North's centrality is taken for granted regarding AI epistemologies, experiences, and understandings. Conducting workshops in London with a diverse group of students, tech workers and activists, we argue that PAR can not only empower marginalised communities in the Global South; we can also learn more from its application in the Global North, in contexts where people deal with different struggles. Our analysis delves into three specific concepts around AI and data (in)justice: autonomy, empathy and dialogue. First, inspired by PAR principles, participants started to problematise what they called an empty interpretation of empathy, establishing parallels with transnational dynamics of data capitalism, which disadvantage marginalised communities in the Global South. Second, PAR offered a critical lens to analyse issues of AI and autonomy in ways that are less individualistic and more collective and politically engaged. Third, PAR's dialogical spirit enabled participants to locate various intersections between AI and dialogue. Critiquing the idea of a superior AI, participants were reminded of the possibilities offered by human intelligence and the combination of thinking, making and feeling or what Fals Borda (2003. Ante la crisis del país: Ideas acción para el cambio, 1st. Ed. Bogotá: Panamericana) calls our sentipensante nature.}, language = {en}, number = {1}, urldate = {2024-03-23}, journal = {Big Data \& Society}, author = {Medrado, Andrea and Verdegem, Pieter}, month = mar, year = {2024}, note = {Publisher: SAGE Publications Ltd}, keywords = {Global South, /unread, First Draft Report Cited, Mixed}, pages = {1--14}, file = {SAGE PDF Full Text:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/VTL66ED3/Medrado and Verdegem - 2024 - Participatory action research in critical data stu.pdf:application/pdf}, } @article{meeseFacebookNewsMedia2021, title = {Facebook, news media and platform dependency: {The} institutional impacts of news distribution on social platforms}, volume = {23}, doi = {10.1177/1461444820926472}, number = {8}, journal = {New Media \& Society}, author = {Meese, James and Hurcombe, Edward}, year = {2021}, keywords = {/unread, First Draft Report Cited, Global North, Mixed}, pages = {2367--2384}, file = {Meese and Hurcombe - 2021 - Facebook, news media and platform dependency The .pdf:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/ZWGDRIS7/Meese and Hurcombe - 2021 - Facebook, news media and platform dependency The .pdf:application/pdf}, } @article{mehtas.&ericksonkCanOnlinePolitical2022, title = {Can online political targeting be rendered transparent? {Prospects} for campaign oversight using the {Facebook} {Ad} {Library}}, volume = {11}, url = {https://www.econstor.eu/bitstream/10419/254286/1/1801317674.pdf}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.14763/2022.1.1648}, number = {1}, journal = {Internet Policy Review}, author = {Mehta, S., \& Erickson, K}, year = {2022}, keywords = {/unread, First Draft Report Cited, Global North, Qual}, pages = {1--32}, file = {Mehta, S., & Erickson, K - 2022 - Can online political targeting be rendered transpa.pdf:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/ZSFVBZ5L/Mehta, S., & Erickson, K - 2022 - Can online political targeting be rendered transpa.pdf:application/pdf}, } @article{melihNewGeographiesPlatform2022, title = {New geographies of platform capitalism: {The} case of digital monopolization in {Turkey}}, volume = {9}, url = {https://journals-sagepub-com.gate3.library.lse.ac.uk/doi/10.1177/20539517221124585}, number = {2}, urldate = {2024-05-09}, journal = {Big Data \& Society}, author = {Melih, Yeşilbağ}, year = {2022}, keywords = {/unread, First Draft Report Cited, Global North, Quant}, pages = {1--14}, file = {Melih - 2022 - New geographies of platform capitalism The case o.pdf:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/8DWCHQAY/Melih - 2022 - New geographies of platform capitalism The case o.pdf:application/pdf;New geographies of platform capitalism\: The case of digital monopolization in Turkey - ProQuest:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/L8G2ANM2/2758581724.html:text/html}, } @article{mendozaWhenFakeNews2023, title = {When fake news infects political networks: case study of the {Tallano} gold myth in the {Philippines}}, volume = {50}, issn = {0129-6612}, shorttitle = {When fake news infects political networks}, url = {https://doi.org/10.1080/01296612.2023.2217607}, doi = {10.1080/01296612.2023.2217607}, abstract = {Mis-/disinformation has increasingly become a global threat to democratic societies, creating distrust in institutions, fomenting deep societal divisions, and disrupting democratic elections. To complement earlier studies on the Philippines, this paper develops a case study approach to analyze one specific false narrative that went “viral” prior to and during the Philippine Presidential elections in 2022. Specifically, this paper examines the Tallano gold myth, using an empirical analysis of an extensive social media dataset of almost 24,000 social media posts compiled using CrowdTangle. Three key sets of messages appear central to the myth: (1) Marcos gold is critical for economic revival; (2) Marcos’ wealth is legitimate; and (3) the opposition wants to steal the gold. This paper finds evidence that the Tallano gold myth spread across partisan groups prior to the 2022 Presidential elections, proving difficult to overcome with mere fact-checking efforts. A final section concludes by briefly reviewing various country responses to fake news, and outlining possible policy responses with an eye to their possible timing in the virality pattern. Lessons from this case study emphasize the need to catch fake news in time to stop them from reaching virality and generating large adverse impacts on society.}, number = {4}, urldate = {2024-01-02}, journal = {Media Asia}, author = {Mendoza, Ronald U. and Elemia, Camille Kristina S. and Recto, Juan Miguel M. and de Castro, Bea Alyssa B.}, month = oct, year = {2023}, keywords = {Fake news, disinformation, elections, Global South, /unread, First Draft Report Cited, Mixed, Philippines, Tallano gold}, pages = {501--527}, file = {Full Text PDF:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/B5DCV79N/Mendoza et al. - 2023 - When fake news infects political networks case st.pdf:application/pdf}, } @article{metzChatGPTKingIsnt2023, chapter = {Technology}, title = {The {ChatGPT} {King} {Isn}’t {Worried}, but {He} {Knows} {You} {Might} {Be}}, issn = {0362-4331}, url = {https://www.nytimes.com/2023/03/31/technology/sam-altman-open-ai-chatgpt.html}, abstract = {Sam Altman sees the pros and cons of totally changing the world as we know it. And if he does make human intelligence useless, he has a plan to fix it.}, language = {en-US}, urldate = {2024-05-06}, journal = {The New York Times}, author = {Metz, Cade}, month = mar, year = {2023}, keywords = {Artificial Intelligence, Computers and the Internet, OpenAI Labs, /unread, Review, First Draft Report Cited, Altman, Samuel H, ChatGPT, Content Type: Personal Profile}, file = {Snapshot:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/DW4L9JMG/sam-altman-open-ai-chatgpt.html:text/html}, } @article{metzgerCognitiveDissonanceCredibility2020, title = {Cognitive {Dissonance} or {Credibility}? {A} {Comparison} of {Two} {Theoretical} {Explanations} for {Selective} {Exposure} to {Partisan} {News}}, volume = {47}, issn = {0093-6502, 1552-3810}, shorttitle = {Cognitive {Dissonance} or {Credibility}?}, url = {http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/0093650215613136}, doi = {10.1177/0093650215613136}, abstract = {Selective exposure research indicates that news consumers tend to seek out attitude-consistent information and avoid attitude-challenging information. This study examines online news credibility and cognitive dissonance as theoretical explanations for partisan selective exposure behavior. After viewing an attitudinally consistent, challenging, or politically balanced online news source, cognitive dissonance, credibility perceptions, and likelihood of selective exposure were measured. Results showed that people judge attitude-consistent and neutral news sources as more credible than attitude-challenging news sources, and although people experience slightly more cognitive dissonance when exposed to attitude-challenging news sources, overall dissonance levels were quite low. These results refute the cognitive dissonance explanation for selective exposure and suggest a new explanation that is based on credibility perceptions rather than psychological discomfort with attitude-challenging information.}, language = {en}, number = {1}, urldate = {2024-04-05}, journal = {Communication Research}, author = {Metzger, Miriam J. and Hartsell, Ethan H. and Flanagin, Andrew J.}, month = feb, year = {2020}, keywords = {/unread, First Draft Report Cited, Global North, Quant}, pages = {3--28}, file = {Available Version (via Google Scholar):/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/IACFQEY5/0093650215613136.html:text/html;Metzger et al. - 2020 - Cognitive Dissonance or Credibility A Comparison .pdf:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/KIBRVRCR/Metzger et al. - 2020 - Cognitive Dissonance or Credibility A Comparison .pdf:application/pdf}, } @techreport{michaelArtificialIntelligenceDemocracy2023, title = {Artificial intelligence, democracy and elections}, url = {https://policycommons.net/artifacts/4851173/artificial-intelligence-democracy-and-elections/5688039/}, abstract = {Artificial intelligence (AI) has become a powerful tool thanks to technological advances, access to large amounts of data, machine learning and increased computing power. The release of ChatGPT at the end of 2022 was a new breakthrough in AI. It demonstrated the vast range of possibilities involved in adapting general-purpose AI to a wide array of tasks and in getting generative AI to generate synthetic content based on prompts entered by the user. By 2026, 90 \% of online content may be synthetically generated. AI is an opportunity to improve the democratic process in our societies. For example, it can help citizens to gain a better understanding of politics and engage more easily in democratic debate. Likewise, politicians can get closer to citizens and eventually represent them more effectively. Such an alignment between citizens and politicians could change the face of electoral campaigns and considerably improve the policymaking process, making it more accurate and efficient. Although concerns over the use of AI in politics have been present since the late 2010s, those related to democracies and the election process in particular have grown with the recent evolution of AI. This emerging technology poses multiple risks to democracies, as it is also a powerful tool for disinformation and misinformation, both of which can trigger tensions resulting in electoral-related conflict and even violence. AI can, for example, generate false information, or spread a bias or opinions that do not represent the public sentiment. Altogether, despite its benefits AI has the potential to affect the democratic process in a negative way. Despite the above risks, AI can prove useful to democracies if proper safeguards are applied. For example, specific tools can be employed to detect the use of AI-generated content and techniques such as watermarking can be used to clearly indicate that content has been generated by AI. The EU is currently adapting its legal framework to address the dangers that come with AI and to promote the use of trustworthy, transparent and accountable AI systems.}, language = {en}, urldate = {2024-04-16}, institution = {European Parliament Briefing}, author = {Michael, Adam}, month = sep, year = {2023}, keywords = {/unread, Review, First Draft Report Cited}, file = {Snapshot:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/CF5K3PSG/5688039.html:text/html}, } @incollection{michalisPublicServiceMedia2024, address = {Cham}, series = {Global {Transformations} in {Media} and {Communication} {Research} - {A} {Palgrave} and {IAMCR} {Series}}, title = {Public {Service} {Media}: {From} {Epistemic} {Rights} to {Justice}}, isbn = {978-3-031-45976-4}, url = {https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-45976-4_6}, abstract = {By engaging with both theoretical concerns and concrete experiences—of regulatory arrangements, social mobilisations, and resistance to knowledge hierarchies and economic hegemonies—it contributes to clarifying epistemic rights both as a concept and in relation to different actors’ responsibilities in different locales, thus, making clear that the promotion of epistemic rights requires the commitment of many institutions, including but not limited to the media.}, language = {en}, urldate = {2024-01-10}, booktitle = {Epistemic {Rights} in the {Era} of {Digital} {Disruption}}, publisher = {Springer International Publishing}, author = {Michalis, Maria and D'Arma, Alessandro}, editor = {Horowitz, Minna Aslama and Nieminen, Hannu and Lehtisaari, Katja and D'Arma, Alessandro}, year = {2024}, doi = {10.1007/978-3-031-45976-4_6}, keywords = {/unread, Review, First Draft Report Cited}, pages = {97--109}, file = {Full text:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/KHLK9KRB/Michalis e D'Arma - 2024 - Public Service Media From Epistemic Rights to Jus.pdf:application/pdf}, } @article{micheliEmergingModelsData2020, title = {Emerging models of data governance in the age of datafication}, volume = {7}, issn = {2053-9517, 2053-9517}, url = {http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/2053951720948087}, doi = {10.1177/2053951720948087}, abstract = {The article examines four models of data governance emerging in the current platform society. While major attention is currently given to the dominant model of corporate platforms collecting and economically exploiting massive amounts of personal data, other actors, such as small businesses, public bodies and civic society, take also part in data governance. The article sheds light on four models emerging from the practices of these actors: data sharing pools, data cooperatives, public data trusts and personal data sovereignty. We propose a social science-informed conceptualisation of data governance. Drawing from the notion of data infrastructure we identify the models as a function of the stakeholders’ roles, their interrelationships, articulations of value, and governance principles. Addressing the politics of data, we considered the actors’ competitive struggles for governing data. This conceptualisation brings to the forefront the power relations and multifaceted economic and social interactions within data governance models emerging in an environment mainly dominated by corporate actors. These models highlight that civic society and public bodies are key actors for democratising data governance and redistributing value produced through data. Through the discussion of the models, their underpinning principles and limitations, the article wishes to inform future investigations of sociotechnical imaginaries for the governance of data, particularly now that the policy debate around data governance is very active in Europe.}, language = {en}, number = {2}, urldate = {2024-05-12}, journal = {Big Data \& Society}, author = {Micheli, Marina and Ponti, Marisa and Craglia, Max and Berti Suman, Anna}, year = {2020}, keywords = {Systematic literature review, /unread, First Draft Report Cited}, pages = {1--15}, file = {Micheli et al. - 2020 - Emerging models of data governance in the age of d.pdf:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/QIQZPQBJ/Micheli et al. - 2020 - Emerging models of data governance in the age of d.pdf:application/pdf}, } @techreport{microsoftDiversityInclusionReport2023, title = {Diversity and {Inclusion} {Report} 2023: {A} decade of transparency, commitment and progress}, shorttitle = {Microsoft’s 2023 {Diversity} and {Inclusion} {Report}}, url = {https://query.prod.cms.rt.microsoft.com/cms/api/am/binary/RW1e53b}, language = {en-US}, urldate = {2024-05-07}, institution = {Microsoft}, author = {Microsoft}, month = nov, year = {2023}, keywords = {/unread, Global, First Draft Report Cited, Quant}, file = {Microsoft - 2023 - Diversity and Inclusion Report 2023 A decade of t.pdf:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/5DVFAHB7/Microsoft - 2023 - Diversity and Inclusion Report 2023 A decade of t.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/KRI65DP7/microsofts-2023-diversity-and-inclusion-report-a-decade-of-transparency-commitment-and-progress.html:text/html}, } @article{milanAlternativeEpistemologiesData2016, title = {The {Alternative} {Epistemologies} of {Data} {Activism}}, volume = {2}, copyright = {De Gruyter expressly reserves the right to use all content for commercial text and data mining within the meaning of Section 44b of the German Copyright Act.}, issn = {2364-2122}, url = {https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.14361/dcs-2016-0205/html?lang=en}, doi = {10.14361/dcs-2016-0205}, abstract = {As datafication progressively invades all spheres of contemporary society, citizens grow increasingly aware of the critical role of information as the new fabric of social life. This awareness triggers new forms of civic engagement and political action that we term “data activism”. Data activism indicates the range of sociotechnical practices that interrogate the fundamental paradigm shift brought about by datafication. Combining Science and Technology Studies with Social Movement Studies, this theoretical article offers a foretaste of a research agenda on data activism. It foregrounds democratic agency vis-à-vis datafication, and unites under the same label ways of affirmative engagement with data (“proactive data activism”, e. g. databased advocacy) and tactics of resistance to massive data collection (“reactive data activism”, e. g. encryption practices), understood as a continuum along which activists position and reposition themselves and their tactics. The article argues that data activism supports the emergence of novel epistemic cultures within the realm of civil society, making sense of data as a way of knowing the world and turning it into a point of intervention and generation of data countercultures. It offers the notion of data activism as a heuristic tool for the study of new forms of political participation and civil engagement in the age of datafication, and explores data activism as an evolving theoretical construct susceptible to contestation and revision.}, language = {en}, number = {2}, urldate = {2024-04-10}, journal = {Digital Culture \& Society}, author = {Milan, Stefania and van der Velden, Lonneke}, month = dec, year = {2016}, note = {Publisher: transcript Verlag}, keywords = {datafication, /unread, Review, First Draft Report Cited, Big Data epistemologies, data activism, democratic agency, Science and Technology Studies, Social Movement Studies}, pages = {57--74}, file = {Full Text PDF:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/BF76LDW4/Milan and Velden - 2016 - The Alternative Epistemologies of Data Activism.pdf:application/pdf}, } @misc{misraGovernmentWantsSell2022, title = {The {Government} {Wants} {To} {Sell} {Your} {Data} {\textbar} \#{SaveOurPrivacy}}, url = {https://internetfreedom.in/the-government-wants-to-sell-your-data/}, abstract = {We respond to the Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology's Draft Data Access Policy. The policy raises serious privacy concerns due to its perverse economic incentives on data sharing.}, language = {en}, urldate = {2024-02-23}, journal = {Internet Freedom Foundation}, author = {Misra, Shivangani}, month = mar, year = {2022}, keywords = {Global South, /unread, Review, First Draft Report Cited}, file = {Snapshot:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/5EWDP9JF/the-government-wants-to-sell-your-data.html:text/html}, } @article{mitchellAlgorithmicFairnessChoices2021, title = {Algorithmic {Fairness}: {Choices}, {Assumptions}, and {Definitions}}, volume = {8}, issn = {2326-8298, 2326-831X}, shorttitle = {Algorithmic {Fairness}}, url = {https://www.annualreviews.org/content/journals/10.1146/annurev-statistics-042720-125902}, doi = {10.1146/annurev-statistics-042720-125902}, abstract = {A recent wave of research has attempted to define fairness quantitatively. In particular, this work has explored what fairness might mean in the context of decisions based on the predictions of statistical and machine learning models. The rapid growth of this new field has led to wildly inconsistent motivations, terminology, and notation, presenting a serious challenge for cataloging and comparing definitions. This article attempts to bring much-needed order. First, we explicate the various choices and assumptions made—often implicitly—to justify the use of prediction-based decision-making. Next, we show how such choices and assumptions can raise fairness concerns and we present a notationally consistent catalog of fairness definitions from the literature. In doing so, we offer a concise reference for thinking through the choices, assumptions, and fairness considerations of prediction-based decision-making.}, language = {en}, number = {2021}, urldate = {2024-05-06}, journal = {Annual Review of Statistics and Its Application}, author = {Mitchell, Shira and Potash, Eric and Barocas, Solon and D'Amour, Alexander and Lum, Kristian}, month = mar, year = {2021}, note = {Publisher: Annual Reviews}, keywords = {/unread, Review, First Draft Report Cited}, pages = {141--163}, file = {Full Text:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/VUWUGGXC/Mitchell et al. - 2021 - Algorithmic Fairness Choices, Assumptions, and De.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/4LWG5XA7/annurev-statistics-042720-125902.html:text/html}, } @article{mitchelsteinMinimalEffectsMaximum2020, title = {Minimal {Effects}, {Maximum} {Panic}: {Social} {Media} and {Democracy} in {Latin} {America}}, volume = {6}, issn = {2056-3051}, shorttitle = {Minimal {Effects}, {Maximum} {Panic}}, url = {https://doi.org/10.1177/2056305120984452}, doi = {10.1177/2056305120984452}, abstract = {In face of public discourses about the negative effects that social media might have on democracy in Latin America, this article provides a qualitative assessment of existing scholarship about the uses, actors, and effects of platforms for democratic life. Our findings suggest that, first, campaigning, collective action, and electronic government are the main political uses of platforms. Second, politicians and office holders, social movements, news producers, and citizens are the main actors who utilize them for political purposes. Third, there are two main positive effects of these platforms for the democratic process—enabling social engagement and information diffusion—and two main negative ones—the presence of disinformation, and the spread of extremism and hate speech. A common denominator across positive and negative effects is that platforms appear to have minimal effects that amplify pre-existing patterns rather than create them de novo.}, language = {en}, number = {4}, urldate = {2024-04-15}, journal = {Social Media + Society}, author = {Mitchelstein, Eugenia and Matassi, Mora and Boczkowski, Pablo J.}, month = oct, year = {2020}, note = {Publisher: SAGE Publications Ltd}, keywords = {Systematic literature review, Global South, /unread, First Draft Report Cited}, pages = {1--11}, file = {SAGE PDF Full Text:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/YUJ9RFZH/Mitchelstein et al. - 2020 - Minimal Effects, Maximum Panic Social Media and D.pdf:application/pdf}, } @article{mittelstadtProtectScienceWe2023, title = {To protect science, we must use {LLMs} as zero-shot translators}, volume = {7}, copyright = {2023 Springer Nature Limited}, issn = {2397-3374}, url = {https://www.nature.com/articles/s41562-023-01744-0}, doi = {10.1038/s41562-023-01744-0}, abstract = {Large language models (LLMs) do not distinguish between fact and fiction. They will return an answer to almost any prompt, yet factually incorrect responses are commonplace. To ensure our use of LLMs does not degrade science, we must use them as zero-shot translators: to convert accurate source material from one form to another.}, language = {en}, number = {11}, urldate = {2023-11-23}, journal = {Nature Human Behaviour}, author = {Mittelstadt, Brent and Wachter, Sandra and Russell, Chris}, month = nov, year = {2023}, note = {Data Gov Q2}, keywords = {Information technology, Philosophy, /unread, Review, First Draft Report Cited, USED, Ethics, OID Data Gov, Scientific community}, pages = {1830--1832}, file = {Mittelstadt et al. - 2023 - To protect science, we must use LLMs as zero-shot .pdf:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/YD2M5K7I/Mittelstadt et al. - 2023 - To protect science, we must use LLMs as zero-shot .pdf:application/pdf}, } @article{mokanderAuditingLargeLanguage2023, title = {Auditing large language models: a three-layered approach}, volume = {2023}, issn = {2730-5961}, shorttitle = {Auditing large language models}, url = {https://doi.org/10.1007/s43681-023-00289-2}, doi = {10.1007/s43681-023-00289-2}, abstract = {Large language models (LLMs) represent a major advance in artificial intelligence (AI) research. However, the widespread use of LLMs is also coupled with significant ethical and social challenges. Previous research has pointed towards auditing as a promising governance mechanism to help ensure that AI systems are designed and deployed in ways that are ethical, legal, and technically robust. However, existing auditing procedures fail to address the governance challenges posed by LLMs, which display emergent capabilities and are adaptable to a wide range of downstream tasks. In this article, we address that gap by outlining a novel blueprint for how to audit LLMs. Specifically, we propose a three-layered approach, whereby governance audits (of technology providers that design and disseminate LLMs), model audits (of LLMs after pre-training but prior to their release), and application audits (of applications based on LLMs) complement and inform each other. We show how audits, when conducted in a structured and coordinated manner on all three levels, can be a feasible and effective mechanism for identifying and managing some of the ethical and social risks posed by LLMs. However, it is important to remain realistic about what auditing can reasonably be expected to achieve. Therefore, we discuss the limitations not only of our three-layered approach but also of the prospect of auditing LLMs at all. Ultimately, this article seeks to expand the methodological toolkit available to technology providers and policymakers who wish to analyse and evaluate LLMs from technical, ethical, and legal perspectives.}, language = {en}, urldate = {2023-05-31}, journal = {AI and Ethics}, author = {Mökander, Jakob and Schuett, Jonas and Kirk, Hannah Rose and Floridi, Luciano}, month = may, year = {2023}, keywords = {Governance, Artificial intelligence, Natural language processing, /unread, Review, First Draft Report Cited, Policy, Ethics, Large language models, Auditing, Foundation models, OID AI, Risk management}, pages = {1--31}, file = {Mökander et al. - 2023 - Auditing large language models a three-layered ap.pdf:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/4QAR4HPW/Mökander et al. - 2023 - Auditing large language models a three-layered ap.pdf:application/pdf}, } @article{molinaDoesDistrustHumans2022, title = {Does distrust in humans predict greater trust in {AI}? {Role} of individual differences in user responses to content moderation}, volume = {26}, issn = {1461-4448}, shorttitle = {Does distrust in humans predict greater trust in {AI}?}, url = {https://doi.org/10.1177/14614448221103534}, doi = {10.1177/14614448221103534}, abstract = {When evaluating automated systems, some users apply the “positive machine heuristic” (i.e. machines are more accurate and precise than humans), whereas others apply the “negative machine heuristic” (i.e. machines lack the ability to make nuanced subjective judgments), but we do not know much about the characteristics that predict whether a user would apply the positive or negative machine heuristic. We conducted a study in the context of content moderation and discovered that individual differences relating to trust in humans, fear of artificial intelligence (AI), power usage, and political ideology can predict whether a user will invoke the positive or negative machine heuristic. For example, users who distrust other humans tend to be more positive toward machines. Our findings advance theoretical understanding of user responses to AI systems for content moderation and hold practical implications for the design of interfaces to appeal to users who are differentially predisposed toward trusting machines over humans.}, language = {en}, number = {6}, urldate = {2023-12-23}, journal = {New Media \& Society}, author = {Molina, Maria D. and Sundar, S. Shyam}, month = jun, year = {2022}, note = {Publisher: SAGE Publications}, keywords = {/unread, First Draft Report Cited, Global North, OID Media, USED, Quant}, pages = {3638--3656}, file = {Molina and Sundar - 2022 - Does distrust in humans predict greater trust in A.pdf:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/8CNVNY9R/Molina and Sundar - 2022 - Does distrust in humans predict greater trust in A.pdf:application/pdf}, } @article{mollerNotBlameIt2018, title = {Do not blame it on the algorithm: an empirical assessment of multiple recommender systems and their impact on content diversity}, volume = {21}, issn = {1369-118X, 1468-4462}, shorttitle = {Do not blame it on the algorithm}, url = {https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/1369118X.2018.1444076}, doi = {10.1080/1369118X.2018.1444076}, language = {en}, number = {7}, urldate = {2023-12-06}, journal = {Information, Communication \& Society}, author = {Möller, Judith and Trilling, Damian and Helberger, Natali and Van Es, Bram}, month = jul, year = {2018}, keywords = {/unread, First Draft Report Cited, Global North, Quant, OID AI}, pages = {959--977}, file = {Möller et al. - 2018 - Do not blame it on the algorithm an empirical ass.pdf:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/8BFN7D8W/Möller et al. - 2018 - Do not blame it on the algorithm an empirical ass.pdf:application/pdf}, } @inproceedings{monasterioastobizaEthicalGovernanceAI2022, title = {Ethical {Governance} of {AI} in the {Global} {South}: {A} {Human} {Rights} {Approach} to {Responsible} {Use} of {AI}}, volume = {81(136)}, copyright = {http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/}, shorttitle = {Ethical {Governance} of {AI} in the {Global} {South}}, url = {https://www.mdpi.com/2504-3900/81/1/136}, doi = {10.3390/proceedings2022081136}, abstract = {There is a growing debate on how to regulate and make responsible use of digital technologies, particularly artificial intelligence (AI). In an increasingly globalized scenario, power relations and inequalities between different countries and regions need to be addressed. While developed countries are leading the building of an ethical governance architecture for AI, in the so-called global south (e.g., countries with a post-colonial history, also called non-developing countries), their situation of vulnerability and dependence on northern domination leads them to import digital technology, capital and modes of organization from these developed countries. This imbalance, in the absence of an ethical reflection, can have a significantly negative impact on their already excluded, oppressed and discriminated populations. In this paper, we want to explore to what extent countries from the global south that import digital technology from developed countries may be affected if we do not take into account the need for multi-level and ethical global governance of AI from a human rights/democratic perspective. In particular, we want to address two problems that may arise: (a) Lack of governance capacity in southern populations resulting from their dependence from northern leadership on technological innovations and regulations, and (b) material and workforce extractivism inflicted by the northern countries on southern ones.}, language = {en}, urldate = {2024-01-14}, booktitle = {Proceedings}, author = {Monasterio Astobiza, Aníbal and Ausín, Txetxu and Liedo, Belén and Toboso, Mario and Aparicio, Manuel and López, Daniel}, year = {2022}, keywords = {AI, governance, policy, Global South, /unread, Review, First Draft Report Cited, ethics}, pages = {1--5}, file = {Full Text PDF:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/CMHETDFV/Monasterio Astobiza et al. - 2022 - Ethical Governance of AI in the Global South A Hu.pdf:application/pdf}, } @article{montalverneDomainspecificInfluenceFacebook2023, title = {Domain-specific influence on {Facebook}: how topic matters when assessing influential accounts in four countries}, volume = {3}, shorttitle = {Domain-specific influence on {Facebook}}, url = {https://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:0e0ae80e-4bef-406f-a0b5-effe7cb6eaa9}, abstract = {Against the backdrop of rising concern over misinformation and disinformation, a growing number of studies have considered the important role played by influential social media accounts when particular news stories attract attention online—with special attention given to Facebook, the most widely-used social network for news. However, little is known about what kinds of accounts are among the most influential information curators on Facebook, and where news organizations fit into this broader landscape. In this study, we examine how influence on Facebook plays out across different national contexts and different topics. We draw on a unique dataset from CrowdTangle, sampling over a six-month period in 2021 across four countries (Brazil, India, the United Kingdom, and the United States). We compare what kinds of sources (e.g., news organizations, politicians, or other kinds of influential accounts and groups) are among the most influential accounts in each location when it comes to three specific subjects: COVID-19, political leaders in each country, and climate change—which we also compare to general queries that do not specify a subject domain. Our findings show that the types of influential accounts on Facebook vary considerably by subject domain and country. News media accounts are among the largest share of these influential accounts in each country, but not necessarily the types of news media organizations presumed to be most influential offline.}, language = {English}, urldate = {2024-01-07}, journal = {Journal of Quantitative Description: Digital Media}, author = {Mont'Alverne, C. and Ross Arguedas, A. and Badrinathan, S. and Toff, B. and Fletcher, R. and Nielsen, R Kleis}, year = {2023}, keywords = {/unread, BRICS, First Draft Report Cited, Global North, Mixed}, pages = {1--24}, file = {Full Text PDF:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/W9QQWGMD/Mont'Alverne et al. - 2023 - Domain-specific influence on Facebook how topic m.pdf:application/pdf}, } @techreport{montalverneTrustGapHow2022, title = {The trust gap: how and why news on digital platforms is viewed more sceptically versus news in general}, shorttitle = {The trust gap}, url = {https://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:42cc0bd8-f737-4a79-947f-e528e8116926}, abstract = {In this report, we examine the relationship between trust in news and how people think about news on digital platforms, drawing on an original survey collected in the summer of 2022 in Brazil, India, the United Kingdom, and the United States. We find a ‘trust gap’ between how much people in all four countries trust information in the news media in general and news found on platforms, which they are more sceptical toward. At the same time, people have mainly positive feelings toward the platforms themselves. These differences are explained by reasons people express to use platforms, which are often about solving daily tasks or connecting with others, and less about news and information. Our results indicate that the challenge for news organisations may be less about an erosion of trust due to their being seen on platforms and more about being seen at all in these spaces.}, language = {English}, urldate = {2024-01-02}, institution = {Reuters Institute for the Study of Journalism, University of Oxford}, author = {Mont’Alverne, C. and Badrinathan, S. and Ross Arguedas, A. and Toff, B. and Fletcher, R. and Nielsen, R.}, year = {2022}, keywords = {/unread, BRICS, First Draft Report Cited, Global North, Quant}, file = {Full Text PDF:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/S466GEWJ/Mont’Alverne et al. - 2022 - The trust gap how and why news on digital platfor.pdf:application/pdf}, } @book{monteroRiseNewNetwork2021, title = {The {Rise} of the {New} {Network} {Industries}: {Regulating} {Digital} {Platforms}}, shorttitle = {The {Rise} of the {New} {Network} {Industries}}, url = {https://www.routledge.com/The-Rise-of-the-New-Network-Industries-Regulating-Digital-Platforms/Montero-Finger/p/book/9780367693053}, abstract = {Cutting through the confusion around the nature and implications of digitalization, this book explores the rise of the new digital networks, how they affect traditional infrastructure, and how they will eventually need to be regulated. The authors examine how digitalization affects infrastructures in telecommunications, transport, and energy, and how digital platforms establish themselves as a new network on top of and in addition to traditional ones. Complex concepts are introduced through sho}, language = {en}, urldate = {2024-04-15}, publisher = {Routledge}, author = {Montero, Juan and Finger, Matthias}, year = {2021}, keywords = {/unread, Review, First Draft Report Cited, Qual}, file = {Snapshot:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/8X92J67A/9780367693053.html:text/html}, } @incollection{montiEUCodePractice2020, title = {The {EU} {Code} of {Practice} on {Disinformation} and the {Risk} of the {Privatisation} of {Censorship}}, isbn = {978-1-00-303738-5}, abstract = {This chapter analyses the action of the European Union (EU) – in particular the Code of Practice on Disinformation – and its limits. It focuses on the issue of the privatisation of censorship, which is taken to mean the delegation of powers to private actors in a field as important as that of fundamental rights. The chapter summarises the limits of the EU action and focuses on the development of some forms of control over the actions of the Internet platforms. The Code of Practice on Disinformation is a good attempt to give Internet platforms responsibility, to force them to attempt to counter the spread of fake news, and to rebuild the role of journalism on the Internet, with the intention of preserving the role of the press – in a broad sense – in European democracies.}, booktitle = {Democracy and {Fake} {News}: {Information} {Manipulation} and {Post}-{Truth} {Politics}}, publisher = {Routledge}, author = {Monti, Matteo}, editor = {Giusti, Serena and Piras, Elisa}, year = {2020}, note = {Num Pages: 12}, keywords = {/unread, Review, First Draft Report Cited, Global North}, pages = {214--225}, file = {Full Text PDF:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/7ZREBM2Y/Monti - 2020 - The Eu Code of Practice on Disinformation and the .pdf:application/pdf}, } @article{monzerUserPerspectivesNews2020, title = {User {Perspectives} on the {News} {Personalisation} {Process}: {Agency}, {Trust} and {Utility} as {Building} {Blocks}}, volume = {8}, issn = {2167-0811}, shorttitle = {User {Perspectives} on the {News} {Personalisation} {Process}}, url = {https://doi.org/10.1080/21670811.2020.1773291}, doi = {10.1080/21670811.2020.1773291}, abstract = {With the increasing use of algorithms in news distribution, commentators warn about its possible impacts on the changing relationship between the news media and news readers. To understand the meaning of news personalisation strategies to users, we investigated how they currently experience news personalisation, perceive their role in the personalisation process, and envision increasing the utility of personalised news by giving users more agency and fostering trust. We conducted four focus groups with online news readers in Germany. For the analysis, grounded theory techniques were suitable due to their applicability in reconstructing user perspectives through their own experiences. We found that (1) users fail to distinguish between news personalisation and commercial targeting, which may negatively bias their perception; (2) there is a contradiction in how users perceive themselves as active participants in the process, but lack the means to exercise agency; (3) user concerns extend beyond privacy to what information they receive and their right to personal autonomy—a solution requires offering users the ability to dynamically adjust their “news interest profiles”; (4) while news personalisation strategies afford new opportunities for introducing reciprocity in the media-audience relationship, negotiating competing logics of journalistic, personal and algorithmic curation remains a challenge.}, number = {9}, urldate = {2023-12-25}, journal = {Digital Journalism}, author = {Monzer, Cristina and Moeller, Judith and Helberger, Natali and Eskens, Sarah}, month = oct, year = {2020}, note = {Publisher: Routledge \_eprint: https://doi.org/10.1080/21670811.2020.1773291}, keywords = {privacy, grounded theory, trust, focus groups, /unread, First Draft Report Cited, Global North, Qual, USED, OID Mis/Disinfo, agency, News personalisation, personal curation, utility}, pages = {1142--1162}, file = {Monzer et al. - 2020 - User Perspectives on the News Personalisation Proc.pdf:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/INENCSE7/Monzer et al. - 2020 - User Perspectives on the News Personalisation Proc.pdf:application/pdf}, } @article{mooreDigitalMediaLiteracy2022, title = {A digital media literacy intervention for older adults improves resilience to fake news}, volume = {12}, copyright = {2022 The Author(s)}, issn = {2045-2322}, url = {https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-022-08437-0}, doi = {10.1038/s41598-022-08437-0}, abstract = {Older adults are especially susceptible to fake news online, possibly because they are less digitally literate compared to younger individuals. Interventions for older adults have emerged to improve digital literacy, although there has been little evaluation of their effectiveness in improving older adults’ resilience to fake news. We report the results of a digital literacy intervention for older adults administered during the 2020 U.S. election. The intervention was a 1-hour, self-directed series of interactive modules designed to teach concepts and skills for identifying misinformation online. Consistent with our pre-registered hypothesis, older adults (Mage = 67) in the treatment condition (N = 143) significantly improved their likelihood of accurately discerning fake from true news from 64\% pre-intervention to 85\% post-intervention. In contrast, older adults in the control condition (N = 238) did not significantly improve (from 55\% to 57\%). The treated older adults were also more likely to employ strategies for identifying misinformation online compared to pre-intervention and the control group.}, language = {en}, number = {1}, urldate = {2024-05-10}, journal = {Nature Scientific Reports}, author = {Moore, Ryan C. and Hancock, Jeffrey T.}, month = apr, year = {2022}, note = {Publisher: Nature Publishing Group}, keywords = {Human behaviour, Psychology, /unread, First Draft Report Cited, Global North, Quant}, pages = {1--9}, file = {Full Text PDF:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/AASDN9QH/Moore and Hancock - 2022 - A digital media literacy intervention for older ad.pdf:application/pdf}, } @article{moranRobotsNewsNewsrooms2022, title = {Robots in the {News} and {Newsrooms}: {Unpacking} {Meta}-{Journalistic} {Discourse} on the {Use} of {Artificial} {Intelligence} in {Journalism}}, volume = {10}, issn = {2167-0811}, shorttitle = {Robots in the {News} and {Newsrooms}}, url = {https://doi.org/10.1080/21670811.2022.2085129}, doi = {10.1080/21670811.2022.2085129}, abstract = {As journalism has grappled with the potentials and boundaries of AI within the industry, journalists have produced plentiful articles detailing experimentation and potential consequences of AI-driven journalism (see, Peiser, 2019; GPT-33, 2020). Accordingly, this article analyzes media coverage (N = 95 articles) of AI in journalism over a 5-year period, starting in 2016 and ending in 2020, to examine prominent themes related to uses, roles, and concerns regarding AI in the newsroom. We sample coverage from 20 US and UK news media outlets representing a diversity of media with regards to media type and partisan leaning. We employ a thematic analysis on the media coverage of AI as it relates specifically to its use and application in journalism. Our exploration uncovers a tension between the industry and profession of journalism in highlighting the hopes and pitfalls of AI. It also allows for a discussion on assessing the place of AI in news making, especially with regard to the economic and contextual complexity in which news stories operate and the normative ideals of journalism in the digital era.}, number = {10}, urldate = {2023-12-25}, journal = {Digital Journalism}, author = {Moran, Rachel E. and Shaikh, Sonia Jawaid}, month = nov, year = {2022}, note = {Publisher: Routledge \_eprint: https://doi.org/10.1080/21670811.2022.2085129}, keywords = {Journalism, artificial intelligence, /unread, First Draft Report Cited, Global North, OID Media, Qual, USED, meta-journalistic discourse, normative ideals}, pages = {1756--1774}, file = {Moran and Shaikh - 2022 - Robots in the News and Newsrooms Unpacking Meta-J.pdf:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/N8WH4XQM/Moran and Shaikh - 2022 - Robots in the News and Newsrooms Unpacking Meta-J.pdf:application/pdf}, } @article{morenobellosoEUDigitalMarkets2023, title = {The {EU} {Digital} {Markets} {Act} ({DMA}) : a competition hand in a regulatory glove}, volume = {48}, issn = {0307-5400}, shorttitle = {The {EU} {Digital} {Markets} {Act} ({DMA})}, url = {https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=4411743}, abstract = {The newly enacted Digital Markets Act (DMA) finds itself at a crossroads. The DMA can develop into a specialist field of competition law for digital platforms or it can evolve into a new field of EU law, detached from competition law. The DMA’s ultimate trajectory will depend on the legal characterisation given to the DMA. Is it a special competition law regime or an original instrument distinct from competition law? This article lays the groundwork for characterising the DMA by offering a complete descriptive analysis of the instrument. Among the elements discussed are the twin concepts of "gatekeepers" and "core platform services", which together condition the DMA’s scope of application, as well as the legal obligations imposed on gatekeepers. The article proposes a novel categorisation of the obligations, showing that each obligation can be associated with at least one of two conventional competition law concerns (exclusion or exploitation). The discussion shows the difficulty of pinpointing the exact nature of the DMA. We argue that this ambiguity creates challenges for the practical implementation of the DMA.}, language = {en}, number = {4}, urldate = {2024-05-09}, journal = {European Law Review}, author = {Moreno Belloso, Natalia and Petit, Nicolas}, year = {2023}, note = {Accepted: 2024-01-25T15:56:36Z Publisher: Sweet \& Maxwell}, keywords = {/unread, Review, First Draft Report Cited, Global North}, pages = {391--421}, file = {Moreno Belloso and Petit - 2023 - The EU Digital Markets Act (DMA) a competition h.pdf:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/V94ZV8SW/Moreno Belloso and Petit - 2023 - The EU Digital Markets Act (DMA) a competition h.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/PQJWXQBC/76380.html:text/html}, } @article{morkunasRussianDisinformationBaltics2023, title = {Russian {Disinformation} in the {Baltics}: {Does} it {Really} {Work}?}, volume = {25}, issn = {1099-9922}, shorttitle = {Russian {Disinformation} in the {Baltics}}, url = {https://doi.org/10.1080/10999922.2022.2092976}, doi = {10.1080/10999922.2022.2092976}, abstract = {The present study embarks on a scientific quantitative assessment of Russian disinformation effects in Baltic States. A cross-sectional survey and the partial least squares structural equation modeling were employed as research tools. It was found that Russian disinformation is aimed at increasing the perceived distrust of governments, perceived lack of career possibilities, perceived lack of justice, and perceived imminence of military actions in the region. These are also echoed in the decrease in citizens’ incentives for investment activities. The largest of the Baltic States, Lithuania, served as an empirical basis for the research.}, number = {6}, urldate = {2024-04-15}, journal = {Public Integrity}, author = {Morkūnas, Mangirdas}, month = nov, year = {2023}, note = {Publisher: Routledge \_eprint: https://doi.org/10.1080/10999922.2022.2092976}, keywords = {Global South, /unread, First Draft Report Cited, Global North, Quant, Baltic States, Russian disinformation, structural equation modeling, threat of war, trust in government}, pages = {599--613}, file = {Morkūnas - 2023 - Russian Disinformation in the Baltics Does it Rea.pdf:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/65IUQKUI/Morkūnas - 2023 - Russian Disinformation in the Baltics Does it Rea.pdf:application/pdf}, } @book{morozovEverythingClickHere2013, title = {To {Save} {Everything}, {Click} {Here}: {The} {Folly} of {Technological} {Solutionism}}, isbn = {978-1-61039-139-9}, url = {https://books.google.fr/books?id=fdggBahA1qsC}, publisher = {Public Affairs}, author = {Morozov, E.}, year = {2013}, keywords = {/unread, Review, First Draft Report Cited}, } @incollection{moscaComparingNewsDiets2017, address = {London}, title = {Comparing {News} {Diets}, {Electoral} {Choices} and {EU} {Attitudes} in {Germany}, {Italy} and the {UK} in the 2014 {European} {Parliament} {Election}}, isbn = {978-1-137-59642-0 978-1-137-59643-7}, url = {http://link.springer.com/10.1057/978-1-137-59643-7_7}, language = {en}, urldate = {2024-04-05}, booktitle = {Euroscepticism, {Democracy} and the {Media}}, publisher = {Palgrave Macmillan UK}, author = {Mosca, Lorenzo and Quaranta, Mario}, editor = {Caiani, Manuela and Guerra, Simona}, year = {2017}, doi = {10.1057/978-1-137-59643-7_7}, keywords = {/unread, First Draft Report Cited, Global North, Qual}, pages = {141--168}, file = {Available Version (via Google Scholar):/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/3673QV39/Mosca et Quaranta - 2017 - Comparing News Diets, Electoral Choices and EU Att.pdf:application/pdf}, } @misc{motlaghImpactArtificialIntelligence2023, title = {The {Impact} of {Artificial} {Intelligence} on the {Evolution} of {Digital} {Education}: {A} {Comparative} {Study} of {OpenAI} {Text} {Generation} {Tools} including {ChatGPT}, {Bing} {Chat}, {Bard}, and {Ernie}}, url = {https://arxiv.org/abs/2309.02029}, abstract = {In the digital era, the integration of artificial intelligence (AI) in education has ushered in transformative changes, redefining teaching methodologies, curriculum planning, and student engagement. This review paper delves deep into the rapidly evolving landscape of digital education by contrasting the capabilities and impact of OpenAI's pioneering text generation tools like Bing Chat, Bard, Ernie with a keen focus on the novel ChatGPT. Grounded in a typology that views education through the lenses of system, process, and result, the paper navigates the multifaceted applications of AI. From decentralizing global education and personalizing curriculums to digitally documenting competence-based outcomes, AI stands at the forefront of educational modernization. Highlighting ChatGPT's meteoric rise to one million users in just five days, the study underscores its role in democratizing education, fostering autodidacticism, and magnifying student engagement. However, with such transformative power comes the potential for misuse, as text-generation tools can inadvertently challenge academic integrity. By juxtaposing the promise and pitfalls of AI in education, this paper advocates for a harmonized synergy between AI tools and the educational community, emphasizing the urgent need for ethical guidelines, pedagogical adaptations, and strategic collaborations.}, language = {en}, publisher = {ArXiv}, author = {Motlagh, Negin Yazdani and Khajavi, Matin and Sharifi, Abbas and Ahmadi, Mohsen}, year = {2023}, keywords = {/unread, Review, First Draft Report Cited, Global North}, file = {Motlagh et al. - The Impact of Artificial Intelligence on the Evolu.pdf:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/6FIX5REX/Motlagh et al. - The Impact of Artificial Intelligence on the Evolu.pdf:application/pdf}, } @article{motta20242024, title = {2024}, volume = {39}, issn = {1041-0236}, shorttitle = {What {Goes} {Down} {Must} {Come} {Up}?}, url = {https://doi.org/10.1080/10410236.2023.2254583}, doi = {10.1080/10410236.2023.2254583}, abstract = {Pundits and scholars alike suspect that Facebook plays a role in not only exposing Americans to misinformation, but also encouraging them to seek out misinformation from other sources. Whether or not Facebook is responsible for stimulating misinformation search beyond the social networking site, however, is an open question. If Facebook encourages misinformation search behavior, we might expect search volume on other websites to simultaneously decrease when web traffic to Facebook is comparatively low. Here, we exploit a naturally-occurring and exogenous interruption to Facebook’s service to study the site’s impact on misinformation search. Difference-in-difference analyses reveal that minute-by-minute Google searches for pandemic misinformation (e.g., unproven COVID-19 remedies, vaccine conspiracy theories) tended to increase during the outage period, in comparison to a typical day (and vs. a placebo). These findings are less consistent with views that the site stimulates misinformation search, and more consistent with a steady and transferable demand for health misinformation. Our results showcase the importance of examining not only the supply side of misinformation, but also the demand side.}, number = {10}, urldate = {2024-04-15}, journal = {Health Communication}, author = {Motta, Matt and Hwang, Juwon and Stecula, Dominik}, year = {2024}, pmid = {37674255}, note = {Publisher: Routledge \_eprint: https://doi.org/10.1080/10410236.2023.2254583}, keywords = {/unread, First Draft Report Cited, Global North, Quant}, pages = {2041--2052}, file = {Motta et al. - 2023 - What Goes Down Must Come Up Pandemic- Related Mis.pdf:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/6N87IPMZ/Motta et al. - 2023 - What Goes Down Must Come Up Pandemic- Related Mis.pdf:application/pdf}, } @article{muhlhoffRegulatingAIPurpose2024, title = {Regulating {AI} with {Purpose} {Limitation} for {Models}}, volume = {1}, url = {https://doi.org/10.21552/aire/2024/1/5}, doi = {10.21552/aire/2024/1/5}, abstract = {This article proposes the concept of purpose limitation for AI models as an approach to effectively regulate AI. Unregulated (secondary) use of specific models creates immense individual and societal risks, including discrimination against individuals or groups, infringement of fundamental rights, or distortion of democracy through misinformation. We argue that possession of trained models, which in many cases consist of anonymous data (even if the training data contains personal data), is at the core of an increasing asymmetry of informational power between data companies and society. Combining ethical and legal aspects in our interdisciplinary approach, we identify the trained model, rather than the training data, as the object of regulatory intervention. This altered focus adds to existing data protection laws and the proposed Artificial Intelligence Act. These are inefficient in preventing the misuse of trained models due to their focus on the procedural aspects of personal data or training data. Drawing on the concept of risk prevention law and the principle of proportionality, we argue that the potential use of trained models by powerful actors in ways that are damaging to society warrants preventive regulatory interventions. Thus, we seek to balance the asymmetry of power by enabling democratic control over where and how predictive and generative AI capabilities may be used and reused. Keywords: EU AI Act; GDPR; purpose limitation; regulating models; data power}, number = {1}, journal = {Journal of AI Law and Regulation}, author = {Mühlhoff, Rainer and Ruschemeier, Hannah}, year = {2024}, keywords = {/unread, Review, First Draft Report Cited, data power, EU AI Act, GDPR, purpose limitation, regulating models}, pages = {24--39}, file = {Mühlhoff and Ruschemeier - 2024 - Regulating AI with Purpose Limitation for Models.pdf:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/US4M5NUL/Mühlhoff and Ruschemeier - 2024 - Regulating AI with Purpose Limitation for Models.pdf:application/pdf}, } @article{mukerjeeNetNeutralityFacebook2016, title = {Net neutrality, {Facebook}, and {India}’s battle to \#{SaveTheInternet}}, volume = {1}, issn = {2057-0473}, url = {https://doi.org/10.1177/2057047316665850}, doi = {10.1177/2057047316665850}, abstract = {In August 2013, Facebook, in a partnership with a few other companies, launched Internet.org—a new service that aimed to bring low cost and subsidized access to a few selected Internet services to developing countries in Asia and Africa. Ever since its announcement, and subsequent roll-out in India in 2015, activists around the world, and particularly in India, have decried the service on grounds of it violating net neutrality. This article traces the manner in which this contentious issue has unfolded in India, primarily in the Indian social media in 2015, leading up to the Telecom Regulatory Authority of India banning the service and upholding net neutrality in February 2016.}, language = {en}, number = {3}, urldate = {2024-05-22}, journal = {Communication and the Public}, author = {Mukerjee, Subhayan}, month = sep, year = {2016}, note = {Publisher: SAGE Publications}, keywords = {Global South, /unread, BRICS, Review, First Draft Report Cited}, pages = {356--361}, file = {SAGE PDF Full Text:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/DTQL87SX/Mukerjee - 2016 - Net neutrality, Facebook, and India’s battle to #S.pdf:application/pdf}, } @article{mukhudwanaRisePeripheralActors2021, title = {The {Rise} of {Peripheral} {Actors} in {Media} {Regulation} in {South} {Africa}: {An} {Entry} of {Social} {Media} {Mob}(s)}, volume = {42}, issn = {2374-3670, 2374-3689}, shorttitle = {The {Rise} of {Peripheral} {Actors} in {Media} {Regulation} in {South} {Africa}}, url = {https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/23743670.2022.2032783}, doi = {10.1080/23743670.2022.2032783}, language = {en}, number = {4}, urldate = {2024-04-10}, journal = {African Journalism Studies}, author = {Mukhudwana, Rofhiwa Felicia}, month = oct, year = {2021}, keywords = {Global South, /unread, BRICS, First Draft Report Cited, Qual}, pages = {153--178}, file = {Mukhudwana - 2021 - The Rise of Peripheral Actors in Media Regulation .pdf:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/V25IBHTA/Mukhudwana - 2021 - The Rise of Peripheral Actors in Media Regulation .pdf:application/pdf}, } @incollection{mullerEuropeanApproachesRegulation2024, address = {Cham}, title = {European {Approaches} to the {Regulation} of {Digital} {Technologies}}, isbn = {978-3-031-45303-8 978-3-031-45304-5}, url = {https://link.springer.com/10.1007/978-3-031-45304-5_39}, abstract = {Abstract Following years of a liberal approach to digital technologies, platforms, services, and markets, the EU has stepped up its action in recent years. The adoption of the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) (Regulation (EU) 2016/679 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 27 April 2016 on the protection of natural persons with regard to the processing of personal data and on the free movement of such data and repealing Directive 95/46/EC (General Data Protection Regulation), OJ L 119, 1) in 2016 can be seen as a starting point for new regulations that are now enacted and proposed under the European Commission’s strategy “A Europe fit for the digital age.” This article will briefly summarize the contents of the GDPR as well as the Digital Services Act (DSA) (Regulation (EU) 2022/2065 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 19 October 2022 on a Single Market for Digital Services and amending Directive 2000/31/EC (Digital Services Act), OJ L 277, 1), Digital Markets Act (DMA) (Regulation (EU) 2022/1925 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 14 September 2022 on contestable and fair markets in the digital sector and amending Directives (EU) 2019/1937 and (EU) 2020/1828 (Digital Markets Act), OJ L 265, 1), Data Governance Act (DGA) (Regulation (EU) 2022/868 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 30 May 2022 on European data governance and amending Regulation (EU) 2018/1724 (Data Governance Act), OJ L 152, 1), and the proposals for the Artificial Intelligence Act (AI Act) (Proposal for a Regulation of the European Parliament and of the Council laying down harmonized rules on artificial intelligence (Artificial Intelligence Act) and amending certain Union legislative acts, 21 April 2021, COM(2021) 206 final.) as well as the Data Act (Proposal for a Regulation of the European Parliament and of the Council on harmonized rules on fair access to and use of data (Data Act), 23 February 2022, COM(2022) 68 final.). We identify the underpinnings of the normative approach and its potential and shortcomings, thus providing an assessment of the role of Europe as a technology regulator more broadly and its relationship to digital humanism.}, language = {en}, urldate = {2024-05-06}, booktitle = {Introduction to {Digital} {Humanism}}, publisher = {Springer Nature Switzerland}, author = {Müller, Martin and Kettemann, Matthias C.}, editor = {Werthner, Hannes and Ghezzi, Carlo and Kramer, Jeff and Nida-Rümelin, Julian and Nuseibeh, Bashar and Prem, Erich and Stanger, Allison}, year = {2024}, doi = {10.1007/978-3-031-45304-5_39}, keywords = {/unread, Review, First Draft Report Cited, Global North}, pages = {623--637}, file = {Full Text PDF:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/BS246DVK/Müller and Kettemann - 2024 - European Approaches to the Regulation of Digital T.pdf:application/pdf}, } @misc{mulliganDatalismDataMonopolies2023, title = {Datalism and {Data} {Monopolies} in the {Era} of {A}.{I}.: {A} {Research} {Agenda}}, shorttitle = {Datalism and {Data} {Monopolies} in the {Era} of {A}.{I}.}, url = {http://arxiv.org/abs/2307.08049}, doi = {10.48550/arXiv.2307.08049}, abstract = {The increasing use of data in various parts of the economic and social systems is creating a new form of monopoly: data monopolies. We illustrate that the companies using these strategies, Datalists, are challenging the existing definitions used within Monopoly Capital Theory (MCT). Datalists are pursuing a different type of monopoly control than traditional multinational corporations. They are pursuing monopolistic control over data to feed their productive processes, increasingly controlled by algorithms and Artificial Intelligence (AI). These productive processes use information about humans and the creative outputs of humans as the inputs but do not classify those humans as employees, so they are not paid or credited for their labour. This paper provides an overview of this evolution and its impact on monopoly theory. It concludes with an outline for a research agenda for economics in this space.}, urldate = {2023-10-19}, publisher = {arXiv}, author = {Mulligan, Catherine E. A. and Godsiff, Phil}, month = jul, year = {2023}, note = {arXiv:2307.08049 [cs, econ, q-fin]}, keywords = {/unread, First Draft Report Cited, Global North, Quant, Computer Science - Human-Computer Interaction, Economics - General Economics}, file = {arXiv Fulltext PDF:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/5YFI7SDL/Mulligan and Godsiff - 2023 - Datalism and Data Monopolies in the Era of A.I. A.pdf:application/pdf;arXiv.org Snapshot:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/MPJB4NH6/2307.html:text/html}, } @misc{murtazaGDPRFineImposed2019, title = {{GDPR} fine imposed upon {Google}: {An} {Analysis}}, url = {https://cs.brown.edu/courses/csci2390/2019/assign/gdpr/ssalman1-gmurtaza-google.pdf}, abstract = {In this report, we give an overview and present analysis of the case brought by the National Data Protection Commission (CNIL) against Google Inc. CNIL rules that the account creation on a new android phone violated the General Data Protection Regulations (GDPR) which resulted in a financial penalty of 50 million euros on 21st January, 2019 [5].}, language = {en}, publisher = {Brown University}, author = {Murtaza, Ghulam and Salman, Saim}, year = {2019}, keywords = {/unread, Review, First Draft Report Cited, Global North}, file = {Murtaza and Salman - GDPR fine imposed upon Google An Analysis.pdf:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/U5DNY7VA/Murtaza and Salman - GDPR fine imposed upon Google An Analysis.pdf:application/pdf}, } @article{musianiInfrastructuringDigitalSovereignty2022, title = {Infrastructuring digital sovereignty: a research agenda for an infrastructure-based sociology of digital self-determination practices}, volume = {25}, issn = {1369-118X}, shorttitle = {Infrastructuring digital sovereignty}, url = {https://doi.org/10.1080/1369118X.2022.2049850}, doi = {10.1080/1369118X.2022.2049850}, abstract = {Today, a number of high-profile initiatives across the globe are concrete implementations of the ‘digital sovereignty’ principle: i.e., the idea that states should ‘reaffirm’ their authority over the Internet and the broader digital ecosystem, to protect their citizens, institutions, and businesses from the multiple challenges to their nation’s self-determination in the digital sphere. According to this principle, sovereignty depends on more than supra-national alliances or international legal instruments, military might or trade: it depends on locally owned, controlled and operated innovation ecosystems, able to increase states’ technical and economic independence and autonomy. Presently, digital sovereignty is understood primarily as a legal concept and a set of political discourses. As a consequence, it is predominantly analyzed by political science, international relations and international law. However, the study of digital sovereignty as a set of infrastructures and socio-material practices has been comparatively neglected. This article explores how the concept of digital sovereignty can be studied via the infrastructure-embedded ‘situated practices’ of various political and economic projects which aim to establish autonomous digital infrastructures in a hyperconnected world. Although the article focuses primarily on outlining the agenda for a wider and comparative research program, I will place a specific focus on Russia, subject of an ongoing research project, as a pilot case.}, number = {6}, urldate = {2022-08-01}, journal = {Information, Communication \& Society}, author = {Musiani, Francesca}, month = apr, year = {2022}, note = {Publisher: Routledge \_eprint: https://doi.org/10.1080/1369118X.2022.2049850}, keywords = {/unread, First Draft Report Cited, Qual, OID Data Gov, digital autonomy: digital self-determination, digital infrastructures, Digital sovereignty, infrastructuring, Internet infrastructures, situated practices}, pages = {785--800}, file = {Musiani - 2022 - Infrastructuring digital sovereignty a research a.pdf:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/P7MFKGRX/Musiani - 2022 - Infrastructuring digital sovereignty a research a.pdf:application/pdf}, } @article{mutsvairoChallengesFacingDevelopment2019, title = {Challenges {Facing} {Development} of {Data} {Journalism} in {Non}-{Western} {Societies}}, volume = {7}, issn = {2167-0811}, url = {https://doi.org/10.1080/21670811.2019.1691927}, doi = {10.1080/21670811.2019.1691927}, abstract = {As shown by several papers in this special issue, there has been an increasing interest in data among journalism scholars and practitioners worldwide including those in the Global South. While papers in this volume include scholarly assessments of data journalism in Italy and the UK, the inclusion of papers focusing on the Arab region, Latin America and Africa in a well-respected journal like this should be commended. Research has outlined the benefits and challenges of data to journalism practice, transnational experiences in teaching data journalism and the changing nature of the profession in a data-dominated society, be it in practice, pedagogy and empiricism. However, up until this volume, very little was known about the developments of data journalism in non-Western societies. Noticeably, there is a small but significant developing interest in studies that seek to investigate the growing expansion of data journalism in the Global South. It is important to examine the development of data journalism beyond Western paradigm because every region and in some cases, country, seems to be adopting a specific culture orientation that best describes its position when it comes to data journalism.}, number = {9}, urldate = {2023-12-25}, journal = {Digital Journalism}, author = {Mutsvairo, Bruce}, month = oct, year = {2019}, note = {Publisher: Routledge \_eprint: https://doi.org/10.1080/21670811.2019.1691927}, keywords = {data, Africa, Global South, /unread, Review, First Draft Report Cited, OID Media, USED, data journalism, non-Western}, pages = {1289--1294}, file = {Mutsvairo - 2019 - Challenges Facing Development of Data Journalism i.pdf:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/Q57ZKEB5/Mutsvairo - 2019 - Challenges Facing Development of Data Journalism i.pdf:application/pdf}, } @article{wahl-jorgensenConjecturingFearfulFutures2021, title = {Conjecturing {Fearful} {Futures}: {Journalistic} {Discourses} on {Deepfakes}}, volume = {15}, issn = {1751-2786}, shorttitle = {Conjecturing {Fearful} {Futures}}, url = {https://doi.org/10.1080/17512786.2021.1908838}, doi = {10.1080/17512786.2021.1908838}, abstract = {This paper investigates journalistic discourses on “deepfakes” as the future of fake news. We analyze journalistic discourses on deepfakes over an 18-month period from 1 January 2018, when a GoogleTrends search demonstrates that the term first began to circulate, to 1 July 2019, shortly after an altered video of Nancy Pelosi, the US Speaker of the House, circulated on social media. Based on a comprehensive thematic analysis of English-language news stories on the topic, drawn from Nexis UK, we suggest that journalistic responses to deepfakes reveal deeper anxieties both about the future of the information environment and journalism’s role within this environment. Concerns that the audiovisual nature of deepfakes makes them inherently more believable than previous fake news forms leads to worries over the impending weaponization of deepfakes by resource-rich “bad actors.” At stake is the trustworthiness of media content, and journalists’ role in providing verified content to the public. We argue that journalists conjure up speculative worst-case scenarios around deepfakes—what we refer to as “conjectured specifity” to highlight the vital importance of journalism as a bulwark against fabrication and a defender of truth.}, number = {6}, urldate = {2023-12-25}, journal = {Journalism Practice}, author = {Wahl-Jorgensen, Karin and Carlson, Matt}, month = jul, year = {2021}, note = {Publisher: Routledge \_eprint: https://doi.org/10.1080/17512786.2021.1908838}, keywords = {misinformation, Artificial intelligence, fake news, /unread, First Draft Report Cited, Global North, OID Media, USED, deepfakes, journalistic authority, trust in journalism}, pages = {803--820}, file = {Wahl-Jorgensen and Carlson - 2021 - Conjecturing Fearful Futures Journalistic Discour.pdf:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/U3MEQRXH/Wahl-Jorgensen and Carlson - 2021 - Conjecturing Fearful Futures Journalistic Discour.pdf:application/pdf}, } @article{waisbordMobCensorshipRevisited2023, title = {Mob {Censorship} {Revisited}: {Questions}, {Findings}, and {Challenges}}, volume = {11}, issn = {2167-0811}, shorttitle = {Mob {Censorship} {Revisited}}, url = {https://doi.org/10.1080/21670811.2023.2214905}, doi = {10.1080/21670811.2023.2214905}, number = {10}, urldate = {2023-12-25}, journal = {Digital Journalism}, author = {Waisbord, Silvio}, month = nov, year = {2023}, note = {Publisher: Routledge \_eprint: https://doi.org/10.1080/21670811.2023.2214905}, keywords = {Global South, /unread, Review, First Draft Report Cited, USED, OID Mis/Disinfo}, pages = {1761--1768}, file = {Waisbord - 2023 - Mob Censorship Revisited Questions, Findings, and.pdf:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/K2T8RNLT/Waisbord - 2023 - Mob Censorship Revisited Questions, Findings, and.pdf:application/pdf;WEF - 2021 - Future of the Connected World A Roadmap for Mobil.pdf:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/7KD2U5MZ/WEF - 2021 - Future of the Connected World A Roadmap for Mobil.pdf:application/pdf}, } @article{walterFactCheckingMetaAnalysisWhat2020, title = {Fact-{Checking}: {A} {Meta}-{Analysis} of {What} {Works} and for {Whom}}, volume = {37}, issn = {1058-4609}, shorttitle = {Fact-{Checking}}, url = {https://doi.org/10.1080/10584609.2019.1668894}, doi = {10.1080/10584609.2019.1668894}, abstract = {Despite its growing prominence in news coverage and public discourse, there is still considerable ambiguity regarding when and how fact-checking affects beliefs. Informed by theories of motivated reasoning and message design, a meta-analytic review was undertaken to examine the effectiveness of fact-checking in correcting political misinformation (k = 30,N = 20,963). Fact-checking has a significantly positive overall influence on political beliefs (d = 0.29), but the effects gradually weaken when using “truth scales,” refuting only parts of a claim, and fact-checking campaign-related statements. Likewise, the ability to correct political misinformation with fact-checking is substantially attenuated by participants’ preexisting beliefs, ideology, and knowledge. The study concludes with a discussion of the fact-checking literature in light of current gaps and future opportunities.}, number = {3}, urldate = {2022-12-26}, journal = {Political Communication}, author = {Walter, Nathan and Cohen, Jonathan and Holbert, R. Lance and Morag, Yasmin}, month = may, year = {2020}, note = {Publisher: Routledge \_eprint: https://doi.org/10.1080/10584609.2019.1668894}, keywords = {misinformation, motivated reasoning, meta-analysis, correction, fact-checking, Systematic literature review, /unread, Global, First Draft Report Cited, FC}, pages = {350--375}, file = {Walter et al. - 2020 - Fact-Checking A Meta-Analysis of What Works and f.pdf:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/6U3B7TQ3/Walter et al. - 2020 - Fact-Checking A Meta-Analysis of What Works and f.pdf:application/pdf}, } @techreport{wan-irfaGaugingGenerativeAIs2023, title = {Gauging {Generative} {AI}'s {Impact} on {Newsrooms}: {Survey}: {Newsroom} {Executives} {Share} {Their} {Experiences} {So} {Far}}, url = {https://wan-ifra.org/2023/05/new-genai-survey/}, abstract = {2023-05-25. A new WAN-IFRA survey, conducted in collaboration with SCHICKLER Consulting, sets a barometer of where news publishers stand so far on using Generative AI.}, language = {en-US}, urldate = {2024-04-15}, institution = {World Association of News Publishers}, author = {WAN-IRFA}, month = may, year = {2023}, keywords = {/unread, First Draft Report Cited, Global North, Quant}, file = {Snapshot:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/AZW5DQBA/new-genai-survey.html:text/html;WAN-IRFA - 2023 - Gauging Generative AI's Impact on Newsrooms Surve.pdf:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/M743GFVN/WAN-IRFA - 2023 - Gauging Generative AI's Impact on Newsrooms Surve.pdf:application/pdf}, } @article{wangChinasDigitalTransformation2023, title = {China's digital transformation: {Data}-empowered state capitalism and social governmentality}, volume = {2023}, shorttitle = {China's digital transformation}, url = {https://journals.co.za/doi/abs/10.23962/ajic.i31.16296}, doi = {10.23962/ajic.i31.16296}, abstract = {The article scrutinises the trajectory of China's establishment of a digital state, rooted in a “whole-of-nation” system-or aptly termed (party-)state capitalism. The author illustrates the path of formulating and enforcing strategies to digitalise public services-including, importantly, the digital identity infrastructure-via institutional concentration that exemplifies both the positive and the exclusionary nature of social big data in streamlining administrative procedures. Two catalysts are spotlighted in China's digital transformation: quasi-neoliberal market processes, and technology's social change spillover effects. The author points to the fact that, since its inception, the contemporary Chinese state has created a cybernetic justification for “social governmentality”, as a means to redress potential informational imbalances in the process of ruling the state polity. For the Chinese administrative hierarchy, data provides the means to execute a top-down correctivist paradigm for steering societal conduct, a paradigm integrated into (but also to some extent in tension with) dataempowered state capitalism.}, number = {31}, urldate = {2023-12-23}, journal = {The African Journal of Information and Communication}, author = {Wang, Wayne Wei}, month = jun, year = {2023}, note = {Publisher: University of the Witwatersrand: LINK Centre}, keywords = {China, Global South, /unread, BRICS, Review, First Draft Report Cited, USED, OID Data Gov, data silos, Digital government, identity infrastructure, social big data, State capitalism}, pages = {1--13}, file = {Wang - 2023 - China's digital transformation Data-empowered sta.pdf:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/2SSVVU7U/Wang - 2023 - China's digital transformation Data-empowered sta.pdf:application/pdf}, } @article{wardleMisunderstandingMisinformation2023, title = {Misunderstanding {Misinformation}}, volume = {29}, issn = {07485492}, url = {https://issues.org/misunderstanding-misinformation-wardle/}, doi = {10.58875/ZAUD1691}, abstract = {An obsession with gauging accuracy of individual posts is misguided. To strengthen information ecosystems, focus on narratives and why people share what they do.}, language = {en}, number = {3}, urldate = {2023-12-08}, journal = {Issues in Science and Technology}, author = {Wardle, Claire}, month = apr, year = {2023}, keywords = {/unread, Review, First Draft Report Cited}, pages = {38--40}, file = {Wardle - 2023 - Misunderstanding Misinformation.pdf:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/H9QTJMBL/Wardle - 2023 - Misunderstanding Misinformation.pdf:application/pdf}, } @techreport{wardleInformationDisorderInterdisciplinary2017, title = {Information disorder: {Toward} an interdisciplinary framework for research and policy making}, shorttitle = {Information disorder}, url = {https://edoc.coe.int/en/media/7495-information-disorder-toward-an-interdisciplinary-framework-for-research-and-policy-making.html}, abstract = {Contemporary social technology means that we are witnessing something new: information pollution at a global scale. How do we begin to address information pollution? This report provides a new framework for policy-makers, legislators, researchers, technologists and practitioners working on the theoretical and practical challenges related to mis-, dis- and mal-information — the three elements of information disorder. While the historical impact of rumours and fabricated content have been well documented, the complexity and scale of information pollution in our digitally-connected, increasingly polarised world presents an unprecedented challenge. There is an immediate need to work collaboratively on workable solutions and this report provides a framework for the different stakeholders involved in research, policy discussions, and technical innovations connected to this phenomenon of information disorder. After 2017's attention to \#fakenews \& fractured trust, is mainstream media making a comeback? Listen to Claudia Luciani's report on \#CoE \#IGF2017 panel. Background https://t.co/AZKxsIOVNg pic.twitter.com/0on1IisyI0 — Council of Europe (@coe) 19 décembre 2017}, language = {en}, urldate = {2023-11-29}, institution = {Council of Europe report DGO(2017)09}, author = {Wardle, Claire and Derakhshan, Hossein}, year = {2017}, keywords = {/unread, Review, First Draft Report Cited, Global North}, file = {Information disorder Toward an interdisciplinary .pdf:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/96EWIPP9/Information disorder Toward an interdisciplinary .pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/QH6LI9BI/7495-information-disorder-toward-an-interdisciplinary-framework-for-research-and-policy-making.html:text/html}, } @misc{washingtonCombatingMisinformationFake2023, address = {Rochester, NY}, title = {Combating {Misinformation} and {Fake} {News}: {The} {Potential} of {AI} and {Media} {Literacy} {Education}}, shorttitle = {Combating {Misinformation} and {Fake} {News}}, url = {https://papers.ssrn.com/abstract=4580385}, doi = {10.2139/ssrn.4580385}, abstract = {The rapid proliferation of misinformation, disinformation, and fake news in the digital age poses a significant threat to society. As these phenomena spread across various media platforms, their impact on public discourse, political decisions, and social cohesion becomes more evident. Combining AI with media literacy education and practice has emerged as a potential solution to mitigate the influence of false information on society. This critical literary review delves into the nature of misinformation, disinformation, and fake news, explores the significance of media literacy education and practice, examines the development of Generative AI, and investigates the ethical implications of processing information. The review presents findings highlighting the potential of AI and media literacy education to combat misinformation and fake news effectively. It also discusses the ethical concerns surrounding AI technology and its impact on information dissemination. This review emphasizes the importance of incorporating media literacy education into the digital citizenship curriculum and calls for an interdisciplinary approach involving educators, policymakers, and technologists to foster a resilient and informed society.}, language = {en}, urldate = {2023-12-13}, publisher = {SSRN Scholarly Paper}, author = {Washington, Jerry}, month = sep, year = {2023}, keywords = {Disinformation, AI, Misinformation, Fake News, /unread, Review, First Draft Report Cited, Policy, Generative AI, Digital Age, Digital Citizenship Curriculum, Educators, Ethical Implications, Information Processing, Interdisciplinary Approach, Media Literacy Education, Media Platforms, Political Decisions, Public Discourse, Social Cohesion}, file = {Full Text PDF:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/UHYFEVM6/Washington - 2023 - Combating Misinformation and Fake News The Potent.pdf:application/pdf}, } @article{wassermanStateSouthAfrican2020, title = {The state of {South} {African} media: a space to contest democracy}, volume = {65}, issn = {0033-4006, 1862-2569}, shorttitle = {The state of {South} {African} media}, url = {https://link.springer.com/10.1007/s11616-020-00594-4}, doi = {10.1007/s11616-020-00594-4}, language = {en}, number = {3}, urldate = {2024-04-10}, journal = {Publizistik}, author = {Wasserman, Herman}, month = aug, year = {2020}, keywords = {Global South, /unread, BRICS, Review, First Draft Report Cited}, pages = {451--465}, file = {Available Version (via Google Scholar):/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/TFI9CEFU/s11616-020-00594-4.html:text/html;Texte intégral:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/F9ACWF2A/Wasserman - 2020 - The state of South African media a space to conte.pdf:application/pdf}, } @book{wassermanMeetingChallengesInformation2022, title = {Meeting the {Challenges} of {Information} {Disorder} in the {Global} {South}}, url = {https://idl-bnc-idrc.dspacedirect.org/bitstreams/aafc0871-9bfe-4d11-bd8e-eb7921064621/download}, publisher = {IDRC Research Results}, editor = {Wasserman, Herman}, year = {2022}, keywords = {Global South, /unread, First Draft Report Cited, Mixed}, file = {Full text:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/UAPHCV8V/Wasserman - 2022 - Meeting the Challenges of Information Disorder in .pdf:application/pdf}, } @article{wassermanExploratoryStudyFake2019, title = {An {Exploratory} {Study} of “{Fake} {News}” and {Media} {Trust} in {Kenya}, {Nigeria} and {South} {Africa}}, volume = {40}, issn = {2374-3670}, url = {https://doi.org/10.1080/23743670.2019.1627230}, doi = {10.1080/23743670.2019.1627230}, abstract = {In recent years, concerns about the perceived increase in the amount of “fake news” have become prevalent in discussions about media and politics, particularly in the United States and Europe. However, debates around “fake news”, even if some object to the use of the term due to it being loosely defined, appear to speak of processes that occur not only in the Global North but also elsewhere. In Africa, mis- and disinformation campaigns have been used to influence political agendas, and governments have responded with countermeasures. This article explores the phenomenon in Kenya, Nigeria and South Africa using data from a two-wave online survey (N = 1847). We find that perceived exposure to disinformation is high, and that trust in social and national media is low. We also identify a significant relationship between higher levels of perceived exposure to disinformation and lower levels of media trust in South Africa. The limitations of this study, which focuses on a subset of the population that is highly educated, the implications of our findings, and recommendations for future research are discussed.}, number = {1}, urldate = {2024-05-14}, journal = {African Journalism Studies}, author = {Wasserman, Herman and Madrid-Morales, Dani}, month = jan, year = {2019}, note = {Publisher: Routledge \_eprint: https://doi.org/10.1080/23743670.2019.1627230}, keywords = {misinformation, disinformation, fake news, media trust, Nigeria, Kenya, South Africa, Global South, /unread, First Draft Report Cited, Quant}, pages = {107--123}, file = {Wasserman and Madrid-Morales - 2019 - An Exploratory Study of “Fake News” and Media Trus.pdf:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/FBWILKUC/Wasserman and Madrid-Morales - 2019 - An Exploratory Study of “Fake News” and Media Trus.pdf:application/pdf}, } @book{wassermanDisinformationGlobalSouth2022, edition = {1}, title = {Disinformation in the {Global} {South}}, copyright = {http://doi.wiley.com/10.1002/tdm\_license\_1.1}, isbn = {978-1-119-71444-6 978-1-119-71449-1}, url = {https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/9781119714491.fmatter}, language = {en}, urldate = {2024-04-15}, publisher = {Wiley}, editor = {Wasserman, Herman and Madrid‐Morales, Dani}, month = apr, year = {2022}, doi = {10.1002/9781119714491.fmatter}, keywords = {Global South, /unread, First Draft Report Cited, Mixed}, file = {Wasserman and Madrid‐Morales - 2022 - Disinformation in the Global South.pdf:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/BXFVCBTH/Wasserman and Madrid‐Morales - 2022 - Disinformation in the Global South.pdf:application/pdf}, } @techreport{wefGlobalCybersecurityOutlook2024, title = {Global {Cybersecurity} {Outlook} 2024}, url = {https://www.weforum.org/publications/global-cybersecurity-outlook-2024/}, abstract = {The World Economic Forum’s Global Cybersecurity Outlook 2024 examines the cybersecurity trends that will affect economies and societies in the year to come.}, language = {en}, urldate = {2024-01-15}, institution = {World Economic Forum}, author = {WEF}, year = {2024}, keywords = {/unread, Global, First Draft Report Cited, Mixed}, file = {WEF - 2024 - Global Cybersecurity Outlook 2024.pdf:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/NJ65QCEG/WEF - 2024 - Global Cybersecurity Outlook 2024.pdf:application/pdf}, } @techreport{wefGlobalRisksReport2024, title = {Global {Risks} {Report} 2024: 19th {Edition} {Insight} {Report}}, url = {https://www.weforum.org/publications/global-risks-report-2024/in-full/global-risks-2024-at-a-turning-point/}, abstract = {The Global Risks Report explores some of the most severe risks we may face over the next decade, against a backdrop of rapid technological change, economic uncertainty, a warming planet and conflict. As cooperation comes under pressure, weakened economies and societies may only require the smallest shock to edge past the tipping point of resilience.}, language = {en}, urldate = {2024-01-10}, institution = {World Economic Forum}, author = {WEF}, year = {2024}, keywords = {/unread, Global, First Draft Report Cited, Quant}, file = {WEF - 2024 - Global Risks Report 2024.pdf:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/39CRMUX9/WEF - 2024 - Global Risks Report 2024.pdf:application/pdf}, } @book{werthnerIntroductionDigitalHumanism2024, title = {Introduction to {Digital} {Humanism}: {A} {Textbook}}, url = {https://link.springer.com/book/10.1007/978-3-031-45304-5}, abstract = {This open access book presents digital humanism and addresses critical issues such as social bias, fake news, AI ethics, platform power, and surveillance.}, language = {en}, urldate = {2024-05-06}, publisher = {Springer Link}, editor = {Werthner, Hannes and Ghezzi, Carlo and Kramer, Jeff and Nida-Rümelin, Julian and Nuseibeh, Bashar and Prem, Erich and Stanger, Allison}, year = {2024}, keywords = {/unread, Global, Review, First Draft Report Cited}, file = {Full text:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/JPDB2LUL/Werthner et al. - 2024 - Introduction to Digital Humanism A Textbook.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/YE7B4ZB4/978-3-031-45304-5.html:text/html}, } @article{whittakerSteepCostCapture2021, title = {The {Steep} {Cost} of {Capture}}, volume = {Nov-Dec}, url = {https://papers.ssrn.com/abstract=4135581}, abstract = {In considering how to tackle this onslaught of industrial AI, we must first recognize that the “advances” in AI celebrated over the past decade were not due to fundamental scientific breakthroughs in AI techniques. They were and are primarily the product of significantly concentrated data and compute resources that reside in the hands of a few large tech corporations. Modern AI is fundamentally dependent on corporate resources and business practices, and our increasing reliance on such AI cedes inordinate power over our lives and institutions to a handful of tech firms. It also gives these firms significant influence over both the direction of AI development and the academic institutions wishing to research it. Meaning that tech firms are startlingly well positioned to shape what we do—and do not—know about AI and the business behind it, at the same time that their AI products are working to shape our lives and institutions.Examining the history of the U.S. military’s influence over scientific research during the Cold War, we see parallels to the tech industry’s current influence over AI. This history also offers alarming examples of the way in which U.S. military dominance worked to shape academic knowledge production, and to punish those who dissented.Today, the tech industry is facing mounting regulatory pressure, and is increasing its efforts to create tech-positive narratives and to silence and sideline critics in much the same way the U.S. military and its allies did in the past. Taken as a whole, we see that the tech industry’s dominance in AI research and knowledge production puts critical researchers and advocates within, and beyond, academia in a treacherous position. This threatens to deprive frontline communities, policymakers, and the public of vital knowledge about the costs and consequences of AI and the industry responsible for it—right at the time that this work is most needed.}, language = {en}, urldate = {2024-05-06}, journal = {Interactions}, author = {Whittaker, Meredith}, year = {2021}, keywords = {AI, artificial intelligence, /unread, Review, First Draft Report Cited, academic capture}, pages = {50--55}, file = {Full Text PDF:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/LSYNEYFW/Whittaker - 2021 - The Steep Cost of Capture.pdf:application/pdf}, } @misc{wiggersIBMReleasesDiversity2019, title = {{IBM} releases {Diversity} in {Faces}, a dataset of over 1 million annotations to help reduce facial recognition bias}, url = {https://venturebeat.com/ai/ibm-releases-diversity-in-faces-a-dataset-of-over-1-million-annotations-to-help-reduce-facial-recognition-bias/}, abstract = {IBM today released Diversity in Faces (DiF), a dataset of over 1 million annotations that aims to reduce bias in facial recognition systems.}, language = {en-US}, urldate = {2024-05-07}, journal = {VentureBeat}, author = {Wiggers, Kyle}, month = jan, year = {2019}, keywords = {/unread, Global, First Draft Report Cited, Quant}, file = {Snapshot:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/9M2GBTE3/ibm-releases-diversity-in-faces-a-dataset-of-over-1-million-annotations-to-help-reduce-facial-r.html:text/html}, } @techreport{wikeRepresentativeDemocracyRemains2024, title = {Representative {Democracy} {Remains} a {Popular} {Ideal}, but {People} {Around} the {World} {Are} {Critical} of {How} {It}’s {Working}}, url = {https://www.pewresearch.org/global/2024/02/28/representative-democracy-remains-a-popular-ideal-but-people-around-the-world-are-critical-of-how-its-working/}, abstract = {A 24-country survey finds a median of 59\% are dissatisfied with how their democracy is functioning, and 74\% think elected officials don’t care what people like them think.}, language = {en-US}, urldate = {2024-04-24}, institution = {Pew Research Center}, author = {Wike, Richard and Fetterolf, Janell and Smerkovich, Maria and Austin, Sarah and Gubbala, Sneha and Lippert, Jordan}, month = feb, year = {2024}, keywords = {/unread, BRICS, Global, First Draft Report Cited, Quant}, file = {Lippert - 2024 - Representative Democracy Remains a Popular Ideal, .pdf:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/VBQJL47C/Lippert - 2024 - Representative Democracy Remains a Popular Ideal, .pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/SE379LBT/representative-democracy-remains-a-popular-ideal-but-people-around-the-world-are-critical-of-ho.html:text/html}, } @article{wildingRegulatingNewsDisinformation2021, title = {Regulating news and disinformation on digital platforms: {Self}-regulation or prevarication?}, volume = {9}, shorttitle = {Regulating news and disinformation on digital platforms}, url = {https://search.informit.org/doi/abs/10.3316/informit.888941810946996}, doi = {10.3316/informit.888941810946996}, abstract = {In February 2021 two initiatives for regulating digital platforms in Australia were implemented. The News Media Bargaining Code ("News Code") attracted international attention as a legislative means of forcing platforms to pay for news content, while the Australian Voluntary Disinformation and Misinformation Code ("Disinformation Code") was modelled on an international initiative. Both were developed to meet Government policy formulated in response to Australia's Digital Platforms Inquiry. Whereas the Inquiry recommended the use of co-regulation, Government policy switched to voluntary codes for both, then to a legislative scheme for the News Code. This article examines the schemes and critiques the policy on which they are based. It applies a conceptual framework to assess the optimum conditions for the use of co-regulation and self-regulation. It finds that a self-regulatory scheme of voluntary codes was never a suitable approach for the News Code, and that the close involvement of the regulator on the Disinformation Code - without a suitable remit or enforcement powers - distorts the self-regulatory model. This can in part be explained by the failure to address well-recognised flaws in the co-regulatory framework for telecommunications and broadcasting, the consequences of which are now being seen in attempts to regulate digital platforms.}, number = {2}, urldate = {2024-05-09}, journal = {Journal of Telecommunications and the Digital Economy}, author = {Wilding, Derek}, month = jul, year = {2021}, note = {Publisher: Telecommunications Association}, keywords = {Disinformation, Communication, Mass media, /unread, Review, First Draft Report Cited, Advertising--Self-regulation, Australian Competition \& Consumer Commission, Telecommunication}, pages = {11--46}, } @article{willemsProvincializingHegemonicHistories2014, title = {Provincializing {Hegemonic} {Histories} of {Media} and {Communication} {Studies}: {Toward} a {Genealogy} of {Epistemic} {Resistance} in {Africa}}, volume = {24}, copyright = {http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/comt.12043}, issn = {1468-2885}, shorttitle = {Provincializing {Hegemonic} {Histories} of {Media} and {Communication} {Studies}}, url = {https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/comt.12043}, abstract = {In the late 1990s and 2000s, a number of calls were made by scholars to “internationalize” or “dewesternize” the field of media and communication studies. I argue that these approaches have indirectly silenced a much longer disciplinary history outside “the West” that has not only produced empirical knowledge but has also actively challenged Western epistemologies. This article seeks to reinscribe the epistemological and historical foundations of media and communication studies in Africa. By framing the research of African media and communication scholars within the changing nature of knowledge production, shifting power relations between African nations, and the evolving role of African universities, I demonstrate how academic knowledge production is frequently driven and constrained by particular dominant social, political, and economic interests.}, language = {en}, number = {4}, urldate = {2020-09-18}, journal = {Communication Theory}, author = {Willems, Wendy}, year = {2014}, keywords = {Global South, /unread, Review, First Draft Report Cited, Academic Knowledge Production, Decolonial Epistemology, Genealogy, Media and Communication Studies in Africa, Postcolonial Studies, Southern Theory}, pages = {415--434}, file = {Willems - 2014 - Provincializing Hegemonic Histories of Media and C.pdf:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/G6LAKYIC/Willems - 2014 - Provincializing Hegemonic Histories of Media and C.pdf:application/pdf}, } @article{wilnerTragedyErrorsPolitical2022, title = {The {Tragedy} of {Errors}: {Political} {Ideology}, {Perceived} {Journalistic} {Quality}, and {Media} {Trust}}, volume = {16}, issn = {1751-2786, 1751-2794}, shorttitle = {The {Tragedy} of {Errors}}, url = {https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/17512786.2021.1873167}, doi = {10.1080/17512786.2021.1873167}, abstract = {Media trust is at near-record lows, arguably lowering news consumption, threatening the viability of journalism, and increasing citizen polarization. In examining the causes of low media trust, researchers often look at intrinsic audience factors rather than audience perceptions of journalism—in particular, documenting media trust’s strong inverse correlation with conservatism, but seldom investigating trust’s relationship with perceptions of journalistic quality. The quality connection is worth investigating because studies have found that journalistic errors are common, and such inaccuracies are also widely perceived. This study asked which has a stronger impact on media trust, audience ideologies or perceived journalistic errors. Using a survey of 1026 U.S. adults, the study found an inverse relationship between error perceptions and trust levels. The most frequently perceived errors were sensationalized or understated stories and stories missing essential information. Three types of errors and both social and economic conservatism were found to have statistically significant, negative relationships with trust, while a fourth error type—misspellings—had a positive relationship. The two ideological factors had a slightly stronger media trust impact than the collective error types. Nonetheless, perception of errors accounted for significant variation in trust levels. These results bolster the imperative for rigorous reporting and editing.}, language = {en}, number = {8}, urldate = {2023-03-10}, journal = {Journalism Practice}, author = {Wilner, Tamar and Wallace, Ryan and Lacasa-Mas, Ivan and Goldstein, Emily}, month = sep, year = {2022}, keywords = {/unread, First Draft Report Cited, Global North, Quant, A lire}, pages = {1673--1694}, file = {Wilner et al. - 2022 - The Tragedy of Errors Political Ideology, Perceiv.pdf:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/JFLZVZDK/Wilner et al. - 2022 - The Tragedy of Errors Political Ideology, Perceiv.pdf:application/pdf}, } @misc{windwehrFacebooksMostRecent2020, title = {Facebook’s {Most} {Recent} {Transparency} {Report} {Demonstrates} the {Pitfalls} of {Automated} {Content} {Moderation}}, url = {https://www.eff.org/deeplinks/2020/10/facebooks-most-recent-transparency-report-demonstrates-pitfalls-automated-content}, abstract = {In the wake of the coronavirus pandemic, many social media platforms shifted their content moderation policies to rely much more heavily on automated tools. Twitter, Facebook and YouTube all ramped up their machine learning capabilities to review and identify flagged content in efforts to ensure...}, language = {en}, urldate = {2024-05-14}, journal = {Electronic Frontier Foundation}, author = {Windwehr, Svea and York, Julian C}, month = oct, year = {2020}, keywords = {/unread, Global, First Draft Report Cited, Qual}, file = {Snapshot:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/CIHATGT9/facebooks-most-recent-transparency-report-demonstrates-pitfalls-automated-content.html:text/html}, } @article{winseckReplyFaulhaberSinger2017, title = {A {Reply} to {Faulhaber}, {Singer}, and {Urschel}’s {Curious} {Tale} of {Economics} and {Common} {Carriage} ({Net} {Neutrality}) at the {FCC}}, volume = {11}, copyright = {The International Journal of Communication is an academic journal. As such, it is dedicated to the open exchange of information. For this reason, IJoC is freely available to individuals and institutions. Copies of this journal or articles in this journal may be distributed for research or educational purposes free of charge and without permission. However, commercial use of the IJoC website or the articles contained herein is expressly prohibited without the written consent of the editor. Authors who publish in The International Journal of Communication will release their articles under the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial No Derivatives (by-nc-nd) license . This license allows anyone to copy and distribute the article for non-commercial purposes provided that appropriate attribution is given. For details of the rights authors grants users of their work, see the "human-readable summary" of the license , with a link to the full license. (Note that "you" refers to a user, not an author, in the summary.) This journal utilizes the LOCKSS system to create a distributed archiving system among participating libraries and permits those libraries to create permanent archives of the journal for purposes of preservation and restoration. The publisher perpetually authorizes participants in the LOCKSS system to archive and restore our publication through the LOCKSS System for the benefit of all LOCKSS System participants. Specifically participating libraries may: Collect and preserve currently accessible materials; Use material consistent with original license terms; Provide copies to other LOCKSS appliances for purposes of audit and repair.   Fair Use The U.S. Copyright Act of 1976 specifies, in Section 107, the terms of the Fair Use exception: Notwithstanding the provisions of sections 106 and 106A, the fair use of a copyrighted work, including such use by reproduction in copies or phonorecords or by any other means specified by that section, for purposes such as criticism, comment, news reporting, teaching (including multiple copies for classroom use), scholarship, or research, is not an infringement of copyright. 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Thus, we view the inclusion of “quotations” from existing print, visual, audio and audio-visual texts to be appropriate examples of Fair Use, as are reproductions of visual images for the purpose of scholarly analysis. We encourage authors to obtain appropriate permissions to use materials originally produced by others, but do not require such permissions as long as the usage of such materials falls within the boundaries of Fair Use. The International Journal of Communication encourages authors to employ fair use in their scholarly publishing wherever appropriate. Fair use is the right to use unlicensed copyrighted material (whether it is text, images, audio-visual, or other) in your own work, in some circumstances. We consult the Code of Best Practices in Fair Use for Scholarly Research in Communication , created by the International Communication Association and endorsed by the National Communication Association, and you should too. If you have any questions about whether fair use applies to your uses of copyrighted material (whether it is text, images, audio-visual, or other) in your scholarship, simply include your rationale, grounded in the Best Practices, as a supplementary document with your submission.}, issn = {1932-8036}, url = {https://ijoc.org/index.php/ijoc/article/view/7543}, abstract = {This reply to "The Curious Absence of Economic Analysis at the Federal Communications Commission" (Faulhaber, Singer, \& Urschel, 2017) makes three claims. First, we document the paper's undisclosed origins as a white paper commissioned by an advocacy group with deep ties to the telecommunications industry. Second, we describe two of the authors' active participation, on behalf of clients, in a range of contested issues before the FCC in recent years, none of which they disclose. Finally, our review of FCC workshops, roundtables, seminars, dockets and rulings—including during its landmark 2015 Open Internet Order and several blockbuster mergers and acquisitions—provides detailed evidence to refute the paper's core "curious absence" charge. The stakes could not be higher, we conclude, as the new FCC chair Ajit Pai has repeatedly referenced the paper to justify his rollback of FCC regulations—including, crucially, the common carriage/net neutrality rules so vigorously opposed by the paper's funders.}, language = {en}, number = {0}, urldate = {2020-09-18}, journal = {International Journal of Communication}, author = {Winseck, Dwayne and Pooley, Jefferson Douglas}, month = jun, year = {2017}, note = {Number: 0}, keywords = {economics, /unread, Review, First Draft Report Cited, academic integrity, broadband internet access regulation, common carriage, communication history, FCC, net neutrality, politics of knowledge}, pages = {32}, file = {Winseck and Pooley - 2017 - A Reply to Faulhaber, Singer, and Urschel’s Curiou.pdf:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/GSQ2H9RD/Winseck and Pooley - 2017 - A Reply to Faulhaber, Singer, and Urschel’s Curiou.pdf:application/pdf}, } @article{wojczewskiConspiracyTheoriesRightwing2022, title = {Conspiracy theories, right‑wing populism and foreign policy: the case of the {Alternative} for {Germany}}, volume = {25}, number = {2022}, journal = {Journal of International Relations and Development}, author = {Wojczewski, Thorsten}, year = {2022}, keywords = {/unread, Review, First Draft Report Cited, Global North}, pages = {130--148}, file = {OKWojczewski2022_Article_ConspiracyTheoriesRight-wingPo.pdf:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/QRV9XNUG/OKWojczewski2022_Article_ConspiracyTheoriesRight-wingPo.pdf:application/pdf}, } @article{wuWhatMotivatesAudiences2023, title = {What {Motivates} {Audiences} to {Report} {Fake} {News}?: {Uncovering} a {Framework} of {Factors} {That} {Drive} the {Community} {Reporting} of {Fake} {News} on {Social} {Media}}, volume = {Online First}, issn = {2167-0811}, shorttitle = {What {Motivates} {Audiences} to {Report} {Fake} {News}?}, url = {https://doi.org/10.1080/21670811.2023.2243489}, doi = {10.1080/21670811.2023.2243489}, abstract = {The circulation of fake news on social media platforms has drawn increasing concern. At this point, the community reporting of fake news remains a key mechanism used by these platforms to identify information to block or label as misleading. Yet, little is known about the factors that motivate or dissuade the use of this mechanism and its perceived effectiveness to combat fake news. This study utilises focus groups of social media users aged 21 to 60, located within the global city of Singapore. Results showed that six factors influenced the decisions of audiences to report the news they perceived as fake, namely the nature of the post, nature of the source, reactions from and impact on others, subject interest and knowledge, cultural norms, and consequences of reporting; they also perceived low effectiveness of this mechanism to curb fake news spread. Findings reveal that not all perceived misinformation encountered by users will be reported, signalling issues with the community reporting of fake news mechanism, and that this function will only have optimal outcomes if supplemented by news literacy programmes that include “misinformation reporting” and managing its hurdles as a key component.}, number = {0}, urldate = {2024-05-06}, journal = {Digital Journalism}, author = {Wu, Shangyuan}, year = {2023}, note = {Publisher: Routledge \_eprint: https://doi.org/10.1080/21670811.2023.2243489}, keywords = {misinformation, Fake news, social media, news literacy, audiences, Global South, /unread, BRICS, First Draft Report Cited, Qual, community reporting, flagging, online civic intervention}, pages = {1--18}, file = {Full Text PDF:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/2NQ7VZ35/Wu - 2023 - What Motivates Audiences to Report Fake News Unc.pdf:application/pdf}, } @article{xuWhatDoesChinas2023, title = {What does {China}’s newly launched {National} {Data} {Bureau} mean to {China} and global data governance?}, url = {https://policyreview.info/articles/news/chinas-national-data-bureau-and-global-data-governance}, abstract = {On 16 March 2023 the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) Central Committee and the State Council formally released the plan on reforming Party and state institutions which was endorsed during the annual National People’s Congress in early March.}, language = {EN}, urldate = {2024-01-09}, journal = {Internet Policy Review}, author = {Xu, Jian}, month = apr, year = {2023}, keywords = {Global South, /unread, BRICS, Review, First Draft Report Cited}, pages = {np}, file = {Snapshot:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/4NY4MEJB/chinas-national-data-bureau-and-global-data-governance.html:text/html;Xu - 2023 - What does China’s newly launched National Data Bur.pdf:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/4BY9HUDV/Xu - 2023 - What does China’s newly launched National Data Bur.pdf:application/pdf}, } @article{yeComparisonTransparencyFactchecking2023, title = {Comparison of the {Transparency} of {Fact}-checking: {A} {Global} {Perspective}}, volume = {17}, issn = {1751-2786}, shorttitle = {Comparison of the {Transparency} of {Fact}-checking}, url = {https://doi.org/10.1080/17512786.2023.2211555}, doi = {10.1080/17512786.2023.2211555}, abstract = {In recent years, with the global proliferation of fake news, fact-checking has emerged globally, and transparency has become the consensus of global fact-checkers. Based on the three transparency commitments signed by fact-checkers and IFCN, this article compares the transparency of source, funds, and methodology of fact-checking news in six countries (the United States, the United Kingdom, India, South Africa, Brazil, and Australia) on six continents. The study found that South Africa and the United States are more transparent than other countries. Moreover, transparency is not only related to the social environment, but also related to the subject of verification and the news writing habits of each country. This article also compares the fact-checkers of the NGO model with the newsroom model and finds that the transparency of the fact-checkers of the NGO model is much higher than that of the newsroom model. Through these, this article broadens the perspective of global comparison of fact-checking, and explores the more complicated reasons behind the differences in the transparency of fact-checking across countries.}, number = {10}, urldate = {2023-12-27}, journal = {Journalism Practice}, author = {Ye, Qiong}, month = nov, year = {2023}, note = {Publisher: Routledge \_eprint: https://doi.org/10.1080/17512786.2023.2211555}, keywords = {fake news, Fact-checking, transparency, comparative research, Global South, /unread, First Draft Report Cited, Qual, USED, OID Mis/Disinfo, funds transparency, methodology transparency, North, source transparency}, pages = {2263--2282}, file = {Ye - 2023 - Comparison of the Transparency of Fact-checking A.pdf:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/JIZVH8LF/Ye - 2023 - Comparison of the Transparency of Fact-checking A.pdf:application/pdf}, } @article{ytre-arneDoomscrollingMonitoringAvoiding2021, title = {Doomscrolling, {Monitoring} and {Avoiding}: {News} {Use} in {COVID}-19 {Pandemic} {Lockdown}}, volume = {22}, url = {https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/1461670X.2021.1952475}, urldate = {2024-05-13}, journal = {Journalism Studies}, author = {Ytre-Arne, Brita and Moe, Hallvard}, year = {2021}, keywords = {/unread, First Draft Report Cited, Global North, Qual}, pages = {1739--1775}, file = {Full article\: Doomscrolling, Monitoring and Avoiding\: News Use in COVID-19 Pandemic Lockdown:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/R5UCPC3E/1461670X.2021.html:text/html;ytre-Arne and Moe - Full article Doomscrolling, Monitoring and Avoidi.pdf:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/KGV7G9FZ/ytre-Arne and Moe - Full article Doomscrolling, Monitoring and Avoidi.pdf:application/pdf}, } @incollection{zhangDigitalSelfDeterminationAlternative2023, title = {Digital {Self}-{Determination}: {An} {Alternative} {Paradigm} for {Emerging} {Economies}}, booktitle = {Elgar {Companion} to {Regulating} {AI} and {Big} {Data} in {Emerging} {Economies}}, publisher = {Edward Elgar Publishing}, author = {Zhang, Wenxi and Ong, Li Min and Findlay, Mark}, editor = {Findlay, Mark and Ong, Li Min and Zhang, Wenxi}, year = {2023}, keywords = {Global South, /unread, First Draft Report Cited}, pages = {158--179}, } @misc{zhuSocialMedialedBrand2022, title = {Do {Social} {Media}-led {Brand} {Boycotts} {Work}?}, url = {https://www.imperial.ac.uk/business-school/ib-knowledge/marketing/do-social-media-led-brand-boycotts-work/}, journal = {Imperial College Business School}, author = {Zhu, Xinrong}, month = nov, year = {2022}, keywords = {/unread, First Draft Report Cited, Global North, Quant}, } @techreport{zibifamaDemocratieLepreuveDesinformation2024, title = {La démocratie à l’épreuve de la désinformation genrée en {Afrique} centrale et de l’{Ouest}}, url = {https://odil.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/12/La-democratie-a-lepreuve-de-la-desinformation-genree%E2%80%AFen-Afrique-Centrale-et-de-lOuest.pdf}, institution = {Organisation Internationale de la francophonie (ODIL)}, author = {Zibi Fama, Paul Alain}, year = {2024}, keywords = {Global South, /unread, First Draft Report Cited, Qual}, file = {Zibi Fama - 2024 - La démocratie à l’épreuve de la désinformation gen.pdf:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/KMMWUWWP/Zibi Fama - 2024 - La démocratie à l’épreuve de la désinformation gen.pdf:application/pdf}, } @misc{znojekGrowingProblemDisinformation2020, title = {The {Growing} {Problem} of {Disinformation} in {Latin} {America}}, url = {https://www.ceeol.com/search/gray-literature-detail?id=1167507}, abstract = {In the last few years, Latin America has seen a surge in disinformation, used as a tool in an internal political rivalry and influencing the public debate. This process is creating favourable conditions for Russian, Chinese, and Iranian state media - all gradually increasing their reach in the region - which use manipulation of information, for example, to discredit democratic states, especially the U.S., but also EU members. The growing scale of disinformation threatens democracy in Latin America. The EU could consider expanding its StratCom analysis of disinformation campaigns to monitor foreign state media content in the region.}, language = {English}, urldate = {2024-04-19}, publisher = {PISM Bulletin}, author = {Znojek, Bartłomiej}, year = {2020}, note = {Publisher: PISM Polski Instytut Spraw Międzynarodowych}, keywords = {Global South, /unread, First Draft Report Cited, Mixed}, } @article{zygmuntowskiEmbeddingEuropeanValues2021, title = {Embedding {European} values in data governance: a case for public data commons}, volume = {10}, issn = {2197-6775}, shorttitle = {Embedding {European} values in data governance}, url = {https://policyreview.info/articles/analysis/embedding-european-values-data-governance-case-public-data-commons}, doi = {10.14763/2021.3.1572}, abstract = {The public sphere needs an ‘ecosystem of trust’ which could set out objectives of re-usage of data for the common good while protecting individual rights. This study analyses the emerging models of data governance through the lenses of science and technology studies (STS), critical data studies (CDS), and institutional economics, investigating which data governance model creates conditions for data stewardship guided by European values and rights. We critically examine two prominent, yet highly arguable, paradigms related to data, asserting that the systemic level of data assemblage must be re-conceptualised to reject the data-as-a-commodity view and take public interest into consideration. For data stewardship to achieve its goals, it is necessary to consider the inherent properties of data as commons, in the sense of a common-pool resources (CPR) framework. Therefore, we point towards public data commons as the model that is best suited to secure European rights and values while increasing data sharing at the same time. The design of such public data commons is the challenge of our time.}, language = {en}, number = {3}, urldate = {2024-05-12}, journal = {Internet Policy Review}, author = {Zygmuntowski, Jan J. and Zoboli, Laura and Nemitz, Paul F.}, month = sep, year = {2021}, keywords = {/unread, Review, First Draft Report Cited, Global North}, pages = {1--29}, file = {Zygmuntowski et al. - 2021 - Embedding European values in data governance a ca.pdf:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/I2SHV4WQ/Zygmuntowski et al. - 2021 - Embedding European values in data governance a ca.pdf:application/pdf}, } @incollection{aaronsonDataDifferentPolicymakers2021, title = {Data is {Different}, {Policymakers} {Should} {Pay} {Attention} to {Its} {Governance}}, abstract = {CIGI Report later published as chapter is attached}, booktitle = {Big {Data} and {Global} {Trade} {Law}}, publisher = {Cambridge University Press}, author = {Aaronson, Susan A.}, editor = {Burri, Mira}, year = {2021}, keywords = {/unread, BRICS, Global, Review, Second Draft Report Additions}, pages = {340--360}, file = {Aaronson - 2021 - Data is Different, Policymakers Should Pay Attenti.pdf:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/KLHN7S7M/Aaronson - 2021 - Data is Different, Policymakers Should Pay Attenti.pdf:application/pdf}, } @article{aaronsonAnotherDigitalDivide2018, title = {Another {Digital} {Divide}: {The} {Rise} of {Data} {Realms} and its {Implications} for the {WTO}}, volume = {21}, issn = {1369-3034}, shorttitle = {Another {Digital} {Divide}}, url = {https://doi.org/10.1093/jiel/jgy019}, doi = {10.1093/jiel/jgy019}, abstract = {Individuals, businesses, and governments increasingly use data to create new services delivered via the internet. In so doing, they are creating a new economy built on cross-border data flows. The USA, the European Union, and China are using domestic and foreign policies to reap data-based economies of scale and scope. Essentially, they have created three distinct data realms with different approaches to data governance. As a result, they have fostered a new digital divide: between the three data behemoths and other countries that are rule takers. This situation presents the WTO with a challenge and an opportunity. These three data realms could undermine the ability of the WTO to govern trade in data flows, but it also creates pressures for the three data realms to use WTO mechanisms to find common ground among their approaches. Moreover, it could provide an incentive to WTO members to create new rules governing trade in data.}, number = {2}, urldate = {2024-02-23}, journal = {Journal of International Economic Law}, author = {Aaronson, Susan Ariel and Leblond, Patrick}, month = jun, year = {2018}, keywords = {/unread, BRICS, Review, Second Draft Report Additions, Global North}, pages = {245--272}, file = {Aaronson and Leblond - 2018 - Another Digital Divide The Rise of Data Realms an.pdf:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/HI8F3DDF/Aaronson and Leblond - 2018 - Another Digital Divide The Rise of Data Realms an.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/UBFPYLAC/4996295.html:text/html}, } @inproceedings{abdallaGreyHoodieProject2021, address = {New York, NY, USA}, series = {{AIES} '21}, title = {The {Grey} {Hoodie} {Project}: {Big} {Tobacco}, {Big} {Tech}, and the {Threat} on {Academic} {Integrity}}, isbn = {978-1-4503-8473-5}, shorttitle = {The {Grey} {Hoodie} {Project}}, url = {https://doi.org/10.1145/3461702.3462563}, doi = {10.1145/3461702.3462563}, abstract = {As governmental bodies rely on academics' expert advice to shape policy regarding Artificial Intelligence, it is important that these academics not have conflicts of interests that may cloud or bias their judgement. Our work explores how Big Tech can actively distort the academic landscape to suit its needs. By comparing the well-studied actions of another industry (Big Tobacco) to the current actions of Big Tech we see similar strategies employed by both industries. These strategies enable either industry to sway and influence academic and public discourse. We examine the funding of academic research as a tool used by Big Tech to put forward a socially responsible public image, influence events hosted by and decisions made by funded universities, influence the research questions and plans of individual scientists, and discover receptive academics who can be leveraged. We demonstrate how Big Tech can affect academia from the institutional level down to individual researchers. Thus, we believe that it is vital, particularly for universities and other institutions of higher learning, to discuss the appropriateness and the tradeoffs of accepting funding from Big Tech, and what limitations or conditions should be put in place.}, urldate = {2024-08-15}, booktitle = {Proceedings of the 2021 {AAAI}/{ACM} {Conference} on {AI}, {Ethics}, and {Society}}, publisher = {Association for Computing Machinery}, author = {Abdalla, Mohamed and Abdalla, Moustafa}, month = jul, year = {2021}, keywords = {/unread, Second Draft Report Additions, Global North, Qual}, pages = {287--297}, file = {Submitted Version:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/INCKGIB9/Abdalla and Abdalla - 2021 - The Grey Hoodie Project Big Tobacco, Big Tech, an.pdf:application/pdf}, } @book{abdulraufDataPrivacyLaw2024, title = {Data privacy law in {Africa}: {Emerging} perspectives}, shorttitle = {Data privacy law in {Africa}}, url = {https://www.pulp.up.ac.za/edited-collections/data-privacy-law-in-africa-emerging-perspectives}, language = {en-GB}, urldate = {2024-07-27}, publisher = {Pretoria University Law Press}, editor = {Abdulrauf, Lukman Adebisi and Dube, Hlengiwe}, year = {2024}, keywords = {Global South, /unread, Second Draft Report Additions, Qual}, file = {Abdulrauf and Dube - 2024 - Data privacy law in Africa Emerging perspectives.pdf:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/SUBR5BRX/Abdulrauf and Dube - 2024 - Data privacy law in Africa Emerging perspectives.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/6V8IXHGC/data-privacy-law-in-africa-emerging-perspectives.html:text/html}, } @misc{accessnow.orgHowMetaCensors2024, title = {How {Meta} censors {Palestinian} voices}, url = {https://www.accessnow.org/publication/how-meta-censors-palestinian-voices/}, abstract = {This new Access Now report documented cases of how Meta censors Palestinian voices on Facebook and Instagram.}, language = {en}, urldate = {2024-08-03}, journal = {Access Now}, author = {AccessNow.org}, month = feb, year = {2024}, keywords = {Global South, /unread, Second Draft Report Additions, Qual}, file = {Snapshot:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/R2MB85E4/how-meta-censors-palestinian-voices.html:text/html}, } @article{adjin-tetteyCombatingFakeNews2022, title = {Combating fake news, disinformation, and misinformation: {Experimental} evidence for media literacy education}, volume = {9}, issn = {null}, shorttitle = {Combating fake news, disinformation, and misinformation}, url = {https://doi.org/10.1080/23311983.2022.2037229}, doi = {10.1080/23311983.2022.2037229}, abstract = {This study investigated the effect of media and information literacy (MIL) on the ability to identify fake news, disinformation and misinformation, and sharing intentions. The experimental approach was selected to study both the control group and experimental group made up of a total of 187 respondents. Comparative analysis of the two groups revealed that although more respondents in the experimental group were able to identify the inauthenticity of information presented to them, some of the respondents in the control group were also able to do the same, even though they did not receive MIL training. Conversely, some respondents in the experimental group, even though they were trained in MIL, could not determine the inauthenticity of information, possibly because the one-off training given to them did not allow them to assimilate all the information in one sitting. Nonetheless, the results of the bivariate correlation computation showed that MIL trained respondents were more likely to determine authenticity or otherwise of information and less likely to share inaccurate stories. This means that when MIL increases, sharing of fake news decreases. This is yet another evidence that MIL enables information consumers to make informed judgments about quality information. It is recommended that MIL is incorporated into mainstream educational modules and consistently revised to reflect the demands of the times. MIL programs must also consider how to effectively reach those without formal education. Actors within the information, communications, and media ecology must contribute to their quota in making information consumers more discerning with the right MIL sensitisation.}, number = {1}, urldate = {2024-02-22}, journal = {Cogent Arts \& Humanities}, author = {Adjin-Tettey, Theodora Dame}, month = dec, year = {2022}, note = {Publisher: Cogent OA \_eprint: https://doi.org/10.1080/23311983.2022.2037229}, keywords = {Fake news, disinformation, digital literacy, Global South, /unread, Second Draft Report Additions, Mixed, media and information literacy, media literacy education, misinformation: experiment}, pages = {1--17}, file = {Full Text PDF:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/J8VJSGW5/Dame Adjin-Tettey - 2022 - Combating fake news, disinformation, and misinform.pdf:application/pdf}, } @misc{adobeProposalTechAccord2024, title = {Proposal: {A} {Tech} {Accord} to {Combat} {Deceptive} {Use} of {AI} in 2024 {Elections}}, url = {https://www.aielectionsaccord.com/}, author = {Adobe and Amazon and Anthropic and arm and IIEleven Labs and Google and IBM and Inflection and Linkedin and McAfee and Microsoft and Meta and Nota and OpenAI and Stability.ai and TikTok and Trend and Truepic and X}, month = feb, year = {2024}, keywords = {/unread, Global, Second Draft Report Additions}, file = {Adobe et al. - 2024 - A Tech Accord to Combat Deceptive Use of AI in 202.pdf:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/U2Y6XT7G/Adobe et al. - 2024 - A Tech Accord to Combat Deceptive Use of AI in 202.pdf:application/pdf;Comment on AI Elections Accord Feb 2024.pdf:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/EW9IC3QG/Comment on AI Elections Accord Feb 2024.pdf:application/pdf}, } @techreport{afinaGlobalApproachDigital2024, title = {Towards a global approach to digital platform regulation: {Preserving} openness amid the push for internet sovereignty}, url = {https://chathamhouse.soutron.net/Portal/Public/en-GB/RecordView/Index/203893}, abstract = {After decades of reluctance, governments around the world are moving to regulate, and more actively direct, digital platforms in an effort to tackle perceived harms and to strengthen state oversight and control. Digital sovereignty is emerging as a critical goal of government policy, but the agenda is complicated by national security considerations, the influence of tech companies and domestic politics. There is significant diversity among countries in their approaches to platform regulation, with no clearly established norms or best practice. Multilateral organizations are not providing sufficient leadership at the international level. The major digital centres of power – Brussels, Beijing, London and Washington – are pursuing vastly different regulatory models. In the absence of new approaches to global governance, a jurisdictional, fragmented ‘Venn diagram’ of national internets could emerge, undermining the promise and benefits of openness. This research paper defines and details a set of current trends in platform regulation, outlines possible pathways for the future, and shows how, despite being overlooked by some in the tech industry, human rights provide a well-established and compelling framework that could contribute to a global regulatory approach. The paper concludes with recommendations on how policymakers can make progress towards alignment and preserve an open, global internet.}, language = {en}, urldate = {2024-02-16}, institution = {Chatham House, Royal Institute of International Affairs}, author = {Afina, Yasmin and Buchser, Marjorie and Krasodomski, Alex and Rowe, Jacqueline and Sun, Nikki and Wilkinson, Rowan}, month = jan, year = {2024}, doi = {10.55317/9781784135935}, keywords = {/unread, Global, Review, Second Draft Report Additions}, file = {Afina et al. - 2024 - Towards a global approach to digital platform regu.pdf:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/922S4DUB/Afina et al. - 2024 - Towards a global approach to digital platform regu.pdf:application/pdf}, } @techreport{africacenterforstrategicstudiesMappingDisinformationAfrica2022, title = {Mapping {Disinformation} in {Africa}}, url = {https://africacenter.org/spotlight/mapping-disinformation-in-africa/}, institution = {Africa Center for Strategic Studies}, author = {Africa Center for Strategic Studies}, month = apr, year = {2022}, keywords = {Global South, /unread, Second Draft Report Additions, Mixed}, file = {Africa Center for Strategic Studies - 2022 - Mapping Disinformation in Africa.pdf:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/PCVEED2N/Africa Center for Strategic Studies - 2022 - Mapping Disinformation in Africa.pdf:application/pdf}, } @article{africanunionContinentalArtificialIntelligence2024, title = {Continental {Artificial} {Intelligence} {Strategy}: {Harnessing} {AI} for {Africa}'s {Development} and {Prosperity}}, url = {https://au.int/en/documents/20240809/continental-artificial-intelligence-strategy#:~:text=The%20Continental%20AI%20Strategy%20calls,inclusive%20and%20responsible%20AI%20development}, journal = {African Union}, author = {African Union}, month = jul, year = {2024}, keywords = {Global South, /unread, Review, Second Draft Report Additions}, file = {African Union - 2024 - Continental Artificial Intelligence (AI) Strategy.pdf:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/EZMCM8DU/African Union - 2024 - Continental Artificial Intelligence (AI) Strategy.pdf:application/pdf}, } @article{ahmadAutomatingSocialMedia2022, title = {Automating social media content moderation: implications for governance and labour discretion}, volume = {2}, shorttitle = {Automating social media content moderation}, url = {https://bristoluniversitypressdigital.com/view/journals/wge/2/2/article-p176.xml}, doi = {10.1332/273241721X16647876031174}, abstract = {Content moderation is key to platform operations. Given the largely outsourced character of content moderation work and the dynamic character of social media platforms, technology firms have to address the accompanying high degrees of uncertainty and labour indeterminacy. Central to their managerial strategies is the use of automated technology that allows them to organise work by incorporating the social media user activities within the production processes, and control workers for ensuring the accuracy of content moderation decisions. The labour process analysis is informed by two workshops with ten participants at a Berlin-based IT-services firm providing content moderation services to a lead firm based in the USA. The research design combines together the design thinking method and the focus group interview method to examine the worker–machine interaction. The research findings indicate that technical control results in continuous standardising of content moderation work through routinisation of tasks and codification of time. Its combination with bureaucratic control through the supply-side managerial functions aims to ensure the quality service delivery and points to the continued significance of human supervision. Correspondingly, there are two main contributions of our study: first, regarding the governance in content moderation value chains and second, regarding the worker experiences of technical-driven control. On account of the limited resistance observed in the labour process, we conclude that instead of seeing it as the totalisation of technical control, our findings point towards the structural conditions in Germany that restrict migrant workers’ agency.}, language = {en}, number = {2}, urldate = {2024-05-22}, journal = {Work in the Global Economy}, author = {Ahmad, Sana and Greb, Maximilian}, month = nov, year = {2022}, note = {Publisher: Bristol University Press Section: Work in the Global Economy}, keywords = {/unread, Second Draft Report Additions, Global North, Qual}, pages = {176--198}, file = {Full Text PDF:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/U354FUMC/Ahmad and Greb - 2022 - Automating social media content moderation implic.pdf:application/pdf}, } @article{ahmedGrowingInfluenceIndustry2023, title = {The growing influence of industry in {AI} research}, volume = {379}, url = {https://www-science-org.gate3.library.lse.ac.uk/doi/10.1126/science.ade2420}, doi = {10.1126/science.ade2420}, number = {6635}, urldate = {2024-07-27}, journal = {Science}, author = {Ahmed, Nur and Wahed, Muntasir and Thompson, Neil C.}, month = mar, year = {2023}, note = {Publisher: American Association for the Advancement of Science}, keywords = {/unread, Review, Second Draft Report Additions, Global North}, pages = {884--886}, file = {Full Text PDF:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/TLEXY2D6/Ahmed et al. - 2023 - The growing influence of industry in AI research.pdf:application/pdf}, } @article{altayNewsParticipationDeclining2024, title = {News participation is declining: {Evidence} from 46 countries between 2015 and 2022}, volume = {Online First}, issn = {1461-4448}, shorttitle = {News participation is declining}, url = {https://doi.org/10.1177/14614448241247822}, doi = {10.1177/14614448241247822}, abstract = {Digital media are often praised for having offered new ways to participate with news. But how has participation with news changed in recent years? A pre-registered analysis of survey data from 2015 to 2022 in 46 countries (N = 577,859) shows that participation with news has declined. This decrease is observed in most countries and for most forms of participation, including liking, sharing, commenting on news on social media and talking about the news offline. The only form of participation that has increased is news sharing via private messaging apps. Overall, participation with news was higher among younger people, the university-educated, those with high interest in news and those with low trust in news. Over time, participation has declined more for those with lower trust in news, those without a bachelor’s degree and for women. Within countries, increases in political polarization were associated with lower participation.}, language = {en}, urldate = {2024-05-18}, journal = {New Media \& Society}, author = {Altay, Sacha and Fletcher, Richard and Nielsen, Rasmus Kleis}, month = may, year = {2024}, note = {Publisher: SAGE Publications}, keywords = {/unread, Global, Second Draft Report Additions, Quant}, pages = {1--22}, file = {SAGE PDF Full Text:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/JSABXBQA/Altay et al. - 2024 - News participation is declining Evidence from 46 .pdf:application/pdf}, } @article{altayNewsCanHelp2023, title = {News {Can} {Help}! {The} {Impact} of {News} {Media} and {Digital} {Platforms} on {Awareness} of and {Belief} in {Misinformation}}, volume = {29}, issn = {1940-1612}, url = {https://doi.org/10.1177/19401612221148981}, doi = {10.1177/19401612221148981}, abstract = {Does the news media exacerbate or reduce misinformation problems? Although some news media deliberately try to counter misinformation, it has been suggested that they might also inadvertently, and sometimes purposefully, amplify it. We conducted a two-wave panel survey in Brazil, India, and the UK (N = 4732) to investigate the effect of news and digital platform use on awareness of and belief in COVID-19 misinformation over time (January to February 2022). We find little support for the idea that the news exacerbates misinformation problems. News use broadened people's awareness of false claims but did not increase belief in false claims—in some cases, news use actually weakened false belief acquisition, depending on access mode (online or offline) and outlet type. In line with previous research, we also find that news use strengthens political knowledge gain over time, again depending on outlets used. The effect of digital platforms was inconsistent across countries, and in most cases not significant—though some, like Twitter, were associated with positive outcomes while others were associated with negative outcomes. Overall, our findings challenge the notion that news media, by reporting on false and misleading claims, ultimately leave the public more misinformed, and support the idea that news helps people become more informed and, in some cases, more resilient to misinformation.}, language = {en}, urldate = {2023-12-23}, journal = {The International Journal of Press/Politics}, author = {Altay, Sacha and Nielsen, Rasmus Kleis and Fletcher, Richard}, month = feb, year = {2023}, note = {Publisher: SAGE Publications Inc}, keywords = {/unread, BRICS, Second Draft Report Additions, Global North, OID Media, USED}, pages = {459--484}, file = {Altay et al. - 2023 - News Can Help! The Impact of News Media and Digita.pdf:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/AHSE3DP6/Altay et al. - 2023 - News Can Help! The Impact of News Media and Digita.pdf:application/pdf}, } @techreport{americansunlightprojectInformationLaunderingCycle2024, title = {The {Information} {Laundering} {Cycle}: {How} a coordinated effort weaponized the {American} {Political} {System} in favor of {Disinformation}}, url = {https://www.americansunlight.org/ilc-report}, institution = {American Sunlight Project}, author = {American Sunlight Project}, year = {2024}, keywords = {/unread, Review, Second Draft Report Additions, Global North}, file = {American Sunlight Project - 2024 - The Information Laundering Cycle How a coordinate.pdf:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/IK86WM3N/American Sunlight Project - 2024 - The Information Laundering Cycle How a coordinate.pdf:application/pdf}, } @techreport{amnestyinternationalDrivenDarknessHow2023, title = {Driven into the {Darkness}: {How} {TikTok}'s '{For} {You}' {Feed} {Encourages} {Self}-{Harm} and {Suicidal} {Ideation}}, url = {https://www.amnesty.org/en/documents/POL40/7350/2023/en/}, institution = {Amnesty International}, author = {Amnesty International and AI Forensics}, year = {2023}, keywords = {/unread, Global, Second Draft Report Additions, Mixed}, file = {_.pdf:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/SN2YFXSH/_.pdf:application/pdf}, } @techreport{andereStrengtheningDataProtection2024, title = {Strengthening {Data} {Protection} in {Africa}: {Key} {Issues} for {Implementation}}, url = {https://www.accessnow.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/01/Strengthening-data-protection-in-Africa-key-issues-for-implementation-updated.pdf}, institution = {AccessNow.org}, author = {Andere, Bridget and Kathure, Megan}, month = jan, year = {2024}, keywords = {Global South, /unread, Review, Second Draft Report Additions}, file = {AccessNow.org - 2024 - Strengthening Data Protection in Africa Key Issue.pdf:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/6TWRKVWQ/AccessNow.org - 2024 - Strengthening Data Protection in Africa Key Issue.pdf:application/pdf}, } @article{angGovernanceLegitimacyEfficacy2024, title = {The {Governance}, {Legitimacy} and {Efficacy} of {Facebook}'s {Oversight} {Board}: {A} {Model} for {Global} {Tech} {Platforms}?}, volume = {Online First}, issn = {2752-3543}, shorttitle = {The {Governance}, {Legitimacy} and {Efficacy} of {Facebook}'s {Oversight} {Board}}, url = {https://doi.org/10.1177/27523543241266860}, doi = {10.1177/27523543241266860}, abstract = {In May 2020, the social media giant Meta, parent company of social media platforms Facebook and Instagram, established an Oversight Board to allow some recourse to the content moderation policy of the company. The Oversight Board is an experiment in self-regulation (where ‘self’ refers to the company, not industry) by one of the global platforms to address content regulation. The Board is structured on the ‘arm's length principle’ to ensure independence from Meta. This paper analyses the structure for legitimacy and takes a bird's eye view of the decisions that have been made to date for efficacy. Of the more than 100 decisions by the Board, a total of 80\% had been overturned. Interestingly, the percentage of overturned decisions has been increasing. This study suggests that the company was indeed not able to handle decisions around content well by itself. Further, the Board reported the need to increase the answerability and comprehensiveness of Meta to its recommendations. The paper suggests a shift in the tone of the global debate on content moderation from a near-absolutist position against moderation to a willingness to consider content governance. It concludes that while there is room for improvement, the structure could serve as a model for other companies that face a similar need to moderate content globally.}, language = {en}, urldate = {2024-08-26}, journal = {Emerging Media}, author = {Ang, Peng Hwa and Haristya, Sherly}, month = aug, year = {2024}, note = {Publisher: SAGE Publications}, keywords = {Global South, /unread, Second Draft Report Additions, Qual}, pages = {1--12}, file = {SAGE PDF Full Text:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/N87NDKPB/Ang and Haristya - 2024 - The Governance, Legitimacy and Efficacy of Faceboo.pdf:application/pdf}, } @techreport{annoniArtificialIntelligenceEuropean2018, title = {Artificial {Intelligence}: {A} {European} {Perspective}}, shorttitle = {Artificial {Intelligence}}, url = {https://publications.jrc.ec.europa.eu/repository/handle/JRC113826}, abstract = {We are only at the beginning of a rapid period of transformation of our economy and society due to the convergence of many digital technologies. Artificial Intelligence (AI) is central to this change and offers major opportunities to improve our lives. The recent developments in AI are the result of increased processing power, improvements in algorithms and the exponential growth in the volume and variety of digital data. Many applications of AI have started entering into our every-day lives, from machine translations, to image recognition, and music generation, and are increasingly deployed in industry, government, and commerce. Connected and autonomous vehicles, and AI-supported medical diagnostics are areas of application that will soon be commonplace. There is strong global competition on AI among the US, China, and Europe. The US leads for now but China is catching up fast and aims to lead by 2030. For the EU, it is not so much a question of winning or losing a race but of finding the way of embracing the opportunities offered by AI in a way that is human-centred, ethical, secure, and true to our core values. The EU Member States and the European Commission are developing coordinated national and European strategies, recognising that only together we can succeed. We can build on our areas of strength including excellent research, leadership in some industrial sectors like automotive and robotics, a solid legal and regulatory framework, and very rich cultural diversity also at regional and sub-regional levels. It is generally recognised that AI can flourish only if supported by a robust computing infrastructure and good quality data: • With respect to computing, we identified a window of opportunity for Europe to invest in the emerging new paradigm of computing distributed towards the edges of the network, in addition to centralised facilities. This will support also the future deployment of 5G and the Internet of Things. • With respect to data, we argue in favour of learning from successful Internet companies, opening access to data and developing interactivity with the users rather than just broadcasting data. In this way, we can develop ecosystems of public administrations, firms, and civil society enriching the data to make it fit for AI applications responding to European needs. We should embrace the opportunities afforded by AI but not uncritically. The black box characteristics of most leading AI techniques make them opaque even to specialists. AI systems are currently limited to narrow and well-defined tasks, and their technologies inherit imperfections from their human creators, such as the well-recognised bias effect present in data. We should challenge the shortcomings of AI and work towards strong evaluation strategies, transparent and reliable systems, and good human-AI interactions. Ethical and secure-by-design algorithms are crucial to build trust in this disruptive technology, but we also need a broader engagement of civil society on the values to be embedded in AI and the directions for future development. This social engagement should be part of the effort to strengthen our resilience at all levels from local, to national and European, across institutions, industry and civil society. Developing local ecosystems of skills, computing, data, and applications can foster the engagement of local communities, respond to their needs, harness local creativity and knowledge, and build a human-centred, diverse, and socially driven AI. We still know very little about how AI will impact the way we think, make decisions, relate to each other, and how it will affect our jobs. This uncertainty can be a source of concern but is also a sign of opportunity. The future is not yet written. We can shape it based on our collective vision of what future we would like to have. But we need to act together and act fast.}, language = {en}, urldate = {2024-08-03}, institution = {European Commission, JRC EUR 29425}, author = {Annoni, Alessandro and Benczur, Peter and Bertoldi, Paolo and Delipetrev, Blagoj and De, PRATO Giuditta and Feijoo, Claudio and Fernandez, MACIAS Enrique and Gomez, GUTIERREZ Emilia and Iglesias, PORTELA Maria and Junklewitz, Henrik and Lopez, COBO Montserrat and Martens, Bertin and Figueiredo, DO NASCIMENTO Susana and Nativi, Stefano and Polvora, Alexandre and Sanchez, MARTIN Jose Ignacio and Tolan, Songul and Tuomi, Ilkka and Vesnic, ALUJEVIC Lucia}, month = dec, year = {2018}, doi = {10.2760/11251}, note = {ISBN: 9789279972171 9789279972195 9789279982132 ISSN: 1831-9424, 1018-5593, 1831-9424}, keywords = {/unread, BRICS, Review, Second Draft Report Additions, Global North}, file = {Submitted Version:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/XDD8YWJV/Annoni et al. - 2018 - Artificial Intelligence A European Perspective.pdf:application/pdf}, } @misc{anthonyAdvancingMoreGlobal2024, title = {Advancing a {More} {Global} {Agenda} for {Trustworthy} {Artificial} {Intelligence}}, url = {https://carnegieendowment.org/research/2024/04/advancing-a-more-global-agenda-for-trustworthy-artificial-intelligence?lang=en}, abstract = {International AI governance enshrines assumptions from the more well-resourced Global North. These efforts must adapt to better account for the range of harms AI incurs globally.}, language = {en}, urldate = {2024-08-28}, journal = {Carnegie Endowment for International Peace}, author = {Anthony, Aubra and Sharma, Lakshmee and Noor, Elina}, month = apr, year = {2024}, keywords = {Global South, /unread, Second Draft Report Additions, Qual}, } @techreport{arcomArcomStudyFrench2024, title = {Arcom study of the {French} and {Information} ({Arcom}-etude-{Les}-{Francais}-et-information)}, url = {https://www.arcom.fr/se-documenter/etudes-et-donnees/etudes-bilans-et-rapports-de-larcom/les-francais-et-linformation}, abstract = {L'Arcom est l’Autorité de régulation de la communication audiovisuelle et numérique, née de la fusion du Conseil supérieur de l’audiovisuel (CSA) et de la Haute Autorité pour la diffusion des œuvres et la protection des droits sur Internet (Hadopi).}, language = {fr}, urldate = {2024-07-27}, institution = {Les Français et l'information Arcom}, author = {Arcom}, year = {2024}, keywords = {/unread, Second Draft Report Additions, Global North, Mixed}, file = {Arcom - .pdf:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/8TA94KKX/Arcom - .pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/9ZQRMGEA/les-francais-et-linformation.html:text/html}, } @incollection{arendtTruthPolitics1968, title = {Truth and {Politics}}, booktitle = {Between {Past} and {Future}: {Eight} {Exercises} in {Political} {Thought}}, publisher = {Viking Press}, author = {Arendt, Hannah}, year = {1968}, keywords = {/unread, Second Draft Report Additions}, pages = {227--264}, file = {Arendt - 1968 - Truth and Politics.pdf:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/2RAGCYZ6/Arendt - 1968 - Truth and Politics.pdf:application/pdf}, } @book{arendtHumanConditionSecond1998, edition = {Second}, title = {The {Human} {Condition}, {Second} {Edition}}, url = {https://monoskop.org/images/e/e2/Arendt_Hannah_The_Human_Condition_2nd_1998.pdf}, abstract = {A work of striking originality bursting with unexpected insights, \_The Human Condition\_ is in many respects more relevant now than when it first appeared in 1958. In her study of the state of modern humanity, Hannah Arendt considers humankind from the perspective of the actions of which it is capable. The problems Arendt identified then—diminishing human agency and political freedom, the paradox that as human powers increase through technological and humanistic inquiry, we are less equipped to control the consequences of our actions—continue to confront us today. This new edition, published to coincide with the fortieth anniversary of its original publication, contains an improved and expanded index and a new introduction by noted Arendt scholar Margaret Canovan which incisively analyzes the book's argument and examines its present relevance. A classic in political and social theory, \_The Human Condition\_ is a work that has proved both timeless and perpetually timely. Hannah Arendt was one of the leading social theorists in the United States. Her \_Lectures on Kant's Political Philosophy\_ and \_Love and Saint Augustine\_ are also published by the University of Chicago Press}, urldate = {2024-05-06}, publisher = {University of Chicago Press}, author = {Arendt, Hannah}, year = {1998}, keywords = {/unread, Review, Second Draft Report Additions}, file = {Arendt_Hannah_The_Human_Condition_2nd_1998.pdf:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/23FDKIEY/Arendt_Hannah_The_Human_Condition_2nd_1998.pdf:application/pdf}, } @article{arriagadaGigEconomyChile2023, title = {The gig economy in {Chile}: {Examining} labor conditions and the nature of gig work in a {Global} {South} country}, volume = {5}, issn = {2666-3783}, shorttitle = {The gig economy in {Chile}}, url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2666378323000156}, doi = {10.1016/j.diggeo.2023.100063}, abstract = {While there is growing literature regarding the impact of the gig economy in countries of the Global North, the way it operates in Latin America and t…}, language = {en-US}, number = {2023}, urldate = {2024-06-03}, journal = {Digital Geography and Society}, author = {Arriagada, Arturo and Bonhomme, Macarena and Ibanez, Francisco and Leyton, Jorge}, month = dec, year = {2023}, note = {Publisher: Elsevier}, keywords = {Global South, /unread, Second Draft Report Additions, Mixed}, pages = {1--6}, file = {Arriagada - 2023 - The gig economy in Chile Examining labor conditio.pdf:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/N4H4UDE3/Arriagada - 2023 - The gig economy in Chile Examining labor conditio.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/I9SBT45G/S2666378323000156.html:text/html}, } @book{arugueteNosotrosContraEllos2023, title = {Nosotros contra ellos: {Cómo} trabajan las redes para confirmar nuestras creencias y rechazar las de los otros [{Us} against them: {How} networks work to confirm our beliefs and reject those of others]}, shorttitle = {Nosotros contra ellos}, url = {https://www.amazon.com/-/es/Natalia-Aruguete-ebook/dp/B0CGFVQFB5/ref=sr_1_1?qid=1705706697&refinements=p_27%3ANatalia+Aruguete&s=digital-text&sr=1-1&text=Natalia+Aruguete}, abstract = {Hay una polarización "clásica" que ya conocemos bien: la que separa entre quienes adhieren a ciertas ideas y políticas concretas y quienes las rechazan. Pero hay una nueva forma de polarización que es cada vez más influyente y quizá más poderosa: se basa en la intensidad de nuestros apegos y nuestros odios, involucra nuestros afectos más profundos y nos separa visceralmente de aquellos que percibimos en la otra vereda. Con esos, con los otros, no solo disentimos en temas puntuales; sentimos que literalmente vivimos en mundos distintos.¿Cómo inciden el estado de ánimo y los preconceptos sobre una persona, un medio de comunicación o un tema a la hora de interpretar un mensaje que circula en las redes? ¿Cómo influye el modo en que ese mensaje está escrito y presentado para incentivar el enojo o la calma? ¿Qué sucede cuando alguien nos dice que tenemos razón o, por el contrario, refuta nuestras creencias?Basado en decenas de experimentos de vanguardia en el uso de redes sociales realizados en la Argentina, Brasil, Chile, Colombia, los Estados Unidos y México, este libro es un aporte esencial para entender hacia dónde van hoy las redes sociales, el gigantesco laboratorio social en el que todos participamos –lo sepamos o no, lo queramos o no– todo el tiempo.La contribución es clave: los contenidos de las redes pueden, por ejemplo, convencer de que hay un enemigo en cada persona que se ve o piensa diferente, de que no es seguro ni necesario vacunarse contra el covid o de que apoyar con el voto a una opción de derecha radicalizada es la única salida. Pero también hay margen para intervenir –este libro muestra cómo– y hacer más amable nuestro mundo digital. Como escriben los autores, "odiar el ágora, odiar ese espacio en el cual debatimos públicamente, es una de las principales formas de debilitamiento de las instituciones democráticas".}, language = {Español}, publisher = {Sociologie y Politica}, author = {Aruguete, Natalia and Calvo, Ernesto}, month = aug, year = {2023}, note = {There is a "classic" polarization that we already know well: the one that separates those who adhere to certain ideas and specific policies and those who reject them. But there is a new form of polarization that is increasingly influential and perhaps more powerful: it is based on the intensity of our attachments and our hatreds, it involves our deepest affections and viscerally separates us from those we perceive on the other side. With those, with the others, we not only disagree on specific issues; We feel that we literally live in different worlds. How do the state of mind and preconceptions about a person, a medium of communication or a topic affect when interpreting a message that circulates on the networks? How does the way that message is written and presented influence whether to encourage anger or calm? What happens when someone tells us that we are right or, on the contrary, refutes our beliefs? Based on dozens of cutting-edge experiments in the use of social networks carried out in Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, the United States and Mexico, This book is an essential contribution to understanding where social networks are going today, the gigantic social laboratory in which we all participate – whether we know it or not, whether we want it or not – all the time. The contribution is key: the contents of the networks They can, for example, convince that there is an enemy in every person who looks or thinks differently, that it is neither safe nor necessary to be vaccinated against covid or that supporting a radicalized right-wing option by voting is the only way out. But there is also room to intervene – this book shows how – and make our digital world friendlier. As the authors write, "hating the agora, hating that space in which we debate publicly, is one of the main ways of weakening democratic institutions."}, keywords = {Global South, /unread, Second Draft Report Additions, Mixed}, } @article{ashokCuriousCaseAutomated2023, title = {The curious case of automated decision-making in {India}}, volume = {4}, issn = {2662-9739}, url = {https://doi.org/10.1365/s43439-022-00078-3}, doi = {10.1365/s43439-022-00078-3}, abstract = {India is on the cusp of enacting legislation on data protection. India drafted its Personal Data Protection Bill (PDPB), considering the various data protection legislations across the globe, including the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) in the European Union (EU). The GDPR stands as a torchbearer in data protection legislation. In EU law, the GDPR is the Regulation on data protection and privacy as well as the transfer of personal data, providing individuals control of their data and streamlining business use of data. One of the rights of data subjects under the GDPR is the right against automated decision-making. The GDPR provides that an individual has the right that their data is not subject to automatic decision-making. There is a need for human intervention to prevent any unintended discrimination. One of the principles that is different in the PDPB is the absence of such a right. The arguments presented in the documents préparatoires state that the Bill recognises privacy by design and is monitored by the data processing authority. If discrimination has ensued due to lawful yet discriminatory automated processing, individuals are always at liberty to go to courts for a breach of fiduciary duties. It is important to highlight and research this crucial difference as the globe moves to an online realm where the personal touch in the physical world is replaced by algorithms making decisions based on the data collected from users. This paper analyses the right against automated decision-making in detail and then examines why India argued not to provide such a right. The two contrasting perspectives would provide an insight into the vast ocean of data protection. As the PDPB seeks to stand as the torchbearer for the global south, this research would also help in comprehending the presence or absence of such a right signal for businesses across the globe.}, language = {en}, number = {2}, urldate = {2024-07-29}, journal = {International Cybersecurity Law Review}, author = {Ashok, Pratiksha}, month = jun, year = {2023}, keywords = {European Union, India, Global South, /unread, BRICS, Second Draft Report Additions, Mixed, Automated decision-making, General Data Protection Regulation, Personal Data Protection Bill}, pages = {235--248}, file = {Full Text PDF:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/D53XKUVS/Ashok - 2023 - The curious case of automated decision-making in I.pdf:application/pdf}, } @techreport{aufderheideMediaLiteracyReport1993, title = {Media {Literacy}: {A} {Report} of the {National} {Leadership} {Conference} on {Media} {Literacy}}, url = {https://eric.ed.gov/?id=ED365294}, institution = {Aspen Institute Communications and Society Program}, author = {Aufderheide, P}, year = {1993}, keywords = {/unread, Second Draft Report Additions, Global North, Mixed}, file = {Aufderheide - 1993 - Media Literacy A Report of the National Leadershi.pdf:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/QWR8KEAI/Aufderheide - 1993 - Media Literacy A Report of the National Leadershi.pdf:application/pdf}, } @article{avleHardwareDataPlatform2022, title = {Hardware and data in the platform era: {Chinese} smartphones in {Africa}}, volume = {44}, issn = {0163-4437}, shorttitle = {Hardware and data in the platform era}, url = {https://doi.org/10.1177/01634437221128935}, doi = {10.1177/01634437221128935}, abstract = {The increased access to smartphones in Africa and elsewhere in the global south has opened new markets and new areas for surveillance/platform capitalism/data colonialism to operate. This article attends to the socio-technical practices of Transsion, the Chinese maker of Africa’s top selling smartphones, and through these showcases how essential hardware are to the global data economy. Working from a mix of data, including translocal fieldwork in Shenzhen, Accra, Addis Ababa, and a close reading of Transsion products and artifacts alongside business practices, the article shows how the company’s prioritizing of Black African consumer needs sustains its competitive position and how its constellation of hardware and apps are integral to its success in routine experimentation of artificial intelligence, facial recognition, and other emerging areas of computation. Ultimately, the argument is that consumer hardware such as low-cost smartphones are critical to the datafication of the everyday in the global south via the bundling of surveillant and extractive software and should be considered sites of power within discourses on the platform era.}, language = {en}, number = {8}, urldate = {2024-05-19}, journal = {Media, Culture \& Society}, author = {Avle, Seyram}, month = nov, year = {2022}, note = {Publisher: SAGE Publications Ltd}, keywords = {Global South, /unread, Second Draft Report Additions, Mixed}, pages = {1473--1489}, file = {SAGE PDF Full Text:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/CDIX4G4E/Avle - 2022 - Hardware and data in the platform era Chinese sma.pdf:application/pdf}, } @article{bakkeDisruptiveInnovationsParadigm2022, title = {Disruptive {Innovations} and {Paradigm} {Shifts} in {Journalism} as a {Business}: {From} {Advertisers} {First} to {Readers} {First} and {Traditional} {Operational} {Models} to the {AI} {Factory}}, volume = {12}, issn = {2158-2440}, shorttitle = {Disruptive {Innovations} and {Paradigm} {Shifts} in {Journalism} as a {Business}}, url = {https://doi.org/10.1177/21582440221094819}, doi = {10.1177/21582440221094819}, abstract = {Since the early years of the 21st century, the newspaper industries of Western liberal democracies have been in a perpetual crisis caused by disruptive digital innovators outside the industry. Until recently, the industry and researchers have conveyed a predominantly pessimistic view of the future. This paper argues that after numerous unsuccessful innovations, the industry is now in the middle of a global paradigm shift with a huge impact on journalism as a business and showing a promising path forward. The new “Readers First Paradigm” is replacing “Advertisers First” The former constitutes a new way of doing business, consisting of two main changes: a revised value proposition focusing on reader preferences and subscriptions; a fully digitized operational model built around AI and machine learning. The article shows that until recently, the paradigm shift has been largely overlooked by researchers in the field. Further, a theoretical framework of industrial paradigm shifts is developed to describe and explain the new paradigm’s emergence and growth. Additionally, a generic “ideal-type” systemic description of the paradigm is provided, identifying the individual components and how they work together.}, language = {en}, number = {2}, urldate = {2024-07-25}, journal = {Sage Open}, author = {Bakke, Nils Arne and Barland, Jens}, month = apr, year = {2022}, note = {Publisher: SAGE Publications}, keywords = {/unread, Second Draft Report Additions, Global North, Mixed}, pages = {1--18}, file = {SAGE PDF Full Text:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/83J267J5/Bakke and Barland - 2022 - Disruptive Innovations and Paradigm Shifts in Jour.pdf:application/pdf}, } @article{bakkerPuttingAffectAffective2024, title = {Putting the affect into affective polarisation}, volume = {38}, issn = {0269-9931}, url = {https://doi.org/10.1080/02699931.2024.2362366}, doi = {10.1080/02699931.2024.2362366}, abstract = {While many believe that affective polarisation poses a significant threat to democratic stability, the definition and operationalisation of the concept varies greatly. This leads to conceptual slippage as well as imprecise tests of the causes and consequences of affective polarisation. In order to clearly identify and target its micro-foundations, we must understand the degree to which political divides are, in fact, affective. In this paper, we do so. We begin by delineating affective polarisation, a social divide that is purportedly distinct from policy-based disagreements. Subsequently, we explore the influence of emotions in politics, including how affect is conceptualised within the framework of polarisation. Where possible, our literature review is supplemented with analyses of existing datasets to support our points. The paper concludes by proposing a series of questions emotion researchers could address in the study of polarisation.}, number = {4}, urldate = {2024-06-10}, journal = {Cognition and Emotion}, author = {Bakker, Bert N. and Lelkes, Yphtach}, year = {2024}, pmid = {38847476}, note = {Publisher: Routledge \_eprint: https://doi.org/10.1080/02699931.2024.2362366}, keywords = {Systematic literature review, Affective polarisation, /unread, Second Draft Report Additions, core affect, discrete emotions, physiology}, pages = {418--436}, file = {Full Text PDF:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/Z8NNHWHB/Bakker and Lelkes - 2024 - Putting the affect into affective polarisation.pdf:application/pdf}, } @article{balkinFreeSpeechAlgorithmic2018, title = {Free {Speech} in the {Algorithmic} {Society}: {Big} {Data}, {Private} {Governance}, and {New} {School} {Speech} {Regulation}}, volume = {51}, shorttitle = {Free {Speech} in the {Algorithmic} {Society}}, url = {https://lawreview.law.ucdavis.edu/archives/51/3/free-speech-algorithmic-society-big-data-private-governance-and-new-school-speech}, journal = {U.C. Davis Law Review}, author = {Balkin, Jack M.}, year = {2018}, keywords = {/unread, Second Draft Report Additions}, pages = {1151--1209}, file = {Balkin - 2017 - Free Speech in the Algorithmic Society Big Data, .pdf:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/8YTWKDID/Balkin - 2017 - Free Speech in the Algorithmic Society Big Data, .pdf:application/pdf;Free Speech in the Algorithmic Society\: Big Data, Private Governance, and New School Speech Regulation Essays 51 U.C. Davis Law Review 2017-2018:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/ANAPLLMG/LandingPage.html:text/html}, } @article{banajiResilienceAntiEthicsParticipation2024, title = {Against {Resilience}: {The} ({Anti}-){Ethics} of {Participation} in an {Unjust} and {Unequal} {Public} {Sphere}}, volume = {31}, issn = {1318-3222}, shorttitle = {Against {Resilience}}, url = {https://doi.org/10.1080/13183222.2024.2311012}, doi = {10.1080/13183222.2024.2311012}, abstract = {If we define public spheres as social spaces in families, media, governance and policy making, workplaces, colleges, schools, places of worship and leisure where people can participate in sociopolitical debate and action, it is important to understand how imbalanced architectures of power ensure that the affective and physical costs of participation are higher for some than for others. While critiques of Habermas have engaged these power imbalances and their effects on the putative notions of the public sphere, public spheres and counter-publics, the notion of public and individual resilience continues to be invoked in a celebratory mode for communities and environments that survive and thrive despite political repression. Drawing on interviews and focus groups about disinformation and hate in legacy and social media, and on scholarship about resilience from health and ecology, my paper historicises and critiques the notion of resilience as currently deployed in communications and social theory. Based on this analysis, I argue that the concept of resilience now serves mainly to elude or defang valid and varied critiques of communicative inequality, discrimination and violence in the devastatingly flawed contemporary public sphere, while also feeding into double-edged celebrations of recognition as empowerment and neoliberal becoming.}, number = {1}, urldate = {2024-02-28}, journal = {Javnost - The Public}, author = {Banaji, Shakuntala}, year = {2024}, note = {Publisher: Routledge \_eprint: https://doi.org/10.1080/13183222.2024.2311012}, keywords = {public sphere, Global South, /unread, Second Draft Report Additions, Qual, critique of resilience, unequal participation, violence and disinformation}, pages = {141--157}, file = {Full Text PDF:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/PSHQAPQR/Banaji - 2024 - Against Resilience The (Anti-)Ethics of Participa.pdf:application/pdf}, } @article{bannermanPlatformImperialismCommunications2022, title = {Platform imperialism, communications law and relational sovereignty}, volume = {26}, issn = {1461-4448}, url = {https://doi.org/10.1177/14614448221077284}, doi = {10.1177/14614448221077284}, abstract = {While many have asked whether the law can keep up with new technologies, we may need to ask bigger questions, lest in ‘updating’ we redraw the circuits of inequitable power relations. The fundamental ideas of autonomy and sovereignty that sit at the heart of the circuitry of platform and technological regulation must be reconsidered. How can we rewire this system? Examining the ways that relational thinking has been employed normatively, particularly in areas of communications law, this article suggests that we can draw on relational thinking, understood through critical theories that deal with historical structural relations, for guidance on how to rewire our legal operating system. Critical theories can infuse a relational approach to understanding communication law, which can be drawn on to rewire our legal operating system.}, language = {en}, number = {4}, urldate = {2023-12-22}, journal = {New Media \& Society}, author = {Bannerman, Sara}, month = mar, year = {2022}, note = {Publisher: SAGE Publications}, keywords = {/unread, Global, Review, Second Draft Report Additions, USED, OID Data Gov}, pages = {1816--1833}, file = {Bannerman - 2022 - Platform imperialism, communications law and relat.pdf:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/ZFFXATFK/Bannerman - 2022 - Platform imperialism, communications law and relat.pdf:application/pdf}, } @techreport{bannerman2023TechLobbyAnnual2024, title = {2023 {TechLobby} {Annual} {Report}}, url = {https://thetechlobby.ca/2023-techlobby-annual-report-interactive-graphics/}, language = {en-US}, urldate = {2024-07-28}, institution = {Thetechlobby.ca}, author = {Bannerman, Sara and McNeil, Brad and Wyndham-West, Kyle and Beny, Helen}, month = may, year = {2024}, keywords = {/unread, Second Draft Report Additions, Mixed}, file = {Bannerman et al. - 2024 - 2023 TechLobby Annual Report (in Canada.pdf:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/QHYFSD3C/Bannerman et al. - 2024 - 2023 TechLobby Annual Report (in Canada.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/22QT5SGU/2023-techlobby-annual-report-interactive-graphics.html:text/html}, } @article{baranesInterplayNetworkInvestment2014, title = {The interplay between network investment and content quality: {Implications} to net neutrality on the {Internet}}, volume = {28}, issn = {01676245}, shorttitle = {The interplay between network investment and content quality}, url = {https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0167624514000304}, doi = {10.1016/j.infoecopol.2014.07.002}, language = {en}, urldate = {2024-01-05}, journal = {Information Economics and Policy}, author = {Baranes, Edmond}, month = sep, year = {2014}, keywords = {/unread, Review, Second Draft Report Additions}, pages = {57--69}, file = {Baranes - 2014 - The interplay between network investment and conte.pdf:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/UI6WZUIP/Baranes - 2014 - The interplay between network investment and conte.pdf:application/pdf}, } @incollection{barocasBigDatasEnd2014, edition = {1}, title = {Big {Data}’s {End} {Run} around {Anonymity} and {Consent}}, copyright = {https://www.cambridge.org/core/terms}, isbn = {978-1-107-06735-6 978-1-107-63768-9 978-1-107-59020-5}, url = {https://www.cambridge.org/core/product/identifier/CBO9781107590205A008/type/book_part}, language = {en}, urldate = {2024-05-14}, booktitle = {Privacy, {Big} {Data}, and the {Public} {Good}}, publisher = {Cambridge University Press}, author = {Barocas, Solon and Nissenbaum, Helen}, editor = {Lane, Julia and Stodden, Victoria and Bender, Stefan and Nissenbaum, Helen}, month = jun, year = {2014}, doi = {10.1017/CBO9781107590205.004}, keywords = {/unread, Review, Second Draft Report Additions, Global North}, pages = {44--75}, file = {Barocas and Nissenbaum - 2014 - Big Data’s End Run around Anonymity and Consent.pdf:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/5N37ELZZ/Barocas and Nissenbaum - 2014 - Big Data’s End Run around Anonymity and Consent.pdf:application/pdf}, } @techreport{batemanLookingAheadGenerative2024, title = {Looking {Ahead}: {Generative} {AI} - {Countering} {Disinformation} {Effectively}: {An} {Evidence}-{Based} {Policy} {Guide}}, shorttitle = {Looking {Ahead}}, url = {https://carnegieendowment.org/2024/01/31/looking-ahead-generative-ai-pub-91489}, abstract = {Generative AI has several concerning qualities relevant to disinformation. But the theoretical dangers of new technology do not always manifest as initially feared.}, language = {en}, urldate = {2024-02-06}, institution = {Carnegie Endowment for International Peace}, author = {Bateman, Jon and Jackson, Dean}, year = {2024}, keywords = {Systematic literature review, /unread, Global, Second Draft Report Additions}, file = {Bateman and Jackson - 2024 - Looking Ahead Generative AI - Countering Disinfor.pdf:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/ETGV6MPH/Bateman and Jackson - 2024 - Looking Ahead Generative AI - Countering Disinfor.pdf:application/pdf}, } @article{bauerComplementaryInnovationNetwork2018, title = {Complementary innovation and network neutrality}, volume = {42}, issn = {03085961}, url = {https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0308596117304615}, doi = {10.1016/j.telpol.2017.11.006}, language = {en}, number = {2}, urldate = {2024-01-09}, journal = {Telecommunications Policy}, author = {Bauer, Johannes M. and Knieps, Günter}, month = mar, year = {2018}, keywords = {/unread, Review, Second Draft Report Additions}, pages = {172--183}, file = {Bauer and Knieps - 2018 - Complementary innovation and network neutrality.pdf:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/K326Z79Y/Bauer and Knieps - 2018 - Complementary innovation and network neutrality.pdf:application/pdf}, } @book{beiguelmanPoliticasImagemVigilancia2021, series = {Coleção {Exit}}, title = {Políticas da imagem: vigilância e resistência na dadosfera}, url = {https://www.amazon.com.br/Pol%C3%ADticas-imagem-Vigil%C3%A2ncia-resist%C3%AAncia-dadosfera/dp/6586497523}, abstract = {Digital image, selfies, memes, deep fake, internet of things, artificial intelligence, digital censorship: all these new developments in the contemporary world are analyzed by Giselle Beiguelman to describe (and at the same time guide the reader to recognize in the world around them) the role of image in social relations today. The author proposes, throughout six unpublished essays, a reflection on the status of the image in the contemporary world. Since the emergence of photography, and then cinema, the universe of technical images has not experienced a process of transformation as radical as that of our time. Images have become the main mediation interfaces of everyday life, occupying communication, affective relationships, infrastructure, surveillance aesthetics and body scanning systems in the city. When talking about image politics, she argues that images are, in addition to being a place for the transmission of ideas and languages, the very field of current political tensions and disputes. Beiguelman associates the invention and massive distribution of smartphones with a new surveillance regime, no longer instituted by the State, but the result of the systematic capture of personal data, deliberately offered by users to social media platforms – the datasphere. The countless production of images in social media feeds and stories, surveillance cameras and official records configure, according to her, a new aesthetics of surveillance.}, language = {Portugese}, publisher = {Ubu Editora}, author = {Beiguelman, Giselle}, year = {2021}, keywords = {Global South, /unread, Second Draft Report Additions, Qual, RQ1}, } @techreport{belliMeaningfulInteroperableTranparency2022, title = {Towards {Meaningful} and {Interoperable} {Tranparency} for {Digital} {Platform}: 2022 {Outcome} of the {UN} {IGF} {Coalition} on {Platform} {Responsibility}}, url = {https://www.intgovforum.org/en/filedepot_download/57/23886}, institution = {IGF Internet Governance Forum}, author = {Belli, Luca and Almeida, Clara and Couto, Natália and Radu, Roxana and Weber, Rolf H and Brown, Ian}, year = {2022}, keywords = {/unread, Global, Review, Second Draft Report Additions}, file = {Belli et al. - 2022 - Towards Meaningful and Interoperable Tranparency f.pdf:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/B3WW22AW/Belli et al. - 2022 - Towards Meaningful and Interoperable Tranparency f.pdf:application/pdf}, } @techreport{belloyvillarinoGlobalStandardSettingArtificial2023, title = {Global {Standard}-{Setting} for {Artificial} {Intelligence}: {Para}-regulating {International} {Law} for {AI}?}, shorttitle = {Global {Standard}-{Setting} for {Artificial} {Intelligence}}, url = {https://brill.com/view/journals/auso/41/1/article-p157_7.xml}, abstract = {Abstract Although there are several ongoing attempts at the international level to develop rules applicable to artificial intelligence (‘AI’) across countries, only the joint work of the International Organization for Standardization (‘ISO’) and the International Electrotechnical Commission (‘IEC’) has been successful at delivering a text with global character: the foundational standard, ‘ISO/IEC 22989:2022(E)—artificial intelligence concepts and terminology’, published in July 2022. This article explores the meaning and implications of this new standard from a regulatory point of view. The argument advanced is that despite its voluntary nature, this standard sets a pathway for future regulation of AI internationally, making it a paramount example of para-regulation. Para-regulation is understood here as the norms that do not place themselves within the legal space but delineate boundaries for posterior developments within that legal space. The author adopts a critical view of this para-regulatory role, arguing that the institutional arrangements in which these standards are created, in terms of representation and decision-making procedures, are far from ideal. This is particularly the case given the possibility of regulatory confrontation between key international players.}, language = {en}, urldate = {2024-06-28}, institution = {The Australian Year Book of International Law Online}, author = {Bello y Villarino, José-Miguel}, month = oct, year = {2023}, note = {Publisher: Brill}, keywords = {regulation, /unread, Global, Review, Second Draft Report Additions, artificial intelligence (AI), foundational, international law, ISO, standards}, pages = {1--25}, file = {Full Text PDF:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/Y5VYH4XJ/Villarino - 2023 - Global Standard-Setting for Artificial Intelligenc.pdf:application/pdf}, } @incollection{benderDangersStochasticParrots2021, address = {Virtual Event Canada}, title = {On the {Dangers} of {Stochastic} {Parrots}: {Can} {Language} {Models} {Be} {Too} {Big}?}, isbn = {978-1-4503-8309-7}, shorttitle = {On the {Dangers} of {Stochastic} {Parrots}}, url = {https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3442188.3445922}, language = {en}, urldate = {2023-12-06}, booktitle = {Proceedings of the 2021 {ACM} {Conference} on {Fairness}, {Accountability}, and {Transparency}}, publisher = {ACM}, author = {Bender, Emily M. and Gebru, Timnit and McMillan-Major, Angelina and Shmitchell, Shmargaret}, editor = {ACM}, month = mar, year = {2021}, keywords = {/unread, Review, Second Draft Report Additions}, pages = {610--623}, file = {Bender et al. - 2021 - On the Dangers of Stochastic Parrots Can Language.pdf:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/WPDVTE85/Bender et al. - 2021 - On the Dangers of Stochastic Parrots Can Language.pdf:application/pdf}, } @book{benequistaInternationalMediaDevelopment2019, title = {International {Media} {Development}: {Historical} {Perspectives} and {New} {Frontiers}}, isbn = {978-1-4331-5149-1 978-1-4331-5150-7 978-1-4331-5147-7 978-1-4331-5151-4}, url = {https://www.peterlang.com/document/1056539}, abstract = {This collection is the first of its kind on the topic of media development. It brings together luminary thinkers in the field—both researchers and ...}, language = {en}, urldate = {2024-08-25}, publisher = {Peter Lang Publishers}, editor = {Benequista, Nicholas and Abbott, Susan and Rothman, Paul and Mano, Winston}, year = {2019}, keywords = {Global South, /unread, Second Draft Report Additions, Qual}, } @book{bennettGovernancePrivacyPolicy2006, title = {The {Governance} of {Privacy}: {Policy} {Instruments} in a {Global} {Perspective}}, url = {https://mitpress.mit.edu/9780262524537/the-governance-of-privacy/}, abstract = {Analyzes privacy policy instruments available to contemporary industrial states, from government regulations and transnational regimes to self-regulation and...}, language = {en-US}, urldate = {2024-08-03}, publisher = {MIT Press}, author = {Bennett, Colin J and Raab, Charles}, year = {2006}, keywords = {/unread, Review, Second Draft Report Additions}, file = {Snapshot:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/BSMBD82S/the-governance-of-privacy.html:text/html}, } @article{bennettCommunicationDemocraticErosion2023, title = {Communication and democratic erosion: {The} rise of illiberal public spheres}, volume = {39}, issn = {0267-3231}, shorttitle = {Communication and democratic erosion}, url = {https://doi.org/10.1177/02673231231217378}, doi = {10.1177/02673231231217378}, abstract = {In recent years, many once stable democracies have experienced various degrees of disruptive communication, along with the erosion of core institutions such as the press, elections, courts, and the rights of citizens. We propose a framework to compare the logics of illiberal and liberal democratic communication and contrast traditionally dominant communication norms of tolerance, civility, responsiveness, and reasoned resolution of differences in liberal democracies with transgressions of those norms by illiberal rightwing movements, parties, leaders, and voters. We suggest that unlike ‘counter publics’ that seek inclusion in liberal democratic systems, engagement with illiberal communication creates “transgressive publics” that attempt to exclude others in the process of promoting ethnic and religious nationalism. This framework offers a corrective to recent scholarship on democratic public spheres that focuses mainly on why the ideals of more inclusive and egalitarian communication are ever more remote. We shift the focus to the systematic disruptions of mainstream public communication and the authority of public institutions. Our analysis develops a broader theoretical context in which interactions between illiberal leaders and publics occur, with the aim of understanding national variations in how communication systems contribute to democratic erosion.}, language = {en}, number = {2}, urldate = {2023-12-29}, journal = {European Journal of Communication}, author = {Bennett, W Lance and Kneuer, Marianne}, month = dec, year = {2023}, note = {Publisher: SAGE Publications Ltd}, keywords = {/unread, Review, Second Draft Report Additions, Global North, OID Media, USED}, pages = {1--20}, file = {Bennett and Kneuer - 2023 - Communication and democratic erosion The rise of .pdf:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/A8MTKXC4/Bennett and Kneuer - 2023 - Communication and democratic erosion The rise of .pdf:application/pdf}, } @misc{berecBERECGuidelinesImplementation2024, type = {{BEREC}}, title = {{BEREC} {Guidelines} on the {Implementation} by {National} {Regulators} of {European} {Net} {Neutrality} {Rules}}, url = {https://www.berec.europa.eu/en/document-categories/berec/regulatory-best-practices/guidelines/berec-guidelines-on-the-implementation-by-national-regulators-of-european-net-neutrality-rules}, urldate = {2024-08-13}, author = {BEREC}, year = {2024}, keywords = {/unread, Review, Second Draft Report Additions, Global North}, file = {| BEREC:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/8NUPK7DF/berec-guidelines-on-the-implementation-by-national-regulators-of-european-net-neutrality-rules.html:text/html}, } @article{bernardiFascismoBrasileiraAnalise2021, title = {Fascismo à brasileira? {Análise} de conteúdo dos discursos de {Bolsonaro} após o segundo turno das eleições presidenciais de 2018}, volume = {20}, copyright = {Copyright (c) 2022 Política \& Sociedade}, issn = {2175-7984}, shorttitle = {Fascismo à brasileira?}, url = {https://periodicos.ufsc.br/index.php/politica/article/view/72401}, doi = {10.5007/2175-7984.2021.72401}, abstract = {O uso do termo fascismo discorre sobre uma série de governos autoritários e totalitários com um forte apego populista. Primeiramente cunhado para definir o movimento liderado por Mussolini na Itália, também é comumente usado para descrever a ideologia nazista e outros governos autoritários, principalmente, concentrados no cerne da extrema direita – sobretudo com cunho militarista. Nesse sentido, dentro do contexto atual de expansão de governos de extrema direita em todo o mundo, o termo vem ganhando novos contornos. No caso brasileiro, embora muitos utilizem o termo autoritário, para descrever o novo presidente brasileiro Jair Bolsonaro, buscamos neste artigo demonstrar através de suas falas na campanha eleitoral e no primeiro mês de presidência, que este emprega sim, um discurso com cunho fascista. Para tanto, realizamos uma releitura dos principais teóricos sobre o fascismo enumerando suas características encontradas no discurso bolsonarista, tais como; construção de um inimigo comum, exaltação de um passado mítico, desvalorização das minorias e desrespeito às liberdades democráticas em prol de uma guerra à corrupção.}, language = {pt}, number = {48}, urldate = {2024-07-24}, journal = {Política \& Sociedade}, author = {Bernardi, Ana Julia Bonzanini and de Morais, Jennifer Azambuja}, month = dec, year = {2021}, note = {Number: 48}, keywords = {Global South, /unread, BRICS, Second Draft Report Additions, Qual}, pages = {300--327}, file = {Full Text PDF:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/YJCY8CDR/Bernardi and Morais - 2021 - Fascismo à brasileira Análise de conteúdo dos dis.pdf:application/pdf}, } @article{bessonHumanRightsDemocracy2011, title = {Human rights and democracy in a global context: decoupling and recoupling}, volume = {4}, issn = {1654-4951}, shorttitle = {Human rights and democracy in a global context}, url = {https://doi.org/10.3402/egp.v4i1.6348}, doi = {10.3402/egp.v4i1.6348}, abstract = {Human rights and democracy have been regarded as a mutually reinforcing couple by many political theorists to date. The internationalisation of human rights post-1945 is often said to have severed those links, however. Accounting for the legitimacy of international human rights requires exploring how human rights and democracy, once they have been decoupled or disconnected, can be recoupled or reunited across governance levels (vertically) and maybe even at the same governance level (horizontally) albeit beyond the state. The article does so in three steps. The first prong of the argument is dedicated to presenting the moral-political nature of human rights and their relationship to political equality and, hence, their inherent legal nature from a democratic theory perspective. The second section of the article then draws some implications for the domestic or international levels of legal recognition and specification of human rights by reference to their legitimation within the domestic democratic community. It explains the mutual relationship between human rights and citizens’ rights and where international human rights draw their democratic legitimacy from. In the third and final section, the author discusses potential changes in the nature and legitimacy of international human rights once political structures beyond the state become more democratic, and human rights and democracy are being recoupled again at various levels of governance. The European Union being one of the most advanced examples of post-national political integration, recent developments in the regime of human rights protection within the EU are discussed in this new light. In a final step, the transposition to the global level of the argument developed in the European case is assessed and the author flags issues for further research on what democratic theorists should hope for in the new global order.}, number = {1}, urldate = {2024-07-27}, journal = {Ethics \& Global Politics}, author = {Besson, Samantha}, month = jan, year = {2011}, note = {Publisher: Routledge \_eprint: https://doi.org/10.3402/egp.v4i1.6348}, keywords = {democracy, EU, /unread, Global, Review, Second Draft Report Additions, international law, Arendt, citizens rights, global institutions, Habermas, human rights, Lafont, legal rights, legitimacy, Maus, right to have rights}, pages = {19--50}, file = {Full Text PDF:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/XLFMYXQ3/Besson - 2011 - Human rights and democracy in a global context de.pdf:application/pdf}, } @article{bhatMediaPopulismExpressions2020, title = {Anti-media populism: {Expressions} of media distrust by right-wing media in {India}}, volume = {13}, issn = {1751-3057}, shorttitle = {Anti-media populism}, url = {https://doi.org/10.1080/17513057.2020.1739320}, doi = {10.1080/17513057.2020.1739320}, abstract = {Criticism of mainstream media as being “biased” has emerged as a defining characteristic of right-wing discourse all over the world. Such expressions are coupled with the establishment of right-wing news outlets that seek to undermine professional journalism. But while scholars have examined the operation of such outlets in the context of Western democracies, anti-media populism in the Global South has received little scholarly attention. Through a thematic analysis of articles published on OpIndia.com- a right-wing news site in India, this paper seeks to address this gap in the literature and identify the discursive strategies employed by the right-wing media to discredit the mainstream press in India.}, number = {2}, urldate = {2024-07-24}, journal = {Journal of International and Intercultural Communication}, author = {Bhat, Prashanth and Chadha, Kalyani}, month = apr, year = {2020}, note = {Publisher: Routledge \_eprint: https://doi.org/10.1080/17513057.2020.1739320}, keywords = {Populism, Global South, /unread, BRICS, Second Draft Report Additions, Qual, BJP, conservative media, Indian media, right-wing}, pages = {166--182}, file = {Full Text PDF:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/UU83ZUNH/Bhat and Chadha - 2020 - Anti-media populism Expressions of media distrust.pdf:application/pdf}, } @article{bimberUneditedPublicSphere2020, title = {The unedited public sphere}, volume = {22}, issn = {1461-4448}, url = {https://doi.org/10.1177/1461444819893980}, doi = {10.1177/1461444819893980}, abstract = {The health of democratic public spheres is challenged by the circulation of falsehoods. These epistemic problems are connected to social media and they raise a classic problem of how to understand the role of technology in political developments. We discuss three sets of technological affordances of social media that facilitate the spread of false beliefs: obscuring the provenance of information, facilitating deception about authorship, and providing for manipulation of social signals. We argue that these do not make social media a “cause” of problems with falsehoods, but explanations of epistemic problems should account for social media to understand the timing and widespread occurrence of epistemic problems. We argue that “the marketplace of ideas” cannot be adequate as a remedy for these problems, which require epistemic editing by the press.}, language = {en}, number = {4}, urldate = {2023-12-23}, journal = {New Media \& Society}, author = {Bimber, Bruce and Gil de Zúñiga, Homero}, month = apr, year = {2020}, note = {Publisher: SAGE Publications}, keywords = {/unread, Global, Review, Second Draft Report Additions, OID Media, USED}, pages = {700--715}, file = {Bimber and Gil de Zúñiga - 2020 - The unedited public sphere.pdf:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/WM5MYLXG/Bimber and Gil de Zúñiga - 2020 - The unedited public sphere.pdf:application/pdf}, } @article{birhaneAlgorithmicColonizationAfrica2020, title = {Algorithmic {Colonization} of {Africa}}, volume = {17}, issn = {17442567}, url = {https://script-ed.org/?p=3888}, doi = {10.2966/scrip.170220.389}, number = {2}, urldate = {2023-12-06}, journal = {SCRIPT-ed}, author = {Birhane, Abeba}, month = aug, year = {2020}, keywords = {Global South, /unread, Review, Second Draft Report Additions}, pages = {389--409}, file = {Birhane - 2020 - Algorithmic Colonization of Africa.pdf:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/KG759I5A/Birhane - 2020 - Algorithmic Colonization of Africa.pdf:application/pdf}, } @article{birkinbineCommonsPraxisCritical2018, title = {Commons {Praxis}: {Towards} a {Critical} {Political} {Economy} of the {Digital} {Commons}}, volume = {16}, copyright = {Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International}, issn = {1726-670X}, shorttitle = {Commons {Praxis}}, url = {https://scholarworks.unr.edu//handle/11714/5111}, doi = {10.31269/triplec.v16i1.929}, abstract = {The concept of the commons has provided a useful framework for understanding a wide range of resources and cultural activities associated with the creation of value outside of the traditional market mechanisms under capitalism (i.e. private property, rational self-interest, and profit maximization). However, these communities often continue to intersect with capital and the state attempts to appropriate their resources. Recent scholarship has sought to unpack some of the contradictions inherent in the claims made about the revolutionary potential of the commons by offering conceptual frameworks for assessing commons-based projects. This paper builds upon this research by developing a two-pronged argument. First, by drawing examples from the free software movement, I argue that critical political economy provides the most useful analytical framework for understanding the contradictions inherent in the relationship between capital and the commons. Second, I argue for a commons praxis that attempts to overcome some of these contradictions. Within this discussion, I build on the notion of 'boundary commoning' to understand organisational form, and I develop the concept of 'subversive commoning' for understanding various forms of commoning that seek to undermine the capitalist logics of the digital commons.}, language = {en\_US}, number = {1}, urldate = {2023-12-02}, journal = {tripleC}, author = {Birkinbine, Benjamin J.}, year = {2018}, note = {Accepted: 2019-06-04T17:25:30Z Publisher: tripleC: Communication, Capitalism and Critique}, keywords = {/unread, Global, Review, Second Draft Report Additions}, pages = {290--305}, file = {Full Text PDF:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/RLL3D3FZ/Birkinbine - 2018 - Commons Praxis Towards a Critical Political Econo.pdf:application/pdf}, } @incollection{blakeDataPositivismCivil2023, title = {Beyond ‘{Data} {Positivism}’: {Civil} {Society} {Organizations}’ {Data} and {Knowledge} {Tactics} in {South} {Africa}}, isbn = {978-1-5292-3355-1}, shorttitle = {11}, url = {https://bristoluniversitypressdigital.com/edcollchap-oa/book/9781529233551/ch011.xml}, abstract = {This chapter analyses the tactics of civil society organizations (CSOs) in three South African cities: Cape Town; Ekurhuleni, in the Gauteng City-Region; and Buffalo City. Drawing on work on data politics, data activism, and postcolonial STS, it uses the notion of ‘conjugated knowledge positions’ to open the reflection to data tactics as part of broader knowledge politics and envisage them as negotiated within a multi-actor game. Based on the case studies, the chapter shows how CSO tactics are positioned along a spectrum between data power and knowledge power. Extending work on CSO urban data politics, the authors conclude that South African CSOs have not rolled out and rolled back data-focused tactics as a consequence of moments of faith and disillusionment in the power of data, but rather mobilize data and other forms of knowledge according to local political contexts and interactional situations.}, language = {en}, urldate = {2024-07-22}, booktitle = {Data {Power} in {Action}}, publisher = {Bristol University Press}, author = {Blake, Evan and Odendaal, Nancy and Söderström, Ola}, editor = {Söderström, Ola and Datta, Ayona}, month = dec, year = {2023}, note = {Section: Data Power in Action}, keywords = {Global South, /unread, BRICS, Second Draft Report Additions, Qual}, pages = {204--226}, file = {Full Text PDF:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/P9HU99CP/Blake et al. - 2023 - 11 Beyond ‘Data Positivism’ Civil Society Organi.pdf:application/pdf}, } @book{blobaumTrustCommunicationDigitized2016, address = {Cham}, series = {Progress in {IS}}, title = {Trust and {Communication} in a {Digitized} {World}: {Models} and {Concepts} of {Trust} {Research}}, copyright = {http://www.springer.com/tdm}, isbn = {978-3-319-28057-8 978-3-319-28059-2}, url = {http://link.springer.com/10.1007/978-3-319-28059-2}, urldate = {2024-07-28}, publisher = {Springer International Publishing}, editor = {Blöbaum, Bernd}, year = {2016}, doi = {10.1007/978-3-319-28059-2}, keywords = {/unread, Review, Second Draft Report Additions, Digitization and trust, Educational psychology, Identity management, Psychology of trust, Sports psychology, Trust in communication, Trust in digital environments}, } @book{boczkowskiEntornoDigitalBreve2022, title = {El {Entorno} {Digital}: {Breve} manual para entender cómo vivimos, aprendemos, trabajamos y pasamos el tiempo libre hoy}, url = {https://www.amazon.com/-/es/Pablo-J-Boczkowski-ebook/dp/B0B13Y9WLR}, abstract = {Desde la foto que un padre o una abuela toman del recién nacido en la sala de maternidad, pasando por las experiencias que se comparten en redes sociales, las reseñas o calificaciones de películas, hoteles o restaurantes, el self-tracking que registra cuánto corrió una persona en una semana, hasta el activismo feminista, social o ambiental y las campañas políticas, todos y todas estamos cada vez más condicionados, directa o indirectamente, por los fenómenos que se dan en el entorno digital. Por eso, los autores de este libro sostienen que, si queremos entender de verdad el auge de lo digital en el mundo contemporáneo, no se trata de descomponerlo en aplicaciones o plataformas aisladas, sino de encararlo, al igual que la naturaleza o las ciudades, como un entorno que envuelve y moldea todos los aspectos importantes de la vida cotidiana. ¿Cuáles son las principales características de este entorno? ¿Hasta qué punto nos viene dado "por completo" y cuáles son los márgenes para intervenir sobre él? Recuperando y sistematizando aportes de especialistas del Norte y del Sur globales, Pablo Boczkowski y Eugenia Mitchelstein muestran cómo las desigualdades de género, clase, educación, raza y etnicidad están inscriptas en el diseño y el funcionamiento de la tecnología, porque los algoritmos no son neutros, y describen prácticas emancipatorias que contrarrestan esos sesgos, incluido el uso de Twitter a través de hashtags como \#BlackLivesMatter, \#Mirá o \#MeToo. Con evidencia empírica, riqueza narrativa y notable precisión conceptual, discuten la digitalización de la crianza, el trabajo, la escuela, las citas románticas; describen cómo los medios digitales reconfiguran nuestros hábitos de consumo de deportes, entretenimiento y noticias, y explican los desarrollos más innovadores en áreas claves de nuestro futuro digital: la ciencia de datos, la realidad virtual y la exploración espacial. Brillante introducción a los estudios sobre medios, comunicación y tecnología, y a la vez aguda radiografía de la subjetividad y la vida contemporánea, El entorno digital toma distancia de la celebración y de los enfoques apocalípticos para preguntarse qué pueden hacer los seres humanos en este lugar de la vida social y cómo pueden participar para volverlo más equitativo, justo e inclusivo.}, publisher = {Siglo Veintiuno}, author = {Boczkowski, Pablo J and Mitchelstein, Eugenia}, year = {2022}, note = {From the photo that a father or grandmother takes of the newborn in the maternity ward, through the experiences that are shared on social networks, the reviews or ratings of movies, hotels or restaurants, the self-tracking that records how much a person ran. person in a week, to feminist, social or environmental activism and political campaigns, we are all increasingly conditioned, directly or indirectly, by the phenomena that occur in the digital environment. For this reason, the authors of this book maintain that, if we really want to understand the rise of digital in the contemporary world, it is not about breaking it down into isolated applications or platforms, but about facing it, just like nature or cities, as an environment that surrounds and shapes all important aspects of daily life. What are the main characteristics of this environment? To what extent is it given to us "completely" and what are the margins to intervene on it? Recovering and systematizing contributions from specialists from the global North and South, Pablo Boczkowski and Eugenia Mitchelstein show how inequalities of gender, class, education, race and ethnicity are inscribed in the design and operation of technology, because algorithms are not neutral , and describe emancipatory practices that counteract these biases, including the use of Twitter through hashtags such as \#BlackLivesMatter, \#Mirá or \#MeToo. With empirical evidence, narrative richness, and remarkable conceptual precision, they discuss the digitalization of parenting, work, school, dating; describe how digital media is reshaping our sports, entertainment and news consumption habits, and explain the most innovative developments in key areas of our digital future: data science, virtual reality and space exploration. A brilliant introduction to media, communication and technology studies, and at the same time a sharp x-ray of subjectivity and contemporary life, The Digital Environment distances itself from celebration and apocalyptic approaches to ask what human beings can do in this place of social life and how they can participate to make it more equitable, fair and inclusive.}, keywords = {Global South, /unread, Second Draft Report Additions, Qual}, file = {Boczkowski and Mitchelstein - 2022 - El Entorno Digital Breve manual para entender cóm.pdf:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/3EW8B2RB/Boczkowski and Mitchelstein - 2022 - El Entorno Digital Breve manual para entender cóm.pdf:application/pdf}, } @book{boczkowskiDigitalEnvironmentHow2021, title = {The {Digital} {Environment}: {How} {We} {Live}, {Learn}, {Work}, and {Play} {Now}}, shorttitle = {The {Digital} {Environment}}, url = {https://www.amazon.com/-/es/Pablo-J-Boczkowski-ebook/dp/B08NT1YD1P/ref=sr_1_1?__mk_es_US=%C3%85M%C3%85%C5%BD%C3%95%C3%91&crid=36JMC6BIT7LAV&keywords=Eugenia+Mitchelstein&qid=1706090756&s=digital-text&sprefix=eugenia+mitchelstein+and+pablo+boc%2Cdigital-text%2C233&sr=1-1}, abstract = {Understanding digital technology in daily life: why we should think holistically in terms of a digital environment instead of discrete devices and apps.Increasingly we live through our personal screens; we work, play, socialize, and learn digitally. The shift to remote everything during the pandemic was another step in a decades-long march toward the digitization of everyday life made possible by innovations in media, information, and communication technology. In The Digital Environment, Pablo Boczkowski and Eugenia Mitchelstein offer a new way to understand the role of the digital in our daily lives, calling on us to turn our attention from our discrete devices and apps to the array of artifacts and practices that make up the digital environment that envelops every aspect of our social experience. Boczkowski and Mitchelstein explore a series of issues raised by the digital takeover of everyday life, drawing on interviews with a variety of experts. They show how existing inequities of gender, race, ethnicity, education, and class are baked into the design and deployment of technology, and describe emancipatory practices that counter this--including the use of Twitter as a platform for activism through such hashtags as \#BlackLivesMatter and \#MeToo. They discuss the digitization of parenting, schooling, and dating--noting, among other things, that today we can both begin and end relationships online. They describe how digital media shape our consumption of sports, entertainment, and news, and consider the dynamics of political campaigns, disinformation, and social activism. Finally, they report on developments in three areas that will be key to our digital future: data science, virtual reality, and space exploration.}, language = {Inglés}, publisher = {MIT Press}, author = {Boczkowski, Pablo J. and Mitchelstein, Eugenia}, month = aug, year = {2021}, keywords = {Global South, /unread, Second Draft Report Additions, Qual}, } @techreport{boschSouthAfricaDigital2021, title = {South {Africa} {Digital} {Rights} {Landscape} {Report}}, url = {https://opendocs.ids.ac.uk/opendocs/bitstream/handle/20.500.12413/15964/South_Africa_Report.pdf?sequence=10&isAllowed=y}, institution = {Institute for Development Studies, Sussex}, author = {Bosch, Tanja and Roberts, Tony}, year = {2021}, keywords = {Global South, /unread, BRICS, Review, Second Draft Report Additions}, file = {Bosch and Roberts - 2021 - South Africa Digital Rights Landscape Report.pdf:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/TTYNGZG6/Bosch and Roberts - 2021 - South Africa Digital Rights Landscape Report.pdf:application/pdf}, } @article{boulianneRightwingPopulismSocial2020, title = {Right-wing populism, social media and echo chambers in {Western} democracies}, volume = {22}, issn = {1461-4448}, url = {https://doi.org/10.1177/1461444819893983}, doi = {10.1177/1461444819893983}, abstract = {Many observers are concerned that echo chamber effects in digital media are contributing to the polarization of publics and, in some places, to the rise of right-wing populism. This study employs survey data collected in France, the United Kingdom and the United States (1500 respondents in each country) from April to May 2017. Overall, we do not find evidence that online/social media explain support for right-wing populist candidates and parties. Instead, in the United States, use of online media decreases support for right-wing populism. Looking specifically at echo chamber measures, we find offline discussion with those who are similar in race, ethnicity and class positively correlates with support for populist candidates and parties in the United Kingdom and France. The findings challenge claims about the role of social media and the rise of populism.}, language = {en}, number = {4}, urldate = {2023-12-23}, journal = {New Media \& Society}, author = {Boulianne, Shelley and Koc-Michalska, Karolina and Bimber, Bruce}, month = apr, year = {2020}, note = {Publisher: SAGE Publications}, keywords = {/unread, Second Draft Report Additions, Global North, OID Media, USED, Quant}, pages = {683--699}, file = {Boulianne et al. - 2020 - Right-wing populism, social media and echo chamber.pdf:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/M5K3AIBR/Boulianne et al. - 2020 - Right-wing populism, social media and echo chamber.pdf:application/pdf}, } @techreport{briaBarcelonaCityCouncil2018, title = {Barcelona {City} {Council} {Digital} {Plan}: {Government} measure concerning ethical management and accountable data: {Barcelona} {Data} {Commons}}, url = {https://www.barcelona.cat/digitalstandards/en/data-management/0.1/_attachments/barcelona_data_management_0.1.en.pdf}, urldate = {2024-08-02}, institution = {Open Digitalisation Programme, Barcelona City Council Office for Technology and Digital Innovation}, author = {Bria, Francesca}, month = may, year = {2018}, keywords = {/unread, Review, Second Draft Report Additions, Global North}, file = {barcelona_data_management_0.1.en.pdf:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/3EZ37KG6/barcelona_data_management_0.1.en.pdf:application/pdf}, } @misc{briaBuildingDigitalCities2019, title = {Building {Digital} {Cities} from the {Ground} {Up} {Based} {Around} {Data} {Sovereignty} and {Participatory} {Democracy}: {The} {Case} of {Barcelona}}, url = {https://wrenchinthegears.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/07/Digital-City-Barcelona-Francesca-Bria.pdf}, language = {en}, journal = {WrenchintheGears.com}, author = {Bria, Francesca}, year = {2019}, keywords = {/unread, Review, Second Draft Report Additions, Global North}, file = {Bria - 2019 - BUILDING DIGITAL CITIES FROM THE GROUND UP BASED A.pdf:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/KEWMLLJY/Bria - 2019 - BUILDING DIGITAL CITIES FROM THE GROUND UP BASED A.pdf:application/pdf}, } @book{briantPropagandaMachineHidden2021, title = {Propaganda {Machine}:the {Hidden} {Story} of {Cambridge} {Analytica} and the {Digital} {Influence} {Industry}}, isbn = {978-1-5266-1749-1}, shorttitle = {Propaganda {Machine}}, url = {https://www.google.co.uk/books/edition/Propaganda_Machine_the_Hidden_Story_of_C/eAgozgEACAAJ?hl=en}, language = {en}, publisher = {Bloomsbury Publishing Plc}, author = {Briant, Emma L.}, month = jul, year = {2021}, note = {Google-Books-ID: eAgozgEACAAJ}, keywords = {Political Science / General, /unread, Second Draft Report Additions, Global North, Qual}, } @article{brodaMisinformationDisinformationFake2024, title = {Misinformation, disinformation, and fake news: lessons from an interdisciplinary, systematic literature review}, volume = {0}, issn = {2380-8985}, shorttitle = {Misinformation, disinformation, and fake news}, url = {https://doi.org/10.1080/23808985.2024.2323736}, doi = {10.1080/23808985.2024.2323736}, abstract = {Even though misinformation, disinformation, and fake news are not new phenomena, they have received renewed interest since political events such as Brexit and the 2016 U.S. Presidential elections. The resulting sharp increase in scholarly publications bears the risk of lack of overview, fragmentation across disciplines, and ultimately a lack of research cumulativity. To counteract these risks, we have performed a systematic research review of 1261 journal articles published between 2010 and 2021. Results show the field is mostly data-driven, frequently investigating the prevalence, dissemination, detection or characteristics of misinformation, disinformation, and fake news. There further are clear foci concerning contributing disciplines, methodologies, and data usage. Building on our results, we identify several research gaps and suggest avenues for future research.}, number = {0}, urldate = {2024-03-11}, journal = {Annals of the International Communication Association}, author = {Broda, Elena and Strömbäck, Jesper}, year = {2024}, note = {Publisher: Routledge \_eprint: https://doi.org/10.1080/23808985.2024.2323736}, keywords = {Disinformation, misinformation, fake news, /unread, Review, Second Draft Report Additions, Global North}, pages = {1--28}, file = {Full Text PDF:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/ZDUPYK3C/Broda and Strömbäck - 2024 - Misinformation, disinformation, and fake news les.pdf:application/pdf}, } @techreport{brogiEuropeanMediaFreedom2023, title = {The {European} {Media} {Freedom} {Act}: media freedom, freedom of expression and pluralism}, url = {https://www.europarl.europa.eu/RegData/etudes/STUD/2023/747930/IPOL_STU(2023)747930_EN.pdf}, institution = {Report requested by European Parliament's Committee on Civil Liberties, Justice and Home Affairs, PE 747.930}, author = {Brogi, Elda and Borges, Danielle and Carlini, Roberta and Nenadic, Iva and Bleyer-Simon, Konrad and Kermer, Jan and Reviglio, Urbano and Trevisan, Matteo and Verza, Sofia}, year = {2023}, keywords = {/unread, Review, Second Draft Report Additions, Global North}, file = {Brogi et al. - 2023 - The European Media Freedom Act media freedom, fre.pdf:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/G7LY6ICJ/Brogi et al. - 2023 - The European Media Freedom Act media freedom, fre.pdf:application/pdf}, } @techreport{brogiGoodPracticesSustainable2023, title = {Good {Practices} for {Sustainable} {New} {Media} {Financing}}, url = {https://rm.coe.int/msi-res-2022-08-good-practices-for-sustainable-media-financing-for-sub/1680adf466}, institution = {Committee of Experts on Increasing Resilience of Media (MSI-RES), Council of Europe MSI-RES (2022) 08}, author = {Brogi, Elda and Sjøvaag, Helle}, month = nov, year = {2023}, keywords = {Systematic literature review, /unread, Second Draft Report Additions, Global North}, file = {Brogi and Sjøvaag - 2023 - Good Practices for Sustainable New Media Financing.pdf:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/ICJIKDQF/Brogi and Sjøvaag - 2023 - Good Practices for Sustainable New Media Financing.pdf:application/pdf}, } @techreport{broughtonmicovaSystemicRiskDigital2024, title = {Systemic {Risk} in {Digital} {Services}: {Benchmarks} for {Evaluating} the {Management} of {Risks} to {Electoral} {Processes}: {Report}}, url = {https://cerre.eu/wp-content/uploads/2024/05/240523_CERRE_DSA-Systemic-Risk-2_Elections-paper_FINAL.pdf}, abstract = {add something to discussion of electoral rules re DSA - our report is not specific on this point}, institution = {CERRE - Centre on Regulation in Europe}, author = {Broughton Micova, Sally and Schnurr, Daniel}, month = may, year = {2024}, keywords = {/unread, Review, Second Draft Report Additions, Global North}, file = {Broughton Micova and Schnurr - 2024 - Systemic Risk in Digital Services Benchmarks for .pdf:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/XAMIWAIL/Broughton Micova and Schnurr - 2024 - Systemic Risk in Digital Services Benchmarks for .pdf:application/pdf}, } @book{puppisHandbookMediaCommunication2024, title = {Handbook of {Media} and {Communication} {Governance}}, url = {https://www.e-elgar.com/shop/gbp/handbook-of-media-and-communication-governance-9781800887190.html?srsltid=AfmBOorBaCIUQx0fWBM8kdm9ti7smNJEi1YbGgMgo1dUcnKRRlzHQv8N}, publisher = {Edward Elgar Publishing}, editor = {Puppis, Manuel and Mansell, Robin and Van den Bulck, Hilde}, year = {2024}, keywords = {/unread, Global, Review, Second Draft Report Additions}, } @incollection{purandareEyesEarsSurveillance2020, address = {Cham}, title = {“{Eyes} and {Ears}”: {Surveillance} in the {Indian} {Smart} {City}}, isbn = {978-3-030-15145-4}, shorttitle = {“{Eyes} and {Ears}”}, url = {https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-15145-4_60-1}, abstract = {This chapter discusses the centrality of digital technologies and data to the smart city. It studies India’s Smart Cities Mission, a policy that aims to transform 100 cities into smart cities. The chapter contextualizes India’s policy before the backdrop of smart cities in the Global South, a region which has not received the same attention as its Global North counterpart. It focuses on the potential of India’s smart cities to become massive surveillance systems, jeopardizing citizen rights and privacy. Using examples, this contribution discusses the various tools used to build a surveillance infrastructure – from the more innocuous free Wi-Fi kiosks to the more complex facial recognition systems. It goes on to discuss how these dangers are compounded due to the lack of legislations and unclear policy. The chapter details upcoming legislations, explains the lacunae, and demonstrates how its imbalance with digital technologies and data makes surveillance in Indian cities almost a foregone conclusion. Such a situation allows for state overreach as well as private sector profiteering, both at the expense of the citizen. The chapter concludes by underscoring the need for a data protection law that puts individual liberties at its center and for smart city policies that are based on a data rights and justice framework.}, language = {en}, urldate = {2024-08-02}, booktitle = {Handbook of {Smart} {Cities}}, publisher = {Springer International Publishing}, author = {Purandare, Uttara and Parkar, Khaliq}, editor = {Augusto, Juan Carlos}, year = {2020}, doi = {10.1007/978-3-030-15145-4_60-1}, keywords = {Global South, /unread, BRICS, Second Draft Report Additions, Qual}, pages = {1--32}, } @article{quintaisHowPlatformsGovern2023, title = {How platforms govern users’ copyright-protected content: {Exploring} the power of private ordering and its implications}, volume = {48}, issn = {0267-3649}, url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0267364923000031}, doi = {10.1016/j.clsr.2023.105792}, abstract = {Online platforms provide primary points of access to information and other content in the digital age. They foster users’ ability to share ideas and opinions while offering opportunities for cultural and creative industries. In Europe, ownership and use of such expressions is partly governed by a complex web of legislation, sectoral self- and co-regulatory norms. To an important degree, it is also governed by private norms defined by contractual agreements and informal relationships between users and platforms. By adopting policies usually defined as Terms of Service and Community Guidelines, platforms almost unilaterally set use, moderation and enforcement rules, structures and practices (including through algorithmic systems) that govern the access and dissemination of protected content by their users. This private governance of essential means of access, dissemination and expression to (and through) creative content is hardly equitable, though. In fact, it is an expression of how platforms control what users – including users-creators – can say and disseminate online, and how they can monetise their content. As platform power grows, EU law is adjusting by moving towards enhancing the responsibility of platforms for content they host. One crucial example of this is Article 17 of the new Copyright Directive (2019/790), which fundamentally changes the regime and liability of “online content-sharing service providers” (OCSSPs). This complex regime, complemented by rules in the Digital Services Act, sets out a new environment for OCSSPs to design and carry out content moderation, as well as to define their contractual relationship with users, including creators. The latter relationship is characterized by significant power imbalance in favour of platforms, calling into question whether the law can and should do more to protect users-creators. This article addresses the power of large-scale platforms in EU law over their users’ copyright-protected content and its effects on the governance of that content, including on its exploitation and some of its implications for freedom of expression. Our analysis combines legal and empirical methods. We carry our doctrinal legal research to clarify the complex legal regime that governs platforms’ contractual obligations to users and content moderation activities, including the space available for private ordering, with a focus on EU law. From the empirical perspective, we conducted a thematic analysis of most versions of the Terms of Services published over time by the three largest social media platforms in number of users – Facebook, Instagram and YouTube – so as to identify and examine the rules these companies have established to regulate user-generated content, and the ways in which such provisions shifted in the past two decades. In so doing, we unveil how foundational this sort of regulation has always been to platforms’ functioning and how it contributes to defining a system of content exploitation.}, number = {2023}, journal = {Computer Law \& Security Review}, author = {Quintais, João Pedro and De Gregorio, Giovanni and Magalhães, João C.}, month = apr, year = {2023}, keywords = {Platform regulation, Online platforms, /unread, Second Draft Report Additions, Global North, Qual, CDSM directive, Content moderation, Copyright, Creators, Digital services act, Online content-sharing platforms, Private ordering, Terms of service}, pages = {1--25}, file = {Quintais et al. - 2023 - How platforms govern users’ copyright-protected co.pdf:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/JG4Z9UBP/Quintais et al. - 2023 - How platforms govern users’ copyright-protected co.pdf:application/pdf}, } @book{quintavallaArtificialIntelligenceHuman2023, title = {Artificial {Intelligence} and {Human} {Rights}}, url = {https://global.oup.com/academic/product/artificial-intelligence-and-human-rights-9780192882486?cc=gb&lang=en&}, publisher = {Oxford University Press}, editor = {Quintavalla, Alberto and Temperman, Jeroen}, month = sep, year = {2023}, keywords = {/unread, Global, Review, Second Draft Report Additions}, } @article{radschMustCarrySolutionMedias2024, title = {The {Must}-{Carry} {Solution} for the {Media}’s {Google} {Problem}}, url = {http://washingtonmonthly.com/2024/08/22/the-must-carry-solution-for-the-medias-google-problem/}, abstract = {Google needs to pay news organizations for the media content it uses to fuel its lucrative and monopolistic search and ad businesses, as well as what it’s doing with AI. Fortunately, long-standing must-carry requirements can help. Here’s how.}, language = {en-US}, urldate = {2024-08-25}, journal = {Washington Monthly}, author = {Radsch, Courtney C.}, month = aug, year = {2024}, keywords = {/unread, Review, Second Draft Report Additions, Global North, Second}, } @book{ragneddaDigitalInequalitiesGlobal2020, title = {Digital {Inequalities} in the {Global} {South}}, isbn = {978-3-030-32706-4}, abstract = {This book discusses how digital inequalities today may lead to other types of inequalities in the Global South. Contributions to this collection move past discussing an access problem – a binary division between ‘haves and have-nots’ – to analyse complex inequalities in the internet use, benefits, and opportunities of people in the Global South region. Using specific case studies, this book underlines how communities in the Global South are now attempting to participate in the information age despite high costs, a lack of infrastructure, and more barriers to entry. Contributions discuss the recent changes in the Global South. These changes include greater technological availability, the spread of digital literacy programs and computer courses, and the overall growth in engagement of people from different backgrounds, ethnicities, and languages in digital environments. This book outlines and evaluates the role of state and public institutions in facilitating these changes and consequently bridging the digital divide.}, language = {en}, publisher = {Springer Nature}, editor = {Ragnedda, Massimo and Gladkova, Anna}, month = jun, year = {2020}, note = {Google-Books-ID: dVjuDwAAQBAJ}, keywords = {Social Science / Media Studies, Global South, /unread, Language Arts \& Disciplines / Communication Studies, Second Draft Report Additions, Qual, Social Science / Anthropology / Cultural \& Social, Social Science / General}, } @book{ragneddaDigitalCapitalBourdieusian2020, title = {Digital {Capital}: {A} {Bourdieusian} {Perspective} on the {Digital} {Divide}}, isbn = {978-1-83909-550-4}, shorttitle = {Digital {Capital}}, url = {https://books.google.co.uk/books?hl=en&lr=&id=3S_LDwAAQBAJ&oi=fnd&pg=PP1&dq=%22digital+divide%22&ots=X1ZhpxxMSJ&sig=aVHljy0xMqOt2zRP8yafq-TArww&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=%22digital%20divide%22&f=false}, abstract = {Starting from the assumption that digital capital is a capital in its own right, and can be quantified and measured as such, the authors of this book examine how digital capital can be defined, measured and impact policy. Using the Bourdieusian lens, this book makes a critical contribution to the field by examining in depth the notion of digital capital and by introducing a new theoretical toolkit in order to fully conceptualise it. Against this theoretical background, the authors propose a set of indicators that can be used to measure digital capital at an individual level. Ultimately, readers will learn how this can be used by policy makers to tackle social inequalities which are based on the digital exclusion of citizens.}, language = {en}, publisher = {Emerald Group Publishing}, author = {Ragnedda, Massimo and Ruiu, Maria Laura}, month = jan, year = {2020}, note = {Google-Books-ID: 3S\_LDwAAQBAJ}, keywords = {Social Science / Media Studies, Global South, /unread, Review, Second Draft Report Additions, Business \& Economics / Industries / Media \& Communications, Computers / Digital Media / General, Social Science / Sociology / General}, } @article{ramiroGreyzonesPublicprivateSurveillance2023, title = {The grey-zones of public-private surveillance: {Policy} tendencies of facial recognition for public security in {Brazilian} cities}, volume = {12}, issn = {2197-6775}, shorttitle = {The grey-zones of public-private surveillance}, url = {https://policyreview.info/articles/analysis/grey-zones-public-private-surveillance-policy-tendencies-facial-recognition}, abstract = {The article explores the regulatory “grey zones” in the deployment of facial recognition (FRT) in policing in Brazil, and the policy and civic responses to them.}, number = {1}, urldate = {2024-06-03}, journal = {Internet Policy Review}, author = {Ramiro, André and Cruz, Luã}, month = mar, year = {2023}, keywords = {Global South, /unread, BRICS, Review, Second Draft Report Additions}, pages = {1--28}, file = {Full Text PDF:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/TJEQB2AA/Ramiro and Cruz - 2023 - The grey-zones of public-private surveillance Pol.pdf:application/pdf}, } @article{ratnerSavingJournalismFacebooks2023, title = {“{Saving} {Journalism} from {Facebook}’s {Death} {Grip}”? {The} {Implications} of {Content}-{Recommendation} {Platforms} on {Publishers} and {Their} {Audiences}}, volume = {11}, issn = {2167-0811, 2167-082X}, shorttitle = {“{Saving} {Journalism} from {Facebook}’s {Death} {Grip}”?}, url = {https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/21670811.2023.2180403}, doi = {10.1080/21670811.2023.2180403}, language = {en}, number = {8}, urldate = {2023-12-01}, journal = {Digital Journalism}, author = {Ratner, Yariv and Dvir Gvirsman, Shira and Ben-David, Anat}, month = sep, year = {2023}, keywords = {/unread, Second Draft Report Additions, Global North, Qual}, pages = {1410--1431}, file = {Ratner et al. - 2023 - “Saving Journalism from Facebook’s Death Grip” Th.pdf:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/2GR997LR/Ratner et al. - 2023 - “Saving Journalism from Facebook’s Death Grip” Th.pdf:application/pdf}, } @article{recueroPlatformizationViolenceConcept2024, title = {The {Platformization} of {Violence}: {Toward} a {Concept} of {Discursive} {Toxicity} on {Social} {Media}}, volume = {10}, issn = {2056-3051}, shorttitle = {The {Platformization} of {Violence}}, url = {https://doi.org/10.1177/20563051231224264}, doi = {10.1177/20563051231224264}, abstract = {Discourse has long been recognized as a source of symbolic violence, perpetuating power relations and reinforcing existing social hierarchies. With the rise of social media platforms, the influence of discourse on society has gained renewed attention. These platforms, while enabling social interactions, also serve as catalysts for violent behaviors, reinforcing and legitimizing forms of oppression and symbolic violence, particularly the violence of language. While the concept of toxicity is frequently used to describe this phenomenon, its meaning and connection to language often remain unexplored. This article aims to address this gap by examining the significance of toxicity in discourse and how the infrastructure of social media platforms facilitates the emergence of toxic discourses. It argues that while toxicity and violence are related, they are distinct phenomena. Toxicity, as a dimension of symbolic violence, contaminates debates and discourses, and is enabled by the characteristics of platformization in online interactions. Thus, toxicity is an effect of platforms mediating social interactions.}, language = {en}, number = {1}, urldate = {2024-01-27}, journal = {Social Media + Society}, author = {Recuero, Raquel}, month = jan, year = {2024}, note = {Publisher: SAGE Publications Ltd}, keywords = {Global South, /unread, BRICS, Review, Second Draft Report Additions}, pages = {1--9}, file = {SAGE PDF Full Text:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/XECGM6NA/Recuero - 2024 - The Platformization of Violence Toward a Concept .pdf:application/pdf}, } @article{reisPrivacyLawChallenges2024, title = {Privacy {Law} {Challenges} in the {Digital} {Age}: {A} {Global} {Review} of {Legislation} and {Enforcement}}, volume = {6}, copyright = {Copyright (c) 2024 Oluwatosin Reis, Nkechi Emmanuella Eneh, Benedicta Ehimuan, Anthony Anyanwu1, Temidayo Olorunsogo, Temitayo Oluwaseun Abrahams}, issn = {2706-9184}, shorttitle = {{PRIVACY} {LAW} {CHALLENGES} {IN} {THE} {DIGITAL} {AGE}}, url = {https://www.fepbl.com/index.php/ijarss/article/view/733}, doi = {10.51594/ijarss.v6i1.733}, abstract = {As the world becomes increasingly interconnected through digital technologies, the protection of individuals' privacy has emerged as a critical concern. This paper conducts a comprehensive global review of privacy legislation and enforcement mechanisms, shedding light on the challenges posed by the digital age. With a focus on the intricate balance between technological advancements and the fundamental right to privacy, the study explores the evolving legal landscape and its implications for individuals, businesses, and governments. The analysis encompasses diverse jurisdictions, highlighting the variations in privacy laws and enforcement approaches across regions. From the European Union's robust General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) to the nuanced approaches in Asia and the Americas, this review synthesizes the evolving regulatory frameworks. Special attention is given to emerging issues such as the use of artificial intelligence, biometrics, and surveillance technologies, which pose unique challenges to existing privacy paradigms. Moreover, the paper investigates the effectiveness of enforcement mechanisms in ensuring compliance with privacy laws. It examines the role of governmental agencies, regulatory bodies, and international collaborations in addressing cross-border data flows and global privacy challenges. The study also evaluates the impact of recent high-profile privacy incidents on shaping legislative responses and enforcement strategies. By presenting a holistic view of privacy law challenges in the digital age, this research contributes to the ongoing discourse on safeguarding individuals' privacy rights in an era of rapid technological innovation. The findings provide valuable insights for policymakers, legal practitioners, businesses, and individuals seeking a deeper understanding of the evolving dynamics surrounding privacy legislation and enforcement on a global scale. Keywords: Law, Privacy Law, Digital Age, Review, Data Protection.}, language = {en}, number = {1}, urldate = {2024-08-26}, journal = {International Journal of Applied Research in Social Sciences}, author = {Reis, Oluwatosin and Eneh, Nkechi Emmanuella and Ehimuan, Benedicta and Anyanwu, Anthony and Olorunsogo, Temidayo and Abrahams, Temitayo Oluwaseun}, month = jan, year = {2024}, note = {Number: 1}, keywords = {/unread, Global, Review, Second Draft Report Additions}, pages = {73--88}, file = {Full Text PDF:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/FMR5SYB5/Reis et al. - 2024 - PRIVACY LAW CHALLENGES IN THE DIGITAL AGE A GLOBA.pdf:application/pdf}, } @misc{renaldiIndonesiaSocialMedia2024, title = {In {Indonesia}, social media is a “hunting ground” for religious minorities}, url = {https://restofworld.org/2024/indonesia-muslim-influencers/}, abstract = {Conservative Muslim influencers spread hate speech to their millions of followers on TikTok and YouTube, with little pushback from authorities or platforms.}, language = {en-US}, urldate = {2024-07-28}, journal = {Rest of World Reporting Global Tech Stories}, author = {Renaldi, Adi}, month = jul, year = {2024}, keywords = {Global South, /unread, Second Draft Report Additions, Qual}, file = {Snapshot:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/46YWDRQQ/indonesia-muslim-influencers.html:text/html}, } @article{riederConflictsInterestIncentives2014, title = {Conflicts of interest and incentives to bias: {A} microeconomic critique of {Google}’s tangled position on the {Web}}, volume = {16}, issn = {1461-4448}, shorttitle = {Conflicts of interest and incentives to bias}, url = {https://doi.org/10.1177/1461444813481195}, doi = {10.1177/1461444813481195}, abstract = {Media scholars have studied and critiqued search engines – and in particular the dominant commercial actor, Google – for over a decade. Several conceptual and methodological problems, such as a lack of technological transparency, have made a detailed analysis of concrete power relations and their effects difficult. This paper argues that a microeconomic approach can aid media scholars in examining the complex interactions that underpin the dynamics of information visibility unfolding around the Google search engine. Using the concept of a ‘three-sided market’, we characterize the business model built around google.com as the foundation of the company’s success. We then argue that the combination of search and advertising services, and in particular advertising network services, creates powerful incentives to orient the results page in self-serving ways, leading to fundamental conflicts of interest exacerbated by Google’s dominant position in both markets. Based on search engines’ mass media-like capacity to shape public discourse, we consider the identification of economic forces both as a prerequisite for a robust critique of the current situation and as a starting point for thinking about regulatory measures.}, language = {en}, number = {2}, urldate = {2024-02-24}, journal = {New Media \& Society}, author = {Rieder, Bernhard and Sire, Guillaume}, month = mar, year = {2014}, note = {Publisher: SAGE Publications}, keywords = {/unread, Review, Second Draft Report Additions}, pages = {195--211}, file = {Accepted Version:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/LN43FAHN/Rieder and Sire - 2014 - Conflicts of interest and incentives to bias A mi.pdf:application/pdf}, } @article{ritzerMcDonaldizationArtificialIntelligence2024, title = {{McDonaldization} and {Artificial} {Intelligence}}, issn = {2524-4868}, url = {https://doi.org/10.1007/s42438-024-00475-3}, doi = {10.1007/s42438-024-00475-3}, abstract = {Interview with George Ritzer on relationship between 'prosumer capitalism and its machines' and his theory of McDonaldization and AI - based on interview he argues that AI is 'controlling, if not replacing, people's thinking'.}, language = {en}, urldate = {2024-07-24}, journal = {Postdigital Science and Education}, author = {Ritzer, George and Ryan, J. Michael and Hayes, Sarah and Elliot, Mark and Jandrić, Petar}, month = may, year = {2024}, keywords = {Artificial Intelligence, AI, Consumption, Prosumption, /unread, Second Draft Report Additions, Global North, Qual, GAI, Generative Artificial Intelligence, Hype, McData, McDonaldization, McPolicy, McUniversity, Postdigital, Production}, pages = {1--14}, file = {Full Text PDF:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/ZPBIZGXF/Ritzer et al. - 2024 - McDonaldization and Artificial Intelligence.pdf:application/pdf}, } @article{robbNetNeutralityMarket2019, title = {Net neutrality and market power: {The} case of {South} {Africa}}, volume = {43}, issn = {03085961}, shorttitle = {Net neutrality and market power}, url = {https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0308596118303446}, doi = {10.1016/j.telpol.2019.03.003}, language = {en}, number = {9}, urldate = {2024-02-11}, journal = {Telecommunications Policy}, author = {Robb, Genna and Hawthorne, Ryan}, month = oct, year = {2019}, keywords = {Global South, /unread, BRICS, Review, Second Draft Report Additions}, pages = {1--15}, file = {Robb and Hawthorne - 2019 - Net neutrality and market power The case of South.pdf:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/2EG5T6TR/Robb and Hawthorne - 2019 - Net neutrality and market power The case of South.pdf:application/pdf}, } @article{robinsonDigitalInclusionAmericas2020, title = {Digital {Inclusion} {Across} the {Americas} and {Caribbean}}, volume = {8}, issn = {2183-2803}, url = {https://www.cogitatiopress.com/socialinclusion/article/view/2632}, doi = {10.17645/si.v8i2.2632}, abstract = {Laura Robinson, Jeremy Schulz, Matías Dodel, Teresa Correa, Eduardo Villanueva-Mansilla, Sayonara Leal, Claudia Magallanes-Blanco, Leandro Rodriguez-Medina, Hopeton S. Dunn, Lloyd Levine, Rob McMahon, Aneka Khilnani}, language = {en}, number = {2}, urldate = {2023-12-04}, journal = {Social Inclusion}, author = {Robinson, Laura and Schulz, Jeremy and Dodel, Matías and Correa, Teresa and Villanueva-Mansilla, Eduardo and Leal, Sayonara and Magallanes-Blanco, Claudia and Rodriguez-Medina, Leandro and Dunn, Hopeton S. and Levine, Lloyd and McMahon, Rob and Khilnani, Aneka}, month = may, year = {2020}, keywords = {Global South, /unread, Review, Second Draft Report Additions}, pages = {244--259}, file = {Robinson et al. - 2020 - Digital Inclusion Across the Americas and Caribbea.pdf:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/YR5WFVZS/Robinson et al. - 2020 - Digital Inclusion Across the Americas and Caribbea.pdf:application/pdf}, } @article{rodriguez-ferrandizOverviewFakeNews2023, title = {An {Overview} of the {Fake} {News} {Phenomenon}: {From} {Untruth}-{Driven} to {Post}-{Truth}-{Driven} {Approaches}}, volume = {11}, issn = {2183-2439}, shorttitle = {An {Overview} of the {Fake} {News} {Phenomenon}}, url = {https://www.cogitatiopress.com/mediaandcommunication/article/view/6315}, abstract = {Raúl Rodríguez-Ferrándiz}, language = {en}, number = {2}, urldate = {2024-05-10}, journal = {Media and Communication}, author = {Rodríguez-Ferrándiz, Raúl}, month = apr, year = {2023}, keywords = {Systematic literature review, /unread, Global, Second Draft Report Additions}, pages = {15--29}, file = {Full Text PDF:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/RP68HYJ5/Rodríguez-Ferrándiz - 2023 - An Overview of the Fake News Phenomenon From Untr.pdf:application/pdf}, } @book{rohnGruyterHandbookMedia2024, title = {De {Gruyter} {Handbook} of {Media} {Economics}}, copyright = {De Gruyter expressly reserves the right to use all content for commercial text and data mining within the meaning of Section 44b of the German Copyright Act.}, url = {https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.1515/9783110793444/html?lang=en}, language = {en}, urldate = {2024-06-03}, publisher = {De Gruyter}, editor = {Rohn, Ulrike and Bjørn von Rimscha, M and Raats, Tim}, year = {2024}, keywords = {/unread, Review, Second Draft Report Additions}, file = {Full text:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/YNX8GETW/Rohn et al. - 2024 - De Gruyter Handbook of Media Economics.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/35VZG77W/pdf.html:text/html}, } @article{ronzhynDefiningAffordancesSocial2023, title = {Defining affordances in social media research: {A} literature review}, volume = {25}, issn = {1461-4448}, shorttitle = {Defining affordances in social media research}, url = {https://doi.org/10.1177/14614448221135187}, doi = {10.1177/14614448221135187}, abstract = {An increasingly influential strand of research on social media relies on the concept of affordances to account for effects. However, hindering the possibility of a unified theory of affordances in social media is the conceptual blurring surrounding the concept. This article engages in a comprehensive review of the affordances literature in social media, aiming to provide an overview of the current state of the art and clarify the use of the concept. Through a systematic literature review, the characteristics of affordances research in social media are uncovered: the most prominent areas of application, research approaches, and dominant typologies and conceptualisations. Significant blurriness of the term ‘affordance’ is identified as well as an inconsistent use in research. To tackle these problems, a unified definition of affordances in social media is proposed based on the synthesis of knowledge on affordances in technology and social media. The suggested definition captures the core aspects of the concept to reduce ambiguity in the use of the concept and further the research on affordances of social media. The article provides the groundwork for future use of affordances theory in social media research.}, language = {en}, number = {11}, urldate = {2024-03-06}, journal = {New Media \& Society}, author = {Ronzhyn, Alexander and Cardenal, Ana Sofia and Batlle Rubio, Albert}, month = nov, year = {2023}, note = {Publisher: SAGE Publications}, keywords = {Systematic literature review, /unread, Second Draft Report Additions}, pages = {3165--3188}, file = {SAGE PDF Full Text:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/ZRLIQ2HL/Ronzhyn et al. - 2023 - Defining affordances in social media research A l.pdf:application/pdf}, } @incollection{rosenbergDataFact2013, title = {Data {Before} the {Fact}}, url = {https://direct.mit.edu/books/edited-volume/3992/chapter/166412/Data-before-the-Fact}, language = {en}, urldate = {2024-08-27}, booktitle = {"{Raw} {Data}" is an {Oxymoron}}, publisher = {MIT Press}, author = {Rosenberg, Daniel}, editor = {Gitelman, Lisa}, month = jan, year = {2013}, keywords = {/unread, Review, Second Draft Report Additions}, pages = {15--40}, file = {Rosenberg - 2013 - Data Before the Fact.pdf:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/6JELVEYM/Rosenberg - 2013 - Data Before the Fact.pdf:application/pdf}, } @article{rosolSmartCityUrban2022, title = {From the smart city to urban justice in a digital age}, volume = {26}, issn = {1360-4813}, url = {https://doi.org/10.1080/13604813.2022.2079881}, doi = {10.1080/13604813.2022.2079881}, abstract = {The smart city is the most emblematic contemporary expression of the fusion of urbanism and digital technologies. Critical urban scholars are now increasingly likely to highlight the injustices that are created and exacerbated by emerging smart city initiatives and to diagnose the way that these projects remake urban space and urban policy in unjust ways. Despite this, there has not yet been a comprehensive and systematic analysis of the concept of justice in the smart city literature. To fill this gap and strengthen the smart city critique, we draw on the tripartite approach to justice developed by philosopher Nancy Fraser, which is focused on redistribution, recognition, and representation. We use this framework to outline key themes and identify gaps in existing critiques of the smart city, and to emphasize the importance of transformational approaches to justice that take shifts in governance seriously. In reformulating and expanding the existing critiques of the smart city, we argue for shifting the discussion away from the smart city as such. Rather than searching for an alternative smart city, we argue that critical scholars should focus on broader questions of urban justice in a digital age.}, number = {4}, urldate = {2024-08-04}, journal = {City: nalysis of Urban Change, Theory, Action}, author = {Rosol, Marit and Blue, Gwendolyn}, month = jul, year = {2022}, note = {Publisher: Routledge \_eprint: https://doi.org/10.1080/13604813.2022.2079881}, keywords = {/unread, Review, Second Draft Report Additions, digitization, justice, Nancy Fraser, smart city}, pages = {684--705}, file = {Full Text PDF:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/ICHCYXE2/Rosol and Blue - 2022 - From the smart city to urban justice in a digital .pdf:application/pdf}, } @article{rossarguedasItsBattleYou2022, title = {“{It}’s a {Battle} {You} {Are} {Never} {Going} to {Win}”: {Perspectives} from {Journalists} in {Four} {Countries} on {How} {Digital} {Media} {Platforms} {Undermine} {Trust} in {News}}, volume = {23}, issn = {1461-670X}, shorttitle = {“{It}’s a {Battle} {You} {Are} {Never} {Going} to {Win}”}, url = {https://doi.org/10.1080/1461670X.2022.2112908}, doi = {10.1080/1461670X.2022.2112908}, abstract = {The growing prominence of platforms in news consumption has raised scholarly concerns about potential impacts on trust in news, which has declined in many countries. However, less is known about how journalists themselves perceive this relationship, which matters for understanding how they use these technologies. In this paper, we draw on 85 interviews with news workers from four countries in both the Global North and South to examine journalists’ narratives—as metajournalistic discourse—about how platforms impact trust in news. We find that practitioners across all environments express mostly critical ideas about platforms vis-à-vis trust on two different levels. First, they describ platforms as disruptive to journalistic practices in ways that strain traditional norms on which trust is based. Second, they discuss platforms as altering the contexts in which journalistic texts and discourses about journalism circulate, weakening the profession’s authority. Despite these reservations, most continue relying on platforms to reach audiences, highlighting the complex choices they must make in an increasingly platform-dominated media environment. As discourses connecting journalistic practice and meaning, these narratives speak to tensions within journalism as a profession around appropriate norms and practices, and challenges to the profession’s claims to authority.}, number = {14}, urldate = {2024-01-02}, journal = {Journalism Studies}, author = {Ross Arguedas, Amy A. and Badrinathan, Sumitra and Mont’Alverne, Camila and Toff, Benjamin and Fletcher, Richard and Nielsen, Rasmus Kleis}, month = oct, year = {2022}, keywords = {platforms, comparative research, /unread, Global, Second Draft Report Additions, Qual, journalistic narratives, journalists, metajournalistic discourse, Trust in news}, pages = {1821--1840}, file = {Full Text PDF:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/9X9XF62U/Ross Arguedas et al. - 2022 - “It’s a Battle You Are Never Going to Win” Perspe.pdf:application/pdf}, } @article{rothGoogleResultsAbortion2022, title = {Google results for abortion clinics are misleading and politically fraught}, url = {https://www.theverge.com/2022/8/16/23307850/google-maps-results-abortion-clinics-crisis-pregnancy-centers}, abstract = {Google Maps is still pointing users to crisis pregnancy centers.}, language = {en}, urldate = {2024-08-09}, journal = {The Verge}, author = {Roth, Emma}, month = aug, year = {2022}, keywords = {/unread, Review, Second Draft Report Additions, Global North}, file = {Snapshot:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/7NJLBN6L/google-maps-results-abortion-clinics-crisis-pregnancy-centers.html:text/html}, } @book{rughArabMassMedia2000, title = {Arab {Mass} {Media}: {Newspapers}, {Radio}, and {Television} in {Arab} {Politics}}, shorttitle = {Arab {Mass} {Media}}, url = {https://www.amazon.co.uk/Arab-Mass-Media-William-Rugh/dp/0313361622}, publisher = {Praeger Publishers}, author = {Rugh, William A.}, month = sep, year = {2000}, keywords = {Global South, /unread, Review, Second Draft Report Additions}, } @article{rusbridgerElonMusksMisinformation2024, title = {Elon {Musk}’s misinformation machine made the horrors of {Southport} much worse}, url = {https://www.prospectmagazine.co.uk/ideas/media/67463/elon-musks-misinformation-machine-made-the-horrors-of-southport-much-worse}, abstract = {The X owner’s commitment to free speech absolutism contributed to a whirlwind of false reporting around the perpetrator’s identity. Why does he seem t...}, language = {en}, urldate = {2024-08-24}, journal = {Prospect}, author = {Rusbridger, Alan}, month = aug, year = {2024}, keywords = {/unread, Second Draft Report Additions, Global North, Mixed}, file = {Snapshot:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/C92YD2JF/elon-musks-misinformation-machine-made-the-horrors-of-southport-much-worse.html:text/html}, } @article{ryan-mosleyActivistDismantlingRacist2020, title = {The activist dismantling racist police algorithms}, url = {https://www.technologyreview.com/2020/06/05/1002709/the-activist-dismantling-racist-police-algorithms/}, abstract = {Hamid Khan has been a community organizer in Los Angeles for over 35 years, with a consistent focus on police violence and human rights. He talked to us on April 3, 2020, for a forthcoming podcast episode about artificial intelligence and policing. As the world turns its attention to police brutality and institutional racism, we…}, language = {en}, urldate = {2020-11-14}, journal = {MIT Technology Review}, author = {Ryan-Mosley, Tate and Strong, Jennifer}, month = jun, year = {2020}, keywords = {/unread, Second Draft Report Additions, Global North, Qual}, file = {Snapshot:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/QZ3U6BM7/the-activist-dismantling-racist-police-algorithms.html:text/html}, } @techreport{sacksGlobalDataGovernance2019, title = {Global {Data} {Governance}: {Concepts}, {Obstacles}, and {Prospects}}, url = {http://newamerica.org/cybersecurity-initiative/reports/global-data-governance/}, abstract = {This report examines how governments and companies collect, store and protect data.}, language = {en}, urldate = {2024-03-10}, institution = {New America US}, author = {Sacks, Samm and Sherman, Justin}, month = dec, year = {2019}, keywords = {/unread, Global, Review, Second Draft Report Additions}, file = {Sacks and Sherman - 2019 - Global Data Governance Concepts, Obstacles, and P.pdf:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/EZ7SJ2ZP/Sacks and Sherman - 2019 - Global Data Governance Concepts, Obstacles, and P.pdf:application/pdf}, } @article{sadabaOvercomingAgeBarrier2023, title = {Overcoming the {Age} {Barrier}: {Improving} {Older} {Adults}' {Detection} of {Political} {Disinformation} with {Media} {Literacy}}, volume = {113-123}, doi = {http://dx.doi.org/10.17645/mac.v11i4.7090}, number = {4}, journal = {Media and Communication}, author = {Sádaba, Charo and Salaverría, Ramón and Bringué, Xavier}, year = {2023}, keywords = {/unread, Second Draft Report Additions, Global North, Quant}, pages = {113--123}, file = {Sabada, C., Salaverria,R., Bringue, X. - 2023 - Overcoming the Age Barrier Improving Older Adult.pdf:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/ES4YX7LW/Sabada, C., Salaverria,R., Bringue, X. - 2023 - Overcoming the Age Barrier Improving Older Adult.pdf:application/pdf}, } @incollection{salehiWeAreDynamo2015, address = {New York, NY, USA}, series = {{CHI} '15}, title = {We {Are} {Dynamo}: {Overcoming} {Stalling} and {Friction} in {Collective} {Action} for {Crowd} {Workers}}, isbn = {978-1-4503-3145-6}, shorttitle = {We {Are} {Dynamo}}, url = {https://doi.org/10.1145/2702123.2702508}, abstract = {By lowering the costs of communication, the web promises to enable distributed collectives to act around shared issues. However, many collective action efforts never succeed: while the web's affordances make it easy to gather, these same decentralizing characteristics impede any focus towards action. In this paper, we study challenges to collective action efforts through the lens of online labor by engaging with Amazon Mechanical Turk workers. Through a year of ethnographic fieldwork, we sought to understand online workers' unique barriers to collective action. We then created Dynamo, a platform to support the Mechanical Turk community in forming publics around issues and then mobilizing. We found that collective action publics tread a precariously narrow path between the twin perils of stalling and friction, balancing with each step between losing momentum and flaring into acrimony. However, specially structured labor to maintain efforts' forward motion can help such publics take action.}, urldate = {2024-07-25}, booktitle = {Proceedings of the 33rd {Annual} {ACM} {Conference} on {Human} {Factors} in {Computing} {Systems}}, publisher = {Association for Computing Machinery}, author = {Salehi, Niloufar and Irani, Lilly C. and Bernstein, Michael S. and Alkhatib, Ali and Ogbe, Eva and Milland, Kristy and Clickhappier and ACM}, month = apr, year = {2015}, keywords = {/unread, Global, Second Draft Report Additions, Qual}, pages = {1621--1630}, } @techreport{samoiliAIWATCHDefining2020, title = {{AI} {WATCH}. {Defining} {Artificial} {Intelligence}}, url = {https://publications.jrc.ec.europa.eu/repository/handle/JRC118163}, abstract = {This report proposes an operational definition of artificial intelligence to be adopted in the context of AI Watch, the Commission knowledge service to monitor the development, uptake and impact of artificial intelligence for Europe. The definition, which will be used as a basis for the AI Watch monitoring activity, is established by means of a flexible scientific methodology that allows regular revision. The operational definition is constituted by a concise taxonomy and a list of keywords that characterise the core domains of the AI research field, and transversal topics such as applications of the former or ethical and philosophical considerations, in line with the wider monitoring objective of AI Watch. The AI taxonomy is designed to inform the AI landscape analysis and will expectedly detect AI applications in neighbour technological domains such as robotics (in a broader sense), neuroscience or internet of things. The starting point to develop the operational definition is the definition of AI adopted by the High Level Expert Group on artificial intelligence. To derive this operational definition we have followed a mixed methodology. On one hand, we apply natural language processing methods to a large set of AI literature. On the other hand, we carry out a qualitative analysis on 55 key documents including artificial intelligence definitions from three complementary perspectives: policy, research and industry. A valuable contribution of this work is the collection of definitions developed between 1955 and 2019, and the summarisation of the main features of the concept of artificial intelligence as reflected in the relevant literature.}, language = {en}, urldate = {2024-08-03}, institution = {Prepared for European Commission, JRC EUR30117}, author = {Samoili, Sofia and Lopez, Cobo Montserrat and Gomez, Gutierrez Emilia and De, Prato Giuditta and Martinez-Plumed, Fernando and Delipetrev, Blagoj}, month = feb, year = {2020}, doi = {10.2760/382730}, note = {ISBN: 9789276170457 ISSN: 1831-9424}, keywords = {/unread, Review, Second Draft Report Additions}, file = {Samoili et al. - 2020 - AI WATCH. Defining Artificial Intelligence.pdf:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/JC4XXPGC/Samoili et al. - 2020 - AI WATCH. Defining Artificial Intelligence.pdf:application/pdf}, } @article{sampathGoverningArtificialIntelligence2021, title = {Governing {Artificial} {Intelligence} in an {Age} of {Inequality}}, volume = {12}, issn = {1758-5880, 1758-5899}, url = {https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/1758-5899.12940}, doi = {10.1111/1758-5899.12940}, abstract = {Abstract This article seeks to position both AI‐based activities, and related policy developments, in the global South in light of a technology industry with desires for continuous expansion and self‐governance. The article proceeds along three themes. First, using field interviews and related information (in an anonymised manner), the article classifies expanding AI activities in several core sectors by businesses, governments and other agencies in the global South into three categories. Next, it reviews the current AI policy priorities and positions in developing countries, showing how the introduction of AI has been punctuated by considerations of digital cannibalization by large firms from the North at the expense of a full‐fledged debate on privacy and data protection. By showing how AI exemplifies structural inequality in the global South, the article identifies four critical departure points in developing countries that make the expanding use of AI a matter of concern. While many of challenges posed by AI are somewhat universal, the article argues that their ramifications can be much worse in the global South. Countering these will require policy frameworks that factor in privacy protection in a more accountable manner. It concludes with suggestions for a more nuanced debate on industrialisation, privacy protection and development. The argument here is not for private property rights on data, but for homegrown narratives on digitization, industrialization, privacy, consent and use of data for economic and social development.}, language = {en}, number = {S6}, urldate = {2023-12-06}, journal = {Global Policy}, author = {Sampath, Padmashree Gehl}, month = jul, year = {2021}, keywords = {Global South, /unread, Review, Second Draft Report Additions}, pages = {21--31}, file = {Gehl Sampath - 2021 - Governing Artificial Intelligence in an Age of Ine.pdf:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/GQTFALMT/Gehl Sampath - 2021 - Governing Artificial Intelligence in an Age of Ine.pdf:application/pdf}, } @article{santiniSoftwarePowerSoft2018, title = {Software {Power} as {Soft} {Power}. {A} {Literature} {Review} on {Computational} {Propaganda} {Effects} in {Public} {Opinion} and {Political} {Process}}, volume = {11}, url = {http://siba-ese.unisalento.it/index.php/paco/article/view/19546/16628}, doi = {10.1285/I20356609V11I2P332}, abstract = {This article draws on a systematic literature review of recently-published material to investigate the state of the art of research into how social network profiles are being used to manipulate public opinion on political issues. The aim of this review is to discuss how the use of these profiles impacts on constructing consensus, authority, legitimacy and representativeness of politicians, parties, hegemonic and minority groups. In total, 369 articles were obtained following a bibliographic search on four different scientific citation indexing databases. Of those, 16 were considered relevant to the research question. In order to identify general trends and specific results, the pertinent papers were subjected to descriptive and critical analysis. Five main approaches were observed: A) Usage policies and platform neutrality; B) Definition, detection and description of the manipulation agents; C) Political role of agents on social networks; D) Attempted electoral predictions via social networks; and E) Network dynamics and strategies for disseminating information. In the conclusion, the results of the literature review are discussed.}, language = {en}, number = {2}, urldate = {2023-12-14}, journal = {The Open Journal of Sociopolitical Studies}, author = {Santini, Rose Marie and Agostini, Larissa and Barros, Carlos Eduardo and Carvalho, Danilo and Centeno De Rezende, Rafael and Salles, Debora G. and Seto, Kenzo and Terra, Camyla and Tucci, Giulia}, year = {2018}, keywords = {Global South, /unread, BRICS, Review, Second Draft Report Additions}, pages = {1--29}, file = {Santini et al. - 2018 - Software Power as Soft Power. A Literature Review .pdf:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/X5JE7X67/Santini et al. - 2018 - Software Power as Soft Power. A Literature Review .pdf:application/pdf}, } @article{santiniWeLoveHate2022, title = {We love to hate {George} {Soros}: {A} cross-platform analysis of the {Globalism} conspiracy theory campaign in {Brazil}}, volume = {28}, issn = {1354-8565, 1748-7382}, shorttitle = {We love to hate {George} {Soros}}, url = {http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/13548565221085833}, doi = {10.1177/13548565221085833}, abstract = {The proliferation of conspiracy theories surrounding George Soros and the ‘Globalist invasion’ had been concentrated primarily in Eastern Europe, Russia and the United States. However, since Jair Bolsonaro’s presidential victory in Brazil, Soros has become a target of the far-right in the country. On Soros’ 90th Birthday in August 2020, the right-wing group ‘Movement for Conservative Brazil’ (Movimento Brasil Conservador – MBC) launched a campaign called ‘International Day Against George Soros’, aiming to attack the billionaire’s reputation. The purpose of this paper is to investigate how this campaign worked across online platforms as a strategy to popularize the Globalism conspiracy theory in the biggest Latin American country. We aim (1) to map the dynamics of disinformation dissemination across chat apps using hyperlink analysis; and (2) to interpret conspiratorial narratives about George Soros shared on chat apps during the month of his 90th birthday. We collected messages mentioning the anti-Soros campaign in WhatsApp and Telegram public groups and channels to extract hyperlinks and domains. These websites were manually categorized in an effort to analyze which conspiracy theories about George Soros are being disseminated on chat apps in Brazil. Our results suggest an increasing cross-platform dissemination of narratives attacking Soros. This case study illustrates how the rise of a transnationally networked political right has been accompanied by an emerging alternative digital communication infrastructure through which conspiracy theories circulate.}, language = {en}, number = {4}, urldate = {2023-12-14}, journal = {Convergence: The International Journal of Research into New Media Technologies}, author = {Santini, Rose Marie and Salles, Débora and Barros, Carlos Eduardo}, month = aug, year = {2022}, keywords = {Global South, /unread, BRICS, Second Draft Report Additions, Qual}, pages = {983--1006}, file = {Santini et al. - 2022 - We love to hate George Soros A cross-platform ana.pdf:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/E484BX7J/Santini et al. - 2022 - We love to hate George Soros A cross-platform ana.pdf:application/pdf}, } @article{santiniMakingAudienceMedia2020, title = {Making up {Audience}: {Media} {Bots} and the {Falsification} of the {Public} {Sphere}}, volume = {71}, issn = {1051-0974, 1745-1035}, shorttitle = {Making up {Audience}}, url = {https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/10510974.2020.1735466}, doi = {10.1080/10510974.2020.1735466}, abstract = {The purpose of this paper is to discuss if and how Brazilian media outlets make use of automated strategies and artificial intelligence (AI) in order to produce convenient social media metrics about themselves and amplify their relevance on Twitter. We examine how media bots can manipulate online ratings, change social perception of what is relevant and increase engagement with both on- and offline media entities. We extracted three types of data: (i) 530,942 tweets containing at least one URL from Globo Group or Folha Group collected via Twitter API; (ii) URL metadata from 158,690 articles by Globo Group and Folha Group; (iii) Twitter trending topics in Brazil. Profiles that posted links were later sampled and classified using the Botometer. Automated and human accounts were analyzed regarding their posting frequency and speed. In this paper, we assess the hypothesis that the existence of media bots is affecting the Twittersphere in Brazil, where automated accounts, empowered by AI, might be responsible for a substantial share of the links to popular Brazilian media outlets on Twitter. Our research provides quantitative empirical evidence that bots are particularly active in amplifying news media links in the initial moments of spreading. Additionally, automated accounts play an important role in promoting TV broadcast programs in Brazil. Based on these evidences, we discuss the strategies adopted by Brazilian media corporations to sustain their omnipresence online that boosts their online audience.}, language = {en}, number = {3}, urldate = {2023-12-14}, journal = {Communication Studies}, author = {Santini, Rose Marie and Salles, Debora and Tucci, Giulia and Ferreira, Fernando and Grael, Felipe}, month = may, year = {2020}, keywords = {Global South, /unread, BRICS, Second Draft Report Additions, Mixed}, pages = {466--487}, file = {Santini et al. - 2020 - Making up Audience Media Bots and the Falsificati.pdf:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/ZITSUJ84/Santini et al. - 2020 - Making up Audience Media Bots and the Falsificati.pdf:application/pdf}, } @book{schaakeDigitalTechnologiesEmerging2023, title = {Digital {Technologies} in {Emerging} {Countries}}, url = {https://cyber.fsi.stanford.edu/publication/digital-technologies-emerging-countries}, language = {en}, urldate = {2024-07-24}, publisher = {Stanford Cyber Policy Center}, editor = {Schaake, Marietje and Fukuyama, Francis}, year = {2023}, keywords = {Global South, /unread, Second Draft Report Additions, Qual}, file = {Full Text PDF:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/RP6CGLFU/University et al. - 2023 - Digital Technologies in Emerging Countries.pdf:application/pdf}, } @article{schaetzAlgorithmDependencyPlatformized2023, title = {Algorithm dependency in platformized news use}, volume = {Online First}, issn = {1461-4448}, url = {https://doi.org/10.1177/14614448231193093}, doi = {10.1177/14614448231193093}, abstract = {Previous research has highlighted the ambiguous experience of algorithmic news curation whereby people are simultaneously comfortable with algorithms, but also concerned about the underlying data collection practices. The present article builds on media dependency theory and news-finds-me (NFM) perceptions to explore this tension. Empirically, we analyze original survey data from six European countries (Germany, Sweden, France, Greece, Poland, and Italy, n = 2,899) to investigate how young Europeans’ privacy concerns and attitudes toward algorithms affect NFM. We find that a more positive attitude toward algorithms and more privacy concerns are related to stronger NFM. The study highlights power asymmetries in platformized news use and suggests that the ambivalent experiences might be a result of algorithm dependency, whereby individuals rely on algorithms in platformized news use to meet their information needs, despite accompanying risks and concerns.}, language = {en}, urldate = {2023-12-23}, journal = {New Media \& Society}, author = {Schaetz, Nadja and Gagrčin, Emilija and Toth, Roland and Emmer, Martin}, month = aug, year = {2023}, note = {Publisher: SAGE Publications}, keywords = {/unread, Second Draft Report Additions, Global North, OID Media, USED, Quant}, pages = {1--18}, file = {Schaetz et al. - 2023 - Algorithm dependency in platformized news use.pdf:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/UAPT6KT4/Schaetz et al. - 2023 - Algorithm dependency in platformized news use.pdf:application/pdf}, } @article{schlesingerPostpublicSphere2020, title = {After the post-public sphere}, volume = {42}, issn = {0163-4437}, url = {https://doi.org/10.1177/0163443720948003}, doi = {10.1177/0163443720948003}, abstract = {The idea of a public sphere has long been central to discussion of political communication. Its present condition is the topic of this essay. Debate about the public sphere has been shaped by the boundary-policing of competing political systems and ideologies. Current discussion reflects the accelerating transition from the mass media era to the ramifying entrenchment of the Internet age. It has also been influenced by the vogue for analysing populism. The present transitional phase, whose outcome remains unclear, is best described as an unstable ‘post-public sphere’. This instability is not unusual as, over time, conceptions of the public sphere’s underpinnings and scope have continually shifted. Latterly, states’ responses to the development of the Internet have given rise to a new shift of focus, a ‘regulatory turn’. This is likely to influence the future shape of the public sphere.}, language = {en}, number = {7-8}, urldate = {2023-12-23}, journal = {Media, Culture \& Society}, author = {Schlesinger, Philip}, month = oct, year = {2020}, note = {Publisher: SAGE Publications Ltd}, keywords = {/unread, Review, Second Draft Report Additions, OID Media, USED}, pages = {1545--1563}, file = {Schlesinger - 2020 - After the post-public sphere.pdf:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/XZLQPGLB/Schlesinger - 2020 - After the post-public sphere.pdf:application/pdf}, } @article{schlosbergOpeningGatesPlurality2020, title = {Opening the gates: plurality regulation in a post digital world}, volume = {11}, url = {https://intellectdiscover.com/content/journals/10.1386/jdmp_00017_1}, number = {2}, journal = {Journal of Digital Media \& Policy}, author = {Schlosberg, Justin and Freedman, Des}, year = {2020}, keywords = {/unread, Review, Second Draft Report Additions, Global North}, pages = {115--132}, file = {Schlosberg and Freedman - 2020 - Opening the gates plurality regulation in a post .pdf:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/UNRCNPHR/Schlosberg and Freedman - 2020 - Opening the gates plurality regulation in a post .pdf:application/pdf}, } @book{schmarzoAIDataLiteracy2023, title = {{AI} \& {Data} {Literacy}: {Empowering} {Citizens} of {Data} {Science}}, isbn = {978-1-83508-794-7}, shorttitle = {{AI} \& {Data} {Literacy}}, abstract = {Learn the key skills and capabilities that empower Citizens of Data Science to not only survive but thrive in an AI-dominated world. Purchase of the print or Kindle book includes a free PDF eBookKey FeaturesPrepare for a future dominated by AI and big dataEnhance your AI and data literacy with real-world examplesLearn how to leverage AI and data to address current and future challengesBook DescriptionAI is undoubtedly a game-changing tool with immense potential to improve human life. This book aims to empower you as a Citizen of Data Science, covering the privacy, ethics, and theoretical concepts you’ll need to exploit to thrive amid the current and future developments in the AI landscape. We'll explore AI's inner workings, user intent, and the critical role of the AI utility function while also briefly touching on statistics and prediction to build decision models that leverage AI and data for highly informed, more accurate, and less risky decisions. Additionally, we'll discuss how organizations of all sizes can leverage AI and data to engineer or create value. We'll establish why economies of learning are more powerful than the economies of scale in a digital-centric world. Ethics and personal/organizational empowerment in the context of AI will also be addressed. Lastly, we'll delve into ChatGPT and the role of Large Language Models (LLMs), preparing you for the growing importance of Generative AI. By the end of the book, you'll have a deeper understanding of AI and how best to leverage it and thrive alongside it.What you will learnGet to know the fundamentals of data literacy, privacy, and analyticsFind out what makes AI tick and the role of the AI utility functionMake informed decisions using prominent decision-making frameworksUnderstand relevant statistics and probability conceptsCreate new sources of value by leveraging and applying AI and dataApply ethical parameters to AI development with real-world examplesFind out how to get the most out of ChatGPT and its peersWho this book is forThis book is designed to benefit everyone from students to established business leaders and professionals who want to learn how to leverage data and analytics to accelerate their AI and Data literacy.}, language = {en}, publisher = {Packt Publishing Ltd}, author = {Schmarzo, Bill}, month = jul, year = {2023}, note = {Google-Books-ID: n2HMEAAAQBAJ}, keywords = {/unread, Review, Second Draft Report Additions, Global North, Business \& Economics / Decision-Making \& Problem Solving, Computers / Data Science / Data Analytics, Computers / Data Science / General}, } @inproceedings{schmittImplicationsRegulationsLarge2024, address = {Torino, Italia}, title = {Implications of {Regulations} on {Large} {Generative} {AI} {Models} in the {Super}-{Election} {Year} and the {Impact} on {Disinformation}}, url = {https://aclanthology.org/2024.legal-1.6}, abstract = {With the rise of Large Generative AI Models (LGAIMs), disinformation online has become more concerning than ever before. Within the super-election year 2024, the influence of mis- and disinformation can severely influence public opinion. To combat the increasing amount of disinformation online, humans need to be supported by AI-based tools to increase the effectiveness of detecting false content. This paper examines the critical intersection of the AI Act with the deployment of LGAIMs for disinformation detection and the implications from research, deployer, and the user's perspective. The utilization of LGAIMs for disinformation detection falls under the high-risk category defined in the AI Act, leading to several obligations that need to be followed after the enforcement of the AI Act. Among others, the obligations include risk management, transparency, and human oversight which pose the challenge of finding adequate technical interpretations. Furthermore, the paper articulates the necessity for clear guidelines and standards that enable the effective, ethical, and legally compliant use of AI. The paper contributes to the discourse on balancing technological advancement with ethical and legal imperatives, advocating for a collaborative approach to utilizing LGAIMs in safeguarding information integrity and fostering trust in digital ecosystems.}, urldate = {2024-08-01}, booktitle = {Proceedings of the {Workshop} on {Legal} and {Ethical} {Issues} in {Human} {Language} {Technologies} @ {LREC}-{COLING} 2024}, publisher = {ELRA and ICCL}, author = {Schmitt, Vera and Tesch, Jakob and Lopez, Eva and Polzehl, Tim and Burchardt, Aljoscha and Neumann, Konstanze and Mohtaj, Salar and Möller, Sebastian}, editor = {Siegert, Ingo and Choukri, Khalid}, month = may, year = {2024}, keywords = {/unread, Review, Second Draft Report Additions}, pages = {28--38}, file = {Full Text PDF:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/DZRPKITP/Schmitt et al. - 2024 - Implications of Regulations on Large Generative AI.pdf:application/pdf}, } @article{schreursProblematizingDigitalLiteracy2017, title = {Problematizing the digital literacy paradox in the context of older adults’ {ICT} use: {Aging}, media discourse, and self-determination}, volume = {42}, doi = {http://doi.org/10.22230/cjc.2017v42n2a3130}, number = {2}, journal = {Canadian Journal of Communication}, author = {Schreurs, Kathleen and Quan-Haase, Anabel and Martin, Kim}, year = {2017}, keywords = {/unread, Second Draft Report Additions, Global North, Qual}, pages = {359--377}, file = {Schreurs, K., Quan-Haase, A., & Martin, K. - 2017 - Problematizing the digital literacy paradox in the.pdf:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/T9YGRWHT/Schreurs, K., Quan-Haase, A., & Martin, K. - 2017 - Problematizing the digital literacy paradox in the.pdf:application/pdf}, } @techreport{schwartzStandardIdentifyingManaging2022, address = {Gaithersburg, MD}, title = {Towards a standard for identifying and managing bias in artificial intelligence}, url = {https://nvlpubs.nist.gov/nistpubs/SpecialPublications/NIST.SP.1270.pdf}, abstract = {As individuals and communities interact in and with an environment that is increasingly virtual they are often vulnerable to the commodification of their digital exhaust. Concepts and behavior that are ambiguous in nature are captured in this environment, quantified, and used to categorize, sort, recommend, or make decisions about people's lives. While many organizations seek to utilize this information in a responsible manner, biases remain endemic across technology processes and can lead to harmful impacts regardless of intent. These harmful outcomes, even if inadvertent, create significant challenges for cultivating public trust in artificial intelligence (AI). SP 1270 is a NIST Artificial Intelligence publication and should be read in conjunction with all publications in the NIST AI Series, which was established in January 2023.}, language = {en}, number = {NIST SP 1270}, urldate = {2024-04-15}, institution = {US National Institute of Standards and Technology}, author = {Schwartz, Reva and Vassilev, Apostol and Greene, Kristen and Perine, Lori and Burt, Andrew and Hall, Patrick}, month = mar, year = {2022}, doi = {10.6028/NIST.SP.1270}, keywords = {/unread, Review, Second Draft Report Additions}, pages = {NIST SP 1270}, file = {nist-sp-1270--identifying-and-managing-bias-in-ai.pdf:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/YKB3QCGK/nist-sp-1270--identifying-and-managing-bias-in-ai.pdf:application/pdf}, } @article{scottInfluenceNewsCoverage2022, title = {The {Influence} of {News} {Coverage} on {Humanitarian} {Aid}: {The} {Bureaucrats}’ {Perspective}}, volume = {23}, issn = {1461-670X, 1469-9699}, shorttitle = {The {Influence} of {News} {Coverage} on {Humanitarian} {Aid}}, url = {https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/1461670X.2021.2013129}, doi = {10.1080/1461670X.2021.2013129}, abstract = {We examine if and how news coverage influences governments’ humanitarian aid allocations, from the perspective of the senior bureaucrats involved in such decision-making. Using rare indepth interviews with 30 directors and senior policymakers in 16 of the world’s largest donor countries, we found that the majority of these bureaucrats believed that sudden-onset, national news coverage can increase levels of emergency humanitarian aid allocated to a crisis. They said that this influence operated by triggering other accountability institutions (the public, civil society, elected officials) who put pressure on aid bureaucracies to announce additional funding. However, these practitioners claim that annual humanitarian aid allocations—which are much larger—are unaffected by news pressure. Intriguingly, we also find that many respondents interpret a lack of news coverage as grounds for increasing their annual aid allocations to what they call “forgotten crises”. We argue that “bureaucratic mediatisation”, rather than the “CNN Effect” or the “Cockroach Effect”, provides the most appropriate theoretical perspective to understand these multiple, concurrent and indirect forms of media influence. These findings have important implications for government donors, news organisations and aid agencies, and for our wider understanding of how news coverage may influence foreign policy.}, language = {en}, number = {2}, urldate = {2024-07-03}, journal = {Journalism Studies}, author = {Scott, Martin and Bunce, Mel and Wright, Kate}, month = jan, year = {2022}, keywords = {/unread, Second Draft Report Additions, Global North, Qual}, pages = {167--186}, file = {Scott et al. - 2022 - The Influence of News Coverage on Humanitarian Aid.pdf:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/6YW2HQPP/Scott et al. - 2022 - The Influence of News Coverage on Humanitarian Aid.pdf:application/pdf}, } @article{seguraDataCapitalismData2019, title = {Between {Data} {Capitalism} and {Data} {Citizenship}}, volume = {20}, issn = {1527-4764}, url = {https://doi.org/10.1177/1527476419834519}, doi = {10.1177/1527476419834519}, abstract = {We discuss two points raised by the articles in this special issue, which are related to our previous work on media movements in Latin America. First, we analyze the dimensions of data activism in the region. Recent experiences in Latin America suggest two types of data activism differentiated by goals and spheres of action: social data activism and data rights activism. They also have diverse tactics and achievements. Second, we discuss the Global South as the site of counter-epistemic and alternative practices, and we wonder whether the concept of “data colonialism” adequately captures the dynamics of the digital society in areas of well-entrenched digital divides. We argue that datafication and the opposition to datafication in the South does not develop exactly as in the North given huge political, economic, social, and technological differences in the context of the expansion of digital capitalism.}, language = {en}, number = {4}, urldate = {2020-08-06}, journal = {Television \& New Media}, author = {Segura, María Soledad and Waisbord, Silvio}, month = may, year = {2019}, note = {Publisher: SAGE Publications}, keywords = {Global South, /unread, Review, Second Draft Report Additions, OID Data Gov}, pages = {412--419}, file = {Segura and Waisbord - 2019 - Between Data Capitalism and Data Citizenship.pdf:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/JADXZ4BZ/Segura and Waisbord - 2019 - Between Data Capitalism and Data Citizenship.pdf:application/pdf}, } @article{seippDefiningMediaEurope2023, title = {Defining the ‘media’ in {Europe}: pitfalls of the proposed {European} {Media} {Freedom} {Act}}, volume = {15}, issn = {1757-7632, 1757-7640}, shorttitle = {Defining the ‘media’ in {Europe}}, url = {https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/17577632.2023.2240998}, doi = {10.1080/17577632.2023.2240998}, language = {en}, number = {1}, urldate = {2024-05-08}, journal = {Journal of Media Law}, author = {Seipp, Theresa J and Fathaigh, Ronan Ó and van Drunen, Max}, month = jan, year = {2023}, keywords = {/unread, Review, Second Draft Report Additions, Global North}, pages = {39--51}, file = {Available Version (via Google Scholar):/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/36B3XJUM/Seipp et al. - 2023 - Defining the ‘media’ in Europe pitfalls of the pr.pdf:application/pdf}, } @article{sepasAlgorithmsAnonymizeStructured2022, title = {Algorithms to anonymize structured medical and healthcare data: {A} systematic review}, volume = {2}, issn = {2673-7647}, shorttitle = {Algorithms to anonymize structured medical and healthcare data}, url = {https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/bioinformatics/articles/10.3389/fbinf.2022.984807/full}, doi = {10.3389/fbinf.2022.984807}, abstract = {{\textless}p{\textgreater}{\textless}bold{\textgreater}Introduction:{\textless}/bold{\textgreater} With many anonymization algorithms developed for structured medical health data (SMHD) in the last decade, our systematic review provides a comprehensive bird’s eye view of algorithms for SMHD anonymization.{\textless}/p{\textgreater}{\textless}p{\textgreater}{\textless}bold{\textgreater}Methods:{\textless}/bold{\textgreater} This systematic review was conducted according to the recommendations in the Cochrane Handbook for Reviews of Interventions and reported according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA). Eligible articles from the PubMed, ACM digital library, Medline, IEEE, Embase, Web of Science Collection, Scopus, ProQuest Dissertation, and Theses Global databases were identified through systematic searches. The following parameters were extracted from the eligible studies: author, year of publication, sample size, and relevant algorithms and/or software applied to anonymize SMHD, along with the summary of outcomes.{\textless}/p{\textgreater}{\textless}p{\textgreater}{\textless}bold{\textgreater}Results:{\textless}/bold{\textgreater} Among 1,804 initial hits, the present study considered 63 records including research articles, reviews, and books. Seventy five evaluated the anonymization of demographic data, 18 assessed diagnosis codes, and 3 assessed genomic data. One of the most common approaches was k-anonymity, which was utilized mainly for demographic data, often in combination with another algorithm; e.g., l-diversity. No approaches have yet been developed for protection against membership disclosure attacks on diagnosis codes.{\textless}/p{\textgreater}{\textless}p{\textgreater}{\textless}bold{\textgreater}Conclusion:{\textless}/bold{\textgreater} This study reviewed and categorized different anonymization approaches for MHD according to the anonymized data types (demographics, diagnosis codes, and genomic data). Further research is needed to develop more efficient algorithms for the anonymization of diagnosis codes and genomic data. The risk of reidentification can be minimized with adequate application of the addressed anonymization approaches.{\textless}/p{\textgreater}{\textless}p{\textgreater}{\textless}bold{\textgreater}Systematic Review Registration{\textless}/bold{\textgreater}: [{\textless}ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.crd.york.ac.uk/prospero" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"{\textgreater}http://www.crd.york.ac.uk/prospero{\textless}/ext-link{\textgreater}], identifier [CRD42021228200].{\textless}/p{\textgreater}}, language = {English}, urldate = {2024-08-03}, journal = {Frontiers in Bioinformatics}, author = {Sepas, Ali and Bangash, Ali Haider and Alraoui, Omar and El Emam, Khaled and El-Hussuna, Alaa}, month = dec, year = {2022}, note = {Publisher: Frontiers}, keywords = {/unread, Review, Second Draft Report Additions, anonymization, de-identification, Electronic Health Records, medical health data, Reidentification}, pages = {1--11}, file = {Full Text:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/2LWKE5I4/Sepas et al. - 2022 - Algorithms to anonymize structured medical and hea.pdf:application/pdf}, } @article{shahinFacingFacebookHow2019, title = {Facing up to {Facebook}: how digital activism, independent regulation, and mass media foiled a neoliberal threat to net neutrality}, volume = {22}, issn = {1369-118X, 1468-4462}, shorttitle = {Facing up to {Facebook}}, url = {https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/1369118X.2017.1340494}, doi = {10.1080/1369118X.2017.1340494}, language = {en}, number = {1}, urldate = {2024-02-11}, journal = {Information, Communication \& Society}, author = {Shahin, Saif}, month = jan, year = {2019}, keywords = {Global South, /unread, BRICS, Second Draft Report Additions, Quant}, pages = {1--17}, file = {Shahin - 2019 - Facing up to Facebook how digital activism, indep.pdf:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/FHUDTK3R/Shahin - 2019 - Facing up to Facebook how digital activism, indep.pdf:application/pdf}, } @inproceedings{sheombarFollowSurveillanceBreadcrumb2023, address = {Cham}, title = {Follow the {Surveillance}: {A} {Breadcrumb} {Trail} of {Surveillance} {Technology} {Exports} to {Africa}}, isbn = {978-3-031-50154-8}, shorttitle = {Follow the {Surveillance}}, doi = {10.1007/978-3-031-50154-8_19}, abstract = {This paper describes the work done to track the supply chains of surveillance technologies from the global North to African governments for illegal surveillance of their citizens. We conducted desk research to analyze the supply side of surveillance technology exported to African countries. Our preliminary findings show nine key exporting states-actors for surveillance technologies to Africa. These are China; European Union agencies, and member states France, Germany, Italy; Israel, United Kingdom, Russia, and the United States of America.}, language = {en}, booktitle = {After {Latour}: {Globalisation}, {Inequity} and {Climate} {Change}}, publisher = {Springer Nature Switzerland}, author = {Sheombar, Anand and Skelton, Sebastian Klovig}, editor = {Jones, Matthew R. and Mukherjee, Arunima S. and Thapa, Devinder and Zheng, Yingqin}, year = {2023}, keywords = {Global South, /unread, Second Draft Report Additions, Qual}, pages = {241--261}, } @article{shinPublicValueMapping2017, title = {Public value mapping of network neutrality: {Public} values and net neutrality in {Korea}}, volume = {41}, issn = {03085961}, shorttitle = {Public value mapping of network neutrality}, url = {https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0308596116302804}, doi = {10.1016/j.telpol.2016.12.012}, language = {en}, number = {3}, urldate = {2024-02-11}, journal = {Telecommunications Policy}, author = {Shin, Dong-Hee and Lee, Min-Kyu}, month = apr, year = {2017}, keywords = {Global South, /unread, BRICS, Second Draft Report Additions, Mixed}, pages = {208--224}, file = {Shin and Lee - 2017 - Public value mapping of network neutrality Public.pdf:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/4LLHUXTU/Shin and Lee - 2017 - Public value mapping of network neutrality Public.pdf:application/pdf}, } @article{shroffGautamAdaniKnocks2022, title = {Gautam {Adani} {Knocks} on the {Doors} of {NDTV}. {How} {Does} the {Hostile} {Takeover} {Play} {Out}?}, url = {https://thewire.in/business/gautam-adani-ndtv-takeover}, urldate = {2024-07-24}, journal = {The Wire News India}, author = {Shroff, Kaushal}, month = aug, year = {2022}, keywords = {Global South, /unread, BRICS, Second Draft Report Additions}, file = {The Wire\: The Wire News India, Latest News,News from India, Politics, External Affairs, Science, Economics, Gender and Culture:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/XS7CAQ58/gautam-adani-ndtv-takeover.html:text/html}, } @techreport{simonAINewsReshaping2023, title = {{AI} in the news: reshaping the information ecosystem?}, shorttitle = {{AI} in the news}, url = {https://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:9947240c-06d3-42c2-9a23-57ff4559b63c/files/sj3860857t}, abstract = {{\textless}p{\textgreater}Journalism faces a decline of traditional business models. News leaders are increasingly pressured to reorient toward data-driven logics. Many news organisations now bet big on AI investments, hoping that the technology can generate additional revenue or free up staff time. But problems emerge: Some journalists fear being replaced with AI; there are possible frictions between journalistic values and{\textless}br /{\textgreater}the values encoded into AI systems and infrastructures; and little is known about the impact of AI on the news and the health of our public discourse. AI also poses the risk of making news organisations even more reliant on the technology and platforms companies that dominate in AI development \– potentially aggravating the economic problems that news organisations face.{\textless}/p{\textgreater} {\textless}p{\textgreater}Starting in March 2021, the project \‘AI in the News: Reshaping our Information Ecosystem\’1 at the Oxford Internet Institute investigated these and related questions, generously funded by Oxford University\’s Research Centre in the Humanities (TORCH) and the Minderoo- Oxford Challenge Fund in AI Governance and with administrative support from the Oxford Internet Institute and Balliol College.{\textless}/p{\textgreater} {\textless}p{\textgreater}The aim of the project, led by Felix M. Simon and co-launched by Prof Gina Neff, was to identify key issues in this space, collect evidence, and start a conversation among academic and industry leaders about those issues. These efforts culminated in a public symposium held at Balliol College on 25th May 2023, which sought to foster discussions between industry experts, academics, and students on the key issues identified during the active research phase.2 The symposium featured three panel discussions on \‘AI in the Workplace\’, \‘AI, News, and the Role of the Technology Sector\’, and \‘AI and the Implications for Public Discourse\’.{\textless}/p{\textgreater} {\textless}p{\textgreater}Held under the Chatham House Rule, participants included leading experts on AI and the news, including Shreya Vaidyanathan, Product Manager at Bloomberg LP; Jane Barrett, Global Editor for Media News Strategy at Reuters; Siddharth Venkataramakrishnan, Banking and Fintech Correspondent at the Financial Times; Melissa Heikkil\ä, Senior Reporter for AI at MIT Technology Review; Nic Newman, Senior Research Associate at the Reuters Institute for the Study of Journalism; David Caswell, Executive Product Manager at the BBC; and Tom Standage, Deputy Editor at The Economist. The diverse audience comprised journalists, policy experts, technology specialists, and students from the University of Oxford and beyond, contributing to a rich and multifaceted exchange of ideas.{\textless}/p{\textgreater} {\textless}p{\textgreater}This report provides a summary of the main themes that emerged during the symposium and outlines a few recommendations as well as blind spots to be addressed in future research. It examines the role AI plays in news production and distribution and, consequently, in the broader public sphere drawing from the experiences of various well-known British and US-American news organisations.{\textless}/p{\textgreater} {\textless}p{\textgreater}We begin by summarising what media organisations understand AI to be and how AI tools are increasingly being integrated into all stages of the process of news creation and distribution. Notably, different news organisations have varying degrees of engagement with AI. Some have been using AI for years and have developed their own tools, while others are still exploring these technologies.{\textless}/p{\textgreater} {\textless}p{\textgreater}Next, we summarise what was discussed in{\textless}br /{\textgreater}the three panels of the symposium. First, we provide an overview of the tensions and issues emerging from AI\’s use in new organisations and how the organisations have navigated the same. The discussion showed that maintaining reliability and trustworthiness was a guiding principle for many. For the second panel, participants discussed the possible dependency on the providers of AI tools and systems, especially major technology companies. They recognised the influence that these companies already have and some of them, though not all, expressed their concern that AI could increase their power even further. In the final section of the symposium, the speakers talked about the long-term implications of AI for the industry and the broader public sphere.{\textless}/p{\textgreater} {\textless}p{\textgreater}We conclude this report by presenting some recommendations around the use of AI in the news and highlighting some of the blind spots of the current discussions on this topic.{\textless}/p{\textgreater}}, language = {English}, urldate = {2024-01-30}, institution = {Balliol College, Torch, Reuters Institute, University of Oxford}, author = {Simon, Felix M and Isaza-Ibarra, Luisa Fernanda}, year = {2023}, keywords = {/unread, Second Draft Report Additions, Global North, Qual}, file = {Simon and Isaza-Ibarra - 2023 - AI in the news reshaping the information ecosyste.pdf:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/VFFZZ8EB/Simon and Isaza-Ibarra - 2023 - AI in the news reshaping the information ecosyste.pdf:application/pdf}, } @techreport{simonArtificialIntelligenceNews2024, title = {Artificial {Intelligence} in the {News}: {How} {AI} {Retools}, {Rationalizes}, and {Reshapes} {Journalism} and the {Public} {Arena}}, shorttitle = {Artificial {Intelligence} in the {News}}, url = {https://doi.org/10.7916/ncm5-3v06}, abstract = {Despite growing interest, the effects of AI on the news industry and our information environment — the public arena — remain poorly understood. Insufficient attention has also been paid to the implications of the news industry’s dependence on technology companies for AI. Drawing on 134 interviews with news workers at 35 news organizations in the United States, the United Kingdom, and Germany — including outlets such as The Guardian, Bayerischer Rundfunk, the Washington Post, The Sun, and the Financial Times — and 36 international experts from industry, academia, technology, and policy, this report examines the use of AI across editorial, commercial, and technological domains with an eye to the structural implications of AI in news organizations for the public arena. In a second step, it considers how a retooling of the news through AI stands to reinforce news organizations’ existing dependency on the technology sector and the implications of this.}, language = {en}, urldate = {2024-02-19}, institution = {Tow Center for Jouralism, Oxford Internet Institute, University of Oxford}, author = {Simon, Felix M.}, year = {2024}, keywords = {/unread, Second Draft Report Additions, Global North, Qual}, file = {Full Text PDF:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/JJKIHGBA/Simon - 2024 - Artificial Intelligence in the News How AI Retool.pdf:application/pdf}, } @techreport{singhEconomicGovernanceData2021, title = {Economic {Governance} of {Data}: {Balancing} individualist-property approaches with a community rights framework}, url = {https://itforchange.net/sites/default/files/1880/Economic-governance-of-data.pdf}, institution = {IT for Change, India}, author = {Singh, Parminder Jeet and Gurumurthy, Anita}, month = jan, year = {2021}, keywords = {Global South, /unread, Review, Second Draft Report Additions}, file = {Singh and Gurumuthy - 2021 - Economic Governance of Data Balancing individuali.pdf:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/N9VX5FET/Singh and Gurumuthy - 2021 - Economic Governance of Data Balancing individuali.pdf:application/pdf}, } @article{sipleyLurkingLiteracyPractice2024, title = {Lurking as literacy practice: {A} uses and gratifications study in neighborhood {Facebook} groups}, volume = {26}, issn = {1461-4448}, shorttitle = {Lurking as literacy practice}, url = {https://doi.org/10.1177/14614448221117994}, doi = {10.1177/14614448221117994}, abstract = {This study explores lurking as a literacy practice and poses two questions: In what ways do so-called Facebook lurkers use neighborhood groups to engage in literacy practices? What gratifications are sought when individuals choose to lurk and engage in these literacy practices in Facebook neighborhood groups? A community mapping of the literacy practices of NYC suburban neighborhood Facebook groups was conducted by 203 participants, and 18 of those participants were interviewed. Through lurking, participants sought to gratify desires to (1) understand a divergent point of view, (2) verify information, (3) suppress the spread of information, (4) pivot to offline social action, (5) advance professionally, and (6) maintain quality of community life. The study also introduces the concepts of receptive reading, participatory restraint, and protective curation as ways of reading that individuals engage in while gratifying these desires.}, language = {en}, number = {7}, urldate = {2024-07-29}, journal = {New Media \& Society}, author = {Sipley, Gina}, month = jul, year = {2024}, note = {Publisher: SAGE Publications}, keywords = {/unread, Second Draft Report Additions, Global North, Qual}, pages = {4277--4296}, file = {Sipley - 2024 - Lurking as literacy practice A uses and gratifica.pdf:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/GY7RN4WE/Sipley - 2024 - Lurking as literacy practice A uses and gratifica.pdf:application/pdf}, } @incollection{skalliDisruptiveSocialEntrepreneurship2023, address = {Cham}, title = {Disruptive {Social} {Entrepreneurship} from {Bahrain}: {The} {Case} of {Esra}’a {Al} {Shafei}}, isbn = {978-3-031-11980-4}, shorttitle = {Disruptive {Social} {Entrepreneurship} from {Bahrain}}, url = {https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-11980-4_31}, abstract = {This chapter focuses on the Bahraini native Esra’a Al Shafei to discuss social entrepreneurship as it intersects with gender and digital technologies in authoritarian contexts. Al Shafei was no more than 19 when she ventured into the world of social entrepreneurship. As the founder and executive director of the non-profit Majal.org, Al Shafei has launched since 2006 innovative online platforms (MidEastYouth, CrowdVoice, Migrant-Rights.org, MidEastTunes, and Ahwaa.org) to amplify the voices of the oppressed and marginalized in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) and beyond. By focusing on Al Shafei, the chapter makes two important claims. First, her work introduces us to the under-researched world of young disruptive social entrepreneurs in MENA who rise above contextual constraints and exclusionary socio-political structures to engineer social change one platform at a time. Analysis of her work calls for rethinking activism beyond its classic definition to account for the emergence of new entrepreneurial possibilities and disruptive social innovation in the age of digital technologies. Second, an analysis of the platforms and activities under Majal.com, as well as personal interviews with Al Shafei (2008–2020) provide answers to why and how the young social entrepreneur seeks to interrupt state hegemony over knowledge production and truth. Al Shafei complicates our understanding of acts of witnessing, documenting, and archiving human rights violations in oppressive contexts.}, language = {en}, urldate = {2024-08-04}, booktitle = {The {Palgrave} {Handbook} of {Gender}, {Media} and {Communication} in the {Middle} {East} and {North} {Africa}}, publisher = {Springer International Publishing}, author = {Skalli, Loubna H.}, editor = {Skalli, Loubna H. and Eltantawy, Nahed}, year = {2023}, doi = {10.1007/978-3-031-11980-4_31}, keywords = {Global South, /unread, Second Draft Report Additions, Qual}, pages = {567--583}, } @book{soderstromDataPowerAction2023, title = {Data {Power} in {Action}: {Urban} {Data} {Politics} in {Times} of {Crisis}}, url = {https://bristoluniversitypressdigital.com/display/book/9781529233551/9781529233551.xml}, publisher = {Bristol University Press}, editor = {Söderström, Ola and Datta, Ayona}, year = {2023}, keywords = {Global South, /unread, Second Draft Report Additions, Qual, OID General}, file = {Full text:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/LUDUWYY9/Söderström e Datta - 2023 - Data Power in Action Urban Data Politics in Times.pdf:application/pdf}, } @book{sodreSociedadeIncivilMidia2021, address = {Petropólis}, edition = {1}, title = {A sociedade incivil: {Mídia}, iliberalismo e finanças}, url = {https://www.amazon.com.br/sociedade-incivil-M%C3%ADdia-iliberalismo-finan%C3%A7as/dp/6557130129}, abstract = {Financial capitalism, media and algorithms are the practical bases for the mutation of the old liberal civilism. The social, political and cultural consequences of the phenomenon of “illiberalism” are disturbing due to its recurring threat to the stability of democracy and institutions in different regions of the planet. This is the zero-world of values ​​or the “uncivil society”, now described and analyzed by Muniz Sodré. This book also suggests the regeneration of objective reality asphyxiated by networks and the reinvention of praxis through the search for reconciliation between Politics and Spirit; therefore, a call for essential and non-violent forms of life. (Extract from the work).}, publisher = {Editora Vozes}, author = {Sodré, Muniz}, year = {2021}, keywords = {Global South, /unread, Review, Second Draft Report Additions, RQ1}, } @techreport{southafricagovernmentNationalPolicyData2024, title = {National {Policy} on {Data} and {Cloud}}, url = {https://www.gov.za/sites/default/files/gcis_document/202104/44389gon206.pdf}, institution = {Department: Communications \& Digital Technologies, Republic of South Africa}, author = {South Africa Government}, month = may, year = {2024}, keywords = {Global South, /unread, BRICS, Review, Second Draft Report Additions}, file = {South Africa Government - 2024 - National Policy on Data and Cloud.pdf:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/Z5B4DRFD/South Africa Government - 2024 - National Policy on Data and Cloud.pdf:application/pdf}, } @article{stambolievProposingPostcriticalAI2023, series = {Critique, {Postcritique} and the {Present} {Conjuncture}}, title = {Proposing a {Postcritical} {AI} {Literacy}: {Why} {We} {Should} {Worry} {Less} about {Algorithmic} {Transparency} and {More} about {Citizen} {Empowerment}}, volume = {7}, shorttitle = {Proposing a {Postcritical} {AI} {Literacy}}, url = {https://hal.science/hal-04221538}, abstract = {So-called artificial intelligence (AI) is infiltrating our public and communication structures. The Dutch childcare benefit scandal, revealed in 2019, demonstrates how disadvantageous the opacity of AI can be for already vulnerable groups. In its aftermath, many scholars urged for the need for more explainable AI so that decision-makers can intervene in discriminatory systems. Fostering the explainability of AI (XAI) is a good start to address the issue, but not enough to empower vulnerable groups to fully deal with its repercussions. As a canon in data and computer sciences, XAI aims to illustrate and explain complex AI via simpler models making it more accessible and ethical. The issue being that, in doing so, XAI depoliticises transparency into a remedy for algorithmic opacity, treating transparency as artificially stripped of its ideological meanings. Transparency is presented as an antidote to ideology, though I will show how this is an ideological move with consequences. For instance, it makes us focus too much on algorithmic opacity, rather than explaining the wider power of AI. Second, it hinders us from having debates on who holds the power around AI's explanations, application or critique. The problem is that those affected by or discriminated against by AI, as in the Dutch case, have little tools to deal with the opacity of AI as a system, while those who focus on data opacity are shaping the literacy discussion. To address these concerns, I suggest moving beyond the focus on algorithmic transparency and towards a post-critical AI literacy to strengthen debates on access, empowerment, and resistance, while not dismissing XAI as a field, nor algorithmic transparency as an intention. What I challenge here is the hegemony of treating transparency as a depoliticised and algorithmic issue and viewing the explainability of AI as the sufficient path to citizen empowerment.}, number = {1}, urldate = {2024-07-29}, journal = {Media Theory}, author = {Stamboliev, Eugenia}, month = sep, year = {2023}, note = {Publisher: Media Theory}, keywords = {Artificial Intelligence, /unread, Review, Second Draft Report Additions, Global North, Transparency, AI literacy, Explainability of AI (XAI), Post-critique}, pages = {202--232}, file = {HAL PDF Full Text:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/G28GTSWJ/Stamboliev - 2023 - Proposing a Postcritical AI Literacy Why We Shoul.pdf:application/pdf}, } @misc{stanlyFutureWorkEnsuring2024, title = {The {Future} of {Work}: {Ensuring} {AI} {Literacy} for {All}}, shorttitle = {The {Future} of {Work}}, url = {https://indiaai.gov.in/article/the-future-of-work-ensuring-ai-literacy-for-all}, abstract = {In the session, “GPAI Future of Work Working Group: AI Literacy and Intersectionality”, Dr B Shadrach, FoW Expert and Project Co-Lead (India); Ms. Maya Sherman, FoW Expert and Project Co-Lead (Israel) and Ms. Kaitlyn Bove, GPAI Project Manager, Paris Expert Support Cnetre (France) presented their respective global perspective FoW projects.}, language = {en}, urldate = {2024-07-25}, journal = {INDIAai}, author = {Stanly, Milin}, month = jul, year = {2024}, keywords = {Global South, /unread, Review, Second Draft Report Additions}, file = {Snapshot:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/AG2W4FNS/the-future-of-work-ensuring-ai-literacy-for-all.html:text/html}, } @misc{stevensonSeattleSurveillanceOrdinance2016, title = {Seattle {Surveillance} {Ordinance} {Memo}}, url = {https://digitalcommons.law.uw.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1002&context=techclinic}, language = {en}, author = {Stevenson, Christopher}, year = {2016}, keywords = {/unread, Review, Second Draft Report Additions, Global North}, file = {Stevenson - Seattle Surveillance Ordinance Memo.pdf:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/54NAA4I5/Stevenson - Seattle Surveillance Ordinance Memo.pdf:application/pdf}, } @techreport{stiglercommitteeStiglerCommitteeDigital2019, address = {Chicago, IL}, title = {Stigler {Committee} on {Digital} {Platforms}: {Final} {Report}}, url = {https://research.chicagobooth.edu/stigler/media/news/committee-on-digital-platforms-final-report}, institution = {Stigler Center for the Study of the Economy and the State, University of Chicago Booth School of Business}, author = {Stigler Committee}, month = sep, year = {2019}, keywords = {/unread, Review, Second Draft Report Additions, Global North}, } @article{stroverBroadbandRuralContexts2024, title = {Broadband, rural contexts and local economic dynamics}, volume = {48}, issn = {0308-5961}, url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S030859612400017X}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.telpol.2024.102720}, abstract = {This research explores the relationship between broadband availability and quality and entrepreneurship in rural regions in three states. Using quantitative techniques, it investigates the unique properties of rural locations as they may bear on connectivity's associations with various types of entrepreneurial endeavors. It shows that digital ventures and sole proprietorships are both highly related to local broadband speeds, but that conditions of rurality mitigate those impacts, enhancing the proprietorship results attributable to broadband speed but depressing or reversing the presence of digital ventures in the most rural regions. The research throws into question how the assumptions of scaled efforts intrinsic to digital ventures may disadvantage or misrepresent the highly specific and low volume of enterprises in rural regions. It does appear that Internet speeds and services matter for rural regions, but understanding business dependence on the Internet must consider business sector and local business acumen and the local broadband environment.}, number = {3}, journal = {Telecommunications Policy}, author = {Strover, Sharon and Choi, Jaewon and Schrubbe, Alexis}, year = {2024}, keywords = {/unread, Second Draft Report Additions, Global North, Quant, Broadband, Digital venture, Entrepreneurial, Rural}, pages = {1--12}, file = {Strover et al. - 2024 - Broadband, rural contexts and local economic dynam.pdf:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/YY8YC27U/Strover et al. - 2024 - Broadband, rural contexts and local economic dynam.pdf:application/pdf}, } @misc{sultanSusceptibilityOnlineMisinformation2024, address = {https://osf.io/preprints/psyarxiv/7u4fg}, title = {Susceptibility to {Online} {Misinformation}: {A} {Systematic} {Meta}-{Analysis} of {Demographic} and {Psychological} {Factors}}, publisher = {OSF}, author = {Sultan, Mubashir and Tump, Alan N and Ehmann, Nina and Lorenz-Spreen, Philipp and Hertwig, Ralph and Gollwitzer, Anton and Kurvers, Ralf}, year = {2024}, keywords = {/unread, Second Draft Report Additions, Global North, Quant}, file = {Sultan et al. - 2024 - Susceptibility to Online Misinformation A Systema.pdf:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/SZUZE3VV/Sultan et al. - 2024 - Susceptibility to Online Misinformation A Systema.pdf:application/pdf}, } @article{talamancaNewsfeedGlassRethinking2022, title = {Through the {Newsfeed} {Glass}: {Rethinking} {Filter} {Bubbles} and {Echo} {Chambers}}, volume = {35}, doi = {doi: 10.1007/s13347-021-00494-z}, number = {1}, journal = {Philosophy and Technology}, author = {Talamanca, G and Arfini, S}, month = mar, year = {2022}, keywords = {/unread, Review, Second Draft Report Additions}, pages = {1--34}, file = {Talamanca, G., and Arfini, S. - 2022 - Through the Newsfeed Glass Rethinking Filter Bubb.pdf:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/7QIWZ28L/Talamanca, G., and Arfini, S. - 2022 - Through the Newsfeed Glass Rethinking Filter Bubb.pdf:application/pdf}, } @book{tambiniMediaFreedom2021, address = {Cambridge}, edition = {1st edition}, title = {Media {Freedom}}, isbn = {978-1-5095-4469-1}, url = {https://www.amazon.co.uk/Media-Freedom-Damian-Tambini/dp/1509544690}, abstract = {The contentious role of social media in recent elections and referendums has brought to the fore once again the fundamental question of media freedom and the extent to which, and the way in which, the media should be regulated in a modern democratic society. This book surveys the history of media in the US, the UK and Europe in order to develop a new theory of media freedom that is capable of resolving current controversies about how best to regulate the media, including the internet and social media.Tambini argues that democratic regulation of the media must build upon – and learn from – the long history of accommodation between the press, broadcasting, the state and corporate power. By attending to this history, we can see that media freedom is not absolute but rather conditional, taking the form of a social contract of privileges and connected duties. Tambini develops this social contract account of media freedom and applies it to different media sectors, from the press and broadcasting to the internet and social media. Above all, he argues for a renewed role for international human rights law standards in media governance, and an end to American exceptionalism.Written for students, scholars, policymakers and media professionals, this wide-ranging book will be of interest to everyone concerned about the role of the media in our societies and about the health of our democracies.}, language = {English}, publisher = {Polity}, author = {Tambini, Damian}, month = sep, year = {2021}, keywords = {/unread, Review, Second Draft Report Additions, Global North}, } @article{tambiniWhatJournalismParadox2021, title = {What is journalism? {The} paradox of media privilege}, volume = {2021}, issn = {1361-1526}, shorttitle = {What is journalism?}, url = {https://uk.westlaw.com/WestlawUk/Journals/Publications/European-Human-Rights-Law-Review}, abstract = {Privileges that aim to enhance journalist and media freedom can also undermine it if their administration necessitates gatekeeping of the status of journalist. This article examines this paradox of privilege on the basis of a selective survey of three areas of law: protection of journalistic sources, defamation, and protection of journalists. It argues that there exists a “privilege paradox” whereby journalism and the media need special protection in order to fulfil their democratic function, but that awarding of this privilege can create vectors of control through gatekeeper control of access to the profession. The article shows that journalism privilege can be based on the status of the person of the journalist, or on the genre or activity of journalism through various forms of judicial discretion and also accreditation. There are numerous examples with respect to the award of privileges that incorporate protections for media freedom. As journalism privilege is redefined, a functional notion of journalism will be required, but this is not sufficient for all journalistic and media privileges.}, language = {eng}, number = {5}, urldate = {2024-08-14}, journal = {European Human Rights Law Review}, author = {Tambini, Damian}, month = nov, year = {2021}, note = {Num Pages: 17 Number: 5}, keywords = {/unread, Review, Second Draft Report Additions}, pages = {523--539}, file = {Full Text PDF:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/UA45DQB5/Tambini - 2021 - What is journalism The paradox of media privilege.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/4RWVT7BX/112681.html:text/html}, } @book{tanRegulatingContentSocial2020, title = {Regulating {Content} on {Social} {Media}: {Copyright}, {Terms} of {Service} and {Technological} {Features}}, isbn = {978-1-01-329021-3}, abstract = {How are users influenced by social media platforms when they generate content, and does this influence affect users' compliance with copyright laws? These are pressing questions in today's internet age, and Regulating Content on Social Media answers them by analysing how the behaviours of social media users are regulated from a copyright perspective. Corinne Tan, an internet governance specialist, compares copyright laws on selected social media platforms, namely Facebook, Pinterest, YouTube, Twitter and Wikipedia, with other regulatory factors such as the terms of service and the technological features of each platform. This comparison enables her to explore how each platform affects the role copyright laws play in securing compliance from their users. Through a case study detailing the content generative activities undertaken by a hypothetical user named Jane Doe, as well as drawing from empirical studies, the book argues that - in spite of copyright's purported regulation of certain behaviours - users are 'nudged' by the social media platforms themselves to behave in ways that may be inconsistent with copyright laws. This work was published by Saint Philip Street Press pursuant to a Creative Commons license permitting commercial use. All rights not granted by the work's license are retained by the author or authors.}, language = {en}, publisher = {Creative Media Partners, LLC}, author = {Tan, Corinne}, month = oct, year = {2020}, note = {Google-Books-ID: 7rHyzQEACAAJ}, keywords = {/unread, Review, Second Draft Report Additions, Law / Media \& the Law}, } @article{tandocjrDefiningFakeNews2018, title = {Defining “{Fake} {News}”: {A} typology of scholarly definitions}, volume = {6}, issn = {2167-0811, 2167-082X}, shorttitle = {Defining “{Fake} {News}”}, url = {https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/21670811.2017.1360143}, doi = {10.1080/21670811.2017.1360143}, language = {en}, number = {2}, urldate = {2024-02-02}, journal = {Digital Journalism}, author = {Tandoc Jr, Edson C. and Lim, Zheng Wei and Ling, Richard}, month = feb, year = {2018}, keywords = {/unread, Review, Second Draft Report Additions}, pages = {137--153}, file = {Tandoc et al. - 2018 - Defining “Fake News” A typology of scholarly defi.pdf:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/6KNDA8DX/Tandoc et al. - 2018 - Defining “Fake News” A typology of scholarly defi.pdf:application/pdf}, } @article{tandocjrWhatFakeNews2021, title = {What is (fake) news? {Analyzing} news values (and more) in fake stories}, volume = {9}, shorttitle = {What is (fake) news?}, number = {1}, journal = {Media and Communication}, author = {Tandoc Jr, Edson C. and Thomas, Ryan J. and Bishop, Lauren}, year = {2021}, keywords = {/unread, Second Draft Report Additions, Global North, Qual}, pages = {110--119}, file = {Full Text:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/NXXAE7RB/Tandoc Jr et al. - 2021 - What is (fake) news Analyzing news values (and mo.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/H9VH5T4N/3331.html:text/html}, } @article{tapperFarRightHas2024, chapter = {Politics}, title = {The far right has moved online, where its voice is more dangerous than ever}, issn = {0029-7712}, url = {https://www.theguardian.com/politics/article/2024/aug/03/the-far-right-has-moved-online-where-its-voice-is-more-dangerous-than-ever}, abstract = {Social media such as X are facilitating the growth of extremism by allowing its figureheads a platform to direct violence}, language = {en-GB}, urldate = {2024-08-24}, journal = {The Observer}, author = {Tapper, James}, month = aug, year = {2024}, keywords = {Social media, Internet, Politics, Technology, Far right, /unread, Review, Second Draft Report Additions, Global North, Elon Musk, English Defence League, Tommy Robinson, UK news, X}, file = {Snapshot:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/LJ9BJ3XL/the-far-right-has-moved-online-where-its-voice-is-more-dangerous-than-ever.html:text/html}, } @article{tate-moselyMovementLimitFace2023, title = {The movement to limit face recognition tech might finally get a win}, url = {https://www.technologyreview.com/2023/07/20/1076539/face-recognition-massachusetts-test-police/}, urldate = {2024-08-02}, journal = {MIT Technology Review}, author = {Tate-Mosely, Ryan}, month = jul, year = {2023}, keywords = {/unread, Review, Second Draft Report Additions, Global North}, file = {The movement to limit face recognition tech might finally get a win | MIT Technology Review:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/ESD6B252/face-recognition-massachusetts-test-police.html:text/html}, } @article{tayThinkingClearlyMisinformation2024, title = {Thinking clearly about misinformation}, volume = {2}, copyright = {2024 The Author(s)}, issn = {2731-9121}, url = {https://www.nature.com/articles/s44271-023-00054-5}, doi = {10.1038/s44271-023-00054-5}, abstract = {There is concern that many ills in Western societies are caused by misinformation. Some researchers argue that misinformation is merely a symptom, not a cause. This is a false dichotomy, and research should differentiate between dimensions of misinformation in these evaluations.}, language = {en}, number = {1}, urldate = {2024-01-13}, journal = {Communications Psychology}, author = {Tay, Li Qian and Lewandowsky, Stephan and Hurlstone, Mark J. and Kurz, Tim and Ecker, Ullrich K. H.}, month = jan, year = {2024}, note = {Number: 1 Publisher: Nature Publishing Group}, keywords = {Human behaviour, /unread, Second Draft Report Additions, Global North, Quant, Society}, pages = {1--5}, file = {Tay et al. - 2024 - Thinking clearly about misinformation.pdf:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/ANUWHEH3/Tay et al. - 2024 - Thinking clearly about misinformation.pdf:application/pdf}, } @article{taylorRemakingDataMarkets2022, title = {({Re})making data markets: an exploration of the regulatory challenges}, volume = {14}, issn = {1757-9961}, shorttitle = {({Re})making data markets}, url = {https://doi.org/10.1080/17579961.2022.2113671}, doi = {10.1080/17579961.2022.2113671}, abstract = {Regulating the data market will be one of the major challenges of the twenty-first century. In order to think about regulating this market, however, we first need to make its dimensions and dynamics more accessible to observation and analysis. In this paper we explore what the state of the sociological and legal research on markets can tell us about the market for data: what kind of market it is, the practices and configurations of actors that constitute it, and what kinds of data are traded there. We start from the subjective opacity of this market to researchers interested in regulation and governance, review conflicting positions on its extent, diversity and regulability, and then explore comparisons from food and medicine regulation to understand the possible normative and practical implications and aims inherent in attempting to regulate how data is shared and traded. We conclude that there is a strong argument for a normative shift in the aims of regulation with regard to the data market, away from a prioritisation of the economic value of data and toward a more nuanced approach that aims to align the uses of data with the needs and rights of the communities reflected in it.}, number = {2}, urldate = {2023-12-23}, journal = {Law, Innovation and Technology}, author = {Taylor, Linnet and Mukiri-Smith, Hellen and Petročnik, Tjaša and Savolainen, Laura and Martin, Aaron}, month = jul, year = {2022}, note = {Publisher: Routledge \_eprint: https://doi.org/10.1080/17579961.2022.2113671}, keywords = {competition, regulation, data protection, Big data, /unread, Review, Second Draft Report Additions, USED, OID Data Gov, data governance, data market}, pages = {355--394}, file = {Taylor et al. - 2022 - (Re)making data markets an exploration of the reg.pdf:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/P623XN3W/Taylor et al. - 2022 - (Re)making data markets an exploration of the reg.pdf:application/pdf}, } @techreport{techhiveadvisorycenterforlaw&innovationStateAIRegulation2024, title = {State of {AI} {Regulation} in {Africa}: {Trends} and {Developments} {Report}}, url = {https://www.techhiveadvisory.africa/report/state-of-ai-regulation-in-africa-trends-and-developments}, urldate = {2024-03-19}, institution = {Tech Hive Advisory Africa Center for Law \& Innovation}, author = {Tech Hive Advisory Center for Law \& Innovation}, month = mar, year = {2024}, keywords = {Global South, /unread, Review, Second Draft Report Additions}, file = {State+of+AI+Regulation+in+Africa+Trends+and+Developments+(WIP).pdf:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/QTPA7DVC/State+of+AI+Regulation+in+Africa+Trends+and+Developments+(WIP).pdf:application/pdf;State+of+AI+Regulation+in+Africa+Trends+and+Developments+(WIP).pdf:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/D9MMCTHK/State+of+AI+Regulation+in+Africa+Trends+and+Developments+(WIP).pdf:application/pdf}, } @article{teixeiradasilvaHowShapeAcademic2021, title = {How to shape academic freedom in the digital age? {Are} the retractions of opinionated papers a prelude to “cancel culture” in academia?}, volume = {2}, issn = {2666-5182}, shorttitle = {How to shape academic freedom in the digital age?}, url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S266651822100022X}, doi = {10.1016/j.crbeha.2021.100035}, abstract = {When academics’ opinions, which are published in academic journals as letters to the editor or commentaries, are retracted based on sensitivities and objections that are raised for example on social media, there needs to be a reflection on what this might represent. On one hand, an opinion is precisely that, i.e., a subjective and biased view about an issue. Those views might even be radical, unpopular, or insensitive, but ultimately approved by editors for publication nonetheless. To maintain a truly sustainable scholarly discourse, the best academic way to counter such opinions is by allowing disagreeing voices to express themselves, also as letters to the editor or commentaries. Pressure-induced retractions of opinions not only stifle academic debate, they send the message that opinions need to be moderated and standardized to meet a publishing market that is being increasingly driven by legal parameters, political correctness, as well as business and commercial values rather than academic ones. In an environment of restrictive academic freedom, what emerges is an academia in which the way things are said, tone, and the sensitivity of those that might be affected are given greater weight than the message itself. By cherry-picking parts of the message that detractors or critics might disagree with, the original message may be drowned out by the noise of the objectors. The struggle of academics to liberally voice their opinions in the scholarly publishing realm, and to preserve those opinions, has never been more acute in this age of misinformation and radicalism fueled by polarized social and mass media. Is the politicization and/or commercialization of academia, alongside the retraction of opinions, stifling open and healthy academic debate, or expressing itself as the retraction of opinions, and does this represent a distinct form of “cancel culture” in academia and academic publishing?}, urldate = {2024-08-29}, journal = {Current Research in Behavioral Sciences}, author = {Teixeira da Silva, Jaime A.}, month = nov, year = {2021}, keywords = {Public opinion, /unread, Review, Second Draft Report Additions, Anti-intellectualism, Censorship, Individualism, Reputation}, pages = {1--6}, file = {Teixeira da Silva - 2021 - How to shape academic freedom in the digital age .pdf:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/886LL3QL/Teixeira da Silva - 2021 - How to shape academic freedom in the digital age .pdf:application/pdf}, } @incollection{teyssouInVIDPlugWebVideo2017, address = {New York, NY, USA}, series = {{MuVer} '17}, title = {The {InVID} {Plug}-in: {Web} {Video} {Verification} on the {Browser}}, isbn = {978-1-4503-5510-0}, shorttitle = {The {InVID} {Plug}-in}, url = {https://doi.org/10.1145/3132384.3132387}, abstract = {This paper presents a novel open-source browser plug-in that aims at supporting journalists and news professionals in their efforts to verify user-generated video. The plug-in, which is the result of an iterative design thinking methodology, brings together a number of sophisticated multimedia analysis components and third party services, with the goal of speeding up established verification workflows and making it easy for journalists to access the results of different services that were previously used as standalone tools. The tool has been downloaded several hundreds of times and is currently used by journalists worldwide, after being tested by Agence France-Presse (AFP) and Deutsche Welle (DW) journalists and media researchers for a few months. The tool has already helped debunk a number of fake videos.}, urldate = {2024-07-25}, booktitle = {Proceedings of the {First} {International} {Workshop} on {Multimedia} {Verification}}, publisher = {Association for Computing Machinery}, author = {Teyssou, Denis and Leung, Jean-Michel and Apostolidis, Evlampios and Apostolidis, Konstantinos and Papadopoulos, Symeon and Zampoglou, Markos and Papadopoulou, Olga and Mezaris, Vasileios}, editor = {ACM}, month = oct, year = {2017}, keywords = {/unread, Second Draft Report Additions, Global North}, pages = {23--30}, file = {Full Text:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/KW9NDP6M/Teyssou et al. - 2017 - The InVID Plug-in Web Video Verification on the B.pdf:application/pdf}, } @misc{thompsonDigital202452024, title = {Digital 2024: 5 {Billion} {Social} {Media} {Users}}, shorttitle = {Digital 2024}, url = {https://wearesocial.com/uk/blog/2024/01/digital-2024-5-billion-social-media-users/}, abstract = {Our Digital 2024 report reveals a wealth of impressive headlines, trends, data, insights - and some surprises too.}, language = {en-GB}, urldate = {2024-09-09}, author = {Thompson, Amy and Kemp, Simon}, month = jan, year = {2024}, keywords = {/unread, Global, First Draft Report Cited}, file = {Snapshot:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/UQT66IVF/digital-2024-5-billion-social-media-users.html:text/html}, } @article{thussuColonizingGlobalNewsflows2022, title = {De-colonizing {Global} {News}-flows: {A} {Historical} {Perspective}}, volume = {23}, issn = {1461-670X}, shorttitle = {De-colonizing {Global} {News}-flows}, url = {https://doi.org/10.1080/1461670X.2022.2083007}, doi = {10.1080/1461670X.2022.2083007}, abstract = {The colonial roots of the global news system have received relatively limited academic scrutiny, especially from a global South perspective. This article discusses the colonial nature of global news media by examining how the US–UK “news duopoly” has deep colonial connections: the news agency Reuters was described as “an empire within the British empire”. It then examines the 1970s debates during the Cold War within UNESCO for a New World Information and Communication Order (NWICO), the demand to redress the imbalances in global media systems and flow of news between the West and its erstwhile colonies championed by what was then called the Third World. The article then argues that, in the post-Cold War world of globalized communication, a new kind of neo-colonialism in news media emerged, as Western-owned satellite and cable networks extended their footprints across the world, supplemented by the digital empires of the new millennium.}, number = {13}, urldate = {2024-02-25}, journal = {Journalism Studies}, author = {Thussu, Daya Kishan}, month = oct, year = {2022}, note = {Publisher: Routledge \_eprint: https://doi.org/10.1080/1461670X.2022.2083007}, keywords = {Global South, /unread, Final Draft Additions, Review, communication infrastructure, Decolonization, neo-colonialism‌, newsflows, NWICO}, pages = {1578--1592}, file = {Full Text PDF:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/MWNULAQA/Thussu - 2022 - De-colonizing Global News-flows A Historical Pers.pdf:application/pdf}, } @book{toffAvoidingNewsReluctant2023, title = {Avoiding the {News}: {Reluctant} {Audiences} for {Journalism}}, isbn = {978-0-231-55588-3}, shorttitle = {Avoiding the {News}}, url = {https://cup.columbia.edu/book/avoiding-the-news/9780231205191}, abstract = {A small but growing number of people in many countries consistently avoid the news. They feel they do not have time for it, believe it is not worth the effort, find it irrelevant or emotionally draining, or do not trust the media, among other reasons. Why and how do people circumvent news? Which groups are more and less reluctant to follow the news? In what ways is news avoidance a problem—for individuals, for the news industry, for society—and how can it be addressed?This groundbreaking book explains why and how so many people consume little or no news despite unprecedented abundance and ease of access. Drawing on interviews in Spain, the United Kingdom, and the United States as well as extensive survey data, Avoiding the News examines how people who tune out traditional media get information and explores their “folk theories” about how news organizations work. The authors argue that news avoidance is about not only content but also identity, ideologies, and infrastructures: who people are, what they believe, and how news does or does not fit into their everyday lives. Because news avoidance is most common among disadvantaged groups, it threatens to exacerbate existing inequalities by tilting mainstream journalism even further toward privileged audiences. Ultimately, this book shows, persuading news-averse audiences of the value of journalism is not simply a matter of adjusting coverage but requires a deeper, more empathetic understanding of people’s relationships with news across social, political, and technological boundaries.}, publisher = {Columbia University Press}, author = {Toff, Benjamin and Palmer, Ruth and Nielsen, Rasmus Kleis}, month = dec, year = {2023}, note = {Pages: 288 Pages}, keywords = {/unread, Second Draft Report Additions, Mixed, Global N}, } @article{tollefsonVindicatedEmbattledMisinformation2024, title = {‘{Vindicated}’: {Embattled} misinformation researchers celebrate key {US} {Supreme} {Court} decision}, copyright = {2024 Springer Nature Limited}, shorttitle = {‘{Vindicated}’}, url = {https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-024-01766-2}, abstract = {The justices rule that the US government can keep talking to scientists and social-media firms with the aim of curbing falsehoods online.}, language = {en}, urldate = {2024-08-29}, journal = {Nature}, author = {Tollefson, Jeff}, month = jun, year = {2024}, note = {Bandiera\_abtest: a Cg\_type: News Publisher: Nature Publishing Group Subject\_term: Society, Law, Politics, Public health}, keywords = {Politics, Public health, Law, /unread, Second Draft Report Additions, Global N, Society}, file = {Snapshot:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/NUFJAN2B/d41586-024-01766-2.html:text/html}, } @article{tomazNewsMediaEuropean2022, title = {News media in {European} democracies and beyond: stable structural conditions but notorious deficits}, volume = {5}, copyright = {Copyright (c) 2022 De Europa}, issn = {2611-853X}, shorttitle = {News media in {European} democracies and beyond}, url = {https://ojs.unito.it/index.php/deeuropa/article/view/7200}, doi = {10.13135/2611-853X/7200}, abstract = {The research and monitoring project “Media for Democracy Monitor (MDM) 2021” concluded its third round of investigation by publishing its findings in an edited volume in 2022. This article informs about the theoretical concept, the methodology and approach, the main findings, but also about the unconventional research process itself. Core findings include that leading news media remain core institutions in the diverse types of contemporary democracies, despite the ever-growing recognition and use of digital news formats. However, notorious weaknesses remain over time, such as high degrees of commercialisation, ownership concentration and gender imbalances and inequalities. Leading news media in Europe differ from those in other parts of the world regarding their internal governance and editorial independence. Member states of the European Union score slightly better in the MDM 2021 than others. Keywords: media democracy; editorial independence; media monitoring, news digitalization; news gender balance; journalism harassment.}, language = {en}, number = {2}, urldate = {2024-01-07}, journal = {De Europa}, author = {Tomaz, Tales and Trappel, Josef}, month = dec, year = {2022}, note = {Number: 2}, keywords = {/unread, Second Draft Report Additions, Global North, Mixed}, pages = {17--34}, file = {Tomaz and Trappel - 2022 - News media in European democracies and beyond sta.pdf:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/EFH49UU3/Tomaz and Trappel - 2022 - News media in European democracies and beyond sta.pdf:application/pdf}, } @techreport{trauthigDiasporaCommunitiesComputational2024, title = {Diaspora {Communities} and {Computational} {Propaganda} on {Messaging} {Apps}}, url = {https://www.cigionline.org/publications/diaspora-communities-and-computational-propaganda-on-messaging-apps/}, abstract = {Diaspora communities in the United States use messaging apps much more frequently than majority parts of the population. Their voices must be included in media literacy initiatives as well as policy making.}, language = {en}, urldate = {2024-07-24}, institution = {CIGI Centre for International Governance Innovation, Canada}, author = {Trauthig, Inga}, month = jan, year = {2024}, keywords = {Global South, /unread, Second Draft Report Additions, Qual}, file = {2024 - Diaspora Communities and Computational Propaganda .pdf:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/W2EJ9ZQC/2024 - Diaspora Communities and Computational Propaganda .pdf:application/pdf}, } @article{tullyEverydayNewsUse2022, title = {Everyday {News} {Use} and {Misinformation} in {Kenya}}, volume = {10}, issn = {2167-0811}, url = {https://doi.org/10.1080/21670811.2021.1912625}, doi = {10.1080/21670811.2021.1912625}, abstract = {A growing body of work in journalism studies focuses on understanding audiences’ relationship with news and misinformation. This article adds to this area of inquiry by exploring Kenyans’ experiences with news and (mis)information in their everyday lives, how they use traditional and social media to meet their information needs, and how they navigate information ecosystems with a particular focus on news literacy strategies. This study broadens the scope of current audience research, which has primarily been conducted in the Global North, by using data collected in focus groups with Kenyan adults. Findings suggest that Kenyans consume news from a variety of sources, but trust in these sources vary with most finding “mainstream” news media most trustworthy. In addition, when faced with misinformation, participants’ decisions on whether to engage with the content was based on personal interest in the topic, perceived resonance within their social networks and perceived importance. Finally, participants discussed strategies consistent with news literacy behaviours, such as looking at multiple sources, checking the source of news, and verifying content to navigate complex media ecosystems.}, number = {1}, urldate = {2023-12-25}, journal = {Digital Journalism}, author = {Tully, Melissa}, month = jan, year = {2022}, note = {Publisher: Routledge \_eprint: https://doi.org/10.1080/21670811.2021.1912625}, keywords = {misinformation, news literacy, news, focus groups, Kenya, Global South, /unread, Second Draft Report Additions, OID Media, Qual, USED, Audiences}, pages = {109--127}, file = {Tully - 2022 - Everyday News Use and Misinformation in Kenya.pdf:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/EFSIXQ8W/Tully - 2022 - Everyday News Use and Misinformation in Kenya.pdf:application/pdf}, } @book{tumberRoutledgeCompanionMedia2021, address = {London}, title = {The {Routledge} {Companion} to {Media} {Disinformation} and {Populism}}, isbn = {978-1-00-300443-1}, abstract = {This companion brings together a diverse set of concepts used to analyse dimensions of media disinformation and populism globally. The Routledge Companion to Media Disinformation and Populism explores how recent transformations in the architecture of public communication and particular attributes of the digital media ecology are conducive to the kind of polarised, anti-rational, post-fact, post-truth communication championed by populism. It is both interdisciplinary and multidisciplinary, consisting of contributions from both leading and emerging scholars analysing aspects of misinformation, disinformation, and populism across countries, political systems, and media systems. A global, comparative approach to the study of misinformation and populism is important in identifying common elements and characteristics, and these individual chapters cover a wide range of topics and themes, including fake news, mediatisation, propaganda, alternative media, immigration, science, and law-making, to name a few. This companion is a key resource for academics, researchers, and policymakers as well as undergraduate and postgraduate students in the fields of political communication, journalism, law, sociology, cultural studies, international politics and international relations.}, publisher = {Routledge}, editor = {Tumber, Howard and Waisbord, Silvio}, month = mar, year = {2021}, doi = {10.4324/9781003004431}, keywords = {/unread, Global, Second Draft Report Additions, Qual}, file = {Tumber and Waisbord - 2021 - The Routledge Companion to Media Disinformation an.pdf:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/YKFJIMBA/Tumber and Waisbord - 2021 - The Routledge Companion to Media Disinformation an.pdf:application/pdf}, } @book{tyagiDigitalPlatformsCompetition2024, title = {Digital {Platforms}, {Competition} {Law}, and {Regulation}: {Comparative} {Perspectives}}, isbn = {978-1-5099-6938-8}, shorttitle = {Digital {Platforms}, {Competition} {Law}, and {Regulation}}, abstract = {This open access book offers a comparative and inter-disciplinary perspective on the unique competition law challenges presented by the converged digital markets.Following the digitalisation of even the most traditional bricks-and-mortar sectors of the economy, a well-functioning internal market can only be guaranteed by ensuring the competitiveness of the digital markets. What role do intellectual property law and competition law play in this digital world? How can a more economic analysis strengthen innovation policies to achieve a truly competitive digital single market?The book provides a rigorous discussion of the many reasons why the regulatory responses, not just in Europe but in other jurisdictions too, may fall short. It addresses an array of procedural, substantive and other issues that are generating intense debate across the antitrust community. This includes the scope and objectives of digital regulation, whether the application of ex-ante rules would result in fragmentation and inconsistencies, and whether such regulatory regimes are an appropriate tool for substantive assessment. The book explores whether the application of these rules would effectively tackle the competition enforcement challenges seen under the competition laws, whether they can be applied without undermining other rights such as privacy, and whether they are appropriate for this digital age as well as the new digital era ahead of us.Part 1 offers a detailed inter-disciplinary perspective on the most recent legislative solutions in the European Union, namely, the Digital Services Act, the Digital Markets Act, and the Data Act. Part 2 offers competition and regulatory responses to these ever-emerging digital challenges by the UK, Latin American, Indian and Chinese regulators.The ebook editions of this book are available open access under a CC BY 4.0 licence on bloomsburycollections.com.}, language = {en}, publisher = {Bloomsbury Publishing}, editor = {Tyagi, Kalpana and Sanders, Anselm Kamperman and Cauffman, Caroline}, month = feb, year = {2024}, note = {Google-Books-ID: brL2EAAAQBAJ}, keywords = {/unread, Second Draft Report Additions, Global North, Law / Antitrust, Law / Communications, Law / Computer \& Internet, Law / Consumer, Law / General, Law / Intellectual Property / General}, } @techreport{ukgovernmentOnlineSafetyAct2023, title = {Online {Safety} {Act} 2023}, url = {https://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/2023/50}, language = {eng}, urldate = {2024-08-21}, institution = {United Kingdom Government}, author = {UK Government}, year = {2023}, note = {Publisher: Statute Law Database}, keywords = {/unread, Second Draft Report Additions, Global North}, file = {Snapshot:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/W5L7CKLA/50.html:text/html}, } @techreport{ukgovernmentCommunicationsAct20032003, type = {Text}, title = {Communications {Act} 2003}, url = {https://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/2003/21/contents}, abstract = {An Act to confer functions on the Office of Communications; to make provision about the regulation of the provision of electronic communications networks and services and of the use of the electro-magnetic spectrum; to make provision about the regulation of broadcasting and of the provision of television and radio services; to make provision about mergers involving newspaper and other media enterprises and, in that connection, to amend the Enterprise Act 2002; and for connected purposes.}, language = {eng}, urldate = {2024-08-21}, institution = {United Kingdom Government}, author = {UK Government, Expert}, year = {2003}, note = {Publisher: Statute Law Database}, keywords = {/unread, Second Draft Report Additions, Global North}, file = {Snapshot:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/YS2F4UA4/contents.html:text/html}, } @article{ulbrichtPalantirWeTrust2024, title = {In {Palantir} we trust? {Regulation} of data analysis platforms in public security}, volume = {11}, issn = {2053-9517}, shorttitle = {In {Palantir} we trust?}, url = {https://doi.org/10.1177/20539517241255108}, doi = {10.1177/20539517241255108}, abstract = {Organizations increasingly rely on digital technologies to perform tasks. To do so, they have to integrate data banks to make the data usable. We argue that there is a growing, academically underexplored market consisting of data integration and analysis platforms. We explain that, especially in the public sector, the regulatory implications of data integration and analysis must be studied because they affect vulnerable citizens and because it is not just a matter of state agencies overseeing technology companies but also of the state overseeing itself. We propose a platform-theory-based conceptual approach that directs our attention towards the specific characteristics of platforms—such as datafication, modularity, and multilaterality and the associated regulatory challenges. Due to a scarcity of empirical analyses about how public sector platforms are regulated, we undertake an in-depth case study of a data integration and analysis platform operated by Palantir Technologies in the German federal state of Hesse. Our analysis of the regulatory activities and conflicts uncovers many obstacles to effective platform regulation. Drawing on recent initiatives to improve intermediary liability, we ultimately point to additional paths for regulating public sector platforms. Our findings also highlight the importance of political factors in platform regulation-as-a-practice. We conclude that platform regulation in the public sector is not only about technology-specific regulation but also about general mechanisms of democratic control, such as the separation of power, public transparency, and civil rights.}, language = {en}, number = {3}, urldate = {2024-08-26}, journal = {Big Data \& Society}, author = {Ulbricht, Lena and Egbert, Simon}, month = sep, year = {2024}, note = {Publisher: SAGE Publications Ltd}, keywords = {/unread, Second Draft Report Additions, Global North, Qual}, pages = {1--15}, file = {SAGE PDF Full Text:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/9M25C7QN/Ulbricht and Egbert - 2024 - In Palantir we trust Regulation of data analysis .pdf:application/pdf}, } @techreport{unescoGlobalStandardsMedia2022, title = {Global {Standards} for {Media} and {Information} {Literacy} {Curricula} {Development} {Guidelines}}, url = {https://www.unesco.org/sites/default/files/medias/files/2022/02/Global%20Standards%20for%20Media%20and%20Information%20Literacy%20Curricula%20Development%20Guidelines_EN.pdf}, institution = {UNESCO}, author = {UNESCO}, year = {2022}, keywords = {/unread, Global, Second Draft Report Additions}, file = {UNESCO - 2022 - Global Standards for Media and Information Literac.pdf:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/4AVPUDPR/UNESCO - 2022 - Global Standards for Media and Information Literac.pdf:application/pdf}, } @techreport{unescoK12AICurricula2022, title = {K-12 {AI} curricula: a mapping of government-endorsed {AI} curricula}, url = {https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000380602}, urldate = {2024-07-29}, institution = {UNESCO}, author = {UNESCO}, year = {2022}, keywords = {/unread, Global, Second Draft Report Additions}, file = {K-12 AI curricula a mapping of government-endorse.pdf:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/L2MFCVPF/K-12 AI curricula a mapping of government-endorse.pdf:application/pdf;K-12 AI curricula\: a mapping of government-endorsed AI curricula - UNESCO Digital Library:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/7FYBP2G2/pf0000380602.html:text/html}, } @techreport{unescoRecommendationEthicsArtificial2022a, title = {Recommendation on the {Ethics} of {Artificial} {Intelligence} adopted 23 {November} 2021}, url = {https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000381137}, urldate = {2024-07-30}, institution = {UNESCO}, author = {UNESCO}, year = {2022}, keywords = {/unread, Global, Second Draft Report Additions}, file = {Recommendation on the Ethics of Artificial Intelli.pdf:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/54HJDQPZ/Recommendation on the Ethics of Artificial Intelli.pdf:application/pdf;Recommendation on the Ethics of Artificial Intelligence - UNESCO Digital Library:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/DR4MSDHM/pf0000381137.html:text/html}, } @techreport{unescoWorldPressFreedom2023, title = {World {Press} {Freedom} {Day} 2023, {Shaping} a {Future} of {Rights}: {Freedom} of expression as a driver for all other human rights; draft concept note}, url = {https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000384177#:~:text=On%20the%2030th%20anniversary%20of,enablers%20of%20all%20other%20human}, urldate = {2024-04-11}, institution = {UNESCO}, author = {UNESCO}, year = {2023}, keywords = {/unread, Global, Second Draft Report Additions}, file = {UNESXO - World Press Freedom Day 2023, Shaping a Future of .pdf:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/963KFQIX/UNESXO - World Press Freedom Day 2023, Shaping a Future of .pdf:application/pdf;World Press Freedom Day 2023, Shaping a Future of Rights\: Freedom of expression as a driver for all other human rights\; draft concept note - UNESCO Digital Library:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/F4I6ZP3H/pf0000384177.html:text/html}, } @misc{unescoStatisticsKilledJournalists2024, title = {Statistics on {Killed} {Journalists}}, url = {https://www.unesco.org/en/safety-journalists/observatory/statistics}, language = {en}, urldate = {2024-08-14}, journal = {UNESCO}, author = {UNESCO}, month = aug, year = {2024}, keywords = {/unread, Global, Second Draft Report Additions, Quant}, file = {Snapshot:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/I4D9U3WC/statistics.html:text/html}, } @misc{unitednationsWhatHateSpeech2024, title = {What is hate speech?}, url = {https://www.un.org/en/hate-speech/understanding-hate-speech/what-is-hate-speech}, language = {en}, urldate = {2024-09-05}, journal = {United Nations}, author = {United Nations}, year = {2024}, note = {Publisher: United Nations}, keywords = {/unread, Global, Second Draft Report Additions}, file = {Snapshot:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/CUJNQHVX/what-is-hate-speech.html:text/html}, } @techreport{unitednationsGlobalDigitalCompact2024, title = {Global {Digital} {Compact} {Revision} 2}, url = {https://www.un.org/techenvoy/sites/www.un.org.techenvoy/files/GlobalDigitalCompact_rev2.pdf}, urldate = {2024-08-01}, institution = {United Nations Technology Envoy}, author = {United Nations}, month = jun, year = {2024}, keywords = {/unread, Global, Second Draft Report Additions}, file = {GlobalDigitalCompact_rev2.pdf:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/A8NBRXQH/GlobalDigitalCompact_rev2.pdf:application/pdf}, } @techreport{uscongressTelecommunicationsAct19961996, address = {Washington D.C.}, title = {Telecommunications {Act} of 1996, {Section} 230 {Protection} for private blocking and screening of offensive material}, url = {https://www.govinfo.gov/app/details/PLAW-104publ104#:~:text=An%20act%20to%20promote%20competition,deployment%20of%20new%20telecommunications%20technologies.}, institution = {United States Congress US Pub. LA. No. 104-104, 110 Stat. 56 (1996)}, author = {{US Congress}}, year = {1996}, keywords = {/unread, Second Draft Report Additions, Global North}, } @techreport{uscongressChildrensOnlinePrivacy2013, address = {Washington D.C.}, title = {Children's {Online} {Privacy} {Protection} {Act} 1998, {Federal} {Trade} {Commission} {Amendment}}, url = {https://www.ftc.gov/legal-library/browse/rules/childrens-online-privacy-protection-rule-coppa}, institution = {US Congress, 15 U.S.C. 6501-6505}, author = {US Congress}, month = jan, year = {2013}, keywords = {/unread, Second Draft Report Additions, Global North}, } @incollection{martinGoogleResearchWho2022, title = {Google {Research}: {Who} {Is} {Responsible} for {Ethics} of {AI}?}, isbn = {978-1-00-327829-0}, shorttitle = {Google {Research}}, abstract = {Technology companies direct the research into the bias, fairness, and ethics of their own products and services. Corporate research would be presented along with academic research at conferences, and many papers had coauthors from both Big Tech and academia. Google was typical of Big Tech in both having a separate research division and in supporting research on the ethics of AI in academia. Big Tech's approach to research on their own products and services differs from other industries who also have a general impact on society. Big Tech has grown due to the academic power of elite research universities and relies on academia to not only develop new PhDs in computer science but also to develop new technologies to use. The question going forward would be how would Big Tech supports the same general research that both powers its innovation and critically examines its products and services.}, booktitle = {Ethics of {Data} and {Analytics}}, publisher = {Auerbach Publications}, author = {Martin, Kirsten}, editor = {Martin, Kirsten}, year = {2022}, note = {Num Pages: 13}, keywords = {/unread, Second Draft Report Additions}, pages = {13 pages}, } @misc{majal.orgMajalNumunFund2024, title = {Majal {Numun} {Fund}: {Supporting} feminist tech infrastructure}, url = {https://majal.org/numun-fund/}, abstract = {Seeding and sustaining technological infrastructures for feminist activism, organizations and movements.}, language = {en}, urldate = {2024-08-04}, journal = {Majal.org}, author = {Majal.org}, year = {2024}, keywords = {Global South, /unread, Second Draft Report Additions}, file = {Snapshot:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/T9YQK758/numun-fund.html:text/html}, } @misc{majal.orgUS2024, title = {About {US}}, url = {https://majal.org/about-us/}, abstract = {Majal addresses issues like: rights of migrant workers, to the stigmatized Middle East LGBTQ community, to those seeking to express dissent through music.}, language = {en}, urldate = {2024-08-04}, journal = {majal.org}, author = {majal.org}, year = {2024}, keywords = {Global South, /unread, Second Draft Report Additions}, file = {Snapshot:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/9FPK9C5S/about-us.html:text/html}, } @incollection{gurumurthyJusticePostPublicSphere2024, address = {London}, title = {Justice in the {Post}-{Public} {Sphere}: {The} {New} {Challenge} for {Global} {Governance}}, booktitle = {Global {Communication} {Governance} at the {Crossroads}}, publisher = {Palgrave Macmillan}, author = {Gurumurthy, Anita and Chami, Nandini}, editor = {Padovani, C and Wavre, V. and Hintz, Arne and Goggin, G and Iosifidis, P}, year = {2024}, keywords = {Global South, /unread, First Draft Report Cited, USED, OID Data Gov}, pages = {111--127}, } @book{grahamDigitalWorkPlanetary2022, address = {Cambridge MA}, title = {Digital {Work} in the {Planetary} {Market}}, publisher = {MIT Press}, editor = {Graham, Mark and Ferrari, Fabian}, year = {2022}, keywords = {Global South, /unread, First Draft Report Cited}, } @book{chouliarakiDigitalBorderMigration2022, address = {New York (N.Y.)}, title = {The {Digital} {Border}: {Migration}, {Technology}, {Power}}, isbn = {978-1-4798-7340-1}, shorttitle = {The {Digital} {Border}}, language = {English}, publisher = {NYU Press}, author = {Chouliaraki, Lilie and Georgiou, Myria}, month = jun, year = {2022}, keywords = {Global South, /unread, First Draft Report Cited, Mixed}, } @book{couldryTransnationalizingPublicSphere2014, address = {Cambridge, UK}, title = {Transnationalizing the {Public} {Sphere}}, isbn = {978-0-7456-5660-1}, abstract = {Is Habermas’s concept of the public sphere still relevant in an age of globalization, when the transnational flows of people and information have become increasingly intensive and when the nation-state can no longer be taken granted as the natural frame for social and political debate? This is the question posed with characteristic acuity by Nancy Fraser in her influential article ‘Transnationalizing the Public Sphere?’ Challenging careless uses of the term ‘global public sphere’, Fraser raises the debate about the nature and role of the public sphere in a global age to a new level. While drawing on the richness of Habermas’s conception and remaining faithful to the spirit of critical theory, Fraser thoroughly reconstructs the concepts of inclusion, legitimacy and efficacy for our globalizing times. This book includes Fraser’s original article as well as specially commissioned contributions that raise searching questions about the theoretical assumptions and empirical grounds of Fraser’s argument. They are concerned with the fundamental premises of Habermas’s development of the concept of the public sphere as a normative ideal in complex societies; the significance of the fact that the public sphere emerged in modern states that were also imperial; whether ‘scaling up’ to a global public sphere means giving up on local and national publics; the role of ‘counterpublics’ in developing alternative globalization; and what inclusion might possibly mean for a global public. Fraser responds to these questions in detail in an extended reply to her critics. An invaluable resource for students and scholars concerned with the role of the public sphere beyond the nation-state, this book will also be welcomed by anyone interested in globalization and democracy today.}, language = {en}, publisher = {Polity Press}, author = {Couldry, Nick and Hutchings, Kimberly and Kurasawa, Fuyuki and Nash, Kate and Owen, David}, editor = {Fraser, Nancy and Nash, Kate}, month = jun, year = {2014}, note = {Google-Books-ID: Ng3VAwAAQBAJ}, keywords = {Political Science / General, /unread, Global, First Draft Report Cited, Mixed, Political Science / International Relations / General}, } @book{enghelCommunicationInternationalDevelopment2018, address = {New York}, title = {Communication in {International} {Development}: {Doing} {Good} or {Looking} {Good}?}, publisher = {Routledge}, editor = {Enghel, Florencia and Noske-Turner, Jessica}, year = {2018}, keywords = {Global South, /unread, First Draft Report Cited, RM Book}, } @book{dunnPalgraveHandbookEveryday2024, title = {The {Palgrave} {Handbook} of {Everyday} {Digital} {Life}}, publisher = {Palgrave Macmillan}, editor = {Dunn, Hopeton S and Ragnedda, Massimo and Ruiu, Maria Laura and Robinson, Laura}, year = {2024}, keywords = {Global South, /unread, First Draft Report Cited}, } @article{douekMetaOversightBoard2024, title = {The {Meta} {Oversight} {Board} and the {Empty} {Promise} of {Legitimacy}}, volume = {37}, url = {https://papers.ssrn.com/abstract=4565180}, doi = {10.2139/ssrn.4565180}, abstract = {The Meta Oversight Board is an audacious experiment in self-regulation by one of the world’s most powerful corporations, set up to oversee one of the largest systems of speech regulation in history. In the few years since its establishment, the Board has in some ways defied its many skeptics, by becoming a consistent and accepted feature of academic and public discourse about content moderation. It has also achieved meaningful independence from Meta, shed light on the otherwise completely opaque processes within the corporation, instantiated meaningful reforms to Meta’s content moderation systems, and provided an avenue for greater stakeholder engagement in content moderation decision-making. But the Board has also failed to live up to core aspects of its role, in ways that have gone underappreciated. The Board has consistently shied away from answering the hardest and most controversial questions that come before it—that is, the very questions it was set up to tackle—and has not provided meaningful yardsticks for quantifying its actual impact. Understanding why the Board eschews these questions, and why it has nevertheless managed to acquire a significant amount of institutional legitimacy, suggests important lessons about institutional incentives and the revealed preferences of stakeholders in content moderation governance. Ultimately, this Article argues, the current political environment incentivizes a kind of oversight that is formalistic and unmoored from substantive goals. This is a problem that plagues regulatory reform far beyond the Board itself, and shows that generalized calls for “more legitimate” content moderation governance are underspecified and may, as a result, incentivize poor outcomes.}, language = {en}, number = {2}, urldate = {2024-05-06}, journal = {Harvard Journal of Law \& Technology}, author = {Douek, Evelyn}, year = {2024}, keywords = {self-regulation, content moderation, /unread, Review, First Draft Report Cited, institutional design, international human rights law, online speech regulation, Oversight Board}, pages = {373--445}, file = {Full Text PDF:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/M64ATZCV/Douek - 2023 - The Meta Oversight Board and the Empty Promise of .pdf:application/pdf}, } @article{dahlbergHabermasianPublicSphere2014, title = {The {Habermasian} {Public} {Sphere} and {Exclusion}: {An} {Engagement} with {Poststructuralist}-{Influenced} {Critics}}, volume = {24}, issn = {10503293}, shorttitle = {The {Habermasian} {Public} {Sphere} and {Exclusion}}, url = {https://academic.oup.com/ct/article/24/1/21-41/4061172}, doi = {10.1111/comt.12010}, language = {en}, number = {1}, urldate = {2024-03-26}, journal = {Communication Theory}, author = {Dahlberg, Lincoln}, month = feb, year = {2014}, keywords = {/unread, Review, First Draft Report Cited}, pages = {21--41}, file = {Dahlberg - 2014 - The Habermasian Public Sphere and Exclusion An En.pdf:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/36FS7P64/Dahlberg - 2014 - The Habermasian Public Sphere and Exclusion An En.pdf:application/pdf}, } @misc{wuSustainableAIEnvironmental2022, title = {Sustainable {AI}: {Environmental} {Implications}, {Challenges} and {Opportunities}}, shorttitle = {Sustainable {AI}}, url = {http://arxiv.org/abs/2111.00364}, doi = {10.48550/arXiv.2111.00364}, abstract = {This paper explores the environmental impact of the super-linear growth trends for AI from a holistic perspective, spanning Data, Algorithms, and System Hardware. We characterize the carbon footprint of AI computing by examining the model development cycle across industry-scale machine learning use cases and, at the same time, considering the life cycle of system hardware. Taking a step further, we capture the operational and manufacturing carbon footprint of AI computing and present an end-to-end analysis for what and how hardware-software design and at-scale optimization can help reduce the overall carbon footprint of AI. Based on the industry experience and lessons learned, we share the key challenges and chart out important development directions across the many dimensions of AI. We hope the key messages and insights presented in this paper can inspire the community to advance the field of AI in an environmentally-responsible manner.}, urldate = {2024-04-11}, publisher = {arXiv}, author = {Wu, Carole-Jean and Raghavendra, Ramya and Gupta, Udit and Acun, Bilge and Ardalani, Newsha and Maeng, Kiwan and Chang, Gloria and Behram, Fiona Aga and Huang, James and Bai, Charles and Gschwind, Michael and Gupta, Anurag and Ott, Myle and Melnikov, Anastasia and Candido, Salvatore and Brooks, David and Chauhan, Geeta and Lee, Benjamin and Lee, Hsien-Hsin S. and Akyildiz, Bugra and Balandat, Maximilian and Spisak, Joe and Jain, Ravi and Rabbat, Mike and Hazelwood, Kim}, month = jan, year = {2022}, note = {arXiv:2111.00364 [cs]}, keywords = {Computer Science - Artificial Intelligence, Computer Science - Machine Learning, /unread, Review, First Draft Report Cited, Computer Science - Hardware Architecture}, file = {arXiv Fulltext PDF:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/5NZVF25V/Wu et al. - 2022 - Sustainable AI Environmental Implications, Challe.pdf:application/pdf;arXiv.org Snapshot:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/XC9ZGN5L/2111.html:text/html}, } @book{wuAttentionMerchantsEpic2017, title = {The {Attention} {Merchants}: {The} {Epic} {Struggle} to {Get} {Inside} {Our} {Heads}}, isbn = {978-1-78239-484-6}, shorttitle = {The {Attention} {Merchants}}, abstract = {Attention merchant: an industrial-scale harvester of human attention. A firm whose business model is the mass capture of attention for resale to advertisers. In nearly every moment of our waking lives, we face a barrage of advertising enticements, branding efforts, sponsored social media, commercials and other efforts to harvest our attention. Over the last century, few times or spaces have remained uncultivated by the 'attention merchants', contributing to the distracted, unfocused tenor of our times. Tim Wu argues that this is not simply the byproduct of recent inventions but the end result of more than a century's growth and expansion in the industries that feed on human attention. From the pre-Madison Avenue birth of advertising to TV's golden age to our present age of radically individualized choices, the business model of 'attention merchants' has always been the same. He describes the revolts that have risen against these relentless attempts to influence our consumption, from the remote control to FDA regulations to Apple's ad-blocking OS. But he makes clear that attention merchants grow ever-new heads, and their means of harvesting our attention have given rise to the defining industries of our time, changing our nature - cognitive, social, and otherwise - in ways unimaginable even a generation ago.}, language = {en}, publisher = {Atlantic Books}, author = {Wu, Tim}, month = jan, year = {2017}, note = {Google-Books-ID: JNIbDQAAQBAJ}, keywords = {Social Science / Media Studies, /unread, Review, Second Draft Report Additions, Business \& Economics / Consumer Behavior}, } @book{wuCurseBignessAntitrust2018, address = {New York, NY}, title = {The {Curse} of {Bigness}: {Antitrust} in the {New} {Gilded} {Age}}, isbn = {978-0-9997454-6-5}, shorttitle = {The {Curse} of {Bigness}}, language = {English}, publisher = {Columbia Global Reports}, author = {Wu, Tim}, month = nov, year = {2018}, keywords = {/unread, Review, Second Draft Report Additions}, } @article{wuyckensUntanglingMediaLiteracy2022, title = {Untangling media literacy, information literacy, and digital literacy: {A} systematic meta-review of core concepts in media education}, volume = {14}, issn = {21678715}, shorttitle = {Untangling media literacy, information literacy, and digital literacy}, url = {https://digitalcommons.uri.edu/jmle/vol14/iss1/12/}, doi = {10.23860/JMLE-2022-14-1-12}, abstract = {This article presents a systematic meta-review of the scientific literature discussing the concepts of information literacy, media literacy, and digital literacy. While carrying out a cross analysis of the way in which literature reviews specifically address these three concepts, this article identifies, and articulates a critical analysis of, the main findings from the reviewed texts regarding the conceptual landscape that they cover. This work highlights confusion between the constitutive dimensions of literacies, recurrent difficulties in establishing theoretical articulations between contributions, and operationalization problems in observing and assessing these literacies. These issues are the subject of a discussion grounded in the specific field of media education.}, language = {en}, number = {1}, urldate = {2024-05-09}, journal = {Journal of Media Literacy Education}, author = {Wuyckens, Géraldine and Landry, Normand and Fastrez, Pierre}, month = may, year = {2022}, keywords = {/unread, Review, First Draft Report Cited}, pages = {168--182}, file = {Wuyckens et al. - 2022 - Untangling media literacy, information literacy, a.pdf:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/6ANITHF8/Wuyckens et al. - 2022 - Untangling media literacy, information literacy, a.pdf:application/pdf}, } @article{curtisSpringingTacitusTrap2021, title = {Springing the ‘{Tacitus} {Trap}’: countering {Chinese} state-sponsored disinformation}, volume = {32}, issn = {0959-2318}, shorttitle = {Springing the ‘{Tacitus} {Trap}’}, url = {https://doi.org/10.1080/09592318.2021.1870429}, doi = {10.1080/09592318.2021.1870429}, abstract = {The People’s Republic of China (PRC) is waging a disinformation campaign against the U.S.-led international system. China uses disinformation to translate its economic power into Great Power prestige and to suppress external and internal criticism of the Chinese Communist Party (CCP). Both objectives are intended to bolster the domestic legitimacy of the party and enhance social stability. By linking stability and prestige with economic expansion, the CCP hopes to avoid the ‘Tacitus Trap’ – an existential legitimacy crisis caused by losing the confidence of the people. As a third function, disinformation also obscures Beijing’s efforts to influence and manipulate foreign policies of global actors with respect to China, thus undermining international transparency and the democratic structures and processes of target states. The U.S. response has been ad hoc and reactive, therefore ineffectual.}, number = {2}, urldate = {2024-04-19}, journal = {Small Wars \& Insurgencies}, author = {Curtis, Jesse S.}, month = feb, year = {2021}, note = {Publisher: Routledge \_eprint: https://doi.org/10.1080/09592318.2021.1870429}, keywords = {China, Global South, /unread, BRICS, First Draft Report Cited, Qual, belt and road, counterinsurgency, insurgency, Irregular warfare, soft power, state-sponsored disinformation, Tacitus Trap, United Front}, pages = {229--265}, file = {Curtis - 2021 - Springing the ‘Tacitus Trap’ countering Chinese s.pdf:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/NUGLQ9TY/Curtis - 2021 - Springing the ‘Tacitus Trap’ countering Chinese s.pdf:application/pdf}, } @book{chambersWhoseRealityCounts1997, address = {London}, title = {Whose {Reality} {Counts}? {Putting} the {First} {Last}}, shorttitle = {Whose {Reality} {Counts}?}, url = {https://www.ids.ac.uk/publications/whose-reality-counts-putting-the-first-last/}, abstract = {In this sequel to 'Rural Development: Putting the Last First', Robert Chambers argues that central issues in development have been overlooked, and that many past errors have flowed from domination by those with power.}, language = {en-GB}, urldate = {2020-08-08}, publisher = {Practical Action Publishing}, author = {Chambers, Robert}, year = {1997}, keywords = {Global South, /unread, Review, First Draft Report Cited}, } @article{carrollIndigenousDataGovernance2019, title = {Indigenous {Data} {Governance}: {Strategies} from the {United} {States}' {Native} {Nations}}, volume = {18}, doi = {doi: 10.5334/dsj-2019-031}, number = {31}, journal = {Data Science Journal}, author = {Carroll, Sephanie Russo and Rodriguez-Lonebear, Desi and Martinez, Andrew}, year = {2019}, keywords = {Global South, /unread, First Draft Report Cited}, pages = {1--15}, file = {Carroll et al. - 2019 - Indigenous Data Governance Strategies from the Un.pdf:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/SYPE73QI/Carroll et al. - 2019 - Indigenous Data Governance Strategies from the Un.pdf:application/pdf}, } @book{buturoiuPatternsNewsConsumption2023, address = {Cham}, title = {Patterns of {News} {Consumption} in a {High}-{Choice} {Media} {Environment}}, isbn = {978-3-031-41953-9 978-3-031-41954-6}, url = {https://link.springer.com/10.1007/978-3-031-41954-6_9}, language = {en}, urldate = {2024-02-02}, publisher = {Springer Nature Switzerland}, author = {Buturoiu, Raluca and Corbu, Nicoleta and Boțan, Mădălina}, year = {2023}, doi = {10.1007/978-3-031-41954-6_9}, note = {Series Title: Springer Studies in Media and Political Communication}, keywords = {/unread, First Draft Report Cited, Global North, Mixed}, file = {Buturoiu et al. - 2023 - Patterns of News Consumption in a High-Choice Medi.pdf:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/N5S25G3U/Buturoiu et al. - 2023 - Patterns of News Consumption in a High-Choice Medi.pdf:application/pdf}, } @incollection{buarqueFarRightPoliticsTruth2022, title = {The {Far}-{Right} {Politics} of ‘{Truth}’: an exploratory analysis of the ‘truths’ produced by {AfD} {Kompakt} and {Patriotic} {Alternative}}, url = {https://pure.manchester.ac.uk/ws/portalfiles/portal/233031081/ebook_AA.VV_._Populism_and_Far_Right_2022_9788893350679.pdf}, booktitle = {Populism and {Far}-{Right}: {Trends} in {Europe}}, publisher = {EDUCatt}, author = {Buarque, Beatriz and Zavershinskaia, Polina}, editor = {Bruno, Valerio Alfonso}, year = {2022}, keywords = {/unread, First Draft Report Cited, Global North, Qual}, pages = {25--48}, file = {Buarque and Zavershinskaia - 2022 - The Far-Right Politics of ‘Truth’ an exploratory .pdf:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/NHWDYRGK/Buarque and Zavershinskaia - 2022 - The Far-Right Politics of ‘Truth’ an exploratory .pdf:application/pdf}, } @techreport{bbcmediaactionEnablingMediaMarkets2021, title = {Enabling {Media} {Markets} to {Work} for {Democracy}: {An} {International} {Fund} for {Public} {Interest} {Media}}, url = {https://ifpim.org/resources/feasibility-study/}, institution = {International Fund for Public Interest Media}, author = {BBC Media Action}, month = apr, year = {2021}, keywords = {Global South, /unread, Review, First Draft Report Cited}, file = {BBC Media Action - Enabling Media Markets to Work for Democracy An I.pdf:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/VIYB8MCQ/BBC Media Action - Enabling Media Markets to Work for Democracy An I.pdf:application/pdf}, } @book{banajiSocialMediaHate2022, address = {London}, title = {Social {Media} and {Hate}}, url = {https://www.routledge.com/Social-Media-and-Hate/Banaji-Bhat/p/book/9780367537272}, abstract = {Using expert interviews and focus groups, this book investigates the theoretical and practical intersection of misinformation and social media hate in contemporary societies. Social Media and Hate argues that these phenomena, and the extreme violence and discrimination they initiate against targeted groups, are connected to the socio-political contexts, values and behaviours of users of social media platforms such as Facebook, TikTok, ShareChat, Instagram and WhatsApp. The argument moves from a}, language = {en}, urldate = {2023-01-18}, publisher = {Routledge}, author = {Banaji, Shakuntala and Bhat, Ramnath}, year = {2022}, keywords = {Global South, /unread, First Draft Report Cited, Qual}, } @misc{awsFrictionlessCheckoutJustnd, title = {Frictionless {Checkout} – {Just} {Walk} {Out} technology – {Amazon} {Web} {Services}}, url = {https://aws.amazon.com/just-walk-out/}, abstract = {Just Walk Out technology lets consumers enter a store, grab what they want, and get going, with no need to check out.}, language = {en-US}, urldate = {2024-05-07}, journal = {Amazon Web Services, Inc.}, author = {AWS}, keywords = {/unread, Second Draft Report Additions}, file = {Snapshot:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/PDYP6PD9/just-walk-out.html:text/html}, } @article{akserRepressedMediaIlliberal2023, title = {Repressed media and illiberal politics in {Turkey}: the persistence of fear}, volume = {23}, issn = {1468-3857}, shorttitle = {Repressed media and illiberal politics in {Turkey}}, url = {https://doi.org/10.1080/14683857.2022.2088647}, doi = {10.1080/14683857.2022.2088647}, abstract = {This article examines the historical roots of the role of successive Turkish governments’ fear of media and Turkish media’s fear of government authority with respect to the development of press freedom over the long run and closely analyzes the historical pressures imposed on journalists through legal and informal means. We focus particularly on the economic and political pressure on the media in Turkey and offer three arguments regarding the fear in Turkish media: (1) Media fear is historical rather than a rupture that happened during the Justice and Development Party era; (2) out of fear of losing power, the governments use structural, legislative and extra-legal factors to the advantage of the ruling party to support a friendly media-ecology; and (3) the repressed media attempt to come out of this ecology of fear by utilizing new tactics of reporting, such as alternative media and citizen journalism.}, number = {1}, urldate = {2024-04-20}, journal = {Southeast European and Black Sea Studies}, author = {Akser, Murat and Baybars, Banu}, month = jan, year = {2023}, note = {Publisher: Routledge \_eprint: https://doi.org/10.1080/14683857.2022.2088647}, keywords = {Media, politics, journalism, Global South, /unread, Review, First Draft Report Cited, democratic backsliding, Turkey}, pages = {159--177}, file = {Full Text PDF:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/W9B22KFU/Akser and Baybars - 2023 - Repressed media and illiberal politics in Turkey .pdf:application/pdf}, } @techreport{unitednationsGoverningAIHumanity2024, title = {Governing {AI} for {Humanity}: {Final} {Report}}, url = {https://www.un.org/sites/un2.un.org/files/governing_ai_for_humanity_final_report_en.pdf}, institution = {United Nations AI Advisory Board}, author = {United Nations}, month = sep, year = {2024}, keywords = {/unread, Final Draft Additions, Report, Global}, file = {United Nations - 2024 - Governing AI for Humanity.pdf:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/FC9G73LG/United Nations - 2024 - Governing AI for Humanity.pdf:application/pdf}, } @misc{yanProtectingDataPrivacy2024, title = {On {Protecting} the {Data} {Privacy} of {Large} {Language} {Models} ({LLMs}): {A} {Survey}}, shorttitle = {On {Protecting} the {Data} {Privacy} of {Large} {Language} {Models} ({LLMs})}, url = {http://arxiv.org/abs/2403.05156}, abstract = {Large language models (LLMs) are complex artificial intelligence systems capable of understanding, generating and translating human language. They learn language patterns by analyzing large amounts of text data, allowing them to perform writing, conversation, summarizing and other language tasks. When LLMs process and generate large amounts of data, there is a risk of leaking sensitive information, which may threaten data privacy. This paper concentrates on elucidating the data privacy concerns associated with LLMs to foster a comprehensive understanding. Specifically, a thorough investigation is undertaken to delineate the spectrum of data privacy threats, encompassing both passive privacy leakage and active privacy attacks within LLMs. Subsequently, we conduct an assessment of the privacy protection mechanisms employed by LLMs at various stages, followed by a detailed examination of their efficacy and constraints. Finally, the discourse extends to delineate the challenges encountered and outline prospective directions for advancement in the realm of LLM privacy protection.}, language = {en}, urldate = {2024-06-26}, publisher = {arXiv}, author = {Yan, Biwei and Li, Kun and Xu, Minghui and Dong, Yueyan and Zhang, Yue and Ren, Zhaochun and Cheng, Xiuzhen}, month = mar, year = {2024}, note = {arXiv:2403.05156 [cs]}, keywords = {Theory, /unread, Second Draft Report Additions, Computer Science - Cryptography and Security}, file = {Yan et al. - 2024 - On Protecting the Data Privacy of Large Language M.pdf:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/82AQUTBM/Yan et al. - 2024 - On Protecting the Data Privacy of Large Language M.pdf:application/pdf}, } @article{yooNetworkSlicingNet2024, title = {Network slicing and net neutrality}, volume = {48}, issn = {0308-5961}, url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0308596123001301}, doi = {10.1016/j.telpol.2023.102619}, abstract = {Whether network slicing complies with the net neutrality rules currently in force in Europe and previously applicable in the U.S. presents a key issue in the deployment of 5G. In many ways, both regimes frame the issues in a similar manner, with the exceptions for reasonable traffic management and specialised services likely to play the most important roles. Both regimes also focus on similar considerations, including whether measures are based on technical rather than business considerations and the distinction between measures aimed at improving the performance of the entire network or specific applications, although both distinctions are problematic in some respects. Both regimes also emphasize application agnosticism and end-user choice, with European law finding the former implicit in the latter. At the same time, European and U.S. law reflect some key differences: the regimes cover different types of entities, frame the issues in terms of nondiscrimination versus throttling and paid prioritization, take different positions on whether measures must be limited to temporary or exceptional circumstances, and place different weight on the impact of the rules on investment and on the relevance industry standards. The relatively undeveloped state of both legal regimes means that the ultimate answers must await enforcement decisions and actions by national regulatory authorities, and any subsequent judicial challenges to those decisions.}, number = {2}, urldate = {2024-05-16}, journal = {Telecommunications Policy}, author = {Yoo, Christopher S.}, month = mar, year = {2024}, keywords = {/unread, Review, First Draft Report Cited, 5G, Net neutrality, Network slicing, Reasonable traffic management, Specialised services}, pages = {1--10}, file = {ScienceDirect Snapshot:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/DFH94XH9/S0308596123001301.html:text/html;Yoo - 2024 - Network slicing and net neutrality.pdf:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/FDL7WPRK/Yoo - 2024 - Network slicing and net neutrality.pdf:application/pdf}, } @article{zelizerWhyJournalismMore2019, title = {Why {Journalism} {Is} {About} {More} {Than} {Digital} {Technology}}, volume = {7}, issn = {2167-0811}, url = {https://doi.org/10.1080/21670811.2019.1571932}, doi = {10.1080/21670811.2019.1571932}, abstract = {This article addresses the relationship between digital technology and journalism, arguing that defining journalism in conjunction with its technology short-circuits a comprehensive picture of journalism. Not only does it obscure the incremental nature and detrimental effects of change in journalism, but it sidelines the recognition of what stays stable in journalism across technological change. Tracing the advantages and shortcomings of expectations that digital journalism is more democratic, transparent, novel and participatory, the article argues that it is journalism that gives technology purpose, shape, perspective, meaning and significance, not the other way around.}, number = {3}, urldate = {2023-12-25}, journal = {Digital Journalism}, author = {Zelizer, Barbie}, month = mar, year = {2019}, note = {Publisher: Routledge \_eprint: https://doi.org/10.1080/21670811.2019.1571932}, keywords = {technology, Journalism, digital, /unread, Review, Second Draft Report Additions, OID Media, USED, change}, pages = {343--350}, file = {Zelizer - 2019 - Why Journalism Is About More Than Digital Technolo.pdf:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/RDQ3BWER/Zelizer - 2019 - Why Journalism Is About More Than Digital Technolo.pdf:application/pdf}, } @article{zengMisinformation2023, title = {Misinformation}, volume = {12}, issn = {2197-6775}, url = {https://policyreview.info/articles/analysis/misinformation}, abstract = {This article delves into the diverse and complex nature of conceptualising misinformation as an object of research.}, number = {4}, urldate = {2023-12-23}, journal = {Internet Policy Review}, author = {Zeng, Jing and Brennen, Scott Babwah}, month = nov, year = {2023}, keywords = {/unread, Global, Review, First Draft Report Cited, USED, OID Mis/Disinfo}, pages = {1--20}, file = {Zeng and Brennen - 2023 - Misinformation.pdf:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/ZRF7AMAI/Zeng and Brennen - 2023 - Misinformation.pdf:application/pdf}, } @article{zhangAssemblingNetworksAudiences2021, title = {Assembling the {Networks} and {Audiences} of {Disinformation}: {How} {Successful} {Russian} {IRA} {Twitter} {Accounts} {Built} {Their} {Followings}, 2015–2017}, volume = {71}, issn = {0021-9916}, shorttitle = {Assembling the {Networks} and {Audiences} of {Disinformation}}, url = {https://doi.org/10.1093/joc/jqaa042}, doi = {10.1093/joc/jqaa042}, abstract = {This study investigates how successful Russian Internet Research Agency (IRA) Twitter accounts constructed the followings that were central to their disinformation campaigns around the 2016 U.S. presidential election. Treating an account’s social media following as both an ego network and an audience critical for information diffusion and influence accrual, we situate IRA Twitter accounts’ accumulation of followers in the ideologically polarized, attention driven, and asymmetric political communication system. Results show that partisan enclaves on Twitter contributed to IRA accounts’ followings through retweeting; and that mainstream and hyperpartisan media assisted conservative IRA accounts’ following gain by embedding their tweets in news. These results illustrate how network dynamics within social media and news media amplification beyond it together boosted social media followings. Our results also highlight the dynamics fanning the flames of disinformation: partisan polarization, media fragmentation and asymmetry, and an attention economy optimized for engagement rather than accuracy.}, number = {2}, urldate = {2024-04-15}, journal = {Journal of Communication}, author = {Zhang, Yini and Lukito, Josephine and Su, Min-Hsin and Suk, Jiyoun and Xia, Yiping and Kim, Sang Jung and Doroshenko, Larissa and Wells, Chris}, month = apr, year = {2021}, keywords = {Global South, /unread, First Draft Report Cited, Quant}, pages = {305--331}, file = {Snapshot:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/HXU4JNQK/6104044.html:text/html;Zhang et al. - 2021 - Assembling the Networks and Audiences of Disinform.pdf:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/AHRFV8VQ/Zhang et al. - 2021 - Assembling the Networks and Audiences of Disinform.pdf:application/pdf}, } @article{zhaoSurveyDifferentialPrivacy2022, title = {A {Survey} on {Differential} {Privacy} for {Unstructured} {Data} {Content}}, volume = {54}, issn = {0360-0300}, url = {https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3490237}, doi = {10.1145/3490237}, abstract = {Huge amounts of unstructured data including image, video, audio, and text are ubiquitously generated and shared, and it is a challenge to protect sensitive personal information in them, such as human faces, voiceprints, and authorships. Differential privacy is the standard privacy protection technology that provides rigorous privacy guarantees for various data. This survey summarizes and analyzes differential privacy solutions to protect unstructured data content before it is shared with untrusted parties. These differential privacy methods obfuscate unstructured data after they are represented with vectors and then reconstruct them with obfuscated vectors. We summarize specific privacy models and mechanisms together with possible challenges in them. We also discuss their privacy guarantees against AI attacks and utility losses. Finally, we discuss several possible directions for future research.}, number = {10s}, urldate = {2024-05-18}, journal = {ACM Computing Surveys}, author = {Zhao, Ying and Chen, Jinjun}, month = sep, year = {2022}, keywords = {/unread, Review, First Draft Report Cited, Differential privacy, image, privacy protected unstructured data, text, unstructured data content privacy, video, voiceprint}, pages = {207:1--207:28}, file = {Full Text PDF:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/S582B7CG/Zhao and Chen - 2022 - A Survey on Differential Privacy for Unstructured .pdf:application/pdf}, } @misc{2020electionresearchprojectProposalUnderstandingSocial2020, title = {A {Proposal} for {Understanding} {Social} {Media}’s {Impact} on {Elections}: {Peer}-{Reviewed} {Scientific} {Research}}, shorttitle = {A {Proposal} for {Understanding} {Social} {Media}’s {Impact} on {Elections}}, url = {https://medium.com/@2020_election_research_project/a-proposal-for-understanding-social-medias-impact-on-elections-4ca5b7aae10}, abstract = {Facebook today announced a new project that is bringing together a team of approximately two-dozen Facebook researchers and outside scholars}, language = {en}, urldate = {2024-08-12}, journal = {Medium}, author = {2020 Election Research Project}, month = aug, year = {2020}, keywords = {/unread, Second Draft Report Additions}, file = {Snapshot:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/FWJ52HQN/a-proposal-for-understanding-social-medias-impact-on-elections-4ca5b7aae10.html:text/html}, } @article{andersonCybersecurityLabWouldnt2024, title = {After cybersecurity lab wouldn’t use {AV} software, {US} accuses {Georgia} {Tech} of fraud}, url = {https://arstechnica.com/security/2024/08/oh-your-cybersecurity-researchers-wont-use-antivirus-tools-heres-a-federal-lawsuit/}, abstract = {Researchers allegedly found security protocols "burdensome."}, language = {en-us}, urldate = {2024-08-29}, journal = {Ars Technica}, author = {Anderson, Nate}, month = aug, year = {2024}, keywords = {/unread, Second Draft Report Additions}, file = {Snapshot:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/9M5KLAPH/oh-your-cybersecurity-researchers-wont-use-antivirus-tools-heres-a-federal-lawsuit.html:text/html}, } @book{castellsCommunicationPower2009, address = {Oxford}, title = {Communication {Power}}, publisher = {Oxford University Press}, author = {Castells, Manuel}, year = {2009}, keywords = {/unread, Second Draft Report Additions}, } @book{mayer-schonbergerBigDataRevolution2013, address = {London}, title = {Big {Data}: {A} {Revolution} {That} {Will} {Transform} {How} {We} {Live}, {Work} and {Think}}, publisher = {John Murray}, author = {Mayer-Schönberger, V and Cukier, K}, year = {2013}, keywords = {/unread, Second Draft Report Additions}, } @book{bowkerMemoryPracticesSciences2008, title = {Memory {Practices} in the {Sciences}}, url = {https://mitpress.mit.edu/9780262524896/memory-practices-in-the-sciences/}, abstract = {How the way we hold knowledge about the past—in books, in file folders, in databases—affects the kind of stories we tell about the past.The way we record...}, language = {en-US}, urldate = {2024-09-02}, publisher = {MIT Press}, author = {Bowker, Geoffrey C}, year = {2008}, keywords = {/unread, Second Draft Report Additions}, file = {Snapshot:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/YTJLTUT9/memory-practices-in-the-sciences.html:text/html}, } @misc{harbathDifferentApproachesCounting2023, type = {Substack newsletter}, title = {Different {Approaches} to {Counting} {Elections}}, url = {https://anchorchange.substack.com/p/different-approaches-to-counting}, abstract = {Just how many elections are there in 2024? That's harder to count than one might expect. This is a primer on how different organizations approach it.}, urldate = {2024-07-26}, journal = {Anchor Change with Katie Harbath}, author = {Harbath, Katie}, month = dec, year = {2023}, keywords = {/unread, Second Draft Report Additions}, } @book{hallinComparingMediaSystems2004, address = {Cambridge}, title = {Comparing {Media} {Systems}: {Three} {Models} of {Media} and {Politics} ({Communication}, {Society} and {Politics})}, publisher = {Cambridge University Press}, author = {Hallin, D C and Mancini, P}, year = {2004}, keywords = {/unread, Second Draft Report Additions}, } @book{watsonRightKnowEpistemic2021, title = {The right to know: {Epistemic} rights and why we need them}, publisher = {Routledge}, author = {Watson, Lani}, year = {2021}, keywords = {/unread, Second Draft Report Additions}, } @book{tonniesCommunitySocietyGemeinschaft1887, title = {Community \& {Society} [{Gemeinschaft} uni {Geselltchaft}]}, publisher = {Michigan State University Press}, author = {Tonnies, Ferdinand}, translator = {Loomis, C P}, year = {1887}, keywords = {/unread, Second Draft Report Additions}, } @article{harwellHarwell2019FBI2019, title = {Harwell, {D}. (2019). {FBI}, {ICE} find state driver’s license photos are a gold mine for facial-recognition searches. {Retrieved} from}, url = {https://www.washingtonpost.com/technology/2019/07/07/fbi-ice-find-state-drivers-license-photos-are-gold-mine-facial-recognition-searches/}, journal = {The Washington Post.}, author = {Harwell, D}, year = {2019}, keywords = {/unread, Second Draft Report Additions}, } @article{wikipediaSockPuppetAccount2024, title = {Sock puppet account}, url = {https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sock_puppet_account#cite_note-2}, journal = {Wikipeida}, author = {Wikipedia}, year = {2024}, keywords = {/unread, Second Draft Report Additions}, } @article{haoWeReadPaper2020, title = {We read the paper that forced {Timnit} {Gebru} out of {Google}. {Here}’s what it says.}, url = {https://www.technologyreview.com/2020/12/04/1013294/google-ai-ethics-research-paper-forced-out-timnit-gebru/}, abstract = {The company's star ethics researcher highlighted the risks of large language models, which are key to Google's business.}, language = {en}, urldate = {2024-08-15}, journal = {MIT Technology Review}, author = {Hao, Karen}, month = dec, year = {2020}, keywords = {/unread, Second Draft Report Additions}, file = {Snapshot:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/XN4BHT8R/google-ai-ethics-research-paper-forced-out-timnit-gebru.html:text/html}, } @techreport{frau-meigsAIPedagogy2024, title = {On {AI} pedagogy}, url = {https://www.pedagogie.ac-aix-marseille.fr/upload/docs/application/pdf/2024-05/lbn_25__2024-05-12_20-03-43_354.pdf}, institution = {Presentation to VOICES, European festival of MIL and Journalism}, author = {Frau-Meigs, Divina}, month = mar, year = {2024}, keywords = {/unread, Second Draft Report Additions}, file = {Full text:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/BTMSGSJU/Frau-Meigs - 2024 - On AI pedagogy.pdf:application/pdf}, } @misc{berecWhatZerorating2024, title = {What is zero-rating?}, url = {https://www.berec.europa.eu/en/what-is-zero-rating}, urldate = {2024-08-13}, journal = {BEREC}, author = {BEREC}, year = {2024}, keywords = {/unread, Second Draft Report Additions}, file = {What is zero-rating? | BEREC:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/SNYR8AT8/what-is-zero-rating.html:text/html}, } @article{thewirestaffHindengburgSaysIt2024, chapter = {Business}, title = {Hindengburg {Says} {It} {Has} {Received} a '{Nonsense}' {Show} {Cause} {Notice} {From} {SEBI}}, url = {https://thewire.in/business/hindenburg-adani-sebi-kotak-mahindra}, abstract = {The short seller said the notice had been}, language = {en}, urldate = {2024-08-13}, journal = {The Wire}, author = {The Wire Staff}, month = jul, year = {2024}, keywords = {Global South, /unread, Second Draft Report Additions}, file = {Snapshot:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/4RG5SYBU/hindenburg-adani-sebi-kotak-mahindra.html:text/html}, } @article{mansellGreatMediaCommunications2006, title = {Great {Media} and {Communications} {Debates} – {An} {Assessment} of the {MacBride} {Report} after 25 {Years}}, volume = {3}, number = {4}, journal = {Information Technologies and International Development}, author = {Mansell, Robin and Nordenstreng, K}, year = {2006}, keywords = {/unread, Second Draft Report Additions}, pages = {15--36}, } @misc{googleOurCommitmentClimateconscious2022, title = {Our commitment to climate-conscious data center cooling}, url = {https://blog.google/outreach-initiatives/sustainability/our-commitment-to-climate-conscious-data-center-cooling/}, abstract = {Learn about our climate-conscious data center cooling strategy and how it complements our existing sustainability commitments.}, language = {en-us}, urldate = {2024-08-20}, journal = {Google}, author = {Google}, month = nov, year = {2022}, keywords = {/unread, Second Draft Report Additions}, file = {Snapshot:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/GLFBTZAX/our-commitment-to-climate-conscious-data-center-cooling.html:text/html}, } @article{cascianiViolentSouthportProtests2024, chapter = {BBC Verify}, title = {Violent {Southport} protests reveal far-right organising tactics}, url = {https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cl4y0453nv5o}, abstract = {Online influencers, rather than formal leaders, are mobilising the extreme right on the streets.}, language = {en-GB}, urldate = {2024-08-24}, journal = {BBC News}, author = {Casciani, Dominic and BBC Verify}, month = aug, year = {2024}, keywords = {/unread, Report, Second Draft Report Additions, Global North}, file = {Snapshot:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/AFLPUDTS/cl4y0453nv5o.html:text/html}, } @book{couldryContestingMediaPower2003, address = {Lanham MD}, title = {Contesting {Media} {Power}: {Alternative} {Media} in a {Networked} {World}}, publisher = {Rowman \& Littlefield}, editor = {Couldry, N and Curran, J}, year = {2003}, keywords = {/unread, Second Draft Report Additions}, } @book{ganterMediaGovernanceCosmopolitan2022, title = {Media {Governance}: {A} {Cosmopolitan} {Critique}. {Springer} {International}.}, publisher = {Springer International}, editor = {Ganter, Sarah Anne and Badr, H}, year = {2022}, keywords = {/unread, Second Draft Report Additions}, } @book{gorwaPoliticsPlatformRegulation2024, title = {The {Politics} of {Platform} {Regulation}: {How} {Governments} {Shape} {Online} {Content} {Moderation}}, publisher = {Oxford University Press}, author = {Gorwa, Robert}, year = {2024}, keywords = {/unread, Second Draft Report Additions}, } @misc{bergerEUElections20242023, title = {The {EU} {Elections} 2024: {How} to build resilience against disinformation campaigns on social platforms}, shorttitle = {The {EU} {Elections} 2024}, url = {https://upgradedemocracy.de/en/impulse/the-eu-elections-2024-how-to-build-resilience-against-disinformation-campaigns-on-social-platforms/}, language = {en-US}, urldate = {2024-05-06}, journal = {Upgrade Democracy}, author = {Berger, Cathleen and Freihse, Charlotte and Kettemann, Mattias C and Mosene, Katharina and Hofmann, Vincent}, month = aug, year = {2023}, keywords = {/unread, Review, First Draft Report Cited, Global North}, file = {Snapshot:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/QIY24HUL/the-eu-elections-2024-how-to-build-resilience-against-disinformation-campaigns-on-social-platfo.html:text/html}, } @incollection{graciasantamariaMediaAuthoritarianContexts2020, title = {Media in {Authoritarian} {Contexts} : {A} {Logics} {Approach} to {Journalistic} {Professional} {Resistance} in {Cuba} and {Venezuela}}, booktitle = {Media \& {Governance} in {Latin} {America} : {Towards} {Plurality} of {Voices}}, publisher = {Peter Lang}, author = {Gracia Santamaria, S and Salojärvi, V}, editor = {Orchard, X and Garcia Santamaria, S and Brambila, J and Lugo-Ocando, Jairo}, year = {2020}, keywords = {Global South, /unread, First Draft Report Cited}, pages = {97--116}, } @misc{catonFairnessMachineLearning2020, title = {Fairness in {Machine} {Learning}: {A} {Survey}}, shorttitle = {Fairness in {Machine} {Learning}}, url = {http://arxiv.org/abs/2010.04053}, abstract = {As Machine Learning technologies become increasingly used in contexts that affect citizens, companies as well as researchers need to be confident that their application of these methods will not have unexpected social implications, such as bias towards gender, ethnicity, and/or people with disabilities. There is significant literature on approaches to mitigate bias and promote fairness, yet the area is complex and hard to penetrate for newcomers to the domain. This article seeks to provide an overview of the different schools of thought and approaches to mitigating (social) biases and increase fairness in the Machine Learning literature. It organises approaches into the widely accepted framework of pre-processing, in-processing, and post-processing methods, subcategorizing into a further 11 method areas. Although much of the literature emphasizes binary classification, a discussion of fairness in regression, recommender systems, unsupervised learning, and natural language processing is also provided along with a selection of currently available open source libraries. The article concludes by summarising open challenges articulated as four dilemmas for fairness research.}, language = {en}, urldate = {2024-05-06}, publisher = {arXiv}, author = {Caton, Simon and Haas, Christian}, month = oct, year = {2020}, note = {arXiv:2010.04053 [cs, stat]}, keywords = {Computer Science - Machine Learning, Systematic literature review, /unread, First Draft Report Cited, Global North, Statistics - Machine Learning}, file = {Caton and Haas - 2020 - Fairness in Machine Learning A Survey.pdf:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/J8ID6N3K/Caton and Haas - 2020 - Fairness in Machine Learning A Survey.pdf:application/pdf}, } @book{braynePredictSurveilData2020, title = {Predict and {Surveil}: {Data}, {Discretion}, and the {Future} of {Policing}}, isbn = {978-0-19-068409-9}, shorttitle = {Predict and {Surveil}}, abstract = {"The scope of criminal justice surveillance, from the police to the prisons, has expanded rapidly in recent decades. At the same time, the use of big data has spread across a range of fields, including finance, politics, health, and marketing. While law enforcement's use of big data is hotly contested, very little is known about how the police actually use it in daily operations and with what consequences. This book offers an inside look at how police use big data and new surveillance technologies, leveraging on-the-ground fieldwork with one of the most technologically advanced law enforcement agencies in the world-the Los Angeles Police Department. Drawing on original interviews and ethnographic observations from over two years of fieldwork with the LAPD, the text examines the causes and consequences of big data and algorithmic control. It reveals how the police use predictive analytics and new surveillance technologies to deploy resources, identify criminal suspects, and conduct investigations; how the adoption of big data analytics transforms police organizational practices; and how the police themselves respond to these new data-driven practices. While big data analytics has the potential to reduce bias, increase efficiency, and improve prediction accuracy, the book argues that it also reproduces and deepens existing patterns of inequality, threatens privacy, and challenges civil liberties"--}, language = {en}, publisher = {Oxford University Press}, author = {Brayne, Sarah}, month = oct, year = {2020}, note = {Google-Books-ID: 01AAEAAAQBAJ}, keywords = {/unread, Review, First Draft Report Cited, SOCIAL SCIENCE / Sociology / General}, } @techreport{diazAutomaticLicensePlate2020, title = {Automatic {License} {Plate} {Readers}: {Legal} {Status} and {Policy} {Recommendations} for {Law} {Enforcement} {Use}}, shorttitle = {Automatic {License} {Plate} {Readers}}, url = {https://www.brennancenter.org/our-work/research-reports/automatic-license-plate-readers-legal-status-and-policy-recommendations}, abstract = {The proliferation of ALPR technology raises serious civil rights and civil liberties concerns. Courts, lawmakers, and technology vendors must take action.}, language = {en}, urldate = {2024-05-06}, institution = {Brennan Center for Justice, NYU, US}, author = {Diaz, Angel and Levinson, Jessica}, year = {2020}, keywords = {/unread, Review, First Draft Report Cited, Global North}, file = {Diaz and Levinson - 2020 - Automatic License Plate Readers Legal Status and .pdf:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/83NA8AGD/Diaz and Levinson - 2020 - Automatic License Plate Readers Legal Status and .pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/TK6SXHHZ/automatic-license-plate-readers-legal-status-and-policy-recommendations.html:text/html}, } @book{benjaminRaceTechnologyAbolitionist2019, title = {Race {After} {Technology}: {Abolitionist} {Tools} for the {New} {Jim} {Code}}, isbn = {978-1-5095-2643-7}, shorttitle = {Race {After} {Technology}}, abstract = {From everyday apps to complex algorithms, Ruha Benjamin cuts through tech-industry hype to understand how emerging technologies can reinforce White supremacy and deepen social inequity. Benjamin argues that automation, far from being a sinister story of racist programmers scheming on the dark web, has the potential to hide, speed up, and deepen discrimination while appearing neutral and even benevolent when compared to the racism of a previous era. Presenting the concept of the “New Jim Code,” she shows how a range of discriminatory designs encode inequity by explicitly amplifying racial hierarchies; by ignoring but thereby replicating social divisions; or by aiming to fix racial bias but ultimately doing quite the opposite. Moreover, she makes a compelling case for race itself as a kind of technology, designed to stratify and sanctify social injustice in the architecture of everyday life. This illuminating guide provides conceptual tools for decoding tech promises with sociologically informed skepticism. In doing so, it challenges us to question not only the technologies we are sold but also the ones we ourselves manufacture. Visit the book's free Discussion Guide: www.dropbox.com}, language = {en}, publisher = {John Wiley \& Sons}, author = {Benjamin, Ruha}, month = jul, year = {2019}, keywords = {/unread, Review, First Draft Report Cited, Global North, Social Science / Sociology / General, Social Science / Demography}, } @inproceedings{alufaisanDoesExplainableArtificial2021, title = {Does {Explainable} {Artificial} {Intelligence} {Improve} {Human} {Decision}-{Making}?}, volume = {35}, copyright = {Copyright (c) 2021 Association for the Advancement of Artificial Intelligence}, url = {https://ojs.aaai.org/index.php/AAAI/article/view/16819}, doi = {10.1609/aaai.v35i8.16819}, abstract = {Explainable AI provides insights to users into the why for model predictions, offering potential for users to better understand and trust a model, and to recognize and correct AI predictions that are incorrect. Prior research on human and explainable AI interactions has focused on measures such as interpretability, trust, and usability of the explanation. There are mixed findings whether explainable AI can improve actual human decision-making and the ability to identify the problems with the underlying model. Using real datasets, we compare objective human decision accuracy without AI (control), with an AI prediction (no explanation), and AI prediction with explanation. We find providing any kind of AI prediction tends to improve user decision accuracy, but no conclusive evidence that explainable AI has a meaningful impact. Moreover, we observed the strongest predictor for human decision accuracy was AI accuracy and that users were somewhat able to detect when the AI was correct vs. incorrect, but this was not significantly affected by including an explanation. Our results indicate that, at least in some situations, the why information provided in explainable AI may not enhance user decision-making, and further research may be needed to understand how to integrate explainable AI into real systems.}, language = {en}, urldate = {2024-05-06}, booktitle = {Proceedings of the {AAAI} {Conference} on {Artificial} {Intelligence}}, author = {Alufaisan, Yasmeen and Marusich, Laura R. and Bakdash, Jonathan Z. and Zhou, Yan and Kantarcioglu, Murat}, month = may, year = {2021}, note = {Number: 8}, keywords = {/unread, First Draft Report Cited, Global North, Quant, Accountability, Interpretability \& Explainability}, pages = {6618--6626}, file = {Full Text PDF:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/WVW76TLM/Alufaisan et al. - 2021 - Does Explainable Artificial Intelligence Improve H.pdf:application/pdf}, } @article{ajunwaLimitlessWorkerSurveillance2017, title = {Limitless {Worker} {Surveillance}}, volume = {105}, url = {https://lawcat.berkeley.edu/record/1127979}, doi = {10.15779/Z38BR8MF94}, language = {en}, urldate = {2024-05-06}, journal = {Berkely Law}, author = {Ajunwa, Ifeoma and Crawford, Kate and Schultz, Jason}, year = {2017}, note = {Publisher: [object Object]}, keywords = {/unread, Review, First Draft Report Cited, Global North}, pages = {735--776}, file = {Ifeoma Ajunwa - 2017 - Limitless Worker Surveillance.pdf:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/CZIZ4QKQ/Ifeoma Ajunwa - 2017 - Limitless Worker Surveillance.pdf:application/pdf}, } @book{browneDarkMattersSurveillance2015, title = {Dark {Matters}: {On} the {Surveillance} of {Blackness}}, isbn = {978-0-8223-7530-2}, shorttitle = {Dark {Matters}}, url = {https://read.dukeupress.edu/books/book/147/Dark-MattersOn-the-Surveillance-of-Blackness}, abstract = {In Dark Matters Simone Browne locates the conditions of blackness as a key site through which surveillance is practiced, narrated, and resisted. She shows}, language = {en}, urldate = {2024-05-06}, publisher = {Duke University Press}, author = {Browne, Simone}, month = sep, year = {2015}, doi = {10.1215/9780822375302}, keywords = {/unread, Review, First Draft Report Cited, Global North}, file = {Snapshot:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/AIF4H89Y/Dark-MattersOn-the-Surveillance-of-Blackness.html:text/html;Texte intégral:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/9LH7KU2J/Browne - 2015 - Dark Matters On the Surveillance of Blackness.pdf:application/pdf}, } @article{harwellICEInvestigatorsUsed2021, title = {{ICE} investigators used a private utility database covering millions to pursue immigration violations}, issn = {0190-8286}, url = {https://www.washingtonpost.com/technology/2021/02/26/ice-private-utility-data/}, abstract = {ICE’s use of the vast database offers another example of how government agencies have targeted commercial sources to access information they are not authorized to compile on their own. One researcher called it “a massive betrayal of people’s trust": “When you sign up for electricity, you don’t expect them to send immigration agents to your front door.”}, language = {en-US}, urldate = {2024-05-06}, journal = {Washington Post}, author = {Harwell, Drew}, month = mar, year = {2021}, keywords = {/unread, First Draft Report Cited}, file = {Snapshot:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/YPXRVLXC/ice-private-utility-data.html:text/html}, } @book{corralescompagnucciAIEHealthHuman2022, address = {Cambridge, United Kingdom ; New York, NY}, series = {Cambridge bioethics and law}, title = {{AI} in {eHealth}: human autonomy, data governance and privacy in healthcare / {Marcelo} {Corrales} {Compagnucci} [and four others].}, isbn = {978-1-108-92192-3}, shorttitle = {{AI} in {eHealth}}, language = {eng}, publisher = {Cambridge University Press}, author = {Corrales Compagnucci, Marcelo}, year = {2022}, keywords = {Law and legislation, Artificial intelligence, /unread, First Draft Report Cited, Medical informatics}, } @inproceedings{raghavanMitigatingBiasAlgorithmic2020, address = {New York, NY, USA}, series = {{FAT}* '20}, title = {Mitigating bias in algorithmic hiring: evaluating claims and practices}, isbn = {978-1-4503-6936-7}, shorttitle = {Mitigating bias in algorithmic hiring}, url = {https://doi.org/10.1145/3351095.3372828}, doi = {10.1145/3351095.3372828}, abstract = {There has been rapidly growing interest in the use of algorithms in hiring, especially as a means to address or mitigate bias. Yet, to date, little is known about how these methods are used in practice. How are algorithmic assessments built, validated, and examined for bias? In this work, we document and analyze the claims and practices of companies offering algorithms for employment assessment. In particular, we identify vendors of algorithmic pre-employment assessments (i.e., algorithms to screen candidates), document what they have disclosed about their development and validation procedures, and evaluate their practices, focusing particularly on efforts to detect and mitigate bias. Our analysis considers both technical and legal perspectives. Technically, we consider the various choices vendors make regarding data collection and prediction targets, and explore the risks and trade-offs that these choices pose. We also discuss how algorithmic de-biasing techniques interface with, and create challenges for, antidiscrimination law.}, urldate = {2024-05-06}, booktitle = {Proceedings of the 2020 {Conference} on {Fairness}, {Accountability}, and {Transparency}}, publisher = {Association for Computing Machinery}, author = {Raghavan, Manish and Barocas, Solon and Kleinberg, Jon and Levy, Karen}, month = jan, year = {2020}, keywords = {/unread, First Draft Report Cited, algorithmic bias, algorithmic hiring, discrimination law}, pages = {469--481}, file = {Full Text:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/NFUD957J/Raghavan et al. - 2020 - Mitigating bias in algorithmic hiring evaluating .pdf:application/pdf}, } @misc{lexisnexisNexisInternationalNews2024, title = {Nexis - {International} news and business}, url = {https://www.lexisnexis.ca/en-ca/products/nexis.page}, urldate = {2024-05-07}, journal = {LexisNexis}, author = {LexisNexis}, month = may, year = {2024}, keywords = {/unread, First Draft Report Cited}, file = {Nexis - International news and business | Online search | Local & international:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/8XR7JIYI/nexis.html:text/html}, } @article{angwinMachineBias2016, title = {Machine {Bias}}, url = {https://www.propublica.org/article/machine-bias-risk-assessments-in-criminal-sentencing}, abstract = {There’s software used across the country to predict future criminals. And it’s biased against blacks.}, language = {en}, urldate = {2024-05-17}, journal = {ProPublica}, author = {Angwin, Julia and Larson, Jeff and Mattu, Surya and Kirchner, Lauren}, month = may, year = {2016}, keywords = {/unread, First Draft Report Cited, Global North, Mixed}, file = {Snapshot:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/QEQ3L8MX/machine-bias-risk-assessments-in-criminal-sentencing.html:text/html}, } @techreport{cornilsDesigningPlatformGovernance2020, title = {Designing platform governance: {A} normative perspective on needs, strategies, and tools to regulate intermediaries}, url = {https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/Designing-platform-governance%3A-A-normative-on-and-Platforms-Cornils/348db65d3cab4dc1782a244bb8b483d84d037190}, language = {en}, institution = {Algorithm Watch, European Policy Centre, Mainzer Medieninstitut, and Civitates}, author = {Cornils, Matthias}, year = {2020}, keywords = {/unread, Review, First Draft Report Cited, Global North}, file = {Cornils - Designing platform governance A normative perspec.pdf:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/ID8MSC2E/Cornils - Designing platform governance A normative perspec.pdf:application/pdf}, } @book{vandijckPlatformSocietyPublic2018, address = {Oxford}, title = {The {Platform} {Society}: {Public} {Values} in a {Connective} {World}}, url = {https://academic.oup.com/book/12378}, abstract = {Individuals all over the world can use Airbnb to rent an apartment in a foreign city, check Coursera to find a course on statistics, join PatientsLikeMe to exchange information about one’s disease, hail a cab using Uber, or read the news through Facebook’s Instant Articles. In The Platform Society, Van Dijck, Poell, and De Waal offer a comprehensive analysis of a connective world where platforms have penetrated the heart of societies—disrupting markets and labor relations, transforming social and civic practices, and affecting democratic processes. The Platform Society analyzes intense struggles between competing ideological systems and contesting societal actors—market, government, and civil society—asking who is or should be responsible for anchoring public values and the common good in a platform society. Public values include, of course, privacy, accuracy, safety, and security; but they also pertain to broader societal effects, such as fairness, accessibility, democratic control, and accountability. Such values are the very stakes in the struggle over the platformization of societies around the globe. The Platform Society highlights how these struggles play out in four private and public sectors: news, urban transport, health, and education. Some of these conflicts highlight local dimensions, for instance, fights over regulation between individual platforms and city councils, while others address the geopolitical level where power clashes between global markets and (supra-)national governments take place.}, publisher = {Oxford University Press}, author = {van Dijck, José and de Waal, Martijn and Poell, Thomas}, year = {2018}, keywords = {/unread, Second Draft Report Additions}, } @article{gibsonHealthToxicityContent2023, title = {Health and toxicity in content moderation: the discursive work of justification}, volume = {27}, issn = {1369-118X}, shorttitle = {Health and toxicity in content moderation}, url = {https://doi.org/10.1080/1369118X.2023.2291456}, doi = {10.1080/1369118X.2023.2291456}, abstract = {Within academia, industry, and government, the terms ‘health’ and ‘toxicity’ are widely used to describe and justify decisions around online content and its removal. However, the meanings of these terms are assumed to be self-evident and therefore are rarely examined. This article turns a critical eye to the health and toxicity metaphor to unpack its hidden political work. We trace the metaphor through three different discourses: the historical political economy of the term, the usage by cultural elites in the last two decades, and finally through its contemporary instrumental usage by volunteer content moderators on Facebook. By linking these discourses together, we argue that the metaphor of health and toxicity serves as a means for justification and legitimacy under contemporary neoliberalized orders that typically chafe at modes of public intervention and the language of democratic statecraft. Rather than elucidating the challenges of online content, we find that the metaphor often serves to obfuscate or sidestep the hardest problems in democratic governance. This analysis therefore has practical significance for researchers, policymakers, journalists, and other speakers that publicly traffic in this discourse at large.}, number = {7}, urldate = {2024-02-23}, journal = {Information, Communication \& Society}, author = {Gibson, Anna D. and Docherty, Niall and Gillespie, Tarleton}, year = {2023}, note = {Publisher: Routledge \_eprint: https://doi.org/10.1080/1369118X.2023.2291456}, keywords = {governance, moderation, Health, /unread, Final Draft Additions, toxic, toxicity}, pages = {1441--1457}, file = {Full Text PDF:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/GIVQG7PA/Gibson et al. - 2023 - Health and toxicity in content moderation the dis.pdf:application/pdf}, } @article{robertsGlobalAIGovernance2024, title = {Global {AI} governance: barriers and pathways forward}, volume = {100}, shorttitle = {Global {AI} governance}, url = {https://doi.org/10.1093/ia/iiae073}, abstract = {Recent advances in artificial intelligence (AI), combined with a proliferation in use, have led to a newfound emphasis on strengthening the global governance of AI. In this article, we assess the prospects for this aspiration and potential pathways forward. We outline the key global AI governance processes taking place, analyse how first- and second-order cooperation problems in international relations apply to the global governance of AI, and consider how to enhance international cooperation. We argue that a promising foundation of international regimes focused on AI governance is emerging but that the centrality of AI to interstate competition, dysfunctional international institutions, and a lack of agreement over international policy priorities for AI threaten prospects for substantive cooperation. Drawing on lessons from adjacent policy areas, particularly climate governance, we propose strengthening the existing weak “regime complex” of international institutions as the most desirable and realistic path forward for global AI governance. Improving the coordination, capacities, and legitimacy of existing international institutions governing AI would support mutually reinforcing policy change that can address a range of risks associated with these technologies in the most politically legitimate way. We conclude by offering recommendations on how to strengthen the AI regime complex.}, language = {en}, number = {3}, urldate = {2023-10-24}, journal = {International Affairs}, author = {Roberts, Huw and Hine, Emmie and Taddeo, Mariarosaria and Floridi, Luciano}, year = {2024}, keywords = {/unread, Final Draft Additions, Global, AI governance, OID AI, global governance, international cooperation, regime complex}, pages = {1275--1286}, file = {Roberts et al. - 2023 - Global AI governance barriers and pathways forwar.pdf:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/DL2FU4HK/Roberts et al. - 2023 - Global AI governance barriers and pathways forwar.pdf:application/pdf}, } @article{tsfatiCausesConsequencesMainstream2020, title = {Causes and consequences of mainstream media dissemination of fake news: literature review and synthesis}, volume = {44}, issn = {2380-8985, 2380-8977}, shorttitle = {Causes and consequences of mainstream media dissemination of fake news}, url = {https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/23808985.2020.1759443}, doi = {10.1080/23808985.2020.1759443}, abstract = {Research indicates that the reach of fake news websites is limited to small parts of the population. On the other hand, data demonstrate that large proportions of the public know about notable fake news stories and believe them. These findings imply the possibility that most people hear about fake news stories not from fake news websites but through their coverage in mainstream news outlets. Thus far, only limited attention has been directed to the role of mainstream media in the dissemination of disinformation. To remedy this, this article synthesizes the literature pertaining to understand the role mainstream media play in the dissemination of fake news, the reasons for such coverage and its influences on the audience.}, language = {en}, number = {2}, urldate = {2020-11-05}, journal = {Annals of the International Communication Association}, author = {Tsfati, Yariv and Boomgaarden, H. G. and Strömbäck, J. and Vliegenthart, R. and Damstra, A. and Lindgren, E.}, month = apr, year = {2020}, keywords = {/unread, Final Draft Additions}, pages = {157--173}, file = {Tsfati et al. - 2020 - Causes and consequences of mainstream media dissem.pdf:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/TETIQV4Z/Tsfati et al. - 2020 - Causes and consequences of mainstream media dissem.pdf:application/pdf}, } @article{binehamHistoricalAccountHypodermic1988, title = {A historical account of the hypodermic model in mass communication}, volume = {55}, issn = {0363-7751, 1479-5787}, url = {http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/03637758809376169}, doi = {10.1080/03637758809376169}, language = {en}, number = {3}, urldate = {2024-04-01}, journal = {Communication Monographs}, author = {Bineham, Jeffery L.}, month = sep, year = {1988}, keywords = {/unread, Final Draft Additions}, pages = {230--246}, file = {Bineham - 1988 - A historical account of the hypodermic model in ma.pdf:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/76KS44P6/Bineham - 1988 - A historical account of the hypodermic model in ma.pdf:application/pdf}, } @article{payneDefiningBiometricsPrivacy2023, title = {Defining {Biometrics} {With} {Privacy} and {Benefits}: {A} {Research} {Agenda}}, volume = {31}, issn = {1441-3582}, shorttitle = {Defining {Biometrics} {With} {Privacy} and {Benefits}}, url = {https://doi.org/10.1177/14413582231167645}, doi = {10.1177/14413582231167645}, abstract = {This conceptual paper defines and gives examples of biometrics, explains how biometric tracking is currently used (e.g. to predict IQ), and presents innovative future uses of biometric tracking (e.g. to customize the price of products in real time). Specifically, this paper outlines a novel biometric pricing technology (BPT) which uses facial tracking to set the price of products using a new participatory dynamic pricing (vs. static pricing) system. Based on the privacy paradox, this paper addresses the acceptance, concerns and usage of a new emerging technology by consumers and its potential applications. To explore this, we develop a typology of perceived benefits and perceived privacy to predict consumer reactions to biometric technology. In addition, we present a research agenda to guide future research on biometric pricing technology. This research agenda offers new insights on how biometric tracking and specifically biometric price setting could be explored from multiple angles, including the consumer experience, technology acceptance, online profiling, governance, public policy, regulation, ethical and future usage-based perspectives.}, language = {en}, number = {4}, urldate = {2024-02-23}, journal = {Australasian Marketing Journal}, author = {Payne, Ryan and Martin, Brett A. S. and Tuzovic, Sven and Wang, Shasha}, month = nov, year = {2023}, note = {Publisher: SAGE Publications Ltd}, keywords = {/unread, Second Draft Report Additions}, pages = {294--302}, file = {SAGE PDF Full Text:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/L4TBEL42/Payne et al. - 2023 - Defining Biometrics With Privacy and Benefits A R.pdf:application/pdf}, } @book{pariserFilterBubbleWhat2011, address = {New York}, title = {The {Filter} {Bubble}: {What} the {Internet} is {Hiding} {From} {You}}, publisher = {Penguin}, author = {Pariser, E}, year = {2011}, keywords = {/unread, First Draft Report Cited}, } @article{duboisEchoChamberOverstated2018, title = {The echo chamber is overstated: the moderating effect of political interest and diverse media}, volume = {21}, issn = {1369-118X, 1468-4462}, shorttitle = {The echo chamber is overstated}, url = {https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/1369118X.2018.1428656}, doi = {10.1080/1369118X.2018.1428656}, language = {en}, number = {5}, urldate = {2024-04-05}, journal = {Information, Communication \& Society}, author = {Dubois, Elizabeth and Blank, Grant}, month = may, year = {2018}, keywords = {/unread, First Draft Report Cited, Global North, Quant}, pages = {729--745}, file = {Available Version (via Google Scholar):/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/RA5QI7I9/Dubois et Blank - 2018 - The echo chamber is overstated the moderating eff.pdf:application/pdf}, } @article{dezunigaHowPeopleLearn2021, title = {How do people learn about politics when inadvertently exposed to news? {Incidental} news paradoxical {Direct} and indirect effects on political knowledge}, volume = {121}, shorttitle = {How do people learn about politics when inadvertently exposed to news?}, url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0747563221001266?casa_token=e0jAerFl9RkAAAAA:KkK-Ad1MxaQB9UVbkQcaAsRNKnofBOZP_C0A0YXkqV8j6satCJLfeKJoThF7xGxmvMxVH2Tf}, urldate = {2024-04-05}, journal = {Computers in Human Behavior}, author = {de Zúñiga, Homero Gil and Borah, Porismita and Goyanes, Manuel}, year = {2021}, note = {Publisher: Elsevier}, keywords = {/unread, First Draft Report Cited, Global North, Quant}, pages = {1--9}, file = {Available Version (via Google Scholar):/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/JGP36NNG/S0747563221001266.html:text/html;de Zúñiga et al. - 2021 - How do people learn about politics when inadverten.pdf:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/LHCLJH2B/de Zúñiga et al. - 2021 - How do people learn about politics when inadverten.pdf:application/pdf}, } @article{aalbergMediaChoiceInformed2013, title = {Media {Choice} and {Informed} {Democracy}: {Toward} {Increasing} {News} {Consumption} {Gaps} in {Europe}?}, volume = {18}, issn = {1940-1612, 1940-1620}, shorttitle = {Media {Choice} and {Informed} {Democracy}}, url = {http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/1940161213485990}, doi = {10.1177/1940161213485990}, abstract = {It was previously perceived as a citizen’s responsibility to follow the news and to keep oneself informed about politics and current affairs. Recently, however, it appears as though a growing number of citizens ignore the information opportunities given to them. Changes in the media environment have given people cross-nationally more of a choice regarding the media diet they prefer. For the American case, Prior has demonstrated that in an era of cable TV and Internet, people more readily remove themselves from political knowledge and political action than previously. In this article, we study how the public’s consumption of news versus entertainment has developed over the last decade in countries with significantly different media systems. Is there a general increase in preference for entertainment across Europe, and has the gap between news- and entertainment-seekers increased such as documented by Prior for the U.S. case? Who are the European citizens who remove themselves from news and current affairs in the environment of increased choice? Based on data from five waves of the European Social Survey covering more than thirty European countries from 2002 to 2010, we demonstrate how national context or the media environment moderates the influence of individual-level factors in news consumption.}, language = {en}, number = {3}, urldate = {2024-04-05}, journal = {The International Journal of Press/Politics}, author = {Aalberg, Toril and Blekesaune, Arild and Elvestad, Eiri}, month = jul, year = {2013}, keywords = {/unread, First Draft Report Cited, Global North, Quant}, pages = {281--303}, file = {Aalberg et al. - 2013 - Media Choice and Informed Democracy Toward Increa.pdf:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/R5S3Y6G5/Aalberg et al. - 2013 - Media Choice and Informed Democracy Toward Increa.pdf:application/pdf}, } @article{sandersLetsNotMake2024, title = {Let’s not make the same mistakes with {AI} that we made with social media}, volume = {March}, url = {https://www-technologyreview-com.cdn.ampproject.org/c/s/www.technologyreview.com/2024/03/13/1089729/lets-not-make-the-same-mistakes-with-ai-that-we-made-with-social-media/amp/}, journal = {MIT Technology Review}, author = {Sanders, Nathan E and Schneider, Bruce}, year = {2024}, keywords = {/unread, First Draft Report Cited}, pages = {np}, } @book{barba-kayWebOurOwn2023, title = {A {Web} of {Our} {Own} {Making}: {The} {Nature} of {Digital} {Formation}}, publisher = {Columbia University Press}, author = {Barba-Kay, Anton}, year = {2023}, keywords = {/unread, First Draft Report Cited}, } @article{bensonDeliberativeDemocracyProblem2019, title = {Deliberative democracy and the problem of tacit knowledge}, volume = {18}, issn = {1470-594X}, url = {https://doi.org/10.1177/1470594X18782086}, doi = {10.1177/1470594X18782086}, abstract = {This article defends deliberative democracy against the problem of tacit knowledge. It has been argued that deliberative democracy gives a privileged position to linguistic communication and therefore excludes tacit forms of knowledge which cannot be expressed propositionally. This article shows how the exclusion of such knowledge presents important challenges to both proceduralist and epistemic conceptions of deliberative democracy, and how it has been taken by some to favour markets over democratic institutions. After pointing to the limitations of market alternatives, deliberative democracy is defended by arguing that tacit knowledge can be brought into deliberation through the mechanism of trust in testimony. By trusting the testimony of a speaker, deliberators are able to act on knowledge even without it being explicitly expressed. The article then goes on to discuss the implications of this defence for deliberative theory, and particularly, the forms of reason which deliberative democrats must see as legitimate.}, number = {1}, urldate = {2024-04-13}, journal = {Politics, Philosophy \& Economics}, author = {Benson, Jonathan}, month = feb, year = {2019}, note = {Publisher: SAGE Publications}, keywords = {/unread, Review, First Draft Report Cited, Global North}, pages = {76--97}, file = {Full Text PDF:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/MK38QZIC/Benson - 2019 - Deliberative democracy and the problem of tacit kn.pdf:application/pdf}, } @book{cohenTruthPowerLegal2019, address = {Oxford, New York}, title = {Between {Truth} and {Power}: {The} {Legal} {Constructions} of {Informational} {Capitalism}}, isbn = {978-0-19-024669-3}, shorttitle = {Between {Truth} and {Power}}, abstract = {Our current legal system is to a great extent the product of an earlier period of social and economic transformation. From the late nineteenth century through the mid-twentieth century, as accountability for industrial-age harms became a pervasive source of conflict, the U.S. legal system underwent profound, tectonic shifts. Today, ownership of information-age resources and accountability for information-age harms have become pervasive sources of conflict, and different kinds of change are emerging. In Between Truth and Power, Julie E. Cohen explores the relationships between legal institutions and political and economic transformation. Systematically examining struggles over the conditions of information flow and the design of information architectures and business models, she argues that as law is enlisted to help produce the profound economic and sociotechnical shifts that have accompanied the emergence of the informational economy, it is too is transforming in fundamental ways. Drawing on elements from legal theory, science and technology studies, information studies, communication studies and organization studies to develop a complex theory of institutional change, Cohen develops an account of the gradual emergence of legal institutions adapted to the information age and of the power relationships that such institutions reflect and reproduce.A tour de force of ambitious interdisciplinary scholarship, Between Truth and Power will transform our thinking about the possible futures of law and legal institutions in the networked information era.}, publisher = {Oxford University Press}, author = {Cohen, Julie E}, month = nov, year = {2019}, keywords = {/unread, First Draft Report Cited, State Reg Gov}, } @book{mansellAdvancedIntroductionPlatform2020, address = {Cheltenham}, title = {Advanced {Introduction} to {Platform} {Economics}}, publisher = {Edward Elgar Publishing}, author = {Mansell, Robin and Steinmueller, W E}, year = {2020}, keywords = {/unread, First Draft Report Cited}, } @techreport{localprogressimpactlabCreatingTrafficSafety2024, title = {Creating {Traffic} {Safety}: {A} {Policy} {Memo} for {Local} {Elected} {Leaders}}, shorttitle = {Creating {Traffic} {Safety}}, url = {https://docs.google.com/document/d/10R1JoHdYojALG0TdJttuRA8gx3bxNjrnBoPWaU8TUMw/edit?usp=sharing&usp=embed_facebook}, language = {en}, urldate = {2024-04-13}, institution = {Local Progress Impact Lab}, author = {Local Progress Impact Lab}, month = jan, year = {2024}, keywords = {/unread, First Draft Report Cited}, file = {Snapshot:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/S4ZGEUFI/edit.html:text/html}, } @misc{africacenterforstrategicstudiesMappingSurgeDisinformation2024, title = {Mapping a {Surge} of {Disinformation} in {Africa}}, url = {https://africacenter.org/spotlight/mapping-a-surge-of-disinformation-in-africa/}, abstract = {Disinformation campaigns seeking to manipulate African information systems have surged since 2022, triggering destabilizing and antidemocratic consequences.}, language = {en-US}, urldate = {2024-04-13}, journal = {Africa Center for Strategic Studies}, author = {Africa Center for Strategic Studies}, month = mar, year = {2024}, keywords = {Global South, /unread, First Draft Report Cited, Mixed}, file = {Snapshot:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/6P34JJ67/mapping-a-surge-of-disinformation-in-africa.html:text/html}, } @article{verdegemTimBernersLeesPlan2021, title = {Tim {Berners}-{Lee}'s plan to save the internet: give us back control of our data}, shorttitle = {Tim {Berners}-{Lee}'s plan to save the internet}, url = {http://theconversation.com/tim-berners-lees-plan-to-save-the-internet-give-us-back-control-of-our-data-154130}, abstract = {The web’s inventor believes the liberation of our data will help redistribute power on the internet.}, language = {en}, urldate = {2021-10-04}, journal = {The Conversation}, author = {Verdegem, Pieter}, month = feb, year = {2021}, keywords = {/unread, First Draft Report Cited}, } @book{hintzDigitalCitizenshipDatafied2019, address = {Cambridge}, title = {Digital {Citizenship} in a {Datafied} {Society}}, publisher = {Polity}, author = {Hintz, Arne and Dencik, Lina and Wahl-Jorgensen, Karin}, year = {2019}, keywords = {/unread, First Draft Report Cited}, } @article{cammaertsDigitalPlatformPolicy2020, title = {Digital {Platform} {Policy} and {Regulation}: {Toward} a {Radical} {Democratic} {Turn}}, volume = {14}, url = {https://ijoc.org/index.php/ijoc/article/view/11182/2901}, number = {2020}, journal = {International Journal of Communication}, author = {Cammaerts, Bart and Mansell, Robin}, year = {2020}, keywords = {/unread, Review, First Draft Report Cited}, pages = {135--154}, file = {Cammaerts and Mansell - 2020 - Digital Platform Policy and Regulation Toward a R.pdf:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/CC3NVH9G/Cammaerts and Mansell - 2020 - Digital Platform Policy and Regulation Toward a R.pdf:application/pdf}, } @book{cammaertsCirculationAusterityProtest2018, address = {London}, title = {The {Circulation} of {Anti}-{Austerity} {Protest}}, publisher = {Palgrave Macmillan}, author = {Cammaerts, Bart}, year = {2018}, keywords = {/unread, First Draft Report Cited}, } @book{breviniAIGoodPlanet2021, edition = {1st edition}, title = {Is {AI} {Good} for the {Planet}?}, isbn = {978-1-5095-4794-4}, abstract = {Artificial intelligence (AI) is presented as a solution to the greatest challenges of our time, from global pandemics and chronic diseases to cybersecurity threats and the climate crisis. But AI also contributes to the climate crisis by running on technology that depletes scarce resources and by relying on data centres that demand excessive energy use.Is AI Good for the Planet? brings the climate crisis to the centre of debates around AI, exposing its environmental costs and forcing us to reconsider our understanding of the technology. It reveals why we should no longer ignore the environmental problems generated by AI. Embracing a green agenda for AI that puts the climate crisis at centre stage is our urgent priority.Engaging and passionately written, this book is essential reading for scholars and students of AI, environmental studies, politics, and media studies and for anyone interested in the connections between technology and the environment.}, language = {English}, publisher = {Polity Press}, author = {Brevini, Benedetta}, month = oct, year = {2021}, keywords = {/unread, Review, First Draft Report Cited}, } @phdthesis{vanderspuyUnveilingDigitalDevelopment2023, address = {London}, title = {Unveiling {Digital} {Development} {Risks}: {The} {Uncertain} {Outcomes} of {Promoting} {Digital} {Technologies} in the {Guise} of {Development}}, school = {PhD Thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science}, author = {Van der Spuy, Anri}, year = {2023}, keywords = {Global South, /unread, First Draft Report Cited}, } @book{breviniClimateChangeMedia2018, title = {Climate {Change} and the {Media}}, isbn = {978-1-4331-5436-2 978-1-4331-5437-9 978-1-4331-5133-0 978-1-4331-6172-8}, url = {https://www.peterlang.com/document/1057543}, abstract = {It is now more than a quarter of a century since the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change published their first comprehensive report on the ...}, language = {en}, urldate = {2023-11-21}, publisher = {Peter Lang}, editor = {Brevini, Benedetta and Lewis, Justin}, month = oct, year = {2018}, keywords = {/unread, Review, First Draft Report Cited}, } @book{davisMediaDemocracySocial2020, title = {Media, {Democracy} and {Social} {Change}: {Re}-imagining {Political} {Communications}}, url = {https://uk.sagepub.com/en-gb/eur/media-democracy-and-social-change/book262148}, publisher = {SAGE Publications Ltd}, author = {Davis, Aeron and Fenton, Natalie and Freedman, Des and Khiabany, Gholam}, year = {2020}, keywords = {/unread, Review, First Draft Report Cited}, } @article{crawfordCritiquingBigData2014, title = {Critiquing {Big} {Data}: {Politics}, {Ethics}, {Epistemology}}, volume = {8}, copyright = {The International Journal of Communication is an academic journal. 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Thus, we view the inclusion of “quotations” from existing print, visual, audio and audio-visual texts to be appropriate examples of Fair Use, as are reproductions of visual images for the purpose of scholarly analysis. We encourage authors to obtain appropriate permissions to use materials originally produced by others, but do not require such permissions as long as the usage of such materials falls within the boundaries of Fair Use. The International Journal of Communication encourages authors to employ fair use in their scholarly publishing wherever appropriate. Fair use is the right to use unlicensed copyrighted material (whether it is text, images, audio-visual, or other) in your own work, in some circumstances. We consult the Code of Best Practices in Fair Use for Scholarly Research in Communication , created by the International Communication Association and endorsed by the National Communication Association, and you should too. If you have any questions about whether fair use applies to your uses of copyrighted material (whether it is text, images, audio-visual, or other) in your scholarship, simply include your rationale, grounded in the Best Practices, as a supplementary document with your submission.}, issn = {1932-8036}, shorttitle = {Big {Data}{\textbar} {Critiquing} {Big} {Data}}, url = {https://ijoc.org/index.php/ijoc/article/view/2167}, language = {en}, number = {2014}, urldate = {2024-04-10}, journal = {International Journal of Communication}, author = {Crawford, Kate and Gray, Mary L. and Miltner, Kate}, month = jun, year = {2014}, note = {Number: 0}, keywords = {/unread, First Draft Report Cited, Global North, Mixed}, pages = {1663--1672}, file = {Full Text PDF:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/QM5SG3QD/Crawford et al. - 2014 - Big Data Critiquing Big Data Politics, Ethics, E.pdf:application/pdf}, } @techreport{dpgaCollaborativeMomentum20232023, title = {Collaborative {Momentum}: {The} 2023 {State} of the {Digital} {Public} {Goods} {Ecosystem} {Report}}, shorttitle = {Collaborative {Momentum}}, url = {https://digitalpublicgoods.net/blog/collaborative-momentum-the-2023-state-of-the-digital-public-goods-ecosystem-report/}, abstract = {Today, we released the 2023 State of the Digital Public Goods Ecosystem report. Read the report to learn about 40+ DPGA members and DPGs.}, urldate = {2024-04-10}, institution = {Digital Public Goods Alliance}, author = {DPGA}, month = dec, year = {2023}, keywords = {/unread, Global, First Draft Report Cited, Mixed}, file = {DPGA - 2023 - Collaborative Momentum The 2023 State of the Digi.pdf:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/NCJYKRPU/DPGA - 2023 - Collaborative Momentum The 2023 State of the Digi.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/WKQZIFXN/collaborative-momentum-the-2023-state-of-the-digital-public-goods-ecosystem-report.html:text/html}, } @article{dencikDataJusticeAmbiguity2016, title = {Towards data justice? {The} ambiguity of anti-surveillance resistance in political activism}, volume = {Jul-Dec}, url = {https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/pdf/10.1177/2053951716679678}, journal = {Big Data \& Society}, author = {Dencik, Lina and Hintz, Arne and Cable, Jonathan}, year = {2016}, keywords = {/unread, Review, First Draft Report Cited}, pages = {1--12}, file = {Dencik et al. - Towards data justice The ambiguity of anti-survei.pdf:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/94WCWVL2/Dencik et al. - Towards data justice The ambiguity of anti-survei.pdf:application/pdf}, } @article{cammaertsDefendingDemocracyPopulist2024, title = {Defending {Democracy} {Against} {Populist} {Neo}-{Fascist} {Attacks}: {The} {Role} and {Problems} of {Public} {Sphere} {Theory}}, volume = {31}, issn = {1318-3222}, shorttitle = {Defending {Democracy} {Against} {Populist} {Neo}-{Fascist} {Attacks}}, url = {https://doi.org/10.1080/13183222.2024.2310983}, doi = {10.1080/13183222.2024.2310983}, abstract = {In the wake of the recent attacks on democracy by a re-invigorated populist neo-fascism there is a pressing need to articulate a middle ground position in debates between the public sphere paradigm and its critiques. This requires an engagement with tensions between consensus and conflict, rationality and emotion, and the system and the lifeworld. Furthermore, there is also a need to scrutinize the role of hybrid media system in promoting populist neo-fascist discourses and actors, but also assert its normative task to combat it. Whereas conflict and power cannot be eradicated from the political, conflict is also a destructive force which requires a set of agreed upon ethico-political principles in order for a radical democracy to function. It is also argued that emotions need to be part of the democratic fight-back, but it is also suggested that a critical realist disposition combining epistemic relativism with judgmental rationality will be crucial to counter the relativism on steroids practiced by neo-fascist actors. Finally, the hybrid media system needs to be reconnected with the lifeworld, citizen interests and democratic values through a new regulatory framework, and the tradition of public journalism could provide inspiration for a democratic fightback from within the media system.}, number = {1}, urldate = {2024-03-01}, journal = {Javnost - The Public}, author = {Cammaerts, Bart}, year = {2024}, note = {Publisher: Routledge \_eprint: https://doi.org/10.1080/13183222.2024.2310983}, keywords = {public sphere, emotions, /unread, Review, First Draft Report Cited, Global North, agonism, exclusion, neo-fascism, rationality}, pages = {26--45}, file = {Cammaerts - 2024 - Defending Democracy Against Populist Neo-Fascist A.pdf:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/4R2TVRNU/Cammaerts - 2024 - Defending Democracy Against Populist Neo-Fascist A.pdf:application/pdf}, } @article{wintourUSLeadingGlobal2024, chapter = {Technology}, title = {{US} leading global alliance to counter foreign government disinformation}, issn = {0261-3077}, url = {https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2024/feb/26/us-leading-global-alliance-to-counter-foreign-government-disinformation}, abstract = {Washington hopes more countries will join US, UK and Canada in signing agreement to define, identify and label such operations}, language = {en-GB}, urldate = {2024-04-09}, journal = {The Guardian}, author = {Wintour, Patrick}, month = feb, year = {2024}, keywords = {Internet, Technology, US news, World news, Canada, /unread, First Draft Report Cited, UK news, Cyberwar}, file = {Snapshot:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/R3A65BGZ/us-leading-global-alliance-to-counter-foreign-government-disinformation.html:text/html}, } @techreport{bergerPlatformProblemsRegulatory2023, title = {Platform {Problems} and {Regulatory} {Solutions}: {Findings} from a {Comprehensive} {Review} of {Existing} {Studies} and {Investigations}}, url = {https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000385813}, institution = {Report prepared for UNESCO by Research ICT AFrica, Independent Researchers and Centro Latam Digitale}, author = {Berger, Guy and Gillwald, Alison and Orembo, Elizabeth and Diouf, Dominique and Garcia, Juan Manuel}, year = {2023}, keywords = {Systematic literature review, Global South, /unread, First Draft Report Cited}, file = {Berger et al. - Platform Problems and Regulatory Solutions Findin.pdf:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/ZCKTW62K/Berger et al. - Platform Problems and Regulatory Solutions Findin.pdf:application/pdf}, } @incollection{robertsIntroductionSpacesDigital2023, title = {Introduction: {Spaces} of {Digital} {Citizenship} in {Africa}}, abstract = {Open ACCESS online RM ordered a copy}, booktitle = {Digital {Citizenship} in {Africa}: {Technologies} of {Agency} and {Repression}}, publisher = {Zed Books}, author = {Roberts, Tony and Bosch, Tanja}, editor = {Roberts, Tony and Bosch, Tanja}, year = {2023}, keywords = {Global South, /unread, First Draft Report Cited}, pages = {1--32}, } @book{nyamnjohInsidersOutsidersCitizenship2006, title = {Insiders and {Outsiders}: {Citizenship} and {Xenophobia} in {Contemporary} {Southern} {Africa}}, publisher = {Zed Books}, author = {Nyamnjoh, F B}, year = {2006}, keywords = {Global South, /unread, First Draft Report Cited}, } @article{wuTyrannyConvenience2018, title = {The {Tyranny} of {Convenience}}, url = {https://www.spucc.org/sites/default/files/The%20Tyranny%20of%20Convenience%20-%20The%20New%20York%20Times.pdf}, journal = {The New York Times}, author = {Wu, T}, month = feb, year = {2018}, keywords = {/unread, First Draft Report Cited}, } @article{chambersDeliberativeDemocracyDigital2023, title = {Deliberative democracy and the digital public sphere: {Asymmetrical} fragmentation as a political not a technological problem}, volume = {30}, copyright = {© 2023 The Authors. Constellations published by John Wiley \& Sons Ltd.}, issn = {1467-8675}, shorttitle = {Deliberative democracy and the digital public sphere}, url = {https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/1467-8675.12662}, doi = {10.1111/1467-8675.12662}, language = {en}, number = {1}, urldate = {2024-04-14}, journal = {Constellations}, author = {Chambers, Simone}, year = {2023}, note = {\_eprint: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1111/1467-8675.12662}, keywords = {/unread, Review, First Draft Report Cited}, pages = {61--68}, file = {Full Text PDF:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/HN8RKHGW/Chambers - 2023 - Deliberative democracy and the digital public sphe.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/K9F36UKZ/1467-8675.html:text/html}, } @book{doctorowChokepointCapitalism2023, title = {Chokepoint {Capitalism}}, publisher = {Beacon Press}, author = {Doctorow, Cory and Giblin, Rebecca}, year = {2023}, keywords = {/unread, First Draft Report Cited}, } @book{settleFrenemiesHowSocial2018, address = {Cambridge}, title = {Frenemies: {How} {Social} {Media} {Polarizes} {America}.}, publisher = {Cambridge University Press}, author = {Settle, JE}, year = {2018}, keywords = {/unread, First Draft Report Cited}, } @article{caloAutomatedAdministrativeState2021, title = {The {Automated} {Administrative} {State}: {A} {Crisis} of {Legitimacy}}, volume = {70}, language = {en}, number = {4}, journal = {Emory Law Journal}, author = {Calo, Ryan and Citron, Danielle Keats}, year = {2021}, keywords = {/unread, Review, First Draft Report Cited, Global North}, pages = {799--844}, file = {Calo and Citron - The Automated Administrative State A Crisis of Le.pdf:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/9X39YMVV/Calo and Citron - The Automated Administrative State A Crisis of Le.pdf:application/pdf}, } @article{colcloughReshapingDigitizationPublic2022, title = {Reshaping the {Digitization} of {Public} {Services}}, volume = {34}, issn = {0749-016X}, url = {https://scholarworks.umb.edu/nejpp/vol34/iss1/9}, number = {1}, journal = {New England Journal of Public Policy}, author = {Colclough, Christina}, year = {2022}, keywords = {/unread, Review, First Draft Report Cited, Global North}, pages = {1--14}, file = {Colclough - 2022 - Reshaping the Digitization of Public Services.pdf:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/2JCWQYJS/Colclough - 2022 - Reshaping the Digitization of Public Services.pdf:application/pdf}, } @article{crumpSurveillancePolicyMaking2016, title = {Surveillance {Policy} {Making} by {Procurement}}, volume = {91}, issn = {1556-5068}, url = {https://www.ssrn.com/abstract=2737006}, doi = {10.2139/ssrn.2737006}, abstract = {In Seattle, the police obtained a surveillance drone with the approval of a city council that did not realize what it was doing. In Oakland, following a council review that lasted literally two minutes, the city created a data integration center that networked together all of its existing surveillance infrastructure. In San Diego, elected representatives were only dimly aware that the law enforcement agency they supervised had built and deployed innovative facial recognition technology.}, language = {en}, number = {4}, urldate = {2024-04-13}, journal = {Washington Law Review}, author = {Crump, Catherine}, year = {2016}, keywords = {/unread, First Draft Report Cited, Global North, Qual}, pages = {1595--1662}, file = {Crump - 2016 - Surveillance Policy Making by Procurement.pdf:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/E3PUEW5E/Crump - 2016 - Surveillance Policy Making by Procurement.pdf:application/pdf}, } @article{duffyDigitalJournalismDefined2019, title = {Digital {Journalism}: {Defined}, {Refined}, or {Re}-defined}, volume = {7}, issn = {2167-0811}, shorttitle = {Digital {Journalism}}, url = {https://doi.org/10.1080/21670811.2019.1568899}, doi = {10.1080/21670811.2019.1568899}, abstract = {Observing the limitations driven by a certain path-dependency in most scholarship on digital journalism, we argue for favouring a direction that privileges “digital” over “journalism”. Rather than seeing it as a digital iteration of journalistic principles, as has been a persistent theme in academia to date, it would see consider journalism as an embodiment of digital principles, one of the many domains of social life which is increasingly restructured around digital technologies. Digitisation sets the agenda for journalism to follow, rather than journalism setting the agenda for its digital incarnation to live up to—or not. Such an approach is a continuation of existing but limited scholarship which could open up new paths and expand current avenues of research, and reflects an emerging paradigm where digitisation is the dominant partner.}, number = {3}, urldate = {2024-04-15}, journal = {Digital Journalism}, author = {Duffy, Andrew and Ang, Peng Hwa}, month = mar, year = {2019}, note = {Publisher: Routledge \_eprint: https://doi.org/10.1080/21670811.2019.1568899}, keywords = {/unread, Review, First Draft Report Cited, Digital journalism; path-dependency; scholarship; definition}, pages = {378--385}, file = {Accepted Version:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/XSJHAG4L/Duffy and Ang - 2019 - Digital Journalism Defined, Refined, or Re-define.pdf:application/pdf}, } @article{christodoulouDemocracyAttackChallenges2021, title = {Democracy {Under} {Attack}: {Challenges} of {Addressing} {Ethical} {Issues} of {AI} and {Big} {Data} for {More} {Democratic} {Digital} {Media} and {Societies}}, volume = {3}, url = {https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpos.2021.682945/full}, urldate = {2024-04-15}, journal = {Frontiers in Political Science}, author = {Christodoulou, Eleni and Iordanou, Kalypso}, year = {2021}, keywords = {/unread, First Draft Report Cited, Global North, Qual}, pages = {1--17}, file = {Christodoulou and Iordanou - 2021 - Frontiers Democracy Under Attack Challenges of .pdf:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/PAHNFV7I/Christodoulou and Iordanou - 2021 - Frontiers Democracy Under Attack Challenges of .pdf:application/pdf}, } @article{belenguerAIBiasExploring2022, title = {{AI} bias: exploring discriminatory algorithmic decision-making models and the application of possible machine-centric solutions adapted from the pharmaceutical industry}, volume = {2}, issn = {2730-5961}, shorttitle = {{AI} bias}, url = {https://doi.org/10.1007/s43681-022-00138-8}, doi = {10.1007/s43681-022-00138-8}, abstract = {A new and unorthodox approach to deal with discriminatory bias in Artificial Intelligence is needed. As it is explored in detail, the current literature is a dichotomy with studies originating from the contrasting fields of study of either philosophy and sociology or data science and programming. It is suggested that there is a need instead for an integration of both academic approaches, and needs to be machine-centric rather than human-centric applied with a deep understanding of societal and individual prejudices. This article is a novel approach developed into a framework of action: a bias impact assessment to raise awareness of bias and why, a clear set of methodologies as shown in a table comparing with the four stages of pharmaceutical trials, and a summary flowchart. Finally, this study concludes the need for a transnational independent body with enough power to guarantee the implementation of those solutions.}, language = {en}, number = {4}, urldate = {2024-04-15}, journal = {AI and Ethics}, author = {Belenguer, Lorenzo}, month = nov, year = {2022}, keywords = {AI, Discrimination, /unread, Review, First Draft Report Cited, Global North, Ethics, Machine learning, Algorithmic bias}, pages = {771--787}, file = {Full Text PDF:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/W9VDN75S/Belenguer - 2022 - AI bias exploring discriminatory algorithmic deci.pdf:application/pdf}, } @incollection{simoesOnlineAbuseFemale2021, address = {Madrid}, title = {Online abuse against female journalists: {A} scoping review}, isbn = {978-84-7074-922-3}, shorttitle = {Online abuse against female journalists}, abstract = {The Internet and digital technologies have delivered countless benefits to journalism. However, they also raised new opportunities to attack journalists with impunity, especially female journalists, impacting their credibility and affecting women's public participation. This chapter draws on feminist thinking and presents a review of impactful research on online abuse against female journalists published in the last decade in the Web of Science database. To provide a quantitative and qualitative assessment of relevant literature on the subject, we combined a meta-analysis with content analysis. Results show the relative increasing importance of the issue and the recognition of widespread abuse toward female professionals, despite the phenomenon's detrimental normalisation. The research also offers critical insights into the cross-contextual-online and offline-of the harmful practices and how to counter online abuse and improve the democratic potential of public conversation. Nevertheless, further studies are needed to fully understand this phenomenon' nature, prevalence, and impact on democratic societies.}, booktitle = {Aproximaciones poliédricas a la diversidad de género}, publisher = {Fragua}, author = {Simões, Rita Joana Basílio de and Alcântara, Juliana and Carona, Liliana}, editor = {Rodriguez Perez, M. Pilar and Cuenca, Nerea and Martínez, Francisco}, year = {2021}, keywords = {/unread, First Draft Report Cited, Meta-analysis, Online abuse, Online harassment, Women journalist}, pages = {357--369}, } @book{baronNowTooLate2002, address = {Upper Saddle River, NJ}, edition = {First Edition}, title = {Now {Is} {Too} {Late}: {Survival} in an {Era} of {Instant} {News}}, isbn = {978-0-13-046139-1}, shorttitle = {Now {Is} {Too} {Late}}, abstract = {Now your reputation can be attacked by anyone, anywhere, at any time. Now Is Too Late delivers a blueprint for 21st-century crisis management that reflects your constituents' new demands for instant, accurate answers direct from you, not the media. Crisis management expert Gerald R. Baron shows why you're a target even if you've done nothing wrong, identifies powerful new crisis preparation techniques, and helps you think clearly and act effectively to protect your reputation no matter what happens.}, language = {English}, publisher = {Financial Times Management}, author = {Baron, Gerald R.}, month = jan, year = {2002}, keywords = {/unread, Review, First Draft Report Cited, Global North}, } @article{cano-oronDisinformationFacebookAds2021, title = {Disinformation in {Facebook} {Ads} in the 2019 {Spanish} {General} {Election} {Campaigns}}, volume = {9}, issn = {2183-2439}, url = {https://www.cogitatiopress.com/mediaandcommunication/article/view/3335}, doi = {10.17645/mac.v9i1.3335}, abstract = {Lorena Cano-Orón, Dafne Calvo, Guillermo López García, Tomás Baviera}, language = {en}, number = {1}, urldate = {2024-04-15}, journal = {Media and Communication}, author = {Cano-Orón, Lorena and Calvo, Dafne and García, Guillermo López and Baviera, Tomás}, month = mar, year = {2021}, keywords = {/unread, First Draft Report Cited, Global North, Qual}, pages = {217--228}, file = {Full Text PDF:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/49NGUK7Z/Cano-Orón et al. - 2021 - Disinformation in Facebook Ads in the 2019 Spanish.pdf:application/pdf}, } @article{drukkerFairnessArtificialIntelligence2023, title = {Toward fairness in artificial intelligence for medical image analysis: identification and mitigation of potential biases in the roadmap from data collection to model deployment}, volume = {10}, issn = {2329-4302}, shorttitle = {Toward fairness in artificial intelligence for medical image analysis}, doi = {10.1117/1.JMI.10.6.061104}, abstract = {PURPOSE: To recognize and address various sources of bias essential for algorithmic fairness and trustworthiness and to contribute to a just and equitable deployment of AI in medical imaging, there is an increasing interest in developing medical imaging-based machine learning methods, also known as medical imaging artificial intelligence (AI), for the detection, diagnosis, prognosis, and risk assessment of disease with the goal of clinical implementation. These tools are intended to help improve traditional human decision-making in medical imaging. However, biases introduced in the steps toward clinical deployment may impede their intended function, potentially exacerbating inequities. Specifically, medical imaging AI can propagate or amplify biases introduced in the many steps from model inception to deployment, resulting in a systematic difference in the treatment of different groups. APPROACH: Our multi-institutional team included medical physicists, medical imaging artificial intelligence/machine learning (AI/ML) researchers, experts in AI/ML bias, statisticians, physicians, and scientists from regulatory bodies. We identified sources of bias in AI/ML, mitigation strategies for these biases, and developed recommendations for best practices in medical imaging AI/ML development. RESULTS: Five main steps along the roadmap of medical imaging AI/ML were identified: (1) data collection, (2) data preparation and annotation, (3) model development, (4) model evaluation, and (5) model deployment. Within these steps, or bias categories, we identified 29 sources of potential bias, many of which can impact multiple steps, as well as mitigation strategies. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings provide a valuable resource to researchers, clinicians, and the public at large.}, language = {eng}, number = {6}, journal = {Journal of Medical Imaging}, author = {Drukker, Karen and Chen, Weijie and Gichoya, Judy and Gruszauskas, Nicholas and Kalpathy-Cramer, Jayashree and Koyejo, Sanmi and Myers, Kyle and Sá, Rui C. and Sahiner, Berkman and Whitney, Heather and Zhang, Zi and Giger, Maryellen}, month = nov, year = {2023}, pmid = {37125409}, pmcid = {PMC10129875}, keywords = {machine learning, fairness, artificial intelligence, /unread, Review, First Draft Report Cited, bias}, pages = {1--26}, file = {Drukker et al. - 2023 - Toward fairness in artificial intelligence for med.pdf:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/YS8WPFFM/Drukker et al. - 2023 - Toward fairness in artificial intelligence for med.pdf:application/pdf}, } @techreport{baeckerThreatsProvidedArtificial2023, title = {Threats provided by artificial intelligence that could disrupt the democratic system}, copyright = {https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/deed.de}, url = {https://opus4.kobv.de/opus4-fhbrb/frontdoor/index/index/docId/2898}, abstract = {This research paper examines the potential consequences of AI technology on democratic systems. The study focuses on two main areas: the weakening of the media and the emergence of "smart dictatorship." The paper examines the ways in which AI can be used to supervise, manipulate, and frustrate the media, thereby weakening its role as a check on government and corporate power. The study also explores how AI technology can be used to create an "omnidirectional monitoring" society, where individuals are constantly monitored and controlled through the use of "panopticon" techniques and "social bots". This can lead to the emergence of a "postdemocratic" society, characterized by growing inequality, dehumanization, and the manipulation of information on online media platforms. The research methodology adopted in the study is qualitative, using expert interviews with three experts who discussed the overall use of AI and its disruptive effects on democracy, such as the creation of fake news, filter bubbles, and algorithm bias. In conclusion, this research highlights the need for increased awareness and regulation of AI technology to ensure its responsible use and to protect democratic values.}, language = {eng}, urldate = {2024-04-15}, institution = {Supervised by Prof. Dr. phil. Ulrich Brasche, Scientific Paper, University of Applied Science Brandenburg}, author = {Baecker, Christoph and Alabbadi, Osama and Yogiputra, Georgius Pradipta and Tien Dung, Nguyen}, year = {2023}, keywords = {/unread, First Draft Report Cited, Global North, Qual}, file = {Full Text PDF:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/9WU6ICDF/Baecker et al. - 2023 - Threats provided by artificial intelligence that c.pdf:application/pdf}, } @article{chenYouReallyHave2020, title = {‘{You} really have to have a thick skin’: {A} cross-cultural perspective on how online harassment influences female journalists}, volume = {21}, issn = {1464-8849}, shorttitle = {‘{You} really have to have a thick skin’}, url = {https://doi.org/10.1177/1464884918768500}, doi = {10.1177/1464884918768500}, abstract = {In-depth interviews with 75 female journalists who work or have worked in Germany, India, Taiwan, the United Kingdom, and the United States of America reveal that they face rampant online gendered harassment that influences how they do their jobs. Many of the women report that if they aim to engage with their audience online – which is a job requirement for many of them – they frequently face sexist comments that criticize, attack, marginalize, stereotype, or threaten them based on their gender or sexuality. Often, criticism of their work is framed as misogynistic attacks and, sometimes, even involves sexual violence. The journalists have developed a variety of strategies for dealing with the abuse, including limiting what they post online, changing what stories they report on, and using technological tools to prevent people from posting offensive words on the journalists’ public social media pages. Results show that this harassment disrupts the routinized practice of reciprocal journalism because it limits how much these women can interact with the audience in mutually beneficial ways without being attacked or undermined sexually. While experiences of harassment were consistent across the countries studied, cultural differences were evident in how much the journalists were expected to engage online. Results are discussed in relation to the hierarchy of influences model that aims to explain how multiple forces influence media content.}, language = {en}, number = {7}, urldate = {2024-04-15}, journal = {Journalism}, author = {Chen, Gina Masullo and Pain, Paromita and Chen, Victoria Y and Mekelburg, Madlin and Springer, Nina and Troger, Franziska}, month = jul, year = {2020}, note = {Publisher: SAGE Publications}, keywords = {/unread, BRICS, First Draft Report Cited, Global North, Qual}, pages = {877--895}, file = {Chen et al. - 2020 - ‘You really have to have a thick skin’ A cross-cu.pdf:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/UTPDMTN8/Chen et al. - 2020 - ‘You really have to have a thick skin’ A cross-cu.pdf:application/pdf}, } @misc{biddleElonMuskFought2024, title = {Elon {Musk} {Fought} {Government} {Surveillance} — {While} {Profiting} {Off} {Government} {Surveillance}}, url = {https://theintercept.com/2024/03/25/elon-musk-x-dataminr-surveillance-privacy/}, abstract = {Elon Musk and X postured as defenders against government surveillance but sold user data to Dataminr, which facilitates such surveillance.}, language = {en-US}, urldate = {2024-04-15}, journal = {The Intercept}, author = {Biddle, Sam}, month = mar, year = {2024}, keywords = {/unread, Report, First Draft Report Cited, Global North}, file = {Snapshot:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/9MJ67JX7/elon-musk-x-dataminr-surveillance-privacy.html:text/html}, } @article{savitzGoogleBuysDataAnalytics2019, title = {Google {Buys} {Data}-{Analytics} {Firm} {Looker} {Amid} {Privacy} {Concerns}}, url = {https://www.barrons.com/articles/google-buys-data-analytics-firm-looker-privacy-concerns-51559837661}, urldate = {2024-04-15}, journal = {Baron's}, author = {Savitz, Eric J.}, month = jun, year = {2019}, keywords = {/unread, First Draft Report Cited}, } @article{broniatowskiEfficacyFacebooksVaccine2023, title = {The efficacy of {Facebook}’s vaccine misinformation policies and architecture during the {COVID}-19 pandemic}, volume = {9}, url = {https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/sciadv.adh2132}, doi = {10.1126/sciadv.adh2132}, abstract = {Online misinformation promotes distrust in science, undermines public health, and may drive civil unrest. During the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic, Facebook—the world’s largest social media company—began to remove vaccine misinformation as a matter of policy. We evaluated the efficacy of these policies using a comparative interrupted time-series design. We found that Facebook removed some antivaccine content, but we did not observe decreases in overall engagement with antivaccine content. Provaccine content was also removed, and antivaccine content became more misinformative, more politically polarized, and more likely to be seen in users’ newsfeeds. We explain these findings as a consequence of Facebook’s system architecture, which provides substantial flexibility to motivated users who wish to disseminate misinformation through multiple channels. Facebook’s architecture may therefore afford antivaccine content producers several means to circumvent the intent of misinformation removal policies.}, number = {37}, urldate = {2024-04-15}, journal = {Science Advances}, author = {Broniatowski, David A. and Simons, Joseph R. and Gu, Jiayan and Jamison, Amelia M. and Abroms, Lorien C.}, month = sep, year = {2023}, note = {Publisher: American Association for the Advancement of Science}, keywords = {/unread, First Draft Report Cited, Global North, Quant, Google Scholar}, pages = {1--17}, file = {Full Text PDF:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/2LFYTTV2/Broniatowski et al. - 2023 - The efficacy of Facebook’s vaccine misinformation .pdf:application/pdf}, } @misc{cyphersFogDataScience2022, title = {Inside {Fog} {Data} {Science}, the {Secretive} {Company} {Selling} {Mass} {Surveillance} to {Local} {Police}}, url = {https://www.eff.org/deeplinks/2022/08/inside-fog-data-science-secretive-company-selling-mass-surveillance-local-police}, abstract = {A data broker has been selling raw location data about individual people to federal, state, and local law enforcement agencies, EFF has learned. This personal data isn’t gathered from cell phone towers or tech giants like Google — it’s obtained by the broker via thousands of different apps on Android and iOS app stores as part of the larger location data marketplace.}, language = {en}, urldate = {2024-04-16}, journal = {Electronic Frontier Foundation}, author = {Cyphers, Bennett}, month = aug, year = {2022}, keywords = {/unread, Report, First Draft Report Cited, Global North}, file = {Snapshot:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/4GL5H64P/inside-fog-data-science-secretive-company-selling-mass-surveillance-local-police.html:text/html}, } @misc{themajorityreportw/samsederDataCartelsOur2023, title = {Data {Cartels} {And} {Our} {Data} {\textbar} {Sarah} {Lamdan} {\textbar} {TMR}}, url = {https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=E-VWLlFUxlA}, abstract = {Sam hosts Sarah Lamdan, Professor of Law at the City University of New York (CUNY), to discuss her recent book Data Cartels: The Companies that Control and Monopolize Our Information. Watch the Majority Report live Monday–Friday at 12 p.m. EST on YouTube OR listen via daily podcast at http://www.Majority.FM https://www.house.gov/representatives... https://www.senate.gov/senators/senat... \#SamSeder \#EmmaVigeland \#MajorityReport \#politics \#news \#progressive \#leftist \#democrats \#liberal SUPPORT the show by becoming a member: http://www.jointhemajorityreport.com/ Download TMR's FREE app: http://www.majorityapp.com TMR MERCH: http://www.shop.majorityreportradio.com CHECK OUT MORE from the MR crew: Matt Binder DOOMED    / mattbinder   Brandon Sutton DISCOURSE   / expandthediscourse   Emma Vigeland ESVN    / esvnshow   Matt Lech LEFT RECKONING    / leftreckoning   OTHER LINKS: Twitch:   / themajorityreport   Facebook:   / majorityreport   Twitter:   / majorityfm   Instagram:   / majorityreport.fm   Check out more from the MR crew: Matt Binder DOOMED    / mattbinder   Brandon Sutton THE DISCOURSE   / expandthediscourse   Emma Vigeland ESVN    / esvnshow   Matt Lech LEFT RECKONING    / leftreckoning   Image Credit, Gerd Altmann https://www.publicdomainpictures.net/... https://creativecommons.org/publicdom... Image has been cropped and color has been altered. I want to Welcome you to the program Sarah Lamdan. She is a Professor of law at the City University of New York. and the author of data cartels the companies that control and monopolize our information. Sarah is welcome to the program. Thanks for having me. So let's start with the origin story of this book if it begins when you were a law librarian. and during the Trump Administration when people are starting to think about getting a little more conscious about what ice is up to. yeah yeah, so this book wasn't something that I intended to get into. as you said I was a law librarian at the City University of New York where now I'm a law professor. and I don't know if everybody knows this, but the main tools that lawyers, law students, legal scholars, and judges use to assess the law and do legal research are Lexis and Westlaw. they're the gold standard products for legal research. and as a law librarian, my main job was to teach people how to use these resources and to use these resources on behalf of lawyers and legal Scholars. so and this was and we should be clear just you know I had a little bit of experience with this in another life. This is where you go to find case law essentially. and so if you're wondering if there's that you there's a case you're looking at or you're writing a paper about whatever it is this is like like almost like the Encyclopedia of all the cases and and that have existed. yeah and this is the way you find you know citations essentially. yeah, and I would even go a step further and say that you know this is one of the resources that help make the law. I mean this is what judges use and what all of the legislators use. This is where our law comes from. and until 2017 I thought that these companies were just research companies. You know, like information platforms. you have a password you log in you do your little legal research. and I'd never given much thought to the companies behind the products right? that the products were great. They were robust. They had everything I needed. but in 2017 I saw an article about like you said, companies that were vying for contracts with ice to help ice build surveillance tools. and a surveillance operation. a digital surveillance operation. kind of the same stuff you saw the NSA using after 9/11.}, urldate = {2024-04-16}, author = {{The Majority Report w/ Sam Seder}}, month = feb, year = {2023}, keywords = {/unread, First Draft Report Cited}, } @article{depaorInformationLiteracyFake2020, title = {Information literacy and fake news: {How} the field of librarianship can help combat the epidemic of fake news}, volume = {46}, issn = {0099-1333}, shorttitle = {Information literacy and fake news}, url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0099133320301099}, doi = {10.1016/j.acalib.2020.102218}, abstract = {This paper studies how the field of librarianship can help counteract the phenomenon of fake news and misinformation. A literature review was conducted to identify the current themes, patterns, correlations and gaps within the existing literature on fake news, information literacy and librarianship. Findings centre on defining fake news, analysing contemporary and emerging information literacy frameworks, and outlining the current efforts and initiatives exercised by libraries to refute the spread of fake news and educate communities on how to navigate through an era of untruth and disinformation. The paper outlines effective initiatives developed by those within the Library and Information Systems (LIS) profession while highlighting considerations and recommendations as to how librarians can continue to enhance their role in the digital age and make successful contributions to the professional field.}, number = {5}, urldate = {2024-04-15}, journal = {The Journal of Academic Librarianship}, author = {De Paor, Saoirse and Heravi, Bahareh}, month = sep, year = {2020}, keywords = {Disinformation, Fake news, Misinformation, Systematic literature review, /unread, First Draft Report Cited, Global North, Information literacy, Information professionals, Librarianship}, pages = {1--8}, file = {Accepted Version:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/29IMD4NX/De Paor and Heravi - 2020 - Information literacy and fake news How the field .pdf:application/pdf}, } @article{boudryWorldwideInequalityAccess2019, title = {Worldwide inequality in access to full text scientific articles: the example of ophthalmology}, volume = {7}, issn = {2167-8359}, shorttitle = {Worldwide inequality in access to full text scientific articles}, url = {https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6825414/}, doi = {10.7717/peerj.7850}, abstract = {Background The problem of access to medical information, particularly in low-income countries, has been under discussion for many years. Although a number of developments have occurred in the last decade (e.g., the open access (OA) movement and the website Sci-Hub), everyone agrees that these difficulties still persist very widely, mainly due to the fact that paywalls still limit access to approximately 75\% of scholarly documents. In this study, we compare the accessibility of recent full text articles in the field of ophthalmology in 27 established institutions located worldwide. Methods A total of 200 references from articles were retrieved using the PubMed database. Each article was individually checked for OA. Full texts of non-OA (i.e., “paywalled articles”) were examined to determine whether they were available using institutional and Hinari access in each institution studied, using “alternative ways” (i.e., PubMed Central, ResearchGate, Google Scholar, and Online Reprint Request), and using the website Sci-Hub. Results The number of full texts of “paywalled articles” available using institutional and Hinari access showed strong heterogeneity, scattered between 0\% full texts to 94.8\% (mean = 46.8\%; SD = 31.5; median = 51.3\%). We found that complementary use of “alternative ways” and Sci-Hub leads to 95.5\% of full text “paywalled articles,” and also divides by 14 the average extra costs needed to obtain all full texts on publishers’ websites using pay-per-view. Conclusions The scant number of available full text “paywalled articles” in most institutions studied encourages researchers in the field of ophthalmology to use Sci-Hub to search for scientific information. The scientific community and decision-makers must unite and strengthen their efforts to find solutions to improve access to scientific literature worldwide and avoid an implosion of the scientific publishing model. This study is not an endorsement for using Sci-Hub. The authors, their institutions, and publishers accept no responsibility on behalf of readers.}, urldate = {2024-04-18}, journal = {PeerJ}, author = {Boudry, Christophe and Alvarez-Muñoz, Patricio and Arencibia-Jorge, Ricardo and Ayena, Didier and Brouwer, Niels J. and Chaudhuri, Zia and Chawner, Brenda and Epee, Emilienne and Erraïs, Khalil and Fotouhi, Akbar and Gharaibeh, Almutez M. and Hassanein, Dina H. and Herwig-Carl, Martina C. and Howard, Katherine and Kaimbo Wa Kaimbo, Dieudonne and Laughrea, Patricia-Ann and Lopez, Fernando A. and Machin-Mastromatteo, Juan D. and Malerbi, Fernando K. and Ndiaye, Papa Amadou and Noor, Nina A. and Pacheco-Mendoza, Josmel and Papastefanou, Vasilios P. and Shah, Mufarriq and Shields, Carol L. and Wang, Ya Xing and Yartsev, Vasily and Mouriaux, Frederic}, month = oct, year = {2019}, pmid = {31687270}, pmcid = {PMC6825414}, keywords = {Systematic literature review, Global South, /unread, First Draft Report Cited}, pages = {1--18}, file = {PubMed Central Full Text PDF:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/E77Z9JKY/Boudry et al. - 2019 - Worldwide inequality in access to full text scient.pdf:application/pdf}, } @article{chaguacedaIlliberalNarrativesLatin2023, title = {Illiberal {Narratives} in {Latin} {America}: {Russian} and {Allied} {Media} as {Vehicles} of {Autocratic} {Cooperation}}, volume = {3}, doi = {10.53483/XCMW3558}, number = {2}, journal = {The Journal of Illiberalism Studies}, author = {Chaguaceda, Armando and Cilano Pelaez, Johanna and Puerta, Maria Isabel}, year = {2023}, keywords = {Global South, /unread, Review, First Draft Report Cited}, pages = {111--123}, file = {Chaguaceda et al. - 2023 - Illiberal Narratives in Latin America Russian and.pdf:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/CY9U9FLK/Chaguaceda et al. - 2023 - Illiberal Narratives in Latin America Russian and.pdf:application/pdf}, } @article{rankinMEPsLaunchSite2023, chapter = {World news}, title = {{MEPs} launch site for {EU} officials to report ‘shady lobbying’ by big tech}, issn = {0261-3077}, url = {https://www.theguardian.com/world/2023/feb/02/meps-launch-site-for-eu-officials-to-report-shady-lobbying}, abstract = {Exclusive: Dutch MEP hopes site will give early warning of suspicious tactics such as use of front organisations}, language = {en-GB}, urldate = {2024-04-19}, journal = {The Guardian}, author = {Rankin, Jennifer}, month = feb, year = {2023}, keywords = {Lobbying, World news, Europe, European Union, /unread, First Draft Report Cited, European Commission}, file = {Snapshot:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/P5EJH37U/meps-launch-site-for-eu-officials-to-report-shady-lobbying.html:text/html}, } @article{brinAnatomyLargescaleHypertextual1998, title = {The anatomy of a large-scale hypertextual {Web} search engine}, volume = {30}, copyright = {https://www.elsevier.com/tdm/userlicense/1.0/}, issn = {01697552}, url = {https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S016975529800110X}, doi = {10.1016/S0169-7552(98)00110-X}, abstract = {In this paper, we present Google, a prototype of a large-scale search engine which makes heavy use of the structure present in hypertext. Google is designed to crawl and index the Web efficiently and produce much more satisfying search results than existing systems.The prototype with a full text and hyperlink databaseof at least24 million pages is available at http:llgoogle.stanford.edu/ To engineer a search engine is a challenging task. Search engines index tens to hundreds of millions of Web pages involving a comparable number of distinct terms. They answer tensof millions of queriesevery day. Despite the importance of large-scalesearchengines on the Web, very little academic researchhas been done on them. Furthermore, due to rapid advance in technology and Web proliferation, creating a Web search engine today is very different from three years ago. This paper provides an in-depth description of our large-scaleWeb search engine - the first such detailed public description we know of to date. Apart from the problems of scaling traditional search techniques to data of this magnitude, there are new technical challenges involved with using the additional information present in hypertext to produce better searchresults. This paper addressesthis question of how to build a practical large-scalesystem which can exploit the additional information present in hypertext. Also we look at the problem of how to effectively deal with uncontrolled hypertext collections where anyone can publish anything they want. 0 1998 Published by Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.}, language = {en}, number = {1-7}, urldate = {2024-04-19}, journal = {Computer Networks and ISDN Systems}, author = {Brin, Sergey and Page, Lawrence}, month = apr, year = {1998}, keywords = {/unread, First Draft Report Cited, Quant}, pages = {107--117}, file = {Brin and Page - 1998 - The anatomy of a large-scale hypertextual Web sear.pdf:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/BKBTDFTZ/Brin and Page - 1998 - The anatomy of a large-scale hypertextual Web sear.pdf:application/pdf}, } @article{chadhaAlternativeNewsMedia2022, title = {Alternative {News} {Media} and {Critique} of {Mainstream} {Journalism} in {India}: {The} {Case} of {OpIndia}}, volume = {10}, issn = {2167-0811}, shorttitle = {Alternative {News} {Media} and {Critique} of {Mainstream} {Journalism} in {India}}, url = {https://doi.org/10.1080/21670811.2022.2118143}, doi = {10.1080/21670811.2022.2118143}, abstract = {“Alternative news media,” that explicitly position themselves against mainstream media have emerged as an increasingly visible aspect of media systems globally including in India. And although such media can espouse left/right political positions, in the Indian context, such outlets are supportive of right-wing politics of the ruling Hindu nationalist Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP). In this article—drawing on rhetorical approaches—we explore the efforts of OpIndia, the most-visited right-wing news site in India to critique and correct the country’s mainstream news outlets through a textual analysis of 576 articles contained in the site’s Media Fact Check section.}, number = {8}, urldate = {2024-04-15}, journal = {Digital Journalism}, author = {Chadha, Kalyani and Bhat, Prashanth}, month = aug, year = {2022}, note = {Publisher: Routledge \_eprint: https://doi.org/10.1080/21670811.2022.2118143}, keywords = {India, Global South, /unread, BRICS, First Draft Report Cited, Qual, alternative news media, Hindu-nationalism, media critique, OpIndia}, pages = {1283--1301}, file = {Chadha and Bhat - 2022 - Alternative News Media and Critique of Mainstream .pdf:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/HUSVQQH3/Chadha and Bhat - 2022 - Alternative News Media and Critique of Mainstream .pdf:application/pdf}, } @article{baptistaOnlineDisinformationFacebook2022, title = {Online disinformation on {Facebook}: the spread of fake news during the {Portuguese} 2019 election}, volume = {30}, issn = {1478-2804}, shorttitle = {Online disinformation on {Facebook}}, url = {https://doi.org/10.1080/14782804.2020.1843415}, doi = {10.1080/14782804.2020.1843415}, abstract = {Elections worldwide have been marked by the spread of fake news. Online disinformation is everywhere, used as a political weapon in the battlefield of manipulation. This study focused on the Portuguese 2019 elections to assess the reach of fake news compared to mainstream media news and to verify whether fake news had specific targets. We reviewed all posts (N=1197) from newspaper Facebook pages and fake news Facebook pages published during the campaign to verify their engagement. BuzzSumo assessed popularity by counting all posts’ shares, reactions and comments. Iramuteq software related the content of all published headlines by analyzing clusters of the most frequent words. Findings show that fake news had no greater reach than real news during the election campaign. However, fake news are more likely to be shared, while real news tend to get more reactions and more comments. In fake news headlines the terms associated with left-wing and government are the most common. The prime minister and the Socialist Party are associated with negative connotations. Results suggest that Portuguese fake news are related to rightwing extremism and publish hate content targeting corruption and leftist policies in general. Unlike other countries, anti-immigration discourse and fearmongering were not prominent contents.}, number = {2}, urldate = {2024-04-15}, journal = {Journal of Contemporary European Studies}, author = {Baptista, João Pedro and Gradim, Anabela}, month = apr, year = {2022}, note = {Publisher: Routledge \_eprint: https://doi.org/10.1080/14782804.2020.1843415}, keywords = {Fake news, social media, Facebook, partisanship, engagement, /unread, First Draft Report Cited, Global North, Mixed}, pages = {297--312}, file = {Baptista and Gradim - 2022 - Online disinformation on Facebook the spread of f.pdf:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/A9LNYA2X/Baptista and Gradim - 2022 - Online disinformation on Facebook the spread of f.pdf:application/pdf}, } @incollection{beskowCharacterizationComparisonRussian2020, address = {Cham}, title = {Characterization and {Comparison} of {Russian} and {Chinese} {Disinformation} {Campaigns}}, isbn = {978-3-030-42699-6}, url = {https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-42699-6_4}, abstract = {While substantial research has focused on social bot classification, less computational effort has focused on repeatable bot characterization. Binary classification into “bot” or “not bot” is just the first step in social cybersecurity workflows. Characterizing the malicious actors is the next step. To that end, this paper will characterize data associated with state sponsored manipulation by Russia and the People’s Republic of China. The data studied here was associated with information manipulation by state actors, the accounts were suspended by Twitter and subsequently all associated data was released to the public. Of the multiple data sets that Twitter released, we will focus on the data associated with the Russian Internet Research Agency and the People’s Republic of China. The goal of this paper is to compare and contrast these two important data sets while simultaneously developing repeatable workflows to characterize information operations for social cybersecurity.}, language = {en}, urldate = {2024-04-15}, booktitle = {Disinformation, {Misinformation}, and {Fake} {News} in {Social} {Media}: {Emerging} {Research} {Challenges} and {Opportunities}}, publisher = {Springer International Publishing}, author = {Beskow, David M. and Carley, Kathleen M.}, editor = {Shu, Kai and Wang, Suhang and Lee, Dongwon and Liu, Huan}, year = {2020}, doi = {10.1007/978-3-030-42699-6_4}, keywords = {Global South, /unread, BRICS, First Draft Report Cited, Quant}, pages = {63--81}, } @article{akimenkoRussiasCyberInformation2020, title = {Russia’s {Cyber} and {Information} {Warfare}}, volume = {15}, issn = {1559-0968}, url = {https://www.jstor.org/stable/27023902}, number = {2}, urldate = {2024-04-15}, journal = {Asia Policy}, author = {Akimenko, Valeriy and Giles, Keir}, year = {2020}, note = {Publisher: National Bureau of Asian Research (NBR)}, keywords = {Global South, /unread, BRICS, Review, First Draft Report Cited}, pages = {67--75}, file = {Akimenko and Giles - 2020 - Russia’s Cyber and Information Warfare.pdf:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/CUK3GB8V/Akimenko and Giles - 2020 - Russia’s Cyber and Information Warfare.pdf:application/pdf}, } @article{bhatPlatformPoliticsEmergence2021, title = {Platform {Politics}: {The} {Emergence} of {Alternative} {Social} {Media} in {India}}, volume = {31}, issn = {1326-365X}, shorttitle = {Platform {Politics}}, url = {https://doi.org/10.1177/1326365X211056699}, doi = {10.1177/1326365X211056699}, abstract = {Widespread dissemination of hate speech on corporate social media platforms such as Twitter, Facebook, and YouTube has necessitated technological companies to moderate content on their platforms. At the receiving end of these content moderation efforts are supporters of right-wing populist parties, who have gained notoriety for harassing journalists, spreading disinformation, and vilifying liberal activists. In recent months, several prominent right-wing figures across the world were removed from social media - a phenomenon also known as ‘deplatforming’- for violating platform policies. Prominent among such right-wing groups are online supporters of the Hindu nationalist Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) in India, who have begun accusing corporate social media of pursuing a ‘liberal agenda’ and ‘curtailing free speech.’ In response to deplatforming, the BJP-led Government of India has aggressively promoted and embraced Koo, an indigenously developed social media platform. This commentary examines the implications of this alternative social platform for the online communicative environment in the Indian public sphere.}, language = {en}, number = {2}, urldate = {2024-04-15}, journal = {Asia Pacific Media Educator}, author = {Bhat, Prashanth}, month = dec, year = {2021}, note = {Publisher: SAGE Publications India}, keywords = {Global South, /unread, BRICS, Review, First Draft Report Cited}, pages = {269--276}, file = {Bhat - 2021 - Platform Politics The Emergence of Alternative So.pdf:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/ZG7IRDBD/Bhat - 2021 - Platform Politics The Emergence of Alternative So.pdf:application/pdf}, } @techreport{dittrichTacklingSpreadDisinformation2019, type = {Policy {Paper}}, title = {Tackling the spread of disinformation {Why} a co-regulatory approach is the right way forward for the {EU}}, url = {https://aei.pitt.edu/102500/}, abstract = {In recent years social media platforms have led to an unprecedented increase in the spread of disinformation. Concerns about these new and dynamic ways to spread falsehoods have brought politicians and regulators onto the stage. In this paper Paul-Jasper Dittrich proposes a European co-regulatory approach to tackle disinformation on social media instead of the current self-regulatory approach or direct regulation.}, urldate = {2024-04-20}, institution = {Bertelsmann Stiftung Policy Paper 12, Hertie School, Jacques Delors Centre}, author = {Dittrich, Paul-Jasper}, month = dec, year = {2019}, note = {Num Pages: 14}, keywords = {/unread, Review, First Draft Report Cited, Global North}, file = {Full Text PDF:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/S42SX2GB/Dittrich - 2019 - Tackling the spread of disinformation Why a co-reg.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/T9K65KRB/102500.html:text/html}, } @techreport{digitalindustrygroupAustralianCodePractice2022, title = {Australian {Code} of {Practice} on {Disinformation} and {Misinformation}}, url = {https://digi.org.au/wp-content/uploads/2022/12/Australian-Code-of-Practice-on-Disinformation-and-Misinformation-FINAL-_-December-22-2022.docx.pdf}, institution = {DiGi}, author = {Digital Industry Group}, year = {2022}, keywords = {/unread, First Draft Report Cited, Global North, codes of practice}, file = {Digital Industry Group - 2022 - Australian Code of Practice on Disinformation and .pdf:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/QLB9MAEQ/Digital Industry Group - 2022 - Australian Code of Practice on Disinformation and .pdf:application/pdf}, } @article{deblasioWhoResponsibleDisinformation2021, title = {Who {Is} {Responsible} for {Disinformation}? {European} {Approaches} to {Social} {Platforms}’ {Accountability} in the {Post}-{Truth} {Era}}, volume = {65}, issn = {0002-7642}, shorttitle = {Who {Is} {Responsible} for {Disinformation}?}, url = {https://doi.org/10.1177/0002764221989784}, doi = {10.1177/0002764221989784}, abstract = {This article examines counterdisinformation policies to investigate how European countries are shaping the meaning and boundaries of social platforms’ accountability. We describe the cultural determinants of social platforms’ accountability through a content analysis technique that considered principles, actors, and instruments, resulting in four models of social platform accountability: accountability set by law, codecided accountability, regulated self-regulation, and pure self-regulation. Our results suggest that most of the 11 countries in this study maintain specific positions on the role of digital media in society. At the same time, some patterns of convergence were evident: the weakening of State control in favor of freedom of information; the enhancement of transparency in social platforms’ politics-related activities as a guiding principle to ensure public monitoring; and the standardization of a multistakeholder model of coregulation. The article also focuses on the technological dimension of social platform accountability, enabling us to recognize the degree to which different models rely on algorithms. It then problematizes the limitations and risks of social platforms’ accountability.}, language = {en}, number = {6}, urldate = {2024-04-20}, journal = {American Behavioral Scientist}, author = {De Blasio, Emiliana and Selva, Donatella}, month = may, year = {2021}, note = {Publisher: SAGE Publications Inc}, keywords = {Systematic literature review, /unread, First Draft Report Cited, Global North}, pages = {825--846}, file = {SAGE PDF Full Text:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/KC5L6NZT/De Blasio and Selva - 2021 - Who Is Responsible for Disinformation European Ap.pdf:application/pdf}, } @misc{stoltonOrbanRuleDecree2020, title = {Orbán to rule by decree with new powers to 'silence critics'}, url = {https://www.euractiv.com/section/global-europe/news/orban-to-rule-by-decree-with-new-powers-to-silence-critics/}, abstract = {The Hungarian Parliament approved new emergency powers on Monday (30 March) that will allow the ruling Fidesz party the right to rule by decree, without a set time limit, in a move that prompted an outcry from human rights groups.}, language = {en-GB}, urldate = {2024-04-20}, journal = {Euractiv}, author = {Stolton, Samuel and Makszimov, Vlad}, month = mar, year = {2020}, note = {Section: Global Europe}, keywords = {/unread, First Draft Report Cited}, file = {Snapshot:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/R48FE8DV/orban-to-rule-by-decree-with-new-powers-to-silence-critics.html:text/html}, } @techreport{centerforcounteringdigitalhateToxicTenHow2021, title = {The {Toxic} {Ten}. {How} ten fringe publishers fuel 69\% of digital climate change denial}, url = {https://counterhate.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/11/211101-Toxic-Ten-Report-FINAL-V2.5.pdf}, language = {English}, institution = {Center for Countering Digital Hate}, author = {Center for Countering Digital Hate}, year = {2021}, keywords = {/unread, First Draft Report Cited, Global North, Quant}, pages = {30}, file = {Center for Countering Digital Hate - 2021 - The Toxic Ten. How ten fringe publishers fuel 69% .pdf:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/UZETVPH2/Center for Countering Digital Hate - 2021 - The Toxic Ten. How ten fringe publishers fuel 69% .pdf:application/pdf}, } @article{bridgmanCausesConsequencesCOVID192020, title = {The causes and consequences of {COVID}-19 misperceptions: {Understanding} the role of news and social media}, volume = {1}, url = {https://misinforeview.hks.harvard.edu/article/the-causes-and-consequences-of-covid-19-misperceptions-understanding-the-role-of-news-and-social-media/}, number = {Sp. Issue}, urldate = {2024-04-19}, journal = {HKS Misinformation Review}, author = {Bridgman, Aengus and Merkley, Eric and Loewen, Peter John and Owen, Taylor and Ruths, Derek and Teichmann, Lisa and Zhilin, Oleg}, year = {2020}, keywords = {/unread, First Draft Report Cited, Global North, Mixed}, pages = {1--18}, file = {Bridgman et al. - The causes and consequences of COVID-19 mispercept.pdf:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/WZD7R8N5/Bridgman et al. - The causes and consequences of COVID-19 mispercept.pdf:application/pdf;The causes and consequences of COVID-19 misperceptions\: Understanding the role of news and social media | HKS Misinformation Review:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/YEY6UMM3/the-causes-and-consequences-of-covid-19-misperceptions-understanding-the-role-of-news-and-socia.html:text/html}, } @article{wakefieldSocialMediaOutstrips2016, chapter = {Technology}, title = {Social media 'outstrips {TV}' as news source for young people}, url = {https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-36528256}, abstract = {Social media and smartphones are becoming the main news source for young people, according to a major report into the future of news.}, language = {en-GB}, urldate = {2024-04-19}, journal = {BBC News}, author = {Wakefield, Jane}, month = jun, year = {2016}, keywords = {/unread, First Draft Report Cited}, file = {Snapshot:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/TBIYSJDZ/uk-36528256.html:text/html}, } @article{bargaoanuFakeNewsDisinformation2018, title = {Fake {News} or {Disinformation} 2.0? {Some} {Insights} into {Romanians}' {Digital} {Behaviour}}, volume = {18}, shorttitle = {Fake {News} or {Disinformation} 2.0?}, url = {https://heinonline.org/HOL/Page?handle=hein.journals/rojaeuf18&id=25&div=&collection=}, number = {1}, journal = {Romanian Journal of European Affairs}, author = {Bargaoanu, Alina and Radu, Loredana}, year = {2018}, keywords = {/unread, First Draft Report Cited, Global North, Quant}, pages = {24--38}, file = {Bargaoanu and Radu - 2018 - Fake News or Disinformation 2.0 Some Insights int.pdf:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/BSA2VDFQ/Bargaoanu and Radu - 2018 - Fake News or Disinformation 2.0 Some Insights int.pdf:application/pdf;Fake News or Disinformation 2.0? Some Insights into Romanians' Digital Behaviour 18 Romanian Journal of European Affairs 2018:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/A5X34RX5/LandingPage.html:text/html}, } @book{chengCyberDragonChinas2016, title = {Cyber {Dragon}: {Inside} {China}'s {Information} {Warfare} and {Cyber} {Operations}}, isbn = {978-1-4408-3565-0}, shorttitle = {Cyber {Dragon}}, abstract = {This book provides a framework for assessing China\&\#39;s extensive cyber espionage efforts and multi-decade modernization of its military, not only identifying the \"what\" but also addressing the \"why\" behind China\&\#39;s focus on establishing information dominance as a key component of its military efforts.China combines financial firepower—currently the world\&\#39;s second largest economy—with a clear intent of fielding a modern military capable of competing not only in the physical environments of land, sea, air, and outer space, but especially in the electromagnetic and cyber domains. This book makes extensive use of Chinese-language sources to provide policy-relevant insight into how the Chinese view the evolving relationship between information and future warfare as well as issues such as computer network warfare and electronic warfare. Written by an expert on Chinese military and security developments, this work taps materials the Chinese military uses to educate its own officers to explain the bigger-picture thinking that motivates Chinese cyber warfare. Readers will be able to place the key role of Chinese cyber operations in the overall context of how the Chinese military thinks future wars will be fought and grasp how Chinese computer network operations, including various hacking incidents, are part of a larger, different approach to warfare. The book\&\#39;s explanations of how the Chinese view information\&\#39;s growing role in warfare will benefit U.S. policymakers, while students in cyber security and Chinese studies will better understand how cyber and information threats work and the seriousness of the threat posed by China specifically.}, language = {en}, publisher = {Bloomsbury Publishing USA}, author = {Cheng, Dean}, month = nov, year = {2016}, note = {Google-Books-ID: 2orDEAAAQBAJ}, keywords = {Political Science / General, Global South, /unread, BRICS, First Draft Report Cited, Qual, Computers / Internet / Online Safety \& Privacy, Computers / Security / General}, } @article{chibuweSocialMediaElections2020, title = {Social media and elections in {Zimbabwe} : {Twitter} war between {Pro}-{ZANU}-{PF} and {Pro}-{MDC}-{A} {Netizens}}, volume = {46}, shorttitle = {Social media and elections in {Zimbabwe}}, url = {https://journals.co.za/doi/abs/10.1080/02500167.2020.1723663}, doi = {10.1080/02500167.2020.1723663}, abstract = {The July 2018 Zimbabwe national elections were characterised by one unique feature: the extensive use of social media especially Twitter, WhatsApp and Facebook, especially by the key presidential contenders Nelson Chamisa and Emmerson Mnangagwa in the struggle for hegemony. The cyber-contestation also became evident between Chamisa's followers nicknamed “Nerorists” and Mnangagwa's followers nicknamed “Varakashi.” Fake news and mudslinging became defining elements during these digital propaganda battles. The study, utilising insights from the (digital) public sphere theory and alternative public sphere theory, interrogates the nature of the Twitter war and the “discussions” around key electoral candidates and issues and the implications of the Twitter war on democracy. It further examines how these issues moved from the online platforms to offline spaces. The study concludes that although social media gained prominence in the election, its contribution to democracy is paradoxical. The anonymity and open nature of social media provides an opportunity for participation, but it is precisely this that is also its downside: it provides rooms for emergence of cyber ghosts. The space's invasion by cyber storm troopers and/or cyber ghosts and netizens serving elite interests undermined social media's liberative potential as it resulted in irrational “debates,” mudslinging, insults, and outright lies.}, number = {4}, urldate = {2024-04-19}, journal = {Communicatio : South African Journal of Communication Theory and Research}, author = {Chibuwe, Albert}, month = dec, year = {2020}, note = {Publisher: UNISA Press}, keywords = {Twitter, Election, Social Media, Global South, /unread, First Draft Report Cited, Qual, Zimbabwe, Chamisa, Mnangagwa}, pages = {7--30}, file = {Chibuwe - 2020 - Social media and elections in Zimbabwe Twitter w.pdf:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/T24V4QN4/Chibuwe - 2020 - Social media and elections in Zimbabwe Twitter w.pdf:application/pdf}, } @article{brandtzaegHowJournalistsSocial2018, title = {How {Journalists} and {Social} {Media} {Users} {Perceive} {Online} {Fact}-{Checking} and {Verification} {Services}}, volume = {12}, issn = {1751-2786, 1751-2794}, url = {https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/17512786.2017.1363657}, doi = {10.1080/17512786.2017.1363657}, language = {en}, number = {9}, urldate = {2024-04-19}, journal = {Journalism Practice}, author = {Brandtzaeg, Petter Bae and Følstad, Asbjørn and Chaparro Domínguez, María Ángeles}, month = oct, year = {2018}, keywords = {/unread, First Draft Report Cited, Global North, Mixed}, pages = {1109--1129}, file = {Full Text PDF:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/PSYNLCG4/Brandtzaeg et al. - 2018 - How Journalists and Social Media Users Perceive On.pdf:application/pdf}, } @incollection{douaiGlobalArabMedia2019, title = {Global and {Arab} media in the post-truth era: {Globalization}, authoritarianism and fake news}, url = {https://www.iemed.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/01/Global-and-Arab-Media-in-the-Post-truth.pdf}, booktitle = {{IEMed}: {Mediterranean} {Yearbook} 2019}, publisher = {IEMed - European Institute of the Mediterranean}, author = {Douai, Aziz}, year = {2019}, keywords = {Global South, /unread, Review, First Draft Report Cited}, pages = {124--132}, file = {Douai - 2019 - Global and Arab media in the post-truth era Globa.pdf:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/I7CX4KHA/Douai - 2019 - Global and Arab media in the post-truth era Globa.pdf:application/pdf}, } @book{benequistaJournalismPublicGood2022, title = {Journalism is a public good: {World} trends in freedom of expression and media development - {Global} {Report} 2021/22}, url = {https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000379826}, publisher = {UNESCO}, editor = {Benequista, Nicholas and Musgrave, Kate}, year = {2022}, keywords = {/unread, Report, Global, First Draft Report Cited}, file = {UNESCO - 2022 - Journalism is a public good World trends in freed.pdf:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/NRKQHPYN/UNESCO - 2022 - Journalism is a public good World trends in freed.pdf:application/pdf}, } @book{kleinShockDoctrineRise2008, title = {The {Shock} {Doctrine}: {The} {Rise} of {Disaster} {Capitalism}}, publisher = {Picador}, author = {Klein, Naomi}, year = {2008}, keywords = {/unread, First Draft Report Cited}, } @book{ballSurveillanceIndustrialComplexPolitical2013, title = {The {Surveillance}-{Industrial} {Complex}: {A} {Political} {Economy} of {Surveillance}}, isbn = {978-1-136-20697-9}, shorttitle = {The {Surveillance}-{Industrial} {Complex}}, abstract = {Today’s ‘surveillance society’ emerged from a complex of military and corporate priorities that were nourished through the active and ‘cold’ wars that marked the twentieth century. Two massive configurations of power – state and corporate – have become the dominant players. Mass targeted surveillance deep within corporate, governmental and social structures is now both normal and legitimate. The Surveillance-Industrial Complex examines the intersections of capital and the neo-liberal state in promoting the emergence and growth of the surveillance society. The chapters in this volume, written by internationally-known surveillance scholars from a number of disciplines, trace the connections between the massive multinational conglomerates that manufacture, distribute and promote technologies of ‘surveillance’, and the institutions of social control and civil society. In three parts, this collection investigates: how the surveillance-industrial complex spans international boundaries through the workings of global capital and its interaction with agencies of the state surveillance as an organizational control process, perpetuating the interests and voices of certain actors and weakening or silencing others how local political economies shape the deployment and distribution of the massive interactions of global capital/military that comprise surveillance systems today. This volume will be useful for students and scholars of sociology, management, business, criminology, geography and international studies.}, language = {en}, publisher = {Routledge}, author = {Ball, Kirstie and Snider, Laureen}, month = jul, year = {2013}, note = {Google-Books-ID: JWqorqkDQL4C}, keywords = {/unread, Review, First Draft Report Cited, Global North, Political Science / Public Policy / Economic Policy, Social Science / General, Social Science / Sociology / General, Business \& Economics / Labor / General, Business \& Economics / Organizational Behavior, Political Science / Civil Rights, Social Science / Human Geography}, } @misc{williamsSurveillanceNationRealnd, title = {Surveillance {Nation}: {The} {Real} {Cost} of {Amazon}'s {Customer} {Obsession}}, shorttitle = {{DAIR}'s {First} {Anniversary} - {Adrienne} {Williams}, {Surveillance} {Nation}}, url = {https://peertube.dair-institute.org/w/oAWnan9PXTvS3CyutatQcg}, abstract = {Research Fellow Adrienne Williams discusses massive amounts of wage theft committed by Amazon against its delivery drivers. She demonstrates how extra standup meetings, time taken for remedial acti...}, language = {en}, urldate = {2024-04-25}, author = {Williams, Adrienne}, keywords = {/unread, First Draft Report Cited}, file = {Snapshot:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/X6MB6IHP/oAWnan9PXTvS3CyutatQcg.html:text/html}, } @misc{dairinstituteAIOurResearchnd, title = {{AI} {Our} research is intended to benefit communities}, url = {https://www.dair-institute.org/research-philosophy/}, abstract = {The Distributed AI Research Institute is a space for independent, community-rooted AI research, free from Big Tech’s pervasive influence.}, language = {en}, urldate = {2024-04-25}, author = {DAIR Institute}, keywords = {/unread, First Draft Report Cited}, file = {Snapshot:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/7L87R68F/research-philosophy.html:text/html}, } @misc{altcooperativeCooperativaAlternativaLaboralnd, title = {Cooperativa {Alternativa} {Laboral} {Trans}}, url = {https://altcooperativa.com}, abstract = {Cooperativa de trabajo dedicada al desarrollo web, conformada por personas trans.}, language = {en}, urldate = {2024-04-25}, journal = {ALT Cooperativa}, author = {ALT Cooperative}, keywords = {Global South, /unread, First Draft Report Cited}, file = {Snapshot:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/RQENGA3R/altcooperativa.com.html:text/html}, } @misc{dibenedettoFacedLimitedResources2021, title = {Faced with limited resources, {Indigenous} communities built their own internet. {Here}'s how.}, url = {https://indigenouspeoples-sdg.org/index.php/english/ttt/1549-faced-with-limited-resources-indigenous-communities-built-their-own-internet-here-s-how}, abstract = {USAs ubiquitous as “The Internet” is, more than 40 million Americans can’t access it from home. And rural Indigenous communities (at least 628,000 households) are some of the most disconnected. They've been forced to come up with their own solutions, and in many ways,}, language = {en-us}, urldate = {2024-04-25}, journal = {Indigenous Peoples Major Group for Sustainable Development}, author = {Dibenedetto, Chase}, month = jun, year = {2021}, note = {Section: National and Regional News/Noticias nacional y regional}, keywords = {Global South, /unread, Report, First Draft Report Cited, Qual}, file = {Snapshot:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/GTABPCN7/1549-faced-with-limited-resources-indigenous-communities-built-their-own-internet-here-s-how.html:text/html}, } @misc{ourdataindigenousOurDataIndigenousnd, title = {Our {Data} {Indigenous}}, url = {https://ourdataindigenous.ca/}, language = {en-US}, urldate = {2024-04-25}, journal = {Our Data Indigenous}, author = {Our Data Indigenous}, keywords = {Global South, /unread, First Draft Report Cited}, file = {Snapshot:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/3R733XKF/ourdataindigenous.ca.html:text/html}, } @article{alfonsiTamingTechGiants2019, title = {Taming {Tech} {Giants} {Requires} {Fixing} the {Revolving} {Door}}, volume = {19}, url = {https://www.proquest.com/openview/cea84d87b730c1e8e8db055e84b5c9c1/1?pq-origsite=gscholar&cbl=436382}, language = {en}, number = {2019}, urldate = {2024-04-23}, journal = {Kennedy School Review}, author = {Alfonsi, Carlotta}, year = {2019}, keywords = {/unread, Review, First Draft Report Cited}, pages = {166--170}, file = {Alfonsi - 2019 - Taming Tech Giants Requires Fixing the Revolving D.pdf:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/9WDRZ967/Alfonsi - 2019 - Taming Tech Giants Requires Fixing the Revolving D.pdf:application/pdf}, } @misc{corporateeuropeobservatoryDontLetCorporate2024, title = {Don't let corporate lobbying further water down the {AI} {Act}, lobby watchdogs warn {MEPs}}, url = {https://corporateeurope.org/en/2024/03/dont-let-corporate-lobbying-further-water-down-ai-act-lobby-watchdogs-warn-meps}, urldate = {2024-04-23}, journal = {Corporate Europe Observatory}, author = {Corporate Europe Observatory}, month = mar, year = {2024}, keywords = {/unread, Report, First Draft Report Cited, Global North}, file = {Don't let corporate lobbying further water down the AI Act, lobby watchdogs warn MEPs | Corporate Europe Observatory:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/C37PTZQF/dont-let-corporate-lobbying-further-water-down-ai-act-lobby-watchdogs-warn-meps.html:text/html}, } @misc{corporateeuropeobservatoryTrojanHorsesHow2024, title = {Trojan horses: how {European} startups teamed up with {Big} {Tech} to gut the {AI} {Act}}, url = {https://www.corporateeurope.org/en/2024/03/trojan-horses-how-european-startups-teamed-big-tech-gut-ai-act}, urldate = {2024-04-23}, journal = {Corporate Europe Observatory}, author = {Corporate Europe Observatory}, month = nov, year = {2024}, keywords = {/unread, Report, First Draft Report Cited, Global North}, file = {Trojan horses\: how European startups teamed up with Big Tech to gut the AI Act | Corporate Europe Observatory:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/IGIU7MUC/trojan-horses-how-european-startups-teamed-big-tech-gut-ai-act.html:text/html}, } @techreport{donovanHowCivilSociety2021, title = {How {Civil} {Society} can {Combat} {Misinformation} and {Hate} {Speech} without {Making} {It} {Worse}: {The} {Media} {Manipulation} {Casebook}}, url = {https://solidarityaction.network/resource/the-media-manipulation-casebook-how-civil-society-can-combat-misinformation-and-hate-speech-without-making-it-worse/}, abstract = {Potential graphic on media manipulation cycle}, language = {en}, institution = {Solidarity Action Network}, author = {Donovan, Joan}, year = {2021}, keywords = {/unread, Global, First Draft Report Cited, Mixed}, file = {Donovan - HOW CIVIL SOCIETY CAN COMBAT MISINFORMATION AND HA.pdf:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/J2IZW5GE/Donovan - HOW CIVIL SOCIETY CAN COMBAT MISINFORMATION AND HA.pdf:application/pdf}, } @techreport{bradshawCountryCaseStudies2020, title = {Country {Case} {Studies} {Industrialized} {Disinformation}: 2020 {Global} {Inventory} of {Organized} {Social} {Media} {Manipulation}}, url = {https://hannahlsbailey.github.io/docs/Case-Studies_2020.pdf}, language = {en}, institution = {Oxford Internet Institute, University of Oxford Project on Computational Propaganda}, author = {Bradshaw, Samantha and Campbell-Smith, Ualan and Henle, Amelie and Perini, Antonella and Shalev, Sivanne and Bailey, Hannah and Howard, Philip N}, year = {2020}, keywords = {/unread, Global, First Draft Report Cited, Mixed}, file = {Bradshaw et al. - Country Case Studies Industrialized Disinformation.pdf:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/D38SM67R/Bradshaw et al. - Country Case Studies Industrialized Disinformation.pdf:application/pdf}, } @incollection{domingoscordeiroArtificialIntelligenceEveryday2024, title = {Artificial {Intelligence} and everyday knowledge}, isbn = {978-3-031-30437-8}, abstract = {Artificial intelligence can no longer be treated as an independent object of social life since it has flooded every corner of contemporary society. It has completely changed how we acquire, produce, and interact with knowledge. Even though the scientific enterprise pioneered the development of artificial intelligence knowledge, it is in daily life that artificial intelligence is changing how we deal with knowledge. The reason for that is the rise of platforms as a contemporary digital environment where knowledge and cultural items have specific ways of being produced and interacted. Artificial Intelligence is completely embedded in daily life practices, such as navigating across the cities, recalling a memory, writing an email (and even a narrative), knowing and socializing with others, listening to music, searching for information, or creating a piece of art, either a music or a picture. Each AI engenders different impacts on how humans relate to knowledge daily. Artificial intelligence can produce representations analogous to human ones without even understanding our thoughts, feelings, and expectations. This fact draws a boundary on our mutual interactions with these technologies and certainly puts the brakes on what we can expect from them. In this paper, we draw on the impacts and changes artificial intelligence brought to knowledge production and comprehension in daily life.}, booktitle = {The {Palgrave} {Handbook} of {Everyday} {Digital} {Life}}, publisher = {Springer Link}, author = {Domingos Cordeiro, Veridiana and Cozman, Fabio}, editor = {Dunn, Hopeton S and Ragnedda, Massimo and Ruiu, Maria Laura and Robinson, Laura}, month = feb, year = {2024}, doi = {10.1007/978-3-031-30438-5}, keywords = {Global South, /unread, First Draft Report Cited, Mixed}, pages = {23--35}, file = {Full Text PDF:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/V5P42JHT/Cozman and Domingos Cordeiro - 2024 - Chapter 2- Artificial Intelligence and everyday kn.pdf:application/pdf}, } @article{allenEvaluatingFakeNews2020, title = {Evaluating the fake news problem at the scale of the information ecosystem}, volume = {6}, url = {https://www.science.org/doi/full/10.1126/sciadv.aay3539}, doi = {10.1126/sciadv.aay3539}, abstract = {“Fake news,” broadly defined as false or misleading information masquerading as legitimate news, is frequently asserted to be pervasive online with serious consequences for democracy. Using a unique multimode dataset that comprises a nationally representative sample of mobile, desktop, and television consumption, we refute this conventional wisdom on three levels. First, news consumption of any sort is heavily outweighed by other forms of media consumption, comprising at most 14.2\% of Americans’ daily media diets. Second, to the extent that Americans do consume news, it is overwhelmingly from television, which accounts for roughly five times as much as news consumption as online. Third, fake news comprises only 0.15\% of Americans’ daily media diet. Our results suggest that the origins of public misinformedness and polarization are more likely to lie in the content of ordinary news or the avoidance of news altogether as they are in overt fakery.}, number = {14}, urldate = {2024-04-21}, journal = {Science Advances}, author = {Allen, Jennifer and Howland, Baird and Mobius, Markus and Rothschild, David and Watts, Duncan J.}, month = apr, year = {2020}, note = {Publisher: American Association for the Advancement of Science}, keywords = {/unread, First Draft Report Cited, Global North, Quant}, pages = {1--6}, file = {Full Text PDF:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/PCDF4UZA/Allen et al. - 2020 - Evaluating the fake news problem at the scale of t.pdf:application/pdf}, } @article{comptonInoculationTheoryPublic2021, title = {Inoculation theory and public relations}, volume = {47}, issn = {0363-8111}, url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0363811121001090}, doi = {10.1016/j.pubrev.2021.102116}, abstract = {Inoculation theory explains how an existing state (an attitude, a belief, a position) can be made more resistant to future influence, in much the same way a medical inoculation can make an existing state (a healthy body) more resistant to future viral influence: through pre-exposure to weakened forms of challenges. The theory has established efficacy as an effective messaging strategy in a number of contexts, including politics and health. Another area that has received attention in inoculation theory scholarship is public relations. A comprehensive review of this work, however, is long overdue. We outline existing work in inoculation theory and public relations, and then show how inoculation theory and public relations research can bring new applications and theoretical development to the public relations areas of (1) issues management; (2) crisis and risk communication; and (3) character assassination.}, number = {5}, urldate = {2024-04-20}, journal = {Public Relations Review}, author = {Compton, Josh and Wigley, Shelley and Samoilenko, Sergei A.}, month = dec, year = {2021}, keywords = {Persuasion, /unread, Review, First Draft Report Cited, Character assassination, Crisis communication, Inoculation theory, Issues management, Reputation management, Resistance to influence, Risk communication}, pages = {1--6}, file = {Compton et al. - 2021 - Inoculation theory and public relations.pdf:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/YIIKDUQZ/Compton et al. - 2021 - Inoculation theory and public relations.pdf:application/pdf;ScienceDirect Snapshot:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/ZUIZNUU9/S0363811121001090.html:text/html}, } @article{durachTacklingDisinformationEU2020, title = {Tackling {Disinformation}: {EU} {Regulation} of the {Digital} {Space}}, volume = {20}, shorttitle = {Tackling {Disinformation}}, url = {https://papers.ssrn.com/abstract=3650780}, abstract = {This paper provides an overview of current responses to fake news and digital disinformation inside and outside the EU, and assesses the advantages and disadvantages of each solution. Four approaches emerge: (1) self-regulation (i.e. actions undertaken on a voluntary basis by the digital platforms); (2) co-regulation (i.e. cooperation framework between EU-level and national-level authorities, the internet platform companies, media organizations, researchers, and other stakeholders); (3) direct regulation (i.e. legal measures \& sanctions); and (4) audience-centered solutions (i.e. fact-checking and media literacy). We argue in favor of the co-regulation approach, while drawing attention to some current challenges in the response against disinformation. Furthermore, we need to go beyond the understanding of disinformation as an information/ truth fraud, and draw additional measures to reflect the particular understanding of disinformation as a form of users’ engagement fraud.}, language = {en}, number = {1}, urldate = {2024-04-20}, journal = {Romanian Journal of European Affairs}, author = {Durach, Flavia and Bârgăoanu, Alina and Nastasiu, Cătălina}, year = {2020}, keywords = {fake news, online disinformation, /unread, First Draft Report Cited, Global North, Qual, regulation of disinformation}, pages = {5--20}, file = {Full Text PDF:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/8XHMGWGR/Durach et al. - 2020 - Tackling Disinformation EU Regulation of the Digi.pdf:application/pdf}, } @techreport{cunliffe-jonesBadLawLegal2021, title = {Bad {Law} - {Legal} and {Regulatory} {Responses} to {Misinformation} in {Sub}-{Saharan} {Africa} 2016-2020: {Part} 2}, institution = {University of Westminster Press}, author = {Cunliffe-Jones, Peter and Diagne, Assane and Finlay, A and Schiffrin, Anya}, year = {2021}, keywords = {Global South, /unread, Report, First Draft Report Cited}, file = {Cunliffe-Jones et al. - 2021 - Bad Law - Legal and Regulatory Responses to Misinf.pdf:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/NN7WBFE8/Cunliffe-Jones et al. - 2021 - Bad Law - Legal and Regulatory Responses to Misinf.pdf:application/pdf}, } @techreport{cookeSyntheticMediaElection2023, title = {Synthetic {Media} and {Election} {Integrity}: {Defending} our {Democracies}}, url = {https://cetas.turing.ac.uk/publications/synthetic-media-and-election-integrity-defending-our-democracies}, urldate = {2023-12-13}, institution = {Alan Turing Institute, Centre for Emerging Technology and Security (CETaS)}, author = {Cooke, Di}, year = {2023}, keywords = {/unread, Global, Review, First Draft Report Cited}, file = {Cooke - 2023 - Synthetic Media and Election Integrity Defending .pdf:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/FQLQY4K6/Cooke - 2023 - Synthetic Media and Election Integrity Defending .pdf:application/pdf;Synthetic Media and Election Integrity\: Defending our Democracies | Centre for Emerging Technology and Security:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/EJ5QCWDA/synthetic-media-and-election-integrity-defending-our-democracies.html:text/html}, } @techreport{bonfantiWeaponisationSyntheticMedia2020, title = {The weaponisation of synthetic media: what threat does this pose to national security?}, shorttitle = {The weaponisation of synthetic media}, url = {https://www.realinstitutoelcano.org/en/analyses/the-weaponisation-of-synthetic-media-what-threat-does-this-pose-to-national-security/}, abstract = {The weaponisation of hyper-realistic synthetic video, audio, images, or texts –generally known as of synthetic media– may affect national security.}, language = {en-US}, urldate = {2023-12-13}, institution = {Prepared by Center for Security Studies (CSS) at ETH Center for Security Studies Zurich for Real Instituto Elcano}, author = {Bonfanti, Matteo E}, month = jul, year = {2020}, keywords = {/unread, Review, First Draft Report Cited, Global North}, file = {Bonfanti - 2020 - The weaponisation of synthetic media what threat .pdf:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/7IF6TVLT/Bonfanti - 2020 - The weaponisation of synthetic media what threat .pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/6XRQ2JGX/the-weaponisation-of-synthetic-media-what-threat-does-this-pose-to-national-security.html:text/html}, } @article{dasOnlineDisinformationRunIndian2021, title = {Online disinformation in the run-up to the {Indian} 2019 election}, volume = {24}, issn = {1369-118X, 1468-4462}, url = {https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/1369118X.2020.1736123}, doi = {10.1080/1369118X.2020.1736123}, abstract = {This essay examines the role of disinformation in the Indian general election of 2019. The findings are presented against the background of previous work on the role of digital media in Indian politics. The essay uses 25 in-depth interviews among ordinary Indians to probe their level of awareness about so-called ‘fake news’. It also examines their behavior in seeking news and sharing political information and their views about the digital campaign strategies of leaders and parties. The interviewees were concerned about the increasing role of religious extremism online. Yet they were also strongly aware of the role of disinformation campaigns and had strategies for working around being misled by information shared on social media. The essay concludes by assessing how disinformation and online extremism are likely to have affected the 2019 election, and makes comparisons with Modi’s election in 2014 and with other leaders.}, language = {en}, number = {12}, urldate = {2023-12-14}, journal = {Information, Communication \& Society}, author = {Das, Anupam and Schroeder, Ralph}, month = sep, year = {2021}, keywords = {Global South, /unread, BRICS, First Draft Report Cited, Qual}, pages = {1762--1778}, file = {Das e Schroeder - 2021 - Online disinformation in the run-up to the Indian .pdf:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/5SQ9AKQV/Das e Schroeder - 2021 - Online disinformation in the run-up to the Indian .pdf:application/pdf}, } @article{bakirFakeNewsEconomy2018, title = {Fake {News} and {The} {Economy} of {Emotions}}, volume = {6}, issn = {2167-0811}, url = {https://doi.org/10.1080/21670811.2017.1345645}, doi = {10.1080/21670811.2017.1345645}, abstract = {This paper examines the 2016 US presidential election campaign to identify problems with, causes of and solutions to the contemporary fake news phenomenon. To achieve this, we employ textual analysis and feedback from engagement, meetings and panels with technologists, journalists, editors, non-profits, public relations firms, analytics firms and academics during the globally leading technology conference, South-by-South West, in March 2017. We further argue that what is most significant about the contemporary fake news furore is what it portends: the use of personally and emotionally targeted news produced by algo-journalism and what we term “empathic media”. In assessing solutions to this democratically problematic situation, we recommend that greater attention is paid to the role of digital advertising in causing, and combating, both the contemporary fake news phenomenon, and the near-horizon variant of empathically optimised automated fake news.}, number = {2}, urldate = {2023-12-13}, journal = {Digital Journalism}, author = {Bakir, Vian and McStay, Andrew}, month = feb, year = {2018}, note = {Publisher: Routledge \_eprint: https://doi.org/10.1080/21670811.2017.1345645}, keywords = {Facebook, fake news, emotion, /unread, First Draft Report Cited, Global North, Qual, digital advertising, empathic media, Trump election}, pages = {154--175}, file = {Full Text PDF:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/WBHFQ93L/Bakir and McStay - 2018 - Fake News and The Economy of Emotions.pdf:application/pdf}, } @article{chasiDecolonialJournalismNew2022, title = {Decolonial {Journalism}: {New} {Notes} on {Ubuntu} and the {Public} {Interest}}, volume = {23}, issn = {1461-670X}, shorttitle = {Decolonial {Journalism}}, url = {https://doi.org/10.1080/1461670X.2022.2083006}, doi = {10.1080/1461670X.2022.2083006}, abstract = {In this article, we make the case for public interest journalism that advances decolonial societies through the application of the quintessential African moral philosophy of ubuntu. In doing so, we discuss how ubuntu combats colonialism and apartheid to enable individuals to become the most that they can be. In this regard, we see decolonial journalism advancing freedom of expression under conditions that enable truth in the public good to emerge, thus challenging the widely purveyed view that freedom of expression or dissent is alien to the African cultural fabric. Indeed, while holding that decolonial journalism is part of the co-creation of communicative spheres that are marked by freedom, justice and dignity, we acknowledge that a decolonial African journalism is capacious enough to express contending perspectives and to serve goals that empower individuals and communities with truths that enable them to meet their needs in ever-changing circumstances.}, number = {13}, urldate = {2023-12-25}, journal = {Journalism Studies}, author = {Chasi, Colin and Rodny-Gumede, Ylva}, month = oct, year = {2022}, note = {Publisher: Routledge \_eprint: https://doi.org/10.1080/1461670X.2022.2083006}, keywords = {colonialism, freedom of expression, Journalism, Global South, /unread, Review, First Draft Report Cited, OID Media, USED, apartheid, decolonization, public good, public interest, ubuntu}, pages = {1625--1637}, file = {Chasi and Rodny-Gumede - 2022 - Decolonial Journalism New Notes on Ubuntu and the.pdf:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/GXS4HH22/Chasi and Rodny-Gumede - 2022 - Decolonial Journalism New Notes on Ubuntu and the.pdf:application/pdf}, } @article{chanGovernmentDigitalRepression2022, title = {Government {Digital} {Repression} and {Political} {Engagement}: {A} {Cross}-{National} {Multilevel} {Analysis} {Examining} the {Roles} of {Online} {Surveillance} and {Censorship}}, volume = {Online First}, issn = {1940-1612}, shorttitle = {Government {Digital} {Repression} and {Political} {Engagement}}, url = {https://doi.org/10.1177/19401612221117106}, doi = {10.1177/19401612221117106}, abstract = {Much research has shown that online news engenders greater political participation, but less attention has been paid to how the relationship can be suppressed by government online surveillance and censorship, especially as Internet freedoms continue to decline in many parts of the world. Drawing from 2017–20 World Value Survey and Varieties of Democracy project data, we conducted multilevel analyses across forty-four countries from seven continents that have different political and media systems. Results showed that online news and online surveillance were positively related to political engagement while online censorship was negatively related. Cross-level interactions also showed some support for the informational theory of repression, whereby the relationships among online news, surveillance, and engagement were conditioned at different levels of online censorship. The results suggest that while country-level online surveillance and censorship is highly correlated, varying levels can engender or suppress political engagement in different ways, which have implications for future studies on the dynamics of government digital repression and citizen participation in politics from a global comparative perspective.}, language = {en}, urldate = {2023-12-23}, journal = {The International Journal of Press/Politics}, author = {Chan, Michael and Yi, Jingjing and Kuznetsov, Dmitry}, month = aug, year = {2022}, note = {Publisher: SAGE Publications Inc}, keywords = {/unread, Global, First Draft Report Cited, OID Media, USED, Quant}, pages = {1--23}, file = {Chan et al. - 2022 - Government Digital Repression and Political Engage.pdf:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/RQ56JAAU/Chan et al. - 2022 - Government Digital Repression and Political Engage.pdf:application/pdf}, } @techreport{beckettGeneratingChangeGlobal2023, title = {Generating {Change}: {A} global survey of what news organisations are doing with {AI}}, url = {https://static1.squarespace.com/static/64d60527c01ae7106f2646e9/t/656e400a1c23e22da0681e46/1701724190867/Generating+Change+_+The+Journalism+AI+report+_+English.pdf}, institution = {LSE, POLIS and Google News Initiative}, author = {Beckett, Charlie and Yaseen, Mira}, year = {2023}, keywords = {/unread, Global, First Draft Report Cited, OID Media, USED, Mixed}, file = {Beckett and Yaseen - 2023 - Generating Change A global survey of what news or.pdf:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/RUNYX7NS/Beckett and Yaseen - 2023 - Generating Change A global survey of what news or.pdf:application/pdf}, } @article{chiumbuExploringDataJournalism2023, title = {Exploring data journalism practices in {Africa}: data politics, media ecosystems and newsroom infrastructures}, volume = {45}, issn = {0163-4437}, shorttitle = {Exploring data journalism practices in {Africa}}, url = {https://doi.org/10.1177/01634437231155341}, doi = {10.1177/01634437231155341}, abstract = {Extant research on data journalism in Africa has focused on newsroom factors and the predilections of individual journalists as determinants of the uptake of data journalism on the continent. This article diverts from this literature by examining the slow uptake of data journalism in sub- Saharan Africa through the prisms of non-newsroom factors. Drawing on in-depth interviews with prominent investigative journalists sampled from several African countries, we argue that to understand the slow uptake of data journalism on the continent; there is a need to critique the role of data politics, which encompasses state, market and existing media ecosystems across the continent. Therefore, it is necessary to move beyond newsroom-centric factors that have dominated the contemporary understanding of data journalism practices. A broader, non-newsroom conceptualisation beyond individual journalistic predilections and newsroom resources provides productive clarity on data journalism’s slow uptake on the continent. These arguments are made through the conceptual prisms of materiality, performativity and reflexivity.}, language = {en}, number = {4}, urldate = {2023-12-23}, journal = {Media, Culture \& Society}, author = {Chiumbu, Sarah and Munoriyarwa, Allen}, month = may, year = {2023}, note = {Publisher: SAGE Publications Ltd}, keywords = {Global South, /unread, First Draft Report Cited, OID Media, Qual, USED}, pages = {841--858}, file = {Chiumbu and Munoriyarwa - 2023 - Exploring data journalism practices in Africa dat.pdf:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/DQT6WWGN/Chiumbu and Munoriyarwa - 2023 - Exploring data journalism practices in Africa dat.pdf:application/pdf}, } @article{carsonBigChillHow2023, title = {The {Big} {Chill}? {How} {Journalists} and {Sources} {Perceive} and {Respond} to {Fake} {News} {Laws} in {Indonesia} and {Singapore}}, volume = {24}, issn = {1461-670X}, shorttitle = {The {Big} {Chill}?}, url = {https://doi.org/10.1080/1461670X.2023.2192299}, doi = {10.1080/1461670X.2023.2192299}, abstract = {Media freedom has deteriorated across the world over the past 15 years with populist leaders attacking journalism in both democratic and repressive states. Since the rise of online misinformation and disinformation, concern is growing that governments are using fake news language and related laws to muzzle the press. Studies find labelling reporters and their stories as fake news can threaten journalistic norms and practices and have implications for trust relationships with sources and audiences. Less understood is the effects of fake news laws on journalism. This article addresses this gap and examines consequences for journalistic practices in Singapore and Indonesia when journalists and sources are targets of fake news laws. Through 20 in-depth expert interviews with journalists, editors, their sources and fake news experts in Indonesia and Singapore, the article identifies “chill effects” on reporting when faced with the threat of new legal sanctions. However, it also identifies adaptations to newsroom practices to manage this threat. We conclude with lessons learned from the Asia Pacific on how journalists in other jurisdictions might manage the potential chilling effects on news reporting when fake news laws are in place.}, number = {14}, urldate = {2023-12-23}, journal = {Journalism Studies}, author = {Carson, Andrea and Gibbons, Andrew}, month = oct, year = {2023}, note = {Publisher: Routledge \_eprint: https://doi.org/10.1080/1461670X.2023.2192299}, keywords = {misinformation, censorship, disinformation, journalism, Singapore, Global South, /unread, First Draft Report Cited, OID Media, Qual, USED, Indonesia, chill effects, Fake news laws}, pages = {1819--1838}, file = {Carson and Gibbons - 2023 - The Big Chill How Journalists and Sources Perceiv.pdf:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/FAXVTAF6/Carson and Gibbons - 2023 - The Big Chill How Journalists and Sources Perceiv.pdf:application/pdf;Carson et al. - 2022 - Does Third-Party Fact-Checking Increase Trust in N.pdf:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/BC9URLGI/Carson et al. - 2022 - Does Third-Party Fact-Checking Increase Trust in N.pdf:application/pdf}, } @techreport{bayerFightDisinformationRight2021, title = {The fight against disinformation and the right to freedom of expression}, url = {https://www.europarl.europa.eu/RegData/etudes/STUD/2021/695445/IPOL_STU(2021)695445_EN.pdf}, abstract = {This study for the European Parliament LIBE Committee (citation 2) discusses the roles and responsibilities of different actors - states, citizens and platforms - for the proliferation of mis- and disinformation in the current communication environment. It makes key recommendations for remedial action to mitigate the harmful effects of these phenomena whilst respecting the right to freedom of expression. The envisaged regulatory measures seek to address the advertisement-based, attention- and data-driven ecosystem, and to circumscribe the role of platforms as content moderators by embedding it within a human rights compliant framework.}, institution = {Report for European Parliament's Committee on Civil Liberties, Justice and Home Affairs, by universities of Münster, Sheffield, Leuphana, and Ecorys, Poland}, author = {Bayer, Judit and Katsirea, Irini and Batura, Olga and Holznagel, Bernd and Hartmann, Sarah and Lubianiec, Katarzyna}, year = {2021}, keywords = {/unread, First Draft Report Cited, Global North, USED, OID Mis/Disinfo, Mixed, OID Data Gov, OID EXTERNAL CONTRIBUTOR}, file = {Bayer et al. - 2021 - The fight against disinformation and the right to .pdf:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/IMGIFPPS/Bayer et al. - 2021 - The fight against disinformation and the right to .pdf:application/pdf}, } @article{anannyWhatPlatformPress2023, title = {What a “{Platform} {Press}” {View} {Has} to {Offer}}, volume = {11}, issn = {2167-0811}, url = {https://doi.org/10.1080/21670811.2023.2257768}, doi = {10.1080/21670811.2023.2257768}, abstract = {To understand how journalism is made and what news is, it is helpful to center “the press” as an object of analysis and concern, a way to see the conditions under which news is made and made meaningful. For several years, many scholars and practitioners have focused on “the platform press” as a new way of understanding how journalism is made and what news is. In this essay I argue that that this “platform press” view enables three vital, generative ways to see the press: as platform labor, as a chance for normative honesty, and as an opportunity to take a long view of journalism and news.}, number = {8}, urldate = {2023-12-25}, journal = {Digital Journalism}, author = {Ananny, Mike}, month = sep, year = {2023}, note = {Publisher: Routledge \_eprint: https://doi.org/10.1080/21670811.2023.2257768}, keywords = {Platforms, /unread, Review, First Draft Report Cited, OID Media, USED, journalism labor, news ontologies, normative theory, press}, pages = {1568--1575}, file = {Ananny - 2023 - What a “Platform Press” View Has to Offer.pdf:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/AF4H2WXX/Ananny - 2023 - What a “Platform Press” View Has to Offer.pdf:application/pdf}, } @article{calicePolarizedPlatformsHow2023, title = {Polarized platforms? {How} partisanship shapes perceptions of “algorithmic news bias”}, volume = {25}, issn = {1461-4448}, shorttitle = {Polarized platforms?}, url = {https://doi.org/10.1177/14614448211034159}, doi = {10.1177/14614448211034159}, abstract = {The use of artificial intelligence-based algorithms for the curation of news content by social media platforms like Facebook and Twitter has upended the gatekeeping role long held by traditional news outlets. This has caused some US policymakers to argue that platforms are skewing news diets against them, and such claims are beginning to take hold among some voters. In a nationally representative survey experiment, we explore whether traditional models of media bias perceptions extend to beliefs about algorithmic news bias. We find that partisan cues effectively shape individuals’ attitudes about algorithmic news bias but have asymmetrical effects. Specifically, whereas in-group directional partisan cues stimulate bias perceptions for members of both parties, Democrats, but not Republicans, also respond to out-group cues. We conclude with a discussion about the implications for the formation of attitudes about new technologies and the potential for polarization.}, language = {en}, number = {11}, urldate = {2023-12-23}, journal = {New Media \& Society}, author = {Calice, Mikhaila N. and Bao, Luye and Freiling, Isabelle and Howell, Emily and Xenos, Michael A. and Yang, Shiyu and Brossard, Dominique and Newman, Todd P. and Scheufele, Dietram A.}, month = nov, year = {2023}, note = {Publisher: SAGE Publications}, keywords = {/unread, First Draft Report Cited, Global North, OID Media, USED, Quant}, pages = {2833--2854}, file = {Calice et al. - 2023 - Polarized platforms How partisanship shapes perce.pdf:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/663UFSW7/Calice et al. - 2023 - Polarized platforms How partisanship shapes perce.pdf:application/pdf}, } @book{casatiControColonialismoDigitale2013, title = {Contro {Il} {Colonialismo} {Digitale} [{Against} {Digital} {Colonialism}}, url = {https://www.amazon.co.uk/colonialismo-digitale-Istruzioni-continuare-leggere/dp/8858115600}, publisher = {Laterza}, author = {Casati, Roberto}, year = {2013}, keywords = {Global South, /unread, Review, First Draft Report Cited, USED, OID Data Gov}, } @article{chonkaAlgorithmicPowerAfrican2023, title = {Algorithmic power and {African} indigenous languages: search engine autocomplete and the global multilingual {Internet}}, volume = {45}, issn = {0163-4437}, shorttitle = {Algorithmic power and {African} indigenous languages}, url = {https://doi.org/10.1177/01634437221104705}, doi = {10.1177/01634437221104705}, abstract = {Predictive language technologies – such as Google Search’s Autocomplete – constitute forms of algorithmic power that reflect and compound global power imbalances between Western technology companies and multilingual Internet users in the global South. Increasing attention is being paid to predictive language technologies and their impacts on individual users and public discourse. However, there is a lack of scholarship on how such technologies interact with African languages. Addressing this gap, the article presents data from experimentation with autocomplete predictions/suggestions for gendered or politicised keywords in Amharic, Kiswahili and Somali. It demonstrates that autocomplete functions for these languages and how users may be exposed to harmful content due to an apparent lack of filtering of problematic ‘predictions’. Drawing on debates on algorithmic power and digital colonialism, the article demonstrates that global power imbalances manifest here not through a lack of online African indigenous language content, but rather in regard to the moderation of content across diverse cultural and linguistic contexts. This raises dilemmas for actors invested in the multilingual Internet between risks of digital surveillance and effective platform oversight, which could prevent algorithmic harms to users engaging with platforms in a myriad of languages and diverse socio-cultural and political environments.}, language = {en}, number = {2}, urldate = {2023-12-23}, journal = {Media, Culture \& Society}, author = {Chonka, Peter and Diepeveen, Stephanie and Haile, Yidnekachew}, month = mar, year = {2023}, note = {Publisher: SAGE Publications Ltd}, keywords = {Global South, /unread, First Draft Report Cited, Qual, USED, OID AI}, pages = {246--265}, file = {Chonka et al. - 2023 - Algorithmic power and African indigenous languages.pdf:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/MNKMTPR5/Chonka et al. - 2023 - Algorithmic power and African indigenous languages.pdf:application/pdf}, } @inproceedings{duganRealFakeText2023, title = {Real or {Fake} {Text}?: {Investigating} {Human} {Ability} to {Detect} {Boundaries} between {Human}-{Written} and {Machine}-{Generated} {Text}}, volume = {37}, copyright = {Copyright (c) 2023 Association for the Advancement of Artificial Intelligence}, shorttitle = {Real or {Fake} {Text}?}, url = {https://ojs.aaai.org/index.php/AAAI/article/view/26501}, doi = {10.1609/aaai.v37i11.26501}, abstract = {As text generated by large language models proliferates, it becomes vital to understand how humans engage with such text, and whether or not they are able to detect when the text they are reading did not originate with a human writer. Prior work on human detection of generated text focuses on the case where an entire passage is either human-written or machine-generated. In this paper, we study a more realistic setting where text begins as human-written and transitions to being generated by state-of-the-art neural language models. We show that, while annotators often struggle at this task, there is substantial variance in annotator skill and that given proper incentives, annotators can improve at this task over time. Furthermore, we conduct a detailed comparison study and analyze how a variety of variables (model size, decoding strategy, fine-tuning, prompt genre, etc.) affect human detection performance. Finally, we collect error annotations from our participants and use them to show that certain textual genres influence models to make different types of errors and that certain sentence-level features correlate highly with annotator selection. We release the RoFT dataset: a collection of over 21,000 human annotations paired with error classifications to encourage future work in human detection and evaluation of generated text.}, language = {en}, urldate = {2023-12-23}, booktitle = {Proceedings of the {AAAI} {Conference} on {Artificial} {Intelligence}}, author = {Dugan, Liam and Ippolito, Daphne and Kirubarajan, Arun and Shi, Sherry and Callison-Burch, Chris}, month = jun, year = {2023}, note = {Number: 11}, keywords = {/unread, First Draft Report Cited, USED, Quant, OID AI, Fairness, SNLP: Bias, Transparency \& Privacy}, pages = {12763--12771}, file = {Dugan et al. - 2023 - Real or Fake Text Investigating Human Ability to.pdf:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/NLRM3ZFQ/Dugan et al. - 2023 - Real or Fake Text Investigating Human Ability to.pdf:application/pdf}, } @inproceedings{dierickxAINewsroomData2023, address = {Sevilla}, title = {{AI} in the newsroom: {A} data quality assessment framework for employing machine learning in journalistic workflows}, shorttitle = {{AI} in the newsroom}, url = {https://www.researchgate.net/publication/374233511_AI_in_the_newsroom_A_data_quality_assessment_framework_for_employing_machine_learning_in_journalistic_workflows}, doi = {10.4995/CARMA2023.2023.16440}, abstract = {AI-driven journalism refers to various methods and tools for gathering, verifying, producing, and distributing news information. Their potential is to extend human capabilities and create new forms of augmented journalism. Although scholars agreed on the necessity to embed journalistic values in these systems to make AI-driven systems accountable, less attention was paid to data quality, while the results' accuracy and efficiency depend on high-quality data. However, defining data quality remains complex as it is a multidimensional and highly domain-dependent concept. Assessing data quality in AI-driven journalism requires a broader and interdisciplinary approach, considering journalists as end-users. It means meeting the challenges of data quality in machine learning and the ethical challenges of using machine learning in journalism. These considerations ground a conceptual data quality assessment framework that aims to support the collection and pre-processing stages in machine learning. It aims to strengthen data literacy in journalism by emphasizing limitations and possible biases related to data and making a bridge between journalism studies and scientific disciplines that should be viewed through the lenses of their complementarity.}, author = {Dierickx, Laurence and Linden, Carl-Gustav and Opdahl, Andreas and Khan, Sohail Ahmed and Rojas, Diana}, month = sep, year = {2023}, note = {EXTERNAL CONTRIBUTOR}, keywords = {/unread, Review, First Draft Report Cited, USED, OID AI, OID EXTERNAL CONTRIBUTOR}, file = {Dierickx et al. - 2023 - AI in the newsroom A data quality assessment fram.pdf:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/DGYW66IJ/Dierickx et al. - 2023 - AI in the newsroom A data quality assessment fram.pdf:application/pdf}, } @book{buolamwiniUnmaskingAIMy2023, address = {New York}, title = {Unmasking {AI}: {My} {Mission} to {Protect} {What} {Is} {Human} in a {World} of {Machines}}, isbn = {978-0-593-24183-7}, shorttitle = {Unmasking {AI}}, abstract = {NATIONAL BESTSELLER - "The conscience of the AI revolution" (Fortune) explains how we've arrived at an era of AI harms and oppression, and what we can do to avoid its pitfalls. "Dr. Joy Buolamwini has been an essential figure in bringing irresponsible, profit-hungry tech giants to their knees. If you're going to read only one book about AI, this should be it."--Darren Walker, president of the Ford Foundation Winner of the Inc. Non-Obvious Book AwardTo most of us, it seems like recent developments in artificial intelligence emerged out of nowhere to pose unprecedented threats to humankind. But to Dr. Joy Buolamwini, who has been at the forefront of AI research, this moment has been a long time in the making. After tinkering with robotics as a high school student in Memphis and then developing mobile apps in Zambia as a Fulbright fellow, Buolamwini followed her lifelong passion for computer science, engineering, and art to MIT in 2015. As a graduate student at the "Future Factory," she did groundbreaking research that exposed widespread racial and gender bias in AI services from tech giants across the world. Unmasking AI goes beyond the headlines about existential risks produced by Big Tech. It is the remarkable story of how Buolamwini uncovered what she calls "the coded gaze"--the evidence of encoded discrimination and exclusion in tech products--and how she galvanized the movement to prevent AI harms by founding the Algorithmic Justice League. Applying an intersectional lens to both the tech industry and the research sector, she shows how racism, sexism, colorism, and ableism can overlap and render broad swaths of humanity "excoded" and therefore vulnerable in a world rapidly adopting AI tools. Computers, she reminds us, are reflections of both the aspirations and the limitations of the people who create them. Encouraging experts and non-experts alike to join this fight, Buolamwini writes, "The rising frontier for civil rights will require algorithmic justice. AI should be for the people and by the people, not just the privileged few."}, language = {English}, publisher = {Random House}, author = {Buolamwini, Joy}, month = oct, year = {2023}, note = {AI Q5}, keywords = {/unread, Review, First Draft Report Cited, USED, OID AI}, } @inproceedings{dierickxInformationDisorderLevel2023, address = {Berlin, Heidelberg}, title = {The {Information} {Disorder} {Level} ({IDL}) {Index}: {A} {Human}-{Based} {Metric} to {Assess} the {Factuality} of {Machine}-{Generated} {Content}}, isbn = {978-3-031-47895-6}, shorttitle = {The {Information} {Disorder} {Level} ({IDL}) {Index}}, url = {https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-47896-3_5}, doi = {10.1007/978-3-031-47896-3_5}, abstract = {Large language models have enabled the rapid production of misleading or fake narratives, presenting a challenge for direct detection methods. Considering that generative artificial intelligence tools are likely to be used either to inform or to disinform, evaluating the (non)human nature of machine-generated content is questioned, especially regarding the ‘hallucination’ phenomenon, which relates to generated content that does not correspond to real-world input. In this study, we argue that assessing machine-generated content is most reliable when done by humans because doing so involves critical consideration of the meaning of the information and its informative, misinformative or disinformative value, which is related to the accuracy and reliability of the news. To explore human-based judgement methods, we developed the Information Disorder Level (IDL) index, a language-independent metric to evaluate the factuality of machine-generated content. It has been tested on a corpus of forty made-up and actual news stories generated with ChatGPT. For newsrooms using generative AI, results suggest that every piece of machine-generated content should be vetted and post-edited by humans before being published. From a digital media literacy perspective, the IDL index is a valuable tool to understand the limits of generative AI and trigger a reflection on what constitutes the factuality of a reported event.}, urldate = {2023-12-26}, booktitle = {Disinformation in {Open} {Online} {Media}: 5th {Multidisciplinary} {International} {Symposium}, {MISDOOM} 2023, {Amsterdam}, {The} {Netherlands}, {November} 21–22, 2023, {Proceedings}}, publisher = {Springer-Verlag}, author = {Dierickx, Laurence and Lindén, Carl-Gustav and Opdahl, Andreas L.}, month = nov, year = {2023}, note = {EXTERNAL CONTRIBUTION DIERICKX}, keywords = {natural language processing, /unread, First Draft Report Cited, Global North, Qual, USED, Generative AI, OID AI, OID EXTERNAL CONTRIBUTOR, social science}, pages = {60--71}, file = {Dierickx et al. - 2023 - The Information Disorder Level (IDL) Index A Huma.pdf:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/DJ59LJHA/Dierickx et al. - 2023 - The Information Disorder Level (IDL) Index A Huma.pdf:application/pdf}, } @article{brightSocialMediaFatigue2022, title = {Social {Media} {Fatigue} and {Privacy}: {An} {Exploration} of {Antecedents} to {Consumers}’ {Concerns} regarding the {Security} of {Their} {Personal} {Information} on {Social} {Media} {Platforms}}, volume = {22}, issn = {null}, shorttitle = {Social {Media} {Fatigue} and {Privacy}}, url = {https://doi.org/10.1080/15252019.2022.2051097}, doi = {10.1080/15252019.2022.2051097}, abstract = {This study examined U.S. Facebook users’ privacy concerns and how those concerns, the Facebook users’ perceived abilities to protect their privacy on social media, their perceptions and intentions regarding social media advertising, and their prior experience with data breaches affected their likelihood of experiencing social media fatigue. While previous research has identified general privacy concerns as a contributing factor to social media fatigue, this study proposed that privacy concerns mediate the effect of the other, identified variables to predict social media fatigue, thus contributing to the existing literature by conceptually integrating privacy calculus theory (PCT) and privacy protection motivation theory (PPMT) into a model that demonstrates the pivotal role of privacy concerns as a predictor of social media fatigue. The results indicated that, regarding consumer engagement with social media advertising, the conceptualization of the privacy paradox should not be limited to an assessment of perceived risks and benefits; it should also include users’ self-assessments of their ability to manage their personal data.}, number = {2}, urldate = {2023-12-25}, journal = {Journal of Interactive Advertising}, author = {Bright, Laura F. and Logan, Kelty and Lim, Hayoung Sally}, month = may, year = {2022}, note = {Publisher: Routledge \_eprint: https://doi.org/10.1080/15252019.2022.2051097}, keywords = {social media, Facebook, privacy, trust, /unread, First Draft Report Cited, Global North, USED, Quant, OID Mis/Disinfo, Consumer behavior, privacy calculus theory, privacy protection motivation theory, social media fatigue}, pages = {125--140}, file = {Bright et al. - 2022 - Social Media Fatigue and Privacy An Exploration o.pdf:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/FTR4R4EF/Bright et al. - 2022 - Social Media Fatigue and Privacy An Exploration o.pdf:application/pdf}, } @article{carsonFakeNewsDemocracy2022, title = {Fake news and democracy: definitions, impact and response}, volume = {57}, issn = {1036-1146}, shorttitle = {Fake news and democracy}, url = {https://doi.org/10.1080/10361146.2022.2122778}, doi = {10.1080/10361146.2022.2122778}, abstract = {Nearly six years after the term ‘fake news’ rose to public prominence, concerns persist about its meaning, its impact and responses to it. Concerns include leaks by a Meta whistle-blower who alleged that the world’s most popular social media site, Facebook, was hardwired to spread online falsehoods; meanwhile numerous Commissions and reports have aired fears about fake news’ consequences for democratic health, both in Australia and globally. Australia has responded by adopting a self-regulatory Code of Conduct into misinformation and disinformation for digital platforms in 2021; while some neighbouring counties such as Singapore and Indonesia have introduced tough anti-fake news laws. This symposium of five articles aims to shed light on the latest global debates and findings about the relationship between fake news and democracy with a focus on how it is best defined, its impacts on the public, and responses to it in Australia and the region.}, number = {3}, urldate = {2023-12-25}, journal = {Australian Journal of Political Science}, author = {Carson, Andrea and Wright, Scott}, month = jul, year = {2022}, note = {Publisher: Routledge \_eprint: https://doi.org/10.1080/10361146.2022.2122778}, keywords = {misinformation, Fake news, disinformation, regulation, conspiracy theories, /unread, Review, First Draft Report Cited, Global North, USED, OID Mis/Disinfo}, pages = {221--230}, file = {Carson and Wright - 2022 - Fake news and democracy definitions, impact and r.pdf:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/SRHZ9RP9/Carson and Wright - 2022 - Fake news and democracy definitions, impact and r.pdf:application/pdf}, } @incollection{bennettBriefHistoryDisinformation2023, address = {Cham}, series = {Springer {Studies} in {Media} and {Political} {Communication}}, title = {A {Brief} {History} of the {Disinformation} {Age}: {Information} {Wars} and the {Decline} of {Institutional} {Authority}}, isbn = {978-3-031-45335-9}, shorttitle = {A {Brief} {History} of the {Disinformation} {Age}}, url = {https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-45335-9_4}, abstract = {Democracies around the world face rising levels of disinformation. The intentional spread of falsehoods and related attacks on the rights of minorities, press freedoms, and the rule of law all challenge the basic norms and values on which institutional legitimacy and political stability depend. The many varieties of disinformation include: politicians lying about their policies and political activities, attacks on the scientific evidence surrounding important issues such as climate change, the spread of “deep state,” “globalist” and various historically unsavory conspiracy theories, and the invention of stories to inflame existing social and political conflicts. The sources of these claims include elected politicians, movement leaders, social media influencers, foreign governments, and political information sites that often use familiar journalistic formats to package propaganda. Most of these efforts come from the radical right movements, parties and wealthy libertarian interests that oppose broad and inclusive democratic representation and the public interest protections of government. While this chapter focuses primarily on the United States, similar patterns can be found in many other democratic nations.}, language = {en}, urldate = {2023-12-23}, booktitle = {Streamlining {Political} {Communication} {Concepts}: {Updates}, {Changes}, {Normalcies}}, publisher = {Springer International Publishing}, author = {Bennett, W. Lance and Livingston, Steven}, editor = {Salgado, Susana and Papathanassopoulos, Stylianos}, year = {2023}, doi = {10.1007/978-3-031-45335-9_4}, keywords = {/unread, Review, First Draft Report Cited, USED, OID Mis/Disinfo}, pages = {43--73}, } @incollection{camaraAfricanYouthSocial2023, address = {Cham}, title = {The {African} {Youth} and {Social} {Media} at the {Crossroads} of {Information}, {Misinformation}, and {Disinformation}}, isbn = {978-3-031-27696-5}, url = {https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-27696-5_2}, abstract = {This chapter explores the mounting popularity of social media in Africa, particularly among the continent’s soaring youth population. It documents and analyzes the productive and counterproductive effects of social media usage in correlation with the so-called African youth bulge. The chapter presents pertinent perspectives of young African activists, entrepreneurs, and other social media influencers with a view to properly contextualize the information-misinformation-disinformation imbroglio that young Africans face daily while on Facebook, Twitter, WhatsApp, and similar platforms. The research centers on primary-source materials extracted from social media platforms, supplemented by others drawn from YouTube renderings of reputable mass media interviews, and analyzed in the light of authoritative scholarship by social media experts. The chapter brings to bear the concern over the suspected psychological weaponization of social media to control and manipulate vulnerable young minds and the potential long-term adverse effects of fake news and falsified information on the quest for enlightened citizenship, transformational leadership, and developmental governance in Africa.}, language = {en}, urldate = {2023-12-23}, booktitle = {Black {Communication} in the {Age} of {Disinformation}: {DeepFakes} and {Synthetic} {Media}}, publisher = {Springer International Publishing}, author = {Camara, Mohamed Saliou and Banu, Hyeladzirra and Abeck, Jean Claude}, editor = {Langmia, Kehbuma}, year = {2023}, doi = {10.1007/978-3-031-27696-5_2}, keywords = {Global South, /unread, First Draft Report Cited, Qual, USED, OID Mis/Disinfo}, pages = {15--50}, } @article{carmiDataCitizenshipData2023, title = {Data {Citizenship}: {Data} {Literacies} to {Challenge} {Power} {Imbalance} {Between} {Society} and “{Big} {Tech}”}, volume = {17}, copyright = {The International Journal of Communication is an academic journal. As such, it is dedicated to the open exchange of information. For this reason, IJoC is freely available to individuals and institutions. Copies of this journal or articles in this journal may be distributed for research or educational purposes free of charge and without permission. However, commercial use of the IJoC website or the articles contained herein is expressly prohibited without the written consent of the editor. Authors who publish in The International Journal of Communication will release their articles under the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial No Derivatives (by-nc-nd) license . This license allows anyone to copy and distribute the article for non-commercial purposes provided that appropriate attribution is given. For details of the rights authors grants users of their work, see the "human-readable summary" of the license , with a link to the full license. (Note that "you" refers to a user, not an author, in the summary.) This journal utilizes the LOCKSS system to create a distributed archiving system among participating libraries and permits those libraries to create permanent archives of the journal for purposes of preservation and restoration. The publisher perpetually authorizes participants in the LOCKSS system to archive and restore our publication through the LOCKSS System for the benefit of all LOCKSS System participants. Specifically participating libraries may: Collect and preserve currently accessible materials; Use material consistent with original license terms; Provide copies to other LOCKSS appliances for purposes of audit and repair.   Fair Use The U.S. Copyright Act of 1976 specifies, in Section 107, the terms of the Fair Use exception: Notwithstanding the provisions of sections 106 and 106A, the fair use of a copyrighted work, including such use by reproduction in copies or phonorecords or by any other means specified by that section, for purposes such as criticism, comment, news reporting, teaching (including multiple copies for classroom use), scholarship, or research, is not an infringement of copyright. In determining whether the use made of a work in any particular case is a fair use the factors to be considered shall include: the purpose and character of the use, including whether such use is of a commercial nature or is for nonprofit educational purposes; the nature of the copyrighted work; the amount and substantiality of the portion used in relation to the copyrighted work as a whole; \& the effect of the use upon the potential market for or value of the copyrighted work. The fact that a work is unpublished shall not itself bar a finding of fair use if such finding is made upon consideration of all the above factors. In accord with these provisions, the International Journal of Communication believes in the vigorous assertion and defense of Fair Use by scholars engaged in academic research, teaching and non-commercial publishing. Thus, we view the inclusion of “quotations” from existing print, visual, audio and audio-visual texts to be appropriate examples of Fair Use, as are reproductions of visual images for the purpose of scholarly analysis. We encourage authors to obtain appropriate permissions to use materials originally produced by others, but do not require such permissions as long as the usage of such materials falls within the boundaries of Fair Use. The International Journal of Communication encourages authors to employ fair use in their scholarly publishing wherever appropriate. Fair use is the right to use unlicensed copyrighted material (whether it is text, images, audio-visual, or other) in your own work, in some circumstances. We consult the Code of Best Practices in Fair Use for Scholarly Research in Communication , created by the International Communication Association and endorsed by the National Communication Association, and you should too. If you have any questions about whether fair use applies to your uses of copyrighted material (whether it is text, images, audio-visual, or other) in your scholarship, simply include your rationale, grounded in the Best Practices, as a supplementary document with your submission.}, issn = {1932-8036}, shorttitle = {Civic {Participation} in the {Datafied} {Society}{\textbar} {Data} {Citizenship}}, url = {https://ijoc.org/index.php/ijoc/article/view/18823}, abstract = {We argue here that data literacies and capabilities are an integral part of data justice. Based on focus group data collected as part of a 3-year empirical project research project, we find that citizens remain unaware of key aspects of the digital ecosystem, which exacerbate the power imbalance between big technology (data processors) companies and citizens (data subjects). Citizens feel concerned about the way it is operating, they do not feel confident enough to be able to address that. We find that “networks of literacy” among friends, colleagues, and trusted organizations are crucial for citizens’ capabilities. These networks influence citizens’ ability to convert their available means into capabilities to support civic engagement and their communities.}, language = {en}, number = {2023}, urldate = {2023-12-23}, journal = {International Journal of Communication}, author = {Carmi, Elinor and Yates, Simeon}, month = may, year = {2023}, note = {Number: 0}, keywords = {digital inequalities, /unread, First Draft Report Cited, Global North, USED, OID Mis/Disinfo, Mixed, citizens’ capabilities, citizens’ rights, data justice, data literacies}, pages = {3619--3637}, file = {Carmi and Yates - 2023 - Civic Participation in the Datafied Society Data .pdf:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/EULMGWB8/Carmi and Yates - 2023 - Civic Participation in the Datafied Society Data .pdf:application/pdf}, } @article{bhatiaProtestsInternetShutdowns2023, title = {Protests, {Internet} shutdowns, and disinformation in a transitioning state}, volume = {45}, issn = {0163-4437}, url = {https://doi.org/10.1177/01634437231155568}, doi = {10.1177/01634437231155568}, abstract = {Internet shutdowns authorized by the state are becoming a recurring case in countries under military or authoritarian rule, such as Sudan. This article examines how the military in Sudan shut down the Internet to cover up the June 3 massacre. The shutdown made it difficult for the protestors and civilians to share and document the human rights violations committed by the state from June 3 to July 9, 2019. We also demonstrate how the Internet shutdowns were instrumental in circulating state-sponsored disinformation campaigns delegitimizing the protests. The article expands on existing literature to explain how information vacuums are conducive to the spread of disinformation and the weakening of on-ground protest movements. Despite the crippling effects of the Internet shutdown in Khartoum, our analysis illustrates how protestors challenged designed technical and physical workarounds to circumvent the shutdown.}, language = {en}, number = {6}, urldate = {2023-12-23}, journal = {Media, Culture \& Society}, author = {Bhatia, Kiran Vinod and Elhussein, Mariam and Kreimer, Ben and Snapp, Trevor}, month = sep, year = {2023}, note = {Publisher: SAGE Publications Ltd}, keywords = {Global South, /unread, Review, First Draft Report Cited, USED, OID Mis/Disinfo}, pages = {1101--1118}, file = {Bhatia et al. - 2023 - Protests, Internet shutdowns, and disinformation i.pdf:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/DTYTU9B5/Bhatia et al. - 2023 - Protests, Internet shutdowns, and disinformation i.pdf:application/pdf}, } @article{carsonBrandsMatterUnderstanding2023, title = {Do {Brands} {Matter}? {Understanding} {Public} {Trust} in {Third}-{Party} {Factcheckers} of {Misinformation} and {Disinformation} on {Facebook}}, volume = {17}, issn = {1932-8036}, shorttitle = {Do {Brands} {Matter}?}, url = {https://ijoc.org/index.php/ijoc/article/view/21078}, abstract = {The spread of misinformation and disinformation is an urgent global problem threatening information quality. Third-party fact checking is widely used to mitigate its harmful effects. Yet, the relationship between fact checking and misinformation spread is understudied. This study addresses this gap and investigates public trust in fact checkers and engagement with debunked claims. Drawing on the theory of motivated reasoning, we use real-life disinformation about former Prime Minister Scott Morrison’s response to flood victims during the 2022 Australian election. We undertake a survey experiment (N = 8,235) and alter the fact-check source to measure public trust and subsequent engagement with disinformation. Overall, we find high trust in fact checking. However, we also find a third of participants will likely engage with disinformation despite trusting a fact check that explicitly states it is false. Our study lends support to motivated reasoning, finding a disconnect between trust in fact checkers and their capacity to limit disinformation spread.}, language = {en}, number = {2023}, urldate = {2023-12-23}, journal = {International Journal of Communication}, author = {Carson, Andrea and Gravelle, Timothy B. and Phillips, Justin B. and Meese, James and Ruppanner, Leah}, month = sep, year = {2023}, note = {Number: 0}, keywords = {misinformation, motivated reasoning, Facebook, disinformation, /unread, First Draft Report Cited, Global North, USED, Quant, OID Mis/Disinfo, third-party fact checking}, pages = {6051--6075}, file = {Carson et al. - 2023 - Do Brands Matter Understanding Public Trust in Th.pdf:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/LBBFPKCN/Carson et al. - 2023 - Do Brands Matter Understanding Public Trust in Th.pdf:application/pdf}, } @techreport{beckettNewPowersNew2019, title = {New powers, new responsibilities: {A} global survey of journalism and artificial intelligence}, url = {https://blogs.lse.ac.uk/polis/2019/11/18/new-powers-new-responsibilities/}, institution = {LSE, POLIS and Google News Initiative}, author = {Beckett, Charlie}, year = {2019}, keywords = {/unread, Global, First Draft Report Cited, OID Media, USED, Mixed}, file = {Beckett - 2019 - New powers, new responsibilities A global survey .pdf:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/XN2LZQAW/Beckett - 2019 - New powers, new responsibilities A global survey .pdf:application/pdf}, } @article{burgessDigitalJournalismSymptom2019, title = {Digital {Journalism} as {Symptom}, {Response}, and {Agent} of {Change} in the {Platformed} {Media} {Environment}}, volume = {7}, issn = {2167-0811}, url = {https://doi.org/10.1080/21670811.2018.1556313}, doi = {10.1080/21670811.2018.1556313}, abstract = {This article brings together perspectives from digital media studies and journalism scholarship to propose a working definition of digital journalism that can guide scholarship and applied research in this field. We define digital journalism as “those practices of newsgathering, reporting, textual production and ancillary communication that reflect, respond to, and shape the social, cultural and economic logics of the constantly changing digital media environment.” We elaborate and illustrate this definition through a discussion of the co-evolving relationship of journalism with the Internet and social media platforms since the 2000s and outline in detail how social news outlets such as BuzzFeed are paradigmatic examples of these dynamics and relationships. The article concludes by emphasizing the urgent need for both the study and practice of digital journalism in the public interest, especially in the context of an increasingly platformed and closed media system. We focus particularly on the methodological challenges and threat to public oversight that recent moves to platform enclosure and lockdown represent and provide some suggestions as to how these might be addressed.}, number = {3}, urldate = {2023-12-25}, journal = {Digital Journalism}, author = {Burgess, Jean and Hurcombe, Edward}, month = mar, year = {2019}, note = {Publisher: Routledge \_eprint: https://doi.org/10.1080/21670811.2018.1556313}, keywords = {Twitter, social media, Facebook, digital methods, platform governance, /unread, Review, First Draft Report Cited, OID Media, USED, BuzzFeed, Digital journalism, social news}, pages = {359--367}, file = {Burgess and Hurcombe - 2019 - Digital Journalism as Symptom, Response, and Agent.pdf:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/IWA6WY7E/Burgess and Hurcombe - 2019 - Digital Journalism as Symptom, Response, and Agent.pdf:application/pdf}, } @article{borelliSocialMediaCorporations2023, title = {Social media corporations as actors of counter-terrorism}, volume = {25}, issn = {1461-4448}, url = {https://doi.org/10.1177/14614448211035121}, doi = {10.1177/14614448211035121}, abstract = {This article discusses the role of giant social media corporations Facebook, Google (YouTube), and Twitter in counter-terrorism and countering violent extremisms (CT/CVEs). Based on a qualitative investigation mobilizing corporate communications as well as a collection of interviews with European stakeholders, it argues that these firms have become actors in this policy area of what is traditionally considered high politics, through their fundamental role in establishing and enforcing the nascent global governance regime on terrorist communications. Since the emergence of the self-proclaimed Islamic State of Iraq and Syria (ISIS), the studied firms have displayed agency and creativity in their appropriation of this new responsibility, effectively going beyond what was legally required of them. After contextualizing and questioning their involvement, motivated by terrorist exploitation of their services, reputational pressure and the threat of legislation, the article provides an analysis of the firms’ self-regulated commitment to CT/CVE through policymaking, content moderation, human resources, and private multilateralism.}, language = {en}, number = {11}, urldate = {2023-12-22}, journal = {New Media \& Society}, author = {Borelli, Marguerite}, month = nov, year = {2023}, note = {Publisher: SAGE Publications}, keywords = {/unread, Review, First Draft Report Cited, USED, OID Mis/Disinfo}, pages = {2877--2897}, file = {Borelli - 2023 - Social media corporations as actors of counter-ter.pdf:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/7G7MQH4K/Borelli - 2023 - Social media corporations as actors of counter-ter.pdf:application/pdf}, } @article{cunliffe-jonesHowGovernmentResponses2021, title = {How {Government} {Responses} to {Misinformation} in {Africa} {Restrict} {Freedom} of {Expression} and {Do} {Little} to {Tackle} the {Problem}}, volume = {42}, issn = {2374-3670}, url = {https://doi.org/10.1080/23743670.2021.1972532}, doi = {10.1080/23743670.2021.1972532}, number = {2}, urldate = {2023-12-25}, journal = {African Journalism Studies}, author = {Cunliffe-Jones, Peter}, month = apr, year = {2021}, note = {Publisher: Routledge \_eprint: https://doi.org/10.1080/23743670.2021.1972532}, keywords = {Systematic literature review, Global South, /unread, First Draft Report Cited, USED, OID Mis/Disinfo}, pages = {121--125}, file = {Cunliffe-Jones - 2021 - Commentary How Government Responses to Misinforma.pdf:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/UVKL2KSA/Cunliffe-Jones - 2021 - Commentary How Government Responses to Misinforma.pdf:application/pdf}, } @article{saurweinCombatingDisinformationSocial2020, title = {Combating {Disinformation} on {Social} {Media}: {Multilevel} {Governance} and {Distributed} {Accountability} in {Europe}}, volume = {8}, issn = {2167-0811}, shorttitle = {Combating {Disinformation} on {Social} {Media}}, url = {https://doi.org/10.1080/21670811.2020.1765401}, doi = {10.1080/21670811.2020.1765401}, abstract = {Online disinformation poses a challenge to democratic societies and has become a prominent issue on the research and political agenda. While many analyses focus on patterns of distribution and reach of disinformation, this article contributes to the analysis of strategies to counter disinformation. Employing a governance perspective, it provides a descriptive analysis of the emerging mix of governance responses in the European system of multilevel governance and on the continuum between market and state. Results of the analysis show that the proliferation of disinformation on social media has developed from a socio-technical mix of platform design, algorithms, human factors and political and commercial incentives. Actors and technologies involved provide a starting point for targets of governance within an accountability network. In practice, national governance responses are uneven across the EU, but individual countries pressing for stronger regulation of internet platforms and a weakening of liability protections. In addition, the European Commission has intensified its efforts to combat disinformation and put additional pressure on platforms to take action and provide some level of transparency. However, clarity about the effects of these measures is blurred by contradicting evidence and barriers for research to access platforms and relevant data.}, number = {6}, urldate = {2023-12-25}, journal = {Digital Journalism}, author = {Saurwein, Florian and Spencer-Smith, Charlotte}, month = jul, year = {2020}, note = {Publisher: Routledge \_eprint: https://doi.org/10.1080/21670811.2020.1765401}, keywords = {Disinformation, social media, governance, self-regulation, internet platforms, /unread, First Draft Report Cited, USED, OID Mis/Disinfo}, pages = {820--841}, file = {Saurwein and Spencer-Smith - 2020 - Combating Disinformation on Social Media Multilev.pdf:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/HBKUNUJW/Saurwein and Spencer-Smith - 2020 - Combating Disinformation on Social Media Multilev.pdf:application/pdf}, } @article{cipersGovernmentResponsesOnline2023, title = {Government responses to online disinformation unpacked}, volume = {12}, issn = {2197-6775}, url = {https://policyreview.info/articles/analysis/government-responses-to-online-disinformation-unpacked}, abstract = {This article provides a database of government responses to online disinformation and compares the amount and type of response over time and against the level of democratisation, press freedom, and gross domestic product.}, number = {4}, urldate = {2023-12-23}, journal = {Internet Policy Review}, author = {Cipers, Samuel and Meyer, Trisha and Lefevere, Jonas}, month = dec, year = {2023}, keywords = {/unread, Global, First Draft Report Cited, USED, OID Mis/Disinfo, Mixed}, pages = {1--19}, file = {Cipers et al. - 2023 - Government responses to online disinformation unpa.pdf:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/XPH3YYQJ/Cipers et al. - 2023 - Government responses to online disinformation unpa.pdf:application/pdf}, } @techreport{cunliffe-jonesStateMediaLiteracy2021, title = {The {State} of {Media} {Literacy} in {Sub}-{Saharan} {Africa} 2020 and a {Theory} of {Misinformation} {Literacy}: {Part} {One}}, institution = {University of Westminster Press}, author = {Cunliffe-Jones, Peter and Gaye, Sahite and Gichunge, Wallace and Onumah, Chido and Pretorius, Cornia and Schiffrin, Anya}, year = {2021}, keywords = {Global South, /unread, Report, First Draft Report Cited}, pages = {5--96}, file = {Cunliffe-Jones et al. - 2021 - The State of Media Literacy in Sub-Saharan Africa .pdf:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/4F8EB3IE/Cunliffe-Jones et al. - 2021 - The State of Media Literacy in Sub-Saharan Africa .pdf:application/pdf}, } @article{bijuSelfbreedingFakeNews2023, title = {Self-breeding {Fake} {News}: {Bots} and {Artificial} {Intelligence} {Perpetuate} {Social} {Polarization} in {India}’s {Conflict} {Zones}}, volume = {7}, issn = {2574-3430}, shorttitle = {Self-breeding {Fake} {News}}, url = {https://jps.library.utoronto.ca/index.php/ijidi/article/view/39409}, doi = {10.33137/ijidi.v7i1/2.39409}, abstract = {Studies have found that artificial intelligence (AI) bots and cookies automate fake news in zones of social conflict such as race, religion, gender, and class. In this background, this paper investigates whether fake news is automated with the social structure unique to India. The research collected campaigning activities of political parties and politicians on the Internet but was limited to a select number of Facebook profiles, websites, hashtags, and Twitter profiles during India’s 2014 and 2019 general elections. Politicians and political parties on Twitter, Facebook and other websites formed the contact points where empirical data were collected in the research design. By reviewing hashtags such as \#Nationwantsrammandir; \#NaamVaapsi; \#RamMandir; \#AntiNationals; \#caste; and \#Hindutva, as well as fake social media accounts; discussion forums; and profiles of followers of politicians, the paper corroborated that bots, AI, and trolls serve fake news in the conflict zones of India and some forces are using it to perpetuate social divisions based on caste, class, religion, gender, and region. This paper argues that automated social media accounts spread false information that likely polarizes social conflicts in India.}, language = {en}, number = {1/2}, urldate = {2024-01-03}, journal = {The International Journal of Information, Diversity, \& Inclusion (IJIDI)}, author = {Biju, P R and {Gayathri O}}, month = apr, year = {2023}, keywords = {Global South, /unread, BRICS, First Draft Report Cited, Qual}, pages = {1--25}, file = {P R and Gayathri O - 2023 - Self-breeding Fake News Bots and Artificial Intel.pdf:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/976MBJAA/P R and Gayathri O - 2023 - Self-breeding Fake News Bots and Artificial Intel.pdf:application/pdf}, } @techreport{cohnDisinformationHireExamining2022, title = {Disinformation for {Hire}: {Examining} the {Production} of {False} {COVID}-19 {Information}}, url = {https://papers.tinbergen.nl/22086.pdf}, language = {English}, institution = {Tinbergen Institute}, author = {Cohn, Alain and Stoop, Jan and Rahman, Hatim A}, year = {2022}, keywords = {/unread, First Draft Report Cited, Global North, Quant}, pages = {108}, file = {Cohn et al. - 2022 - Disinformation for Hire Examining the Production .pdf:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/LCP6UFEX/Cohn et al. - 2022 - Disinformation for Hire Examining the Production .pdf:application/pdf}, } @article{aimeurFakeNewsDisinformation2023, title = {Fake news, disinformation and misinformation in social media: a review}, volume = {13}, issn = {1869-5469}, shorttitle = {Fake news, disinformation and misinformation in social media}, url = {https://doi.org/10.1007/s13278-023-01028-5}, doi = {10.1007/s13278-023-01028-5}, abstract = {Online social networks (OSNs) are rapidly growing and have become a huge source of all kinds of global and local news for millions of users. However, OSNs are a double-edged sword. Although the great advantages they offer such as unlimited easy communication and instant news and information, they can also have many disadvantages and issues. One of their major challenging issues is the spread of fake news. Fake news identification is still a complex unresolved issue. Furthermore, fake news detection on OSNs presents unique characteristics and challenges that make finding a solution anything but trivial. On the other hand, artificial intelligence (AI) approaches are still incapable of overcoming this challenging problem. To make matters worse, AI techniques such as machine learning and deep learning are leveraged to deceive people by creating and disseminating fake content. Consequently, automatic fake news detection remains a huge challenge, primarily because the content is designed in a way to closely resemble the truth, and it is often hard to determine its veracity by AI alone without additional information from third parties. This work aims to provide a comprehensive and systematic review of fake news research as well as a fundamental review of existing approaches used to detect and prevent fake news from spreading via OSNs. We present the research problem and the existing challenges, discuss the state of the art in existing approaches for fake news detection, and point out the future research directions in tackling the challenges.}, language = {en}, number = {30}, urldate = {2024-01-02}, journal = {Social Network Analysis and Mining}, author = {Aïmeur, Esma and Amri, Sabrine and Brassard, Gilles}, month = feb, year = {2023}, keywords = {Disinformation, Fake news, Misinformation, Systematic literature review, Online social networks, /unread, First Draft Report Cited, Global North, Information disorder, Online deception}, pages = {1--36}, file = {Full Text PDF:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/NF3PGF2U/Aïmeur et al. - 2023 - Fake news, disinformation and misinformation in so.pdf:application/pdf}, } @techreport{duttaNetworkReadinessIndex2023, title = {Network {Readiness} {Index} 2023: {Trust} in a {Network} {Society}: {A} {Crisis} of the {Digital} {Age}?}, url = {https://networkreadinessindex.org/}, urldate = {2024-01-07}, institution = {Portulans Institute, University of Oxford Report}, author = {Dutta, Soumitra}, collaborator = {Lanvin, Bruno}, year = {2023}, keywords = {/unread, First Draft Report Cited, Global North, Qual}, file = {Dutta and Lanvin - 2023 - Network Readiness Index 2023 Trust in a Network S.pdf:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/9CAI7FX9/Dutta and Lanvin - 2023 - Network Readiness Index 2023 Trust in a Network S.pdf:application/pdf}, } @article{batesSociallyMeaningfulTransparency2023, title = {Socially meaningful transparency in data-based systems: reflections and proposals from practice}, volume = {80}, url = {https://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/198835/}, doi = {DOI:10.1108/jd-01-2023-0006}, number = {1}, journal = {Journal of Documentation}, author = {Bates, J and Kennedy, Helen and Perea, I M and Oman, Susan and Pinney, Lulu}, month = jun, year = {2023}, keywords = {/unread, Review, First Draft Report Cited, Global North}, pages = {1--20}, file = {AAV LWD Transparency - JDOC - FINAL version draft.pdf:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/L734N2FU/AAV LWD Transparency - JDOC - FINAL version draft.pdf:application/pdf;AI-related and disinfo.ris:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/MT48FADV/AI-related and disinfo.ris:application/x-research-info-systems}, } @article{radschTweakingGlobalSource2018, title = {Tweaking a global source of news}, url = {https://www.cjr.org/special_report/internet-intermediary-news.php/}, abstract = {{\textless}p{\textgreater}The only way Abdalaziz Alhamza and his fellow citizen journalists could get out news from the Islamic State’s self-declared capital in Syria to a global audience was by posting materials on Facebook and YouTube. “They were the only way to spread news since many militias and governments prevented most, if not all, the independent media […]{\textless}/p{\textgreater}}, language = {en}, number = {Winter}, urldate = {2021-11-02}, journal = {Columbia Journalism Review}, author = {Radsch, Courtney C}, month = feb, year = {2018}, keywords = {/unread, First Draft Report Cited}, file = {Snapshot:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/E76UMIWE/internet-intermediary-news.html:text/html}, } @techreport{bellPlatformPressHow2017, title = {The {Platform} {Press}: {How} {Silicon} {Valley} {Reengineered} {Journalism}}, shorttitle = {The {Platform} {Press}}, url = {https://www.mediatechdemocracy.com/all-work/the-platform-press}, language = {en-US}, urldate = {2022-11-11}, institution = {Tow Center for Journalism, Columbia Journalism School}, author = {Bell, Emily and Owen, Taylor and Brown, Peter D. and Hauka, Codi and Rashidian, Nushin}, month = may, year = {2017}, keywords = {/unread, First Draft Report Cited, Global North, Qual}, file = {Bell et al. - 2017 - The Platform Press How Silicon Valley Reengineere.pdf:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/FVHTNEHI/Bell et al. - 2017 - The Platform Press How Silicon Valley Reengineere.pdf:application/pdf}, } @book{giustiDemocracyFakeNews2021, address = {London ; New York}, series = {Politics, media and political communication}, title = {Democracy and fake news: information manipulation and post-truth politics}, isbn = {978-1-00-303738-5}, shorttitle = {Democracy and fake news}, abstract = {"This book explores the challenges that disinformation, fake news and post-truth politics pose to democracy from a multidisciplinary perspective. The authors analyse and interpret how the use of technology and social media as well as the emergence of new political narratives has been progressively changing the information landscape, undermining some of the pillars of democracy. The volume sheds light on some topical questions connected to fake news, thereby contributing to a fuller understanding of its impact on democracy. In the Introduction, the editors offer some orientating definitions of post-truth politics, building a theoretical framework where various different aspects of fake news can be understood. The book is then divided into three parts: Part I helps to contextualise the phenomena investigated, offering definitions and discussing key concepts as well as aspects linked to the manipulation of information systems, especially considering its reverberation on democracy. Part II considers the phenomena of disinformation, fake news and post-truth politics in the context of Russia, which emerges as a laboratory where the phases of creation and diffusion of fake news can be broken down and analysed; consequently, Part II also reflects on the ways to counteract disinformation and fake news. Part III moves from case studies in Western and Central Europe to reflect on the methodological difficulty of investigating disinformation, as well as tackling the very delicate question of detection, combat and prevention of fake news. This book will be of great interest to students and scholars of political science, law, political philosophy, journalism, media studies, and computer science, since it provides a multidisciplinary approach to the analysis of post-truth politics"--}, language = {en}, publisher = {Routledge}, editor = {Giusti, Serena and Piras, Elisa}, year = {2021}, keywords = {Fake news, Europe, Information society, Mass media and public opinion, Political aspects, /unread, First Draft Report Cited, Russia (Federation)}, file = {Giusti and Piras - 2021 - Democracy and fake news information manipulation .pdf:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/4AVXDUD7/Giusti and Piras - 2021 - Democracy and fake news information manipulation .pdf:application/pdf}, } @book{lehdonvirtaCloudEmpiresHow2022, address = {Cambridge, MA}, title = {Cloud {Empires}: {How} {Digital} {Platforms} are {Overtaking} the {State} and {How} {We} {Can} {Regain} {Control}}, isbn = {978-0-262-54838-0}, abstract = {The rise of the platform economy into statelike dominance over the lives of entrepreneurs, users, and workers. The early Internet was a lawless place, populated by scam artists who made buying or selling anything online risky business. Then Amazon, eBay, Upwork, and Apple established secure digital platforms for selling physical goods, crowdsourcing labor, and downloading apps. These tech giants have gone on to rule the Internet like autocrats. How did this happen? How did users and workers become the hapless subjects of online economic empires? The Internet was supposed to liberate us from powerful institutions. In Cloud Empires, digital economy expert Vili Lehdonvirta explores the rise of the platform economy into statelike dominance over our lives and proposes a new way forward. Digital platforms create new marketplaces and prosperity on the Internet, Lehdonvirta explains, but they are ruled by Silicon Valley despots with little or no accountability. Neither workers nor users can “vote with their feet” and find another platform because in most cases there isn't one. And yet using antitrust law and decentralization to rein in the big tech companies has proven difficult. Lehdonvirta tells the stories of pioneers who helped create—or resist—the new social order established by digital platform companies. The protagonists include the usual suspects—Amazon founder Jeff Bezos, Travis Kalanick of Uber, and Bitcoin's inventor Satoshi Nakamoto—as well as Kristy Milland, labor organizer of Amazon's Mechanical Turk, and GoFundMe, a crowdfunding platform that has emerged as an ersatz stand-in for the welfare state. Only if we understand digital platforms for what they are—institutions as powerful as the state—can we begin the work of democratizing them.}, publisher = {MIT Press}, author = {Lehdonvirta, Vili}, year = {2022}, keywords = {/unread, First Draft Report Cited}, } @incollection{chinRightDataAccess2024, address = {Cham}, series = {Global {Transformations} in {Media} and {Communication} {Research} - {A} {Palgrave} and {IAMCR} {Series}}, title = {Right to {Data} {Access} in the {Digital} {Era}: {The} {Case} of {China}}, isbn = {978-3-031-45976-4}, shorttitle = {Right to {Data} {Access} in the {Digital} {Era}}, url = {https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-45976-4_13}, abstract = {This chapter examines the academic debate on access to digital data in China and the Chinese state’s policy on data, demonstrating the lack of consideration of epistemic rights in regulating access to digital data in China and the interplay of global tendencies and local particularities. This chapter makes the following main points. First, the concept of epistemic rights has not drawn the attention of Chinese academics, while the closely related concept of the right to information is approached from a legal perspective, one that stresses the consumer’s right to obtain public information and digital platforms’ data rights. Second, the right to data access has not been treated as an independent right but as part of the debate on data property rights and the right to information. Third, in the government’s data strategy policy, data is defined as a new factor of production that is key for national economic development (besides land, labour, capital and entrepreneurship). Finally, the lack of attention to epistemic rights and an overly narrow definition of data has undermined alternative explorations of the implications of the public good nature of data. Even though public data is accessible conditionally, the equality of non-public data access has not being a recognised principle in both academic research and the policymaking agenda.}, language = {en}, urldate = {2024-01-10}, booktitle = {Epistemic {Rights} in the {Era} of {Digital} {Disruption}}, publisher = {Springer International Publishing}, author = {Chin, Yik Chan}, editor = {Aslama Horowitz, Minna and Nieminen, Hannu and Lehtisaari, Katja and D'Arma, Alessandro}, year = {2024}, doi = {10.1007/978-3-031-45976-4_13}, keywords = {Global South, /unread, BRICS, Review, First Draft Report Cited}, pages = {187--201}, file = {Full text:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/33I4NRIA/Chin - 2024 - Right to Data Access in the Digital Era The Case .pdf:application/pdf}, } @article{claessonTwitterNecessaryEvil2023, title = {Twitter: {A} necessary evil? {Journalistic} responses to {Elon} {Musk} and the denormalization of social media}, volume = {Online First}, issn = {1464-8849, 1741-3001}, shorttitle = {Twitter}, url = {http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/14648849231221616}, doi = {10.1177/14648849231221616}, abstract = {The normalization of social media (notably Twitter) into journalistic routines has been well documented in research, even as social media use sometimes remains a source of conflict with traditional journalistic values and norms. In 2022, after Elon Musk’s takeover of Twitter, the normative implications of social media use came into sharp focus for journalists, as Musk ushered in a series of platform changes perceived as unfavorable for the journalistic profession. Focusing on the French media sector in 6-month period after Musk’s takeover, this study aims to explore what happens when journalistic digital tools are disrupted. Through a combination of semi-structured interviews, participant observation, and content analysis of French news articles, I show that Musk’s actions as CEO prompted journalists to question the broader legitimacy of social media as a journalistic tool. However, rather than abandoning Twitter entirely, journalists employed strategic disconnection in order to reconcile their continued Twitter use with their normative discomfort. These findings not only provide empirical evidence on the effects of Musk’s takeover, but also showcases how strategic disconnection can be used as a method of resistance to unwelcome influences in the media sector.}, language = {en}, urldate = {2024-01-10}, journal = {Journalism}, author = {Claesson, Annina}, month = dec, year = {2023}, keywords = {/unread, First Draft Report Cited, Global North, Qual}, pages = {1--18}, file = {Claesson - 2023 - Twitter A necessary evil Journalistic responses .pdf:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/2AHYLI5F/Claesson - 2023 - Twitter A necessary evil Journalistic responses .pdf:application/pdf}, } @techreport{banerjeeStrategiesBuildingTrust2023, title = {Strategies for building trust in news: {What} the public say they want across four countries}, shorttitle = {Strategies for building trust in news}, url = {https://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:689e057a-bfad-4b3d-a69c-7e83eaec8ff1}, abstract = {This report investigates what the public wants and expects from news media when it comes to trustworthy journalism, drawing on original surveys collected in the summer of 2023 in Brazil, India, the United Kingdom, and the United States. The report examines how different segments of the public are receptive to a variety of approaches to repairing trust in news. These approaches range from editorial practices and transparency initiatives to reforming the way newsrooms are led and managed as well as the way news outlets engage with the public. Findings suggest that broadly audiences favour each type of approach, but that particular efforts are especially prioritised by different subgroups. This is especially the case with respect to newsroom diversity and concerns over one-sidedness in coverage. Different segments of the public raise distinct concerns in these areas and want see news organisations take different steps toward solving these issues.}, language = {English}, urldate = {2024-01-07}, institution = {Reuters Institute for the Study of Journalism}, author = {Banerjee, S. and Mont’Alverne, C. and Ross Arguedas, A. and Toff, B. and Fletcher, R. and Nielsen, R. K.}, year = {2023}, keywords = {/unread, BRICS, First Draft Report Cited, Global North, Quant}, file = {Full Text PDF:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/9FUD6MEM/Banerjee et al. - 2023 - Strategies for building trust in news What the pu.pdf:application/pdf}, } @incollection{bakirCoreIncubatorsFalse2022, address = {Cham}, title = {Core {Incubators} of {False} {Information} {Online}}, isbn = {978-3-031-13551-4}, url = {https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-13551-4_2}, abstract = {False information is incubated across complex, interconnected communication and technological environments, imbricating individuals and society. This chapter introduces two key concepts. The first is the economics of emotion: namely, the optimisation of datafied emotional content for financial gain. The second concept is the politics of emotion: namely, the optimisation of datafied emotional content for political gain. Optimising emotions entails understanding people in terms of demography, interests and disposition; creation of content (by machines or by people) optimised to resonate with profiled individuals and groups; strategic ambition to elicit emotion to cause contagion; and recording of this datafied emotion expression, to feed into the next wave of info-contagion. The chapter presents the economics of emotion as the core incubator of false information online, as this stems from the business model of globally dominant digital platforms while also enabling the business model of digital influence mercenaries. However, the politics of emotion readily exploits the tools at its disposal.}, language = {en}, urldate = {2024-01-03}, booktitle = {Optimising {Emotions}, {Incubating} {Falsehoods}: {How} to {Protect} the {Global} {Civic} {Body} from {Disinformation} and {Misinformation}}, publisher = {Springer International Publishing}, author = {Bakir, Vian and McStay, Andrew}, editor = {Bakir, Vian and McStay, Andrew}, year = {2022}, doi = {10.1007/978-3-031-13551-4_2}, keywords = {/unread, Review, First Draft Report Cited, Global North}, pages = {29--52}, file = {Full Text PDF:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/2ZFRCJHJ/Bakir et al. - 2022 - Core Incubators of False Information Online.pdf:application/pdf}, } @article{casero-ripollesEuropeanApproachOnline2023, title = {The {European} approach to online disinformation: geopolitical and regulatory dissonance}, volume = {10}, copyright = {2023 The Author(s)}, issn = {2662-9992}, shorttitle = {The {European} approach to online disinformation}, url = {https://www.nature.com/articles/s41599-023-02179-8}, doi = {10.1057/s41599-023-02179-8}, abstract = {The COVID-19 health crisis and the invasion of Ukraine have placed disinformation in the focus of European policies. Our aim is to analyze the emerging European policy on counter-disinformation practices and regulations. To do this, we examine developing European Union (EU) strategy, against different forms of fake news, from a multidisciplinary approach that combines Journalism and Geopolitics. Our methodology is based on the critical analysis of documents generated by the EU on disinformation from 2018 to 2022, including reports, communications, statements and other legislative texts. Our findings suggest that the EU’s policy against disinformation is based on two opposing logics that coexist and compete. The first is securitization, which understands this problem as a threat to democracy that legitimizes ‘exceptional decision-making’ from a hard power perspective. The second is based on the self-regulation and voluntarism of digital platforms with a clear orientation towards soft law and minimal intervention. The recent adoption of the Digital Services Act and the stronger regulation of online platforms do not replace this logic, since this legislation adopts a “co-regulatory framework”. The coexistence of these two logics generates internal contradictions and dissonance that can determine the future of European policies on this important topic and its chances of success.}, language = {en}, number = {1}, urldate = {2024-01-02}, journal = {Humanities and Social Sciences Communications}, author = {Casero-Ripollés, Andreu and Tuñón, Jorge and Bouza-García, Luis}, month = oct, year = {2023}, keywords = {Politics and international relations, /unread, First Draft Report Cited, Global North, Qual, Cultural and media studies}, pages = {1--10}, file = {Full Text PDF:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/ATAIKZCX/Casero-Ripollés et al. - 2023 - The European approach to online disinformation ge.pdf:application/pdf}, } @misc{benklerUnderstandingMediaInformation2018, title = {Understanding {Media} and {Information} {Quality} in an {Age} of {Artificial} {Intelligence}, {Automation}, {Algorithms} and {Machine} {Learning}}, url = {https://cyber.harvard.edu/story/2018-07/understanding-media-and-information-quality-age-artificial-intelligence-automation}, abstract = {Technology can be a threat to the integrity and quality of media, but also a source of potential solutions.}, language = {en}, urldate = {2024-01-30}, journal = {Berkman Klein Center}, author = {Benkler, Yochai and Faris, Robert and Roberts, Hal and Bourassa, Nikki}, month = jul, year = {2018}, keywords = {/unread, First Draft Report Cited, Global North, Quant}, } @article{crossetCognitiveAssemblagesEntangled2022, title = {Cognitive assemblages: {The} entangled nature of algorithmic content moderation}, volume = {9}, issn = {2053-9517, 2053-9517}, shorttitle = {Cognitive assemblages}, url = {http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/20539517221143361}, doi = {10.1177/20539517221143361}, abstract = {This article examines algorithmic content moderation, using the moderation of violent extremist content as a specific case. In recent years, algorithms have increasingly been mobilized to perform essential moderation functions for online social media platforms such as Facebook, YouTube, and Twitter, including limiting the proliferation of extremist speech. Drawing on Katherine Hayles’ concept of “cognitive assemblages” and the Critical Security Studies literature, we show how algorithmic regulation operates within larger assemblages of humans and non-humans to influence the surveillance and regulation of information flows. We argue that the dynamics of algorithmic regulation are more liquid, cobbled together and distributed than it appears. It is characterized by a set of shifting human and machine entities, which mix traditional surveillance methods with more sophisticated tools, and whose linkages and interactions are transient. The processes that enable the consolidation of knowledge about risky profiles and contents are, therefore, collective and distributed among humans and machines. This allows us to argue that the cognitive assemblages involved in content moderation become a cobbled space of preemptive calculation.}, language = {en}, number = {2}, urldate = {2024-01-30}, journal = {Big Data \& Society}, author = {Crosset, Valentine and Dupont, Benoît}, month = jul, year = {2022}, keywords = {/unread, Review, First Draft Report Cited, Global North}, pages = {1--13}, file = {Crosset and Dupont - 2022 - Cognitive assemblages The entangled nature of alg.pdf:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/F4WQCGNY/Crosset and Dupont - 2022 - Cognitive assemblages The entangled nature of alg.pdf:application/pdf}, } @techreport{bradshawGlobalDisinformationOrder2019, title = {The {Global} {Disinformation} {Order}: 2019 {Global} {Inventory} of {Organised} {Social} {Media} {Manipulation}}, shorttitle = {{DemTech} {\textbar} {The} {Global} {Disinformation} {Order}}, url = {https://demtech.oii.ox.ac.uk/research/posts/the-global-disinformation-order-2019-global-inventory-of-organised-social-media-manipulation/}, abstract = {Project on Computational Propaganda.}, language = {en-GB}, urldate = {2024-01-27}, institution = {Oxford Internet Institute, University of Oxford Project on Computational Propaganda}, author = {Bradshaw, Samantha and Howard, Philip N}, year = {2019}, keywords = {/unread, Global, First Draft Report Cited, Mixed}, file = {Bradshaw and Howard - 2019 - The Global Disinformation Order 2019 Global Inven.pdf:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/IGMKK5WN/Bradshaw and Howard - 2019 - The Global Disinformation Order 2019 Global Inven.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/DBHXBQKN/the-global-disinformation-order-2019-global-inventory-of-organised-social-media-manipulation.html:text/html}, } @misc{cntiMostFakeNews2024, title = {Most "{Fake} {News}" {Legislation} {Risks} {Doing} {More} {Harm} {Than} {Good} {Amid} a {Record} {Number} of {Elections} in 2024}, url = {https://innovating.news/article/most-fake-news-legislation-risks-doing-more-harm-than-good-amid-a-record-number-of-elections-in-2024/}, abstract = {As the world launches into 2024, we face a year with a record-breaking number of countries (50) holding national elections including the United States, India and Mexico. With these elections come heightened concerns about the spread of disinformation and the challenge of providing voters with fact-based news.}, language = {en-US}, urldate = {2024-01-27}, journal = {Center for News, Technology \& Innovation}, author = {CNTI}, month = jan, year = {2024}, keywords = {/unread, Report, Global, First Draft Report Cited}, file = {Snapshot:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/GGSTU9SV/most-fake-news-legislation-risks-doing-more-harm-than-good-amid-a-record-number-of-elections-in.html:text/html}, } @incollection{kennisEliteNewsContent2024, title = {Elite {News} {Content} ({Still}) {Matters} {Now} {More} than {Ever} {Before}: {Social} {Movements}, {Social} {Media}, {Elite} {News} {Media}, and the {Media} {Dependence} {Model}}, booktitle = {Political {Economy} of {Media} and {Communication}: {Methodological} {Approaches}}, publisher = {Routledge}, author = {Kennis, Andrew}, editor = {Gomez, Rodrigo and Corrigan, Thomas F and Caballero, Francisco Sierra}, year = {2024}, keywords = {/unread, First Draft Report Cited}, pages = {224--244}, } @incollection{gillwaldReroutingGeopoliticsNarratives2024, address = {London}, title = {Rerouting {Geopolitics}: {Narratives} and the {Political} {Power} of {Communication}}, booktitle = {Global {Communication} {Governance} at the {Crossroads}}, publisher = {Palgrave Macmillan}, author = {Gillwald, Alison and Wavre, Veronique}, editor = {Padovani, C and Wavre, V. and Hintz, Arne and Goggin, G and Iosifidis, P}, year = {2024}, keywords = {Global South, /unread, First Draft Report Cited, USED, OID Data Gov}, pages = {21--35}, } @incollection{osiochruJustNetCoalition2024, address = {London}, title = {Just {Net} {Coalition}: {Seeking} {Anchors} of {Equity} and {Social} {Justice} in a {Digital} {World}}, booktitle = {Global {Communication} {Governance} at the {Crossroads}}, publisher = {Palgrave Macmillan}, author = {Ó Siochrú, Seán and Singh, Paraminder J and Burch, Sally}, editor = {Padovani, C and Wavre, V. and Hintz, Arne and Goggin, G and Iosifidis, P}, year = {2024}, keywords = {/unread, First Draft Report Cited, USED, OID Data Gov}, pages = {239--257}, } @book{mejiasDataGrabNew2024, title = {Data {Grab}: {The} {New} {Colonialism} of {Big} {Tech} (and how to {Fight} {Back}}, publisher = {WH Allen}, author = {Mejias, Ulises A and Couldry, Nick}, year = {2024}, keywords = {Global South, /unread, First Draft Report Cited}, } @incollection{okyere-manuPlaceAfricanRelational2023, title = {The {Place} of the {African} {Relational} and {Moral} {Theory} of {Ubuntu} in the {Global} {Artificial} {Intelligence} and {Big} {Data} {Discussion}: {Critical} {Reflections}}, booktitle = {Elgar {Companion} to {Regulating} {AI} and {Big} {Data} in {Emerging} {Economies}}, publisher = {Edward Elgar Publishing}, author = {Okyere-Manu, Beatrice}, editor = {Findlay, Mark and Ong, Li Min and Zhang, Wenxi}, year = {2023}, keywords = {Global South, /unread, First Draft Report Cited}, pages = {99--114}, } @article{aharoniBeLessSlave2021, title = {“{Be} {Less} of a {Slave} to the {News}”: {A} {Texto}-{Material} {Perspective} on {News} {Avoidance} among {Young} {Adults}}, volume = {22}, issn = {1461-670X, 1469-9699}, shorttitle = {“{Be} {Less} of a {Slave} to the {News}”}, url = {https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/1461670X.2020.1852885}, doi = {10.1080/1461670X.2020.1852885}, language = {en}, number = {1}, urldate = {2024-02-02}, journal = {Journalism Studies}, author = {Aharoni, Tali and Kligler-Vilenchik, Neta and Tenenboim-Weinblatt, Keren}, month = jan, year = {2021}, keywords = {/unread, First Draft Report Cited, Global North, Qual}, pages = {42--59}, file = {Aharoni et al. - 2021 - “Be Less of a Slave to the News” A Texto-Material.pdf:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/D9MSXMAW/Aharoni et al. - 2021 - “Be Less of a Slave to the News” A Texto-Material.pdf:application/pdf}, } @article{boukesNewsConsumptionIts2017, title = {News {Consumption} and {Its} {Unpleasant} {Side} {Effect}: {Studying} the {Effect} of {Hard} and {Soft} {News} {Exposure} on {Mental} {Well}-{Being} {Over} {Time}}, volume = {29}, issn = {1864-1105, 2151-2388}, shorttitle = {News {Consumption} and {Its} {Unpleasant} {Side} {Effect}}, url = {https://econtent.hogrefe.com/doi/10.1027/1864-1105/a000224}, doi = {10.1027/1864-1105/a000224}, abstract = {Following the news is generally understood to be crucial for democracy as it allows citizens to politically participate in an informed manner; yet, one may wonder about the unintended side effects it has for the mental well-being of citizens. With news focusing on the negative and worrisome events in the world, framing that evokes a sense of powerlessness, and lack of entertainment value, this study hypothesizes that news consumption decreases mental well-being via negative hedonic experiences; thereby, we differentiate between hard and soft news. Using a panel survey in combination with latent growth curve modeling (n = 2,767), we demonstrate that the consumption of hard news television programs has a negative effect on the development of mental well-being over time. Soft news consumption, by contrast, has a marginally positive impact on the trend in well-being. This can be explained by the differential topic focus, framing and style of soft news vis-àvis hard news. Investigating the effects of news consumption on mental well-being provides insight into the impact news exposure has on variables other than the political ones, which definitively are not less societally relevant.}, language = {en}, number = {3}, urldate = {2023-01-15}, journal = {Journal of Media Psychology}, author = {Boukes, Mark and Vliegenthart, Rens}, month = jul, year = {2017}, keywords = {/unread, First Draft Report Cited, Global North, Quant}, pages = {137--147}, file = {Boukes et Vliegenthart - 2017 - News Consumption and Its Unpleasant Side Effect S.pdf:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/MDD3AEWL/Boukes et Vliegenthart - 2017 - News Consumption and Its Unpleasant Side Effect S.pdf:application/pdf}, } @book{zuboffAgeSurveillanceCapitalism2019, address = {London}, title = {The {Age} of {Surveillance} {Capitalism}: {The} {Fight} for a {Human} {Future} at the {New} {Frontier} of {Power}}, isbn = {978-1-78125-684-8}, publisher = {Profile Books}, author = {Zuboff, Shoshana}, year = {2019}, keywords = {/unread, First Draft Report Cited}, } @article{altayPeopleBelieveMisinformation2023, title = {People believe misinformation is a threat because they assume others are gullible}, volume = {26}, issn = {1461-4448}, url = {https://doi.org/10.1177/14614448231153379}, doi = {10.1177/14614448231153379}, abstract = {Alarmist narratives about the flow of misinformation and its negative consequences have gained traction in recent years. If these fears are to some extent warranted, the scientific literature suggests that many of them are exaggerated. Why are people so worried about misinformation? In two pre-registered surveys conducted in the United Kingdom (Nstudy\_1 = 300, Nstudy\_2 = 300) and replicated in the United States (Nstudy\_1 = 302, Nstudy\_2 = 299), we investigated the psychological factors associated with perceived danger of misinformation and how it contributes to the popularity of alarmist narratives on misinformation. We find that the strongest, and most reliable, predictor of perceived danger of misinformation is the third-person effect (i.e. the perception that others are more vulnerable to misinformation than the self) and, in particular, the belief that “distant” others (as opposed to family and friends) are vulnerable to misinformation. The belief that societal problems have simple solutions and clear causes was consistently, but weakly, associated with perceived danger of online misinformation. Other factors, like negative attitudes toward new technologies and higher sensitivity to threats, were inconsistently, and weakly, associated with perceived danger of online misinformation. Finally, we found that participants who report being more worried about misinformation are more willing to like and share alarmist narratives on misinformation. Our findings suggest that fears about misinformation tap into our tendency to view other people as gullible.}, language = {en}, number = {11}, urldate = {2024-02-01}, journal = {New Media \& Society}, author = {Altay, Sacha and Acerbi, Alberto}, month = feb, year = {2023}, note = {Publisher: SAGE Publications}, keywords = {/unread, First Draft Report Cited, Global North, Quant}, pages = {6440--6461}, file = {SAGE PDF Full Text:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/Y35H43RQ/Altay and Acerbi - 2023 - People believe misinformation is a threat because .pdf:application/pdf}, } @article{duttaTheorizingGlobalSouth2020, title = {Theorizing {From} the {Global} {South}: {Dismantling}, {Resisting}, and {Transforming} {Communication} {Theory}}, volume = {30}, issn = {1050-3293, 1468-2885}, shorttitle = {Theorizing {From} the {Global} {South}}, url = {https://academic.oup.com/ct/article/30/4/349/5891917}, doi = {10.1093/ct/qtaa010}, abstract = {This special issue explores what theory looks like from the Global South. Whether it is in the work of the women farmers organized into Sanghams under the umbrella of the Deccan Development Society (DDS) or in the organizing of farmers under the collective formations of La Via Campesina, the emergent work of theory is intrinsically tied to plural practices embedded in community life. We argue that we need to theorize from the narratives embedded in experiences of actors who are disenfranchised from metropolitan/mainstream/Euro-US/neoliberal economics and society. We mark the local politics of the Global South at the intersections of the local and global forces as sites of knowledge in this special issue.}, language = {en}, number = {4}, urldate = {2024-02-26}, journal = {Communication Theory}, author = {Dutta, Mohan J and Pal, Mahuya}, month = dec, year = {2020}, keywords = {Global South, /unread, Review, First Draft Report Cited}, pages = {349--369}, file = {Dutta and Pal - 2020 - Theorizing From the Global South Dismantling, Res.pdf:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/FAARBCLW/Dutta and Pal - 2020 - Theorizing From the Global South Dismantling, Res.pdf:application/pdf;Dutta et Pal - 2020 - Theorizing From the Global South Dismantling, Res.pdf:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/CWQ9CY5R/Dutta et Pal - 2020 - Theorizing From the Global South Dismantling, Res.pdf:application/pdf}, } @incollection{briantHackAttacksHow2024, title = {Hack attacks: how cyber intimidation and conspiracy theories drive the spiral of “secrecy hacking”}, booktitle = {The {Routledge} {Companion} to {Freedom} of {Expression} and {Censorship}}, publisher = {Routledge}, author = {Briant, Emma L}, editor = {Steel, John and Petley, Julian}, year = {2024}, keywords = {/unread, First Draft Report Cited}, pages = {285--295}, } @misc{craigHowJanuary62023, title = {How {January} 6 inspired election disinformation around the world}, url = {https://www.isdglobal.org/digital_dispatches/how-january-6-inspired-election-disinformation-around-the-world/}, abstract = {Two years on from the January 6 insurrection, the occupation of Brazil’s presidential palace is a stark reminder that election denial and disinformation are proliferating worldwide and threatening democratic processes.}, language = {en-GB}, urldate = {2024-02-22}, journal = {ISD Digital Dispatches}, author = {Craig, Jiore and Simmons, Cecile and Bhatnagar, Rhea}, month = jan, year = {2023}, keywords = {/unread, Report, First Draft Report Cited, Global North}, file = {Snapshot:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/5ZZF33AH/how-january-6-inspired-election-disinformation-around-the-world.html:text/html}, } @techreport{birweDesinformationBaseeGenre2024, title = {La désinformation basée sur le genre en contexte de crises: {Quels} mécanismes de prévention et dispositifs de lutte pour les pays du {Sahel}?}, url = {https://www.idos-research.de/discussion-paper/article/information-integrity-and-information-pollution-vulnerabilities-and-impact-on-social-cohesion-and-democracy-in-mexico/}, abstract = {The purpose of our article is to identify and analyse initiatives, policies, projects and mechanisms, whether isolated or not, aimed at preventing or combating violence against women and girls, in this case gender-based disinformation. We will review the prevention mechanisms and instruments proposed by various actors in the central Sahel (Mali, Burkina Faso and Niger), a region that has been marked for several years by an unprecedented security and climatic crisis, and in which women, who are more vulnerable and more exposed, are unfortunately the most affected.}, language = {French}, institution = {IDOS Discussion Paper 2/2024, Géographe diplômé de Sciences Po Lyon et de l’Université Cheikh Anta Diop de Dakar}, author = {Birwe, Habmo}, year = {2024}, keywords = {Global South, /unread, Review, First Draft Report Cited}, file = {Birwe - 2024 - La désinformation basée sur le genre en contexte .pdf:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/UP2MUE3A/Birwe - 2024 - La désinformation basée sur le genre en contexte .pdf:application/pdf}, } @misc{breuerInformationIntegrityInformation2024, title = {Information integrity and information pollution: vulnerabilities and impact on social cohesion and democracy in {Mexico}}, shorttitle = {Information integrity and information pollution}, url = {https://www.idos-research.de/discussion-paper/article/information-integrity-and-information-pollution-vulnerabilities-and-impact-on-social-cohesion-and-democracy-in-mexico/}, abstract = {This discussion paper analyses factors that enable and drive societal vulnerability towards information pollution in Mexico. It formulates national...}, language = {de}, urldate = {2024-02-22}, publisher = {IDOS German Institute of Development and Sustainability}, author = {Breuer, Anita}, year = {2024}, keywords = {Global South, /unread, First Draft Report Cited, Qual}, file = {Breuer - Information integrity and information pollution v.pdf:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/VSVLYCR5/Breuer - Information integrity and information pollution v.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/GKY3Z6AH/information-integrity-and-information-pollution-vulnerabilities-and-impact-on-social-cohesion-a.html:text/html}, } @book{boniniAlgorithmsResistanceEveryday2024, title = {Algorithms of {Resistance}: {The} {Everyday} {Fight} {Against} {Platform} {Power}}, url = {https://mitpress.mit.edu/9780262547420/algorithms-of-resistance/}, abstract = {How global workers, influencers, and activists develop tactics of algorithmic resistance by appropriating and repurposing the same algorithms that control ou...}, language = {en-US}, urldate = {2024-02-19}, publisher = {MIT Press}, author = {Bonini, Tiziano and Treré, Emiliano}, year = {2024}, keywords = {Global South, /unread, First Draft Report Cited, Qual}, file = {Snapshot:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/TQY8PIPU/algorithms-of-resistance.html:text/html}, } @misc{adrnAfricanDigitalRights2024, title = {African {Digital} {Rights} {Network} {Publications}}, url = {https://www.africandigitalrightsnetwork.org/publications}, urldate = {2024-03-19}, journal = {Institute of Development Studies, Sussex}, author = {ADRN}, year = {2024}, keywords = {Global South, /unread, Report, First Draft Report Cited}, file = {Publications:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/IQVIM9ZE/publications.html:text/html}, } @article{broomfieldSearchCitizenDatafication2022, title = {In search of the citizen in the datafication of public administration}, volume = {9}, issn = {2053-9517, 2053-9517}, url = {http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/20539517221089302}, doi = {10.1177/20539517221089302}, abstract = {The administrative reform of the datafied public administration places great emphasis on the classification, control, and prediction of citizen behavior and therefore has the potential to significantly impact citizen–state relations. There is a growing body of literature on data-oriented activism which aims to resist and counteract existing harmful data practices. However, little is known about the processes, policies, and political-economic structures that make datafication possible. There is a distinct research gap on situated and context-specific empirical research, which critically interrogates the premises, interests, and agendas of data-driven public administration and how stakeholders can impact them. This paper therefore studies the conditions of participation in public administration datafication. It asks the overall research question of how citizens are problematized and included in policy and practitioner discourse in the datafication of public administration. The paper takes Norway as its case and applies Cardullo and Kitchin’s scaffold of smart citizen participation at the system level. It makes use of a unique empirical insight into the field, consisting of a survey, interviews, and an extensive document analysis. Unexpectedly, we find that citizens and civil society are rarely engaged in this administrative reform. Instead, we identify a paternalistic, top-down, technocratic approach where the context, values, and agendas of datafication are obscured from the citizen.}, language = {en}, number = {1}, urldate = {2024-03-10}, journal = {Big Data \& Society}, author = {Broomfield, Heather and Reutter, Lisa}, year = {2022}, keywords = {/unread, First Draft Report Cited, Global North, Mixed}, pages = {1--14}, file = {Broomfield and Reutter - 2022 - In search of the citizen in the datafication of pu.pdf:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/SFYGQKZF/Broomfield and Reutter - 2022 - In search of the citizen in the datafication of pu.pdf:application/pdf}, } @book{dencikCriticalPerspectivesSocial2015, title = {Critical {Perspectives} on {Social} {Media} and {Protest}: {Between} {Control} and {Emancipation}}, isbn = {978-1-78348-337-2}, shorttitle = {Critical {Perspectives} on {Social} {Media} and {Protest}}, abstract = {Commercial social media platforms have become integral to contemporary forms of protests. They are intensely used by advocacy groups, non-governmental organisations, social movements and other political actors who increasingly integrate social media platforms into broader practices of organizing and campaigning. But, aside from the many advantages of extensive mobilization opportunities at low cost, what are the implications of social media corporations being involved in these grassroots movements?This book takes a much-needed critical approach to the relationship between social media and protest. Highlighting key issues and concerns in contemporary forms of social media activism, including questions of censorship, surveillance, individualism, and temporality, the book combines contributions from some of the most active scholars in the field today. Advancing both conceptual and empirical work on social media and protest, and with a range of different angles, the book provides a fresh and challenging outlook on a very topical debate.}, language = {en}, publisher = {Rowman \& Littlefield}, editor = {Dencik, Lina and Leistert, Oliver}, month = oct, year = {2015}, note = {Google-Books-ID: iOHaDwAAQBAJ}, keywords = {Social Science / Media Studies, /unread, Global, First Draft Report Cited, Mixed, Social Science / Sociology / General, Political Science / Civics \& Citizenship}, } @book{alaimoDataRulesReinventing2024, title = {Data {Rules}: {Reinventing} the {Market} {Economy}}, isbn = {978-0-262-54793-2}, shorttitle = {Data {Rules}}, url = {https://mitpressbookstore.mit.edu/book/9780262547932}, abstract = {A new social science framework for studying the unprecedented social and economic restructuring driven by digital data. Digital data have become the critical frontier where emerging economic practices and organizational forms confront the traditional economic order and its institutions. In Data Rules, Cristina Alaimo and Jannis Kallinikos establish a social science framework for analyzing the unprecedented social and economic restructuring brought about by data. Working at the intersection of information systems and organizational studies, they draw extensively on intellectual currents in sociology, semiotics, cognitive science and technology, and social theory. Making the case for turning “data-making” into an area of inquiry of its own, the authors uncover how data are deeply implicated in rewiring the institutions of the market economy. The authors associate digital data with the decentering of organizations. As they point out, centered systems make sense only when firms (and formal organizations more broadly) can keep the external world at arm’s length and maintain a relative operation independence from it. These patterns no longer hold. Data transform the production of goods and services to an endless series of exchanges and interactions that defeat the functional logics of markets and organizations. The diffusion of platforms and ecosystems is indicative of these broader transformations. Rather than viewing data as simply a force of surveillance and control, the authors place the transformative potential of data at the center of an emerging socioeconomic order that restructures society and its institutions.}, language = {en}, urldate = {2024-03-05}, publisher = {MIT Press}, author = {Alaimo, Cristina and Kallinikos, Jannis}, month = jun, year = {2024}, keywords = {/unread, Review, First Draft Report Cited, Global North}, file = {Snapshot:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/J7T8DL64/9780262547932.html:text/html}, } @techreport{batemanCounteringDisinformationEffectively2024, title = {Countering {Disinformation} {Effectively}: {An} {Evidence}-{Based} {Policy} {Guide}}, url = {https://carnegieendowment.org/files/Carnegie_Countering_Disinformation_Effectively.pdf}, urldate = {2024-03-01}, institution = {Carnegie Endowment for International Peace}, author = {Bateman, Jon and Jackson, Dean}, year = {2024}, keywords = {/unread, First Draft Report Cited, Global North, Qual}, file = {Carnegie_Countering_Disinformation_Effectively.pdf:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/E9WJHJGN/Carnegie_Countering_Disinformation_Effectively.pdf:application/pdf}, } @article{arielyTrustingPressPolitical2015, title = {Trusting the {Press} and {Political} {Trust}: {A} {Conditional} {Relationship}}, volume = {25}, issn = {1745-7289, 1745-7297}, shorttitle = {Trusting the {Press} and {Political} {Trust}}, url = {http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/17457289.2014.997739}, doi = {10.1080/17457289.2014.997739}, abstract = {Despite the fact that the media serves as a vital source of information about politics, the relation between media trust and political trust has largely been overlooked, especially outside the USA. Adopting a comparative approach, this study examines the way(s) in which trust in the press and political trust are related across dissimilar media environments. Analyzing survey data from 32 European countries, we found that while trust in the press and political trust are positively related, the magnitude of the relation differs across countries. This variation is explained by three structural components within the media environment: media autonomy, journalistic professionalism, and party/press parallelism. The multilevel models indicate that countries with more media autonomy and journalistic professionalism evince a weaker relation between media trust and political trust. A stronger relation obtains in media environments characterized by party/press parallelism. These findings illustrate how media environments affect citizen perceptions toward the political sphere: the less restricted and more professional the media environment, the more the public perceptions have the opportunity to be affected by what is being reported.}, language = {en}, number = {3}, urldate = {2024-02-29}, journal = {Journal of Elections, Public Opinion and Parties}, author = {Ariely, Gal}, month = jul, year = {2015}, keywords = {/unread, First Draft Report Cited, Global North, Quant}, pages = {351--367}, file = {Ariely - 2015 - Trusting the Press and Political Trust A Conditio.pdf:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/HNNGIMNI/Ariely - 2015 - Trusting the Press and Political Trust A Conditio.pdf:application/pdf}, } @book{duttonFifthEstatePower2023, address = {New York, NY}, title = {The {Fifth} {Estate}: {The} {Power} {Shift} of the {Digital} {Age}}, isbn = {978-0-19-068836-3}, shorttitle = {The {Fifth} {Estate}}, abstract = {In the eighteenth century, the printing press enabled the rise of an independent press--the Fourth Estate--that helped check the power of governments, business, and industry. In similar ways, the internet is forming a more independent collectivity of networked individuals, which William H. Dutton identifies as the Fifth Estate. Their network power is contributing to a more pluralist role of individuals in democratic political processes and society, which is not only shaping political accountability but nearly every sector of society. Yet a chorus of critics have dismissed the internet's more democratic potentials, demonizing social media and user-generated-content as simply sources of fake news and populism. So, is the internet a tool for democracy or anarchy? In The Fifth Estate, Dutton uses estate theory to illuminate the most important power shift of the digital age. He argues that this network power shift is not only enabling greater democratic accountability in politics and governance but is also empowering networked individuals in their everyday life and work, from checking facts to making civic-minded social interventions. By marshalling world leading research and case studies in a wide range of contexts, Dutton demonstrates that the internet and related digital media are enabling ordinary individuals to search, create, network, collaborate, and leak information in such independent and strategic ways that they enhance their informational and communicative power vis-à-vis other actors and institutions. Dutton also makes the case that internet policy interventions across the globe have increased censorship of users and introduced levels of surveillance that will challenge the vitality of the internet and the Fifth Estate, along with itsmore pluralist distribution of power. Ambitious and timely, Dutton provides an understanding of the Fifth Estate and its democratic potential so that networked individuals and institutions around the world can maintain and enhance its role in our digital age.}, language = {en}, publisher = {Oxford University Press}, author = {Dutton, William H.}, year = {2023}, note = {Google-Books-ID: Xwm7EAAAQBAJ}, keywords = {/unread, Language Arts \& Disciplines / Communication Studies, Review, First Draft Report Cited, Social Science / Sociology / General, Political Science / Comparative Politics, Political Science / International Relations / Diplomacy, Social Science / People with Disabilities}, } @inproceedings{dierickxEthicalDimensionsData2023, title = {The {Ethical} {Dimensions} of {Data} {Quality} for {Automated} {Fact}-{Checking}}, url = {https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=&ved=2ahUKEwjAxMe08cGEAxWNRkEAHZBPCKAQFnoECBYQAQ&url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.datajconf.com%2Fpapers%2FCJ_DataJConf_2023_paper_11.pdf&usg=AOvVaw0rWxuhoFtwpBP7a_U-7o7H&opi=89978449}, author = {Dierickx, Laurence and Linden, Carl-Gustav and Opdahl, Andreas Lothe}, month = jun, year = {2023}, keywords = {Systematic literature review, /unread, First Draft Report Cited}, file = {Dierickx et al. - The Ethical Dimensions of Data Quality for Automat.pdf:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/5BKNF6IF/Dierickx et al. - The Ethical Dimensions of Data Quality for Automat.pdf:application/pdf}, } @techreport{ofcomNewsConsumptionUK2023, title = {News {Consumption} in the {UK}: 2023 {Research} {Findings}}, url = {https://www.ofcom.org.uk/__data/assets/pdf_file/0024/264651/news-consumption-2023.pdf}, institution = {Ofcom}, author = {Ofcom}, month = jul, year = {2023}, keywords = {/unread, First Draft Report Cited}, file = {Ofcom - 2023 - News Consumption in the UK 2023 Research Findings.pdf:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/688GJRBG/Ofcom - 2023 - News Consumption in the UK 2023 Research Findings.pdf:application/pdf}, } @book{illichToolsConviviality1979, address = {London}, title = {Tools for {Conviviality}}, publisher = {Fontana}, author = {Illich, I}, year = {1979}, keywords = {/unread, First Draft Report Cited}, } @article{castroNavigatingHighChoiceEuropean2022, title = {Navigating {High}-{Choice} {European} {Political} {Information} {Environments}: a {Comparative} {Analysis} of {News} {User} {Profiles} and {Political} {Knowledge}}, volume = {27}, issn = {1940-1612, 1940-1620}, shorttitle = {Navigating {High}-{Choice} {European} {Political} {Information} {Environments}}, url = {http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/19401612211012572}, doi = {10.1177/19401612211012572}, abstract = {The transition from low- to high-choice media environments has had far-reaching implications for citizens’ media use and its relationship with political knowledge. However, there is still a lack of comparative research on how citizens combine the usage of different media and how that is related to political knowledge. To fill this void, we use a unique cross-national survey about the online and offline media use habits of more than 28,000 individuals in 17 European countries. Our aim is to (i) profile different types of news consumers and (ii) understand how each user profile is linked to political knowledge acquisition. Our results show that five user profiles – news minimalists, social media news users, traditionalists, online news seekers, and hyper news consumers – can be identified, although the prevalence of these profiles varies across countries. Findings further show that both traditional and online-based news diets are correlated with higher political knowledge. However, online-based news use is more widespread in Southern Europe, where it is associated with lower levels of political knowledge than in Northern Europe. By focusing on news audiences, this study provides a comprehensive and fine-grained analysis of how contemporary European political information environments perform and contribute to an informed citizenry.}, language = {en}, number = {4}, urldate = {2024-04-05}, journal = {The International Journal of Press/Politics}, author = {Castro, Laia and Strömbäck, Jesper and Esser, Frank and Van Aelst, Peter and de Vreese, Claes and Aalberg, Toril and Cardenal, Ana S. and Corbu, Nicoleta and Hopmann, David Nicolas and Koc-Michalska, Karolina and Matthes, Jörg and Schemer, Christian and Sheafer, Tamir and Splendore, Sergio and Stanyer, James and Stępińska, Agnieszka and Štětka, Václav and Theocharis, Yannis}, month = oct, year = {2022}, keywords = {/unread, First Draft Report Cited, Global North, Qual}, pages = {827--859}, file = {Available Version (via Google Scholar):/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/R7XFVZ7I/Castro et al. - 2022 - Navigating High-Choice European Political Informat.pdf:application/pdf}, } @article{andersenMaintenanceReformationNews2022, title = {Maintenance and {Reformation} of {News} {Repertoires}: {A} {Latent} {Transition} {Analysis}}, volume = {99}, issn = {1077-6990, 2161-430X}, shorttitle = {Maintenance and {Reformation} of {News} {Repertoires}}, url = {http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/10776990211019750}, doi = {10.1177/10776990211019750}, abstract = {Today’s media environment provides people ample opportunities for constructing news habits fitting their preferences, but our knowledge about the dynamics of such news habits is limited. Using a four-wave panel survey from Sweden and taking a news repertoires approach, the study identifies four groups of news users labeled Public service-oriented traditionalists, Minimalists, Engaged pluralists, and Quality-oriented explorers, which are each related to news interest, trust in mainstream news media, and socio-demographic factors in distinct ways. The news repertoires are highly stable, even during profound contextual change, showing that people most often maintain their news habits and only seldom reform them.}, language = {en}, number = {1}, urldate = {2024-04-05}, journal = {Journalism \& Mass Communication Quarterly}, author = {Andersen, Kim and Johansson, Johannes and Johansson, Bengt and Shehata, Adam}, month = mar, year = {2022}, keywords = {/unread, First Draft Report Cited, Global North, Quant}, pages = {237--261}, file = {Available Version (via Google Scholar):/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/55HKN7U2/Andersen et al. - 2022 - Maintenance and Reformation of News Repertoires A.pdf:application/pdf}, } @article{bosNationBindingHow2016, title = {Nation binding: {How} public service broadcasting mitigates political selective exposure}, volume = {11}, shorttitle = {Nation binding}, url = {https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0155112}, number = {5}, urldate = {2024-04-05}, journal = {PloS one}, author = {Bos, Linda and Kruikemeier, Sanne and de Vreese, Claes}, year = {2016}, note = {Publisher: Public Library of Science San Francisco, CA USA}, keywords = {/unread, First Draft Report Cited, Global North, Quant}, pages = {1--11}, file = {Available Version (via Google Scholar):/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/NKN7KLYX/article.html:text/html;Bos et al. - 2016 - Nation binding How public service broadcasting mi.pdf:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/2NQZT2E9/Bos et al. - 2016 - Nation binding How public service broadcasting mi.pdf:application/pdf}, } @book{arendtFutureEightExercises1968, title = {Between {Past} and {Future}. {Eight} {Exercises} in {Political} {Thought}}, publisher = {Viking Press}, author = {Arendt, Hannah}, year = {1968}, keywords = {/unread, First Draft Report Cited}, } @incollection{caballeroArtificialIntelligenceTechnological2024, title = {Artificial {Intelligence} and {Technological} {Accelerationism}: {A} {Critique} of {Cybernetic} {Ideology}}, booktitle = {Political {Economy} of {Media} and {Communication}: {Methodological} {Approaches}}, publisher = {Routledge}, author = {Caballero, Francisco Sierra and Monje, Daniela Ines}, editor = {Pedro-Caranana, Joan and Gomez, Rodrigo and Corrigan, Thomas F and Caballero, Francisco Sierra}, year = {2024}, keywords = {/unread, First Draft Report Cited}, pages = {328--365}, } @incollection{murdockHiddenAbodesDigital2024, title = {Hidden {Abodes}: {Digital} {Lives} and {Distant} {Others}}, booktitle = {The {Palgrave} {Handbook} of {Everyday} {Digital} {Life}}, publisher = {Palgrave Macmillan}, author = {Murdock, Graham}, editor = {Dunn, Hopeton S and Ragnedda, Massimo and Ruiu, Maria Laura and Robinson, Laura}, year = {2024}, keywords = {/unread, First Draft Report Cited}, pages = {109--124}, } @article{danillerMeasuringTrustPress2017, title = {Measuring {Trust} in the {Press} in a {Changing} {Media} {Environment}}, volume = {11}, issn = {1931-2458, 1931-2466}, url = {https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/19312458.2016.1271113}, doi = {10.1080/19312458.2016.1271113}, language = {en}, number = {1}, urldate = {2024-04-04}, journal = {Communication Methods and Measures}, author = {Daniller, Andrew and Allen, Douglas and Tallevi, Ashley and Mutz, Diana C.}, month = jan, year = {2017}, keywords = {/unread, First Draft Report Cited, Global North}, pages = {76--85}, file = {Daniller et al. - 2017 - Measuring Trust in the Press in a Changing Media E.pdf:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/5MRAZGY8/Daniller et al. - 2017 - Measuring Trust in the Press in a Changing Media E.pdf:application/pdf}, } @article{dezunigaTrustInstitutionalActors2019, title = {Trust in institutional actors across 22 countries. {Examining} political, science, and media trust around the world}, url = {https://www.academia.edu/download/97354602/RLCS-paper1329en.pdf}, number = {74}, urldate = {2024-04-04}, journal = {Revista Latina de Comunicación Social}, author = {de Zúñiga, Homero Gil and Ardèvol-Abreu, Alberto and Diehl, Trevor and Patiño, María Gómez and Liu, James H.}, year = {2019}, note = {Publisher: Laboratorio de Technologías de la Informaciò y Nuevos Análisis, LATINA, de …}, keywords = {/unread, Global, First Draft Report Cited, Quant}, pages = {237--262}, file = {Available Version (via Google Scholar):/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/JA2VWK99/de Zúñiga et al. - 2019 - Trust in institutional actors across 22 countries..pdf:application/pdf}, } @article{carrCynicsSkepticsEvaluating2014, title = {Cynics and {Skeptics}: {Evaluating} the {Credibility} of {Mainstream} and {Citizen} {Journalism}}, volume = {91}, issn = {1077-6990, 2161-430X}, shorttitle = {Cynics and {Skeptics}}, url = {http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/1077699014538828}, doi = {10.1177/1077699014538828}, abstract = {With the increase in citizen-generated news, the need to understand how individual predispositions interact with news sources to influence perceptions of news credibility becomes increasingly important. Using a web-based experiment, this study examines the influences individual predispositions toward the media and politics have on perceived credibility of mainstream and citizen journalism. Analyzing data drawn from a representative sample of the U.S. adult population, results indicate that media skepticism and political cynicism interact, such that cynics and skeptics perceive citizen journalism as more credible, while non-cynics and non-skeptics think mainstream journalism is more credible.}, language = {en}, number = {3}, urldate = {2024-04-03}, journal = {Journalism \& Mass Communication Quarterly}, author = {Carr, D. Jasun and Barnidge, Matthew and Lee, Byung Gu and Tsang, Stephanie Jean}, month = sep, year = {2014}, keywords = {/unread, First Draft Report Cited, Global North, Quant}, pages = {452--470}, file = {Available Version (via Google Scholar):/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/RWX8737N/1077699014538828.html:text/html;Carr et al. - 2014 - Cynics and Skeptics Evaluating the Credibility of.pdf:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/RLD2N7II/Carr et al. - 2014 - Cynics and Skeptics Evaluating the Credibility of.pdf:application/pdf}, } @article{chungExploringOnlineNews2012, title = {Exploring online news credibility: {The} relative influence of traditional and technological factors}, volume = {17}, shorttitle = {Exploring online news credibility}, url = {https://academic.oup.com/jcmc/article-abstract/17/2/171/4067667}, number = {2}, urldate = {2024-04-02}, journal = {Journal of computer-mediated communication}, author = {Chung, Chung Joo and Nam, Yoonjae and Stefanone, Michael A.}, year = {2012}, note = {Publisher: Oxford University Press Oxford, UK}, keywords = {/unread, First Draft Report Cited, Global North, Quant}, pages = {171--186}, file = {Available Version (via Google Scholar):/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/Y9FBH6LF/4067667.html:text/html;Chung et al. - 2012 - Exploring online news credibility The relative in.pdf:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/MZ2AULQE/Chung et al. - 2012 - Exploring online news credibility The relative in.pdf:application/pdf}, } @article{ceronInternetNewsPolitical2015, title = {Internet, news, and political trust: {The} difference between social media and online media outlets}, volume = {20}, shorttitle = {Internet, news, and political trust}, url = {https://academic.oup.com/jcmc/article-abstract/20/5/487/4067572}, number = {5}, urldate = {2024-04-02}, journal = {Journal of computer-mediated communication}, author = {Ceron, Andrea}, year = {2015}, note = {Publisher: Oxford University Press Oxford, UK}, keywords = {/unread, First Draft Report Cited, Global North, Quant}, pages = {487--503}, file = {Ceron - 2015 - Internet, news, and political trust The differenc.pdf:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/75TI9ER9/Ceron - 2015 - Internet, news, and political trust The differenc.pdf:application/pdf}, } @book{deuzeMediaLife2014, address = {Cambridge, UK}, title = {Media {Life}}, isbn = {978-0-7456-8053-8}, abstract = {Research consistently shows how through the years more of our time gets spent using media, how multitasking our media has become a regular feature of everyday life, and that consuming media for most people increasingly takes place alongside producing media. Media Life is a primer on how we may think of our lives as lived in rather than with media. The book uses the way media function today as a prism to understand key issues in contemporary society, where reality is open source, identities are - like websites - always under construction, and where private life is lived in public forever more. Ultimately, media are to us as water is to fish. The question is: how can we live a good life in media like fish in water? Media Life offers a compass for the way ahead.}, language = {en}, publisher = {Polity Press}, author = {Deuze, Mark}, month = jan, year = {2014}, note = {Google-Books-ID: ejmwAgAAQBAJ}, keywords = {Social Science / Media Studies, /unread, Technology \& Engineering / Electronics / General, First Draft Report Cited, Global North}, } @book{boydItsComplicatedSocial2014, title = {It's {Complicated}: {The} {Social} {Lives} of {Networked} {Teens}}, isbn = {978-0-300-16643-9}, shorttitle = {It's {Complicated}}, abstract = {A youth and technology expert offers original research on teens’ use of social media, the myths frightening adults, and how young people form communities.What is new about how teenagers communicate through services like Facebook, Twitter, and Instagram? Do social media affect the quality of teens’ lives? In this book, youth culture and technology expert Danah Boyd uncovers some of the major myths regarding teens’ use of social media. She explores tropes about identity, privacy, safety, danger, and bullying. Ultimately, Boyd argues that society fails young people when paternalism and protectionism hinder teenagers’ ability to become informed, thoughtful, and engaged citizens through their online interactions. Yet despite an environment of rampant fear-mongering, Boyd finds that teens often find ways to engage and to develop a sense of identity.Boyd’s conclusions are essential reading not only for parents, teachers, and others who work with teens, but also for anyone interested in the impact of emerging technologies on society, culture, and commerce. Offering insights gleaned from more than a decade of original fieldwork interviewing teenagers across the United States, Boyd concludes reassuringly that the kids are all right. At the same time, she acknowledges that coming to terms with life in a networked era is not easy or obvious. In a technologically mediated world, life is bound to be complicated.“Boyd’s new book is layered and smart . . . It’s Complicated will update your mind.” —Alissa Quart, New York Times Book Review“A fascinating, well-researched and (mostly) reassuring look at how today's tech-savvy teenagers are using social media.” —People“The briefest possible summary? The kids are all right, but society isn’t.” —Andrew Leonard, Salon}, language = {en}, publisher = {Yale University Press}, author = {boyd, danah}, month = feb, year = {2014}, note = {Google-Books-ID: s6PNAgAAQBAJ}, keywords = {Social Science / Media Studies, /unread, Review, First Draft Report Cited, Global North, Social Science / Children's Studies, Social Science / Popular Culture}, } @incollection{choiEmotionalAnalysisNews2020, address = {New York, NY}, title = {Emotional {Analysis} with {News} {Using} {Text} {Mining} for {Framing} {Theory}}, volume = {849}, isbn = {978-3-030-25212-0 978-3-030-25213-7}, url = {http://link.springer.com/10.1007/978-3-030-25213-7_7}, language = {en}, urldate = {2024-04-01}, booktitle = {Computer and {Information} {Science}}, publisher = {Springer International Publishing}, author = {Choi, Jinhyuck and Kim, Kwangmi Ko and Kim, Yanggon}, editor = {Lee, Roger}, year = {2020}, doi = {10.1007/978-3-030-25213-7_7}, note = {Series Title: Studies in Computational Intelligence}, keywords = {Global South, /unread, BRICS, First Draft Report Cited, Global North, Qual}, pages = {95--108}, } @book{andersonImaginedCommunitiesReflections1983, address = {New York, NY}, title = {Imagined {Communities}: {Reflections} on the {Origin} and {Spread} of {Nationalism}}, isbn = {978-0-8052-7177-5}, shorttitle = {Imagined {Communities}}, abstract = {A view of Islamic civilization that runs counter to that provided by 19th-century Western Orientalists and 20th-century Islamic fundamentalists. The novels cover a vast period, beginning with the conquest of the Iberian peninsula in the 8th century, via the liberation of Jerusalem by the armies of Saladin in the 12th century, to the rise and decline of the Ottoman Empire. Copyright © Libri GmbH. All rights reserved.}, language = {en}, publisher = {Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group}, author = {Anderson, Benedict}, year = {1983}, note = {Google-Books-ID: aNg6pwAACAAJ}, keywords = {/unread, Review, First Draft Report Cited, Political Science / Political Ideologies / Nationalism \& Patriotism}, } @article{devenneyLimitsCommunicativeRationality2009, title = {The limits of communicative rationality and deliberative democracy}, volume = {2}, issn = {1754-0291, 1754-0305}, url = {http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/17540290902760915}, doi = {10.1080/17540290902760915}, language = {en}, number = {1}, urldate = {2024-03-26}, journal = {Journal of Power}, author = {Devenney, Mark}, month = apr, year = {2009}, keywords = {/unread, Review, First Draft Report Cited}, pages = {137--154}, file = {Available Version (via Google Scholar):/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/646SBF5U/Devenney - 2009 - The limits of communicative rationality and delibe.pdf:application/pdf}, } @techreport{bontchevaGenerativeAIDisinformation2024, title = {Generative {AI} and {Disinformation}: {Recent} {Advances}, {Challenges}, and {Opportunities}}, url = {https://edmo.eu/wp-content/uploads/2023/12/Generative-AI-and-Disinformation_-White-Paper-v8.pdf}, language = {en}, institution = {Vera.ai, AI4Trust, AI4Media, TITAN White Paper}, author = {Bontcheva, Kalina and Papdopoulous, Symeon and Tsalakanidou, Filareti and Dutkiewicz, Lidia and Krack, Noémie and Teyssou, Denis and Nucci, Francesco Severio and Spangenberg, Jochen and Srba, Ivan and Aichroth, Patrick and Cuccovillo, Luca and Verdoliva, Luisa}, month = feb, year = {2024}, keywords = {/unread, Review, First Draft Report Cited}, file = {Generative-AI-and-Disinformation_-White-Paper-v8.pdf:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/2QGZ93Y9/Generative-AI-and-Disinformation_-White-Paper-v8.pdf:application/pdf}, } @article{coleAIRegulationGovernance2024, title = {{AI} {Regulation} and {Governance} on a {Global} {Scale}: {An} {Overview} of {International}, {Regional} and {National} {Instruments}}, volume = {1}, issn = {29424380, 29424372}, shorttitle = {International ∙ {AI} {Regulation} and {Governance} on a {Global} {Scale}}, url = {http://aire.lexxion.eu/article/AIRE/2024/1/16}, doi = {10.21552/aire/2024/1/16}, language = {en}, number = {1}, urldate = {2024-03-25}, journal = {Journal of AI Law and Regulation}, author = {Cole, Mark D.}, year = {2024}, keywords = {/unread, Global, Review, First Draft Report Cited}, pages = {126--142}, file = {D. Cole - 2024 - International ∙ AI Regulation and Governance on a .pdf:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/YNMMVQJW/D. Cole - 2024 - International ∙ AI Regulation and Governance on a .pdf:application/pdf}, } @book{acemogluPowerProgressOur2023, title = {Power and {Progress}: {Our} {Thousand}-{Year} {Struggle} {Over} {Technology} and {Prosperity}}, url = {https://basicbooks.uk/titles/daron-acemoglu/power-and-progress/9781399804455/}, publisher = {Basic Books}, author = {Acemoglu, Daron and Johnson, Simon}, year = {2023}, keywords = {/unread, Review, First Draft Report Cited}, } @book{robertsDigitalCitizenshipAfrica2023, title = {Digital {Citizenship} in {Africa}: {Technologies} of {Agency} and {Repression}}, abstract = {Open ACCESS online RM ordered a copy}, publisher = {Zed Books}, editor = {Roberts, Tony and Bosch, Tanja}, year = {2023}, keywords = {Global South, /unread, First Draft Report Cited}, } @techreport{buntingKeepingConsumersSafe2018, title = {Keeping {Consumers} {Safe} {Online}: {Legislating} for {Platform} {Accountability} for {Online} {Content}}, url = {https://static1.1.sqspcdn.com/static/f/1321365/27941308/1530714958163/Sky+Platform+Accountability+FINAL+020718+2200.pdf}, institution = {Communications Chambers, London}, author = {Bunting, Mark}, month = jul, year = {2018}, keywords = {/unread, First Draft Report Cited, Global North, Policy}, file = {Bunting - 2018 - Keeping Consumers Safe Online Legislating for Pla.pdf:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/HRCTFUSU/Bunting - 2018 - Keeping Consumers Safe Online Legislating for Pla.pdf:application/pdf}, } @incollection{jayasingheAsia2022, title = {Asia}, url = {https://idl-bnc-idrc.dspacedirect.org/bitstreams/aafc0871-9bfe-4d11-bd8e-eb7921064621/download}, booktitle = {Meeting the {Challenges} of {Information} {Disorder} in the {Global} {South}}, publisher = {IDRC Research Results}, author = {Jayasinghe, Gayashi and Bandaranayake, Ramathi and Galpaya, Helani and Ababakirov, Azamat and De Silva, Runwanka}, editor = {Wasserman, Herman}, year = {2022}, keywords = {Global South, /unread, First Draft Report Cited}, pages = {190--245}, file = {Jayasinghe et al. - 2022 - Asia.pdf:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/VDWBCJ2T/Jayasinghe et al. - 2022 - Asia.pdf:application/pdf}, } @article{aulaEvidencebasedPolicymakingLegislatures2023, title = {Evidence-based policymaking in the legislatures: timeliness and politics of evidence in {Finland}}, volume = {51}, issn = {1470-8442, 0305-5736}, shorttitle = {Evidence-based policymaking in the legislatures}, url = {https://bristoluniversitypressdigital.com/view/journals/pp/51/4/article-p673.xml}, doi = {10.1332/030557321X16873376680333}, abstract = {Scholarship on evidence-based policymaking (EBP) has long called for more a realistic understanding of how politicians use evidence, especially the ways that use of evidence is negotiated with political goals. This article offers a new perspective on this question by drawing from research on legislative organisations. It introduces a new framework for the study of evidence-based policy, developed by reviewing key insights from legislative studies and interpreting their relevance for the study of EBP. It then applies this framework in an interview-based case-study of the Parliament of Finland. Previous studies have identified timeliness and relevance as some of the key barriers to using evidence, and our data focus on how key actors in legislative organisations understand and manage timeliness. Our findings show that timeliness is dominated by short-term reactions to new bill proposals, but the window for timely evidence in the legislatures can vary from months to days. Our study identifies three strategies used in legislative organisations to overcome the problems of reactivity: programmatic work, specialisation and network building. Practices relating to these strategies are discussed across legislators, political parties and committees. Our findings suggest that it is important for research on EBP in a legislative context to go beyond the study of committees and individual legislators, to explore the role of political parties. This strategy allows researchers to discover the often non-linear and indirect ways that evidence can influence policy through political parties.}, language = {en}, number = {4}, urldate = {2024-03-01}, journal = {Policy \& Politics}, author = {Aula, Ville}, month = oct, year = {2023}, note = {Publisher: Policy Press Section: Policy \& Politics}, keywords = {/unread, First Draft Report Cited, Global North, Qual}, pages = {673--694}, file = {Aula - 2023 - Evidence-based policymaking in the legislatures t.pdf:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/X9ZTCSL6/Aula - 2023 - Evidence-based policymaking in the legislatures t.pdf:application/pdf}, } @article{brechtRadioMeansCommunication1932, title = {Radio as a {Means} of {Communication}: {A} {Talk} on the {Function} of {Radio}}, volume = {20}, number = {3-4}, author = {Brecht, Bertolt}, year = {1932}, keywords = {/unread, First Draft Report Cited}, pages = {24--48}, } @book{sunsteinRepubliccom202007, address = {Princeton MA}, title = {Republic.com 2.0}, publisher = {Princeton University Press}, author = {Sunstein, C}, year = {2007}, keywords = {/unread, First Draft Report Cited}, } @techreport{bradshawIndustrializedDisinformation20202021, address = {Oxford}, type = {Working {Paper} 2021.1}, title = {Industrialized {Disinformation}: 2020 {Global} {Inventory} of {Organized} {Social} {Media} {Manipulation}}, url = {https://demtech.oii.ox.ac.uk/research/posts/industrialized-disinformation/}, urldate = {2021-04-21}, institution = {Oxford Internet Institute, University of Oxford Project on Computational Propaganda}, author = {Bradshaw, Samantha and Bailey, Hannah and Howard, Philip N}, year = {2021}, keywords = {/unread, Global, First Draft Report Cited, USED, OID Mis/Disinfo, Mixed}, file = {Bradshaw et al. - 2021 - Industrialized Disinformation 2020 Global Invento.pdf:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/PLDEZAG2/Bradshaw et al. - 2021 - Industrialized Disinformation 2020 Global Invento.pdf:application/pdf}, } @incollection{benklerPoliticalEconomyOrigins2020, address = {Cambridge}, series = {{SSRC} {Anxieties} of {Democracy}}, title = {A {Political} {Economy} of the {Origins} of {Asymmetric} {Propaganda} in {American} {Media}}, isbn = {978-1-108-84305-8}, url = {https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/disinformation-age/political-economy-of-the-origins-of-asymmetric-propaganda-in-american-media/10D034A14EA79BDEED26B75EC80B8625}, abstract = {Benkler describes the results of a large-scale study of the political media ecosystem duringthe 2016 US presidential campaign and the first year of the Trump presidency. The majorfinding is that the American political media ecosystem is asymmetrically polarized, with aninsular, well-defined right wing, and the rest of the media ecosystem, from the center-right to the far left,forming a single media ecosystem anchored by traditional media organizations like the NewYork Times or the Washington Post. The structure renders the American right moresusceptible to propaganda and disinformation than the left. The chapter then offers ananalysis of why political economy, rather than technology, was the source of thisasymmetry, outlining the interactions between political culture, law and regulation, andcommunications technology that have underwritten the emergence of the propaganda feedbackloop in the right wing of the American media ecosystem, and outlines the structural driversof the present epistemic crisis.}, urldate = {2024-07-24}, booktitle = {The {Disinformation} {Age}}, publisher = {Cambridge University Press}, author = {Benkler, Yochai}, editor = {Livingston, Steven and Bennett, W. Lance}, year = {2020}, doi = {10.1017/9781108914628.002}, keywords = {/unread, Review, First Draft Report Cited, Global North, agency-structure division, asymmetric media ecosystem, fairness doctrine, identity-consistent falsehoods, professional reputational loss, propaganda feedback loop}, pages = {43--66}, file = {Full Text PDF:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/HIDXSCPV/Benkler - 2020 - A Political Economy of the Origins of Asymmetric P.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/LZ7YIG83/10D034A14EA79BDEED26B75EC80B8625.html:text/html}, } @book{benklerNetworkPropagandaManipulation2018, edition = {1}, title = {Network {Propaganda}: {Manipulation}, {Disinformation}, and {Radicalization} in {American} {Politics}}, isbn = {978-0-19-092362-4 978-0-19-092366-2}, shorttitle = {Network {Propaganda}}, url = {https://academic.oup.com/book/26406}, abstract = {Abstract This book examines the shape, composition, and practices of the United States political media landscape. It explores the roots of the current epistemic crisis in political communication with a focus on the remarkable 2016 U.S. president election culminating in the victory of Donald Trump and the first year of his presidency. The authors present a detailed map of the American political media landscape based on the analysis of millions of stories and social media posts, revealing a highly polarized and asymmetric media ecosystem. Detailed case studies track the emergence and propagation of disinformation in the American public sphere that took advantage of structural weaknesses in the media institutions across the political spectrum. This book describes how the conservative faction led by Steve Bannon and funded by Robert Mercer was able to inject opposition research into the mainstream media agenda that left an unsubstantiated but indelible stain of corruption on the Clinton campaign. The authors also document how Fox News deflects negative coverage of President Trump and has promoted a series of exaggerated and fabricated counter narratives to defend the president against the damaging news coming out of the Mueller investigation. Based on an analysis of the actors that sought to influence political public discourse, this book argues that the current problems of media and democracy are not the result of Russian interference, behavioral microtargeting and algorithms on social media, political clickbait, hackers, sockpuppets, or trolls, but of asymmetric media structures decades in the making. The crisis is political, not technological.}, language = {en}, urldate = {2024-01-10}, publisher = {Oxford University Press}, author = {Benkler, Yochai and Faris, Robert and Roberts, Hal}, month = nov, year = {2018}, doi = {10.1093/oso/9780190923624.001.0001}, keywords = {propaganda, social media, disinformation, fake news, media manipulation, political communication, post-truth, partisan media, /unread, Review, First Draft Report Cited, Global North, OID Mis/Disinfo, media and democracy, presidential election}, file = {Benkler et al. - 2018 - Network Propaganda Manipulation, Disinformation, .pdf:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/WRDI2RGU/Benkler et al. - 2018 - Network Propaganda Manipulation, Disinformation, .pdf:application/pdf}, } @article{altaySurveyExpertViews2023, title = {A survey of expert views on misinformation: {Definitions}, determinants, solutions, and future of the field}, volume = {4}, shorttitle = {A survey of expert views on misinformation}, url = {https://misinforeview.hks.harvard.edu/article/a-survey-of-expert-views-on-misinformation-definitions-determinants-solutions-and-future-of-the-field/}, doi = {10.37016/mr-2020-119}, abstract = {We surveyed 150 academic experts on misinformation and identified areas of expert consensus. Experts defined misinformation as false and misleading information, though views diverged on the importance of intentionality and what exactly constitutes misinformation. The most popular reason why people believe and share misinformation was partisanship, while lack of education was one of the least}, language = {en-US}, number = {4}, urldate = {2023-11-29}, journal = {Harvard Kennedy School Misinformation Review}, author = {Altay, Sacha and Berriche, Manon and Heuer, Hendrik and Farkas, Johan and Rathje, Steven}, month = jul, year = {2023}, keywords = {/unread, First Draft Report Cited, Global North, Quant}, pages = {1--34}, file = {Altay et al. - 2023 - A survey of expert views on misinformation Defini.pdf:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/A9CZ886A/Altay et al. - 2023 - A survey of expert views on misinformation Defini.pdf:application/pdf}, } @misc{bradshawInternetInfrastructureEmerging2022, title = {Internet {Infrastructure} as an {Emerging} {Terrain} of {Disinformation}}, url = {https://www.cigionline.org/articles/internet-infrastructure-as-an-emerging-terrain-of-disinformation/}, abstract = {Disinformation has not only infiltrated online content but also internet infrastructure, making cybersecurity just as important as content moderation in addressing this problem.}, language = {en}, urldate = {2022-07-10}, journal = {Centre for International Governance Innovation}, author = {Bradshaw, Samantha and DeNardis, Laura}, month = jul, year = {2022}, keywords = {/unread, Report, Global, First Draft Report Cited, OID Mis/Disinfo}, } @techreport{ituGlobalDigitalRegulatory2023, address = {Geneva}, title = {Global {Digital} {Regulatory} {Outlook} 2023 - {Policy} and regulation to spur digital transformation}, url = {https://www.itu.int/en/publications/ITU-D/pages/publications.aspx?parent=D-PREF-BB.REG_OUT01-2023&media=electronic}, language = {en-US}, urldate = {2023-06-14}, institution = {International Telecommunication Union}, author = {ITU}, year = {2023}, keywords = {/unread, First Draft Report Cited, OID Data Gov}, file = {ITU - 2023 - Global Digital Regulatory Outlook 2023 - Policy an.pdf:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/W6V7GLQK/ITU - 2023 - Global Digital Regulatory Outlook 2023 - Policy an.pdf:application/pdf}, } @techreport{banajiWhatsAppVigilantesExploration2019, title = {{WhatsApp} {Vigilantes}: {An} exploration of citizen reception and circulation of {WhatsApp} misinformation linked to mob violence in {India}}, url = {https://eprints.lse.ac.uk/104316/1/Banaji_whatsapp_vigilantes_exploration_of_citizen_reception_published.pdf}, language = {en}, institution = {Department of Media and Communications, LSE}, author = {Banaji, Shakuntala and Bhat, Ram and Agarwal, Anushi and Passanha, Nihal and Pravin, Mukti Sadhana}, year = {2019}, keywords = {Global South, /unread, BRICS, First Draft Report Cited, Qual, OID Mis/Disinfo}, pages = {62}, file = {Banaji et al. - 2019 - WhatsApp Vigilantes An exploration of citizen rec.pdf:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/YSX3PTKF/Banaji et al. - 2019 - WhatsApp Vigilantes An exploration of citizen rec.pdf:application/pdf}, } @techreport{bontchevaBalancingActCountering2020, address = {Geneva and Paris}, title = {Balancing {Act}: {Countering} {Digital} {Disinformation} {While} {Respecting} {Freedom} of {Expression}: {Broadband} {Commission} research report on {Freedom} of {Expression} and {Addressing} {Disinformation} on the {Internet}}, url = {https://www.broadbandcommission.org/Documents/working-groups/FoE_Disinfo_Report.pdf}, urldate = {2020-09-23}, institution = {Prepared for Broadband Commission, ITU and UNESCO}, author = {Bontcheva, Kalina and Posetti, Julie and Teyssou, Denis and Meyer, Trisha and Gregory, Sam and Hanot, Clara and Maynard, Diana}, year = {2020}, keywords = {/unread, Global, Review, First Draft Report Cited, OID Mis/Disinfo}, file = {Broadband Commission, ITU and UNESCO - 2020 - Balancing Act Countering Digital Disinformation W.pdf:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/ND6IAGZT/Broadband Commission, ITU and UNESCO - 2020 - Balancing Act Countering Digital Disinformation W.pdf:application/pdf}, } @article{diazruizDisinformationDigitalMedia2023, title = {Disinformation on digital media platforms: {A} market-shaping approach}, volume = {Online First}, issn = {1461-4448}, shorttitle = {Disinformation on digital media platforms}, url = {https://doi.org/10.1177/14614448231207644}, doi = {10.1177/14614448231207644}, abstract = {The proliferation of deceptive content online has led to the recognition that some actors in the digital media ecosystem profit from disinformation’s rapid spread. The reason is that a market designed to monetize engagement with fringe audiences encourages actors to create content that can go viral, hence creating financial incentives to circulate controversial claims, adversarial narratives, and deceptive content. The theoretical claim of this piece is that the actors and practices of digital media platforms can be analyzed through their market practices. Through this lens, scholars can study whether digital markets such as programmatic advertising, commercial content moderation, and influencer marketing make money from circulating disinformation. To show how disinformation is an expected outcome, not breakage, of the current media market in digital platforms, the article analyzes the business models of pre-digital broadcasting media, partisan media, and digital media platforms, finding qualitatively different forms of disinformation in each media market iteration.}, language = {en}, urldate = {2023-11-08}, journal = {New Media \& Society}, author = {Diaz Ruiz, Carlos}, month = oct, year = {2023}, note = {Publisher: SAGE Publications}, keywords = {/unread, Review, First Draft Report Cited, USED, OID Mis/Disinfo, OID Data Gov}, pages = {1--24}, file = {Diaz Ruiz - 2023 - Disinformation on digital media platforms A marke.pdf:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/4JCBB35R/Diaz Ruiz - 2023 - Disinformation on digital media platforms A marke.pdf:application/pdf}, } @article{anannySeeingKnowingLimitations2018, title = {Seeing without knowing: {Limitations} of the transparency ideal and its application to algorithmic accountability}, volume = {20}, issn = {1461-4448}, shorttitle = {Seeing without knowing}, url = {https://doi.org/10.1177/1461444816676645}, doi = {10.1177/1461444816676645}, abstract = {Models for understanding and holding systems accountable have long rested upon ideals and logics of transparency. Being able to see a system is sometimes equated with being able to know how it works and govern it—a pattern that recurs in recent work about transparency and computational systems. But can “black boxes’ ever be opened, and if so, would that ever be sufficient? In this article, we critically interrogate the ideal of transparency, trace some of its roots in scientific and sociotechnical epistemological cultures, and present 10 limitations to its application. We specifically focus on the inadequacy of transparency for understanding and governing algorithmic systems and sketch an alternative typology of algorithmic accountability grounded in constructive engagements with the limitations of transparency ideals.}, language = {en}, number = {3}, urldate = {2023-10-26}, journal = {New Media \& Society}, author = {Ananny, Mike and Crawford, Kate}, month = mar, year = {2018}, note = {Publisher: SAGE Publications}, keywords = {/unread, Review, First Draft Report Cited, OID AI}, pages = {973--989}, file = {Ananny and Crawford - 2018 - Seeing without knowing Limitations of the transpa.pdf:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/GP2BPW4J/Ananny and Crawford - 2018 - Seeing without knowing Limitations of the transpa.pdf:application/pdf}, } @book{mcguiganSellingAmericanPeople2023, address = {Cambridge MA}, title = {Selling the {American} {People}: {Advertising}, {Optimization}, and the {Origins} of {Adtech}}, publisher = {MIT Press}, author = {McGuigan, Lee}, year = {2023}, keywords = {/unread, First Draft Report Cited, OID AI}, } @article{caplanNetworkedPlatformGovernance2023, title = {Networked {Platform} {Governance}: {The} {Construction} of the {Democratic} {Platform}}, volume = {17}, copyright = {The International Journal of Communication is an academic journal. As such, it is dedicated to the open exchange of information. For this reason, IJoC is freely available to individuals and institutions. Copies of this journal or articles in this journal may be distributed for research or educational purposes free of charge and without permission. However, commercial use of the IJoC website or the articles contained herein is expressly prohibited without the written consent of the editor. Authors who publish in The International Journal of Communication will release their articles under the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial No Derivatives (by-nc-nd) license . This license allows anyone to copy and distribute the article for non-commercial purposes provided that appropriate attribution is given. For details of the rights authors grants users of their work, see the "human-readable summary" of the license , with a link to the full license. (Note that "you" refers to a user, not an author, in the summary.) This journal utilizes the LOCKSS system to create a distributed archiving system among participating libraries and permits those libraries to create permanent archives of the journal for purposes of preservation and restoration. The publisher perpetually authorizes participants in the LOCKSS system to archive and restore our publication through the LOCKSS System for the benefit of all LOCKSS System participants. Specifically participating libraries may: Collect and preserve currently accessible materials; Use material consistent with original license terms; Provide copies to other LOCKSS appliances for purposes of audit and repair.   Fair Use The U.S. Copyright Act of 1976 specifies, in Section 107, the terms of the Fair Use exception: Notwithstanding the provisions of sections 106 and 106A, the fair use of a copyrighted work, including such use by reproduction in copies or phonorecords or by any other means specified by that section, for purposes such as criticism, comment, news reporting, teaching (including multiple copies for classroom use), scholarship, or research, is not an infringement of copyright. In determining whether the use made of a work in any particular case is a fair use the factors to be considered shall include: the purpose and character of the use, including whether such use is of a commercial nature or is for nonprofit educational purposes; the nature of the copyrighted work; the amount and substantiality of the portion used in relation to the copyrighted work as a whole; \& the effect of the use upon the potential market for or value of the copyrighted work. The fact that a work is unpublished shall not itself bar a finding of fair use if such finding is made upon consideration of all the above factors. In accord with these provisions, the International Journal of Communication believes in the vigorous assertion and defense of Fair Use by scholars engaged in academic research, teaching and non-commercial publishing. Thus, we view the inclusion of “quotations” from existing print, visual, audio and audio-visual texts to be appropriate examples of Fair Use, as are reproductions of visual images for the purpose of scholarly analysis. We encourage authors to obtain appropriate permissions to use materials originally produced by others, but do not require such permissions as long as the usage of such materials falls within the boundaries of Fair Use. The International Journal of Communication encourages authors to employ fair use in their scholarly publishing wherever appropriate. Fair use is the right to use unlicensed copyrighted material (whether it is text, images, audio-visual, or other) in your own work, in some circumstances. We consult the Code of Best Practices in Fair Use for Scholarly Research in Communication , created by the International Communication Association and endorsed by the National Communication Association, and you should too. If you have any questions about whether fair use applies to your uses of copyrighted material (whether it is text, images, audio-visual, or other) in your scholarship, simply include your rationale, grounded in the Best Practices, as a supplementary document with your submission.}, issn = {1932-8036}, shorttitle = {Networked {Platform} {Governance}}, url = {https://ijoc.org/index.php/ijoc/article/view/20035}, abstract = {Over the last several years, concerns about the credibility or trustworthiness of information online have been mounting. At the center of these concerns were questions about the role platform companies—particularly search and social media—should play in controlling access to information online. This article explores the ways that platform companies are trying to distribute the responsibility for content policy making to external stakeholders in response to concerns about their unilateral control and proposes that platforms are deploying a brokered form of network governance that presents opportunities for platform governance but also new concerns for accountability. Using a discourse analysis of public statements from platform companies, as well as corporate documents, it examines three ways in which platforms position their relationships with external stakeholder groups and communicate their relational power, to examine the ways in which the language of network governance is used to gesture toward inclusivity and participation in content policy making and to address resource and functional gaps when operating at scale.}, language = {en}, number = {2023}, urldate = {2023-05-17}, journal = {International Journal of Communication}, author = {Caplan, Robyn}, month = may, year = {2023}, note = {Number: 0}, keywords = {Facebook, platforms, content moderation, platform governance, /unread, First Draft Report Cited, Global North, Qual, USED, OID Data Gov, OID General, trust and safety}, pages = {3541--3472}, file = {Caplan - 2023 - Networked Platform Governance The Construction of.pdf:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/9WYJR5E6/Caplan - 2023 - Networked Platform Governance The Construction of.pdf:application/pdf}, } @article{dommettInterinstitutionalImpactDigital2023, title = {The inter-institutional impact of digital platform companies on democracy: {A} case study of the {UK} media’s digital campaigning coverage}, volume = {25}, issn = {1461-4448}, shorttitle = {The inter-institutional impact of digital platform companies on democracy}, url = {https://doi.org/10.1177/14614448211028546}, doi = {10.1177/14614448211028546}, abstract = {Digital platforms, such as Google and Facebook, are under increased scrutiny as regards their impact on society. Having prompted concerns about their capacity to spread misinformation, contribute to filter bubbles and facilitate hate speech, much attention has been paid to the threat platforms pose to democracy. In contrast to existing interventions considering the threats posed by interactions between platforms and users, in this article, I examine platforms’ impact on the democratic work of other bodies. Considering the relationship between platforms and the media, I reveal how platforms affect journalists’ ability to advance their democratic goals. Using a case study of journalistic coverage of digital campaigning at the 2019 UK general election, I show how platforms have hindered journalistic efforts to inform citizens and provide a watchdog function. These findings are significant for our understanding of platforms’ democratic impact and suggest policy makers may wish to regulate platforms’ inter-institutional impact upon democracy.}, language = {en}, number = {10}, urldate = {2023-09-03}, journal = {New Media \& Society}, author = {Dommett, Katharine}, month = oct, year = {2023}, note = {Publisher: SAGE Publications}, keywords = {/unread, First Draft Report Cited, Global North, OID Media, Qual}, pages = {2763--2780}, file = {Dommett - 2023 - The inter-institutional impact of digital platform.pdf:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/M97Y4S58/Dommett - 2023 - The inter-institutional impact of digital platform.pdf:application/pdf}, } @article{bolinReturnPropagandaHistorical2023, title = {The return of propaganda: {Historical} legacies and contemporary conceptualisations}, volume = {5}, shorttitle = {The return of propaganda}, url = {https://sciendo.com/article/10.2478/njms-2023-0001}, doi = {10.2478/njms-2023-0001}, abstract = {ABSTRACT In this introductory article, we discuss the rise of the “classical” theories of propaganda, starting with an historical exposé of the concept, which traces its roots and trajectory through the field of academic analysis. Propaganda is then discussed in relation to other adjacent concepts such as soft power, public diplomacy, nation branding, fake news, and so on. In a third section, the concept of propaganda is discussed in relation to the present datafied world, marked by various forms of crises – of democracy and of the environment, for example. In the last section, the articles included in this themed issue are presented and related to the preceding historical and conceptual discussion.}, language = {en}, number = {1}, urldate = {2023-11-09}, journal = {Nordic Journal of Media Studies}, author = {Bolin, Göran and Kunelius, Risto}, month = jun, year = {2023}, keywords = {/unread, Review, First Draft Report Cited, Global North, OID Media}, pages = {1--16}, file = {Bolin and Kunelius - 2023 - The return of propaganda Historical legacies and .pdf:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/KJXTG5Y5/Bolin and Kunelius - 2023 - The return of propaganda Historical legacies and .pdf:application/pdf}, } @techreport{adamsAIAfricaKey2022, title = {{AI} in {Africa}: {Key} {Concerns} and {Policy} {Considerations} for the {Future} of the {Continent}}, shorttitle = {{AI} in {Africa}}, url = {https://afripoli.org/ai-in-africa-key-concerns-and-policy-considerations-for-the-future-of-the-continent}, abstract = {To support local artificial intelligence (AI) capacity favouring local economies and ecosystems, policy responses to AI in Africa should build on national digital agendas and prioritise inclusive digital, data and computing infrastructure and skills development.}, language = {en}, urldate = {2023-12-05}, institution = {Africa Policy Research Institute (APRI), Policy Brief}, author = {Adams, Rachel}, month = may, year = {2022}, keywords = {Global South, /unread, Review, First Draft Report Cited, Policy}, file = {Adams - 2022 - AI in Africa Key Concerns and Policy Consideratio.pdf:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/T4HTYFMX/Adams - 2022 - AI in Africa Key Concerns and Policy Consideratio.pdf:application/pdf}, } @article{danielsAlgorithmicRiseAltRight2018, title = {The {Algorithmic} {Rise} of the “{Alt}-{Right}”}, volume = {17}, issn = {1536-5042}, url = {https://doi.org/10.1177/1536504218766547}, doi = {10.1177/1536504218766547}, abstract = {As with so many technologies, the Internet’s racism was programmed right in—and it’s quickly fueled the spread of White supremacist, xenophobic rhetoric throughout the western world.}, language = {en}, number = {1}, urldate = {2024-04-15}, journal = {Contexts}, author = {Daniels, Jessie}, month = feb, year = {2018}, note = {Publisher: SAGE Publications}, keywords = {/unread, Review, First Draft Report Cited, Global North}, pages = {60--65}, file = {SAGE PDF Full Text:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/TXW3GK86/Daniels - 2018 - The Algorithmic Rise of the “Alt-Right”.pdf:application/pdf}, } @article{bontridderRoleArtificialIntelligence2021, title = {The role of artificial intelligence in disinformation}, volume = {3}, issn = {2632-3249}, url = {https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/data-and-policy/article/role-of-artificial-intelligence-in-disinformation/7C4BF6CA35184F149143DE968FC4C3B6}, doi = {10.1017/dap.2021.20}, abstract = {Artificial intelligence (AI) systems are playing an overarching role in the disinformation phenomenon our world is currently facing. Such systems boost the problem not only by increasing opportunities to create realistic AI-generated fake content, but also, and essentially, by facilitating the dissemination of disinformation to a targeted audience and at scale by malicious stakeholders. This situation entails multiple ethical and human rights concerns, in particular regarding human dignity, autonomy, democracy, and peace. In reaction, other AI systems are developed to detect and moderate disinformation online. Such systems do not escape from ethical and human rights concerns either, especially regarding freedom of expression and information. Having originally started with ascending co-regulation, the European Union (EU) is now heading toward descending co-regulation of the phenomenon. In particular, the Digital Services Act proposal provides for transparency obligations and external audit for very large online platforms’ recommender systems and content moderation. While with this proposal, the Commission focusses on the regulation of content considered as problematic, the EU Parliament and the EU Council call for enhancing access to trustworthy content. In light of our study, we stress that the disinformation problem is mainly caused by the business model of the web that is based on advertising revenues, and that adapting this model would reduce the problem considerably. We also observe that while AI systems are inappropriate to moderate disinformation content online, and even to detect such content, they may be more appropriate to counter the manipulation of the digital ecosystem.}, language = {en}, number = {e32}, urldate = {2024-04-15}, journal = {Data \& Policy}, author = {Bontridder, Noémi and Poullet, Yves}, month = jan, year = {2021}, keywords = {disinformation, online platforms, European Union, artificial intelligence, /unread, Review, First Draft Report Cited, Global North, content regulation, digital ecosystem, information and communication technologies}, pages = {1--21}, file = {Full Text PDF:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/4MGW289F/Bontridder and Poullet - 2021 - The role of artificial intelligence in disinformat.pdf:application/pdf}, } @book{petreAllNewsThats2021, address = {Princeton}, title = {All the news that's fit to click: how metrics are transforming the work of journalists}, isbn = {978-0-691-22875-4}, shorttitle = {All the news that's fit to click}, abstract = {"Over the past fifteen years, journalism has experienced a rapid proliferation of data about online reader behavior in the form of web metrics. These newsroom metrics influence which stories are written, how news is promoted, and which journalists get hired and fired. Some argue that metrics help journalists better serve their audiences. Others worry that metrics are the contemporary equivalent of a stopwatch-wielding factory manager. In Desperate Measures, Caitlin Petre offers a rare behind-the-scenes look at how metrics are reshaping the work of journalism. Over a period of four years, Petre conducted a mix of in-depth interviews and ethnographic observation at three sites. The book first shows how metrics tools are designed and marketed, via Petre's research at the prominent news analytics company Chartbeat. Petre then follows Chartbeat's tool into the newsrooms of two of the company's highest-profile clients: Gawker Media and The New York Times. She finds that newsroom metrics are a powerful form of managerial surveillance and discipline. However, unlike the manager's stopwatch that preceded them, digital metrics are designed to gain the trust of wary journalists by providing a habit-forming user experience that mimics key features of addictive games. She details how the ambiguous nature of the data lead journalists to draw seemingly arbitrary boundaries around uses of audience metrics that are either legitimate or illegitimate. And she examines how metrics intersect with existing newsroom hierarchies. As performance analytics spread to virtually every professional field, Petre's findings speak to the future of expertise and labor relations in contexts far beyond journalism"--}, publisher = {Princeton University Press}, author = {Petre, Caitlin}, year = {2021}, keywords = {United States, Journalism, Technological innovations, /unread, First Draft Report Cited, COMPUTERS / Data Science / Data Analytics, News audiences, Online journalism, SOCIAL SCIENCE / Media Studies, Web usage mining in journalism}, } @misc{buarqueHowBrazilsFarRight2021, title = {How {Brazil}’s far-{Right} ‘active knowledge’ industry supports {Jair} {Bolsonaro}}, url = {https://www.opendemocracy.net/en/democraciaabierta/jair-bolsonaro-brazil-far-right-knowledge-industry-en/}, journal = {openDemocracy}, author = {Buarque, Beatriz}, month = mar, year = {2021}, keywords = {Global South, /unread, BRICS, Report, First Draft Report Cited}, } @article{boulianneComplicatingResilienceModel2022, title = {Complicating the {Resilience} {Model}: {A} {Four}‐{Country} {Study} {About} {Misinformation}}, volume = {10}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.17645/mac.v10i3.5346}, abstract = {The resilience model to disinformation (Humprecht et al., 2020, 2021) suggests that countries will differ in exposure and reactions to disinformation due to their distinct media, economic, and political environments. In this model, higher media trust and the use of public service broadcasters are expected to build resilience to disinformation, while social media use and political polarization undermine resilience. To further test and develop the resilience model, we draw on a four-country (the US, Canada, the UK, and France) survey conducted in February 2021. We focus on three individual-level indicators of a lack of resilience: awareness of, exposure to, and sharing of misinformation. We find that social media use is associated with higher levels of all three measures, which is consistent with the resilience model. Social media use decreases resilience to misinformation. Contrary to the expectations of the resilience model, trust in national news media does not build resilience. Finally, we consider the use of public broadcasting media (BBC, France Télévisions, and CBC). The use of these sources does not build resilience in the short term. Moving forward, we suggest that awareness of, exposure to, and reactions to misinformation are best understood in terms of social media use and left–right ideology. Furthermore, instead of focusing on the US as the exceptional case of low resilience, we should consider the UK as the exceptional case of high resilience to misinformation. Finally, we identify potential avenues to further develop frameworks to understand and measure resilience to misinformation.}, number = {3}, journal = {Media and Communication}, author = {Boulianne, Shelley and Tenove, Chris and Buffie, Jordan}, year = {2022}, keywords = {/unread, First Draft Report Cited, Global North, Quant}, pages = {169--182}, file = {Boulianne et al. - 2022 - Complicating the Resilience Model A Four‐Country .pdf:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/G25VCBFJ/Boulianne et al. - 2022 - Complicating the Resilience Model A Four‐Country .pdf:application/pdf}, } @article{allcottSocialMediaFake2017, title = {Social {Media} and {Fake} {News} in the 2016 {Election}}, volume = {32}, url = {https://www.aeaweb.org/articles?id=10.1257/jep.31.2.211}, doi = {10.1257/jep.31.2.211}, abstract = {Following the 2016 US presidential election, many have expressed concern about the effects of false stories ("fake news"), circulated largely through social media. We discuss the economics of fake news and present new data on its consumption prior to the election. Drawing on web browsing data, archives of fact-checking websites, and results from a new online survey, we find: 1) social media was an important but not dominant source of election news, with 14 percent of Americans calling social media their "most important" source; 2) of the known false news stories that appeared in the three months before the election, those favoring Trump were shared a total of 30 million times on Facebook, while those favoring Clinton were shared 8 million times; 3) the average American adult saw on the order of one or perhaps several fake news stories in the months around the election, with just over half of those who recalled seeing them believing them; and 4) people are much more likely to believe stories that favor their preferred candidate, especially if they have ideologically segregated social media networks.}, number = {2}, journal = {Journal of Economic Perspectives}, author = {Allcott, Hunt and Gentzkow, Matthew}, year = {2017}, keywords = {/unread, First Draft Report Cited, Global North, Quant}, pages = {211--236}, file = {Allcott and Gentzkow - 2017 - Social Media and Fake News in the 2016 Election.pdf:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/NI5RYPGJ/Allcott and Gentzkow - 2017 - Social Media and Fake News in the 2016 Election.pdf:application/pdf}, } @article{altayMisinformationMisinformationConceptual2023, title = {Misinformation on {Misinformation}: {Conceptual} and {Methodological} {Challenges}}, volume = {9}, shorttitle = {Misinformation on {Misinformation}}, url = {https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/epub/10.1177/20563051221150412}, doi = {10.1177/20563051221150412}, language = {en}, number = {1}, urldate = {2023-12-08}, journal = {Social Media + Society}, author = {Altay, Sacha and Berriche, Manon and Acerbi, Alberto}, year = {2023}, keywords = {Systematic literature review, /unread, First Draft Report Cited}, pages = {1--13}, file = {Full Text:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/BKYU2BBF/Misinformation on Misinformation Conceptual and M.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/2LAWD4AP/20563051221150412.html:text/html}, } @techreport{bainesDefiningMisinformationDisinformation2020, title = {Defining misinformation, disinformation and malinformation: {An} urgent need for clarity during the {COVID}-19 infodemic}, shorttitle = {Defining misinformation, disinformation and malinformation}, abstract = {COVID-19 is an unprecedented global health crisis that will have immeasurable consequences for our economic and social well-being. Tedros Adhanom Ghebreyesus, the director general of the World Health Organization, stated “We’re not just fighting an epidemic; we’re fighting an infodemic”. Currently, there is no robust scientific basis to the existing definitions of false information used in the fight against the COVID-19infodemic. The purpose of this paper is to demonstrate how the use of a novel taxonomy and related model (based upon a conceptual framework that synthesizes insights from information science, philosophy, media studies and politics) can produce new scientific definitions of mis-, dis- and malinformation. We undertake our analysis from the viewpoint of information systems research. The conceptual approach to defining mis-,dis- and malinformation can be applied to a wide range of empirical examples and, if applied properly, may prove useful in fighting the COVID-19 infodemic. In sum, our research suggests that: (i) analyzing all types of information is important in the battle against the COVID-19 infodemic; (ii) a scientific approach is required so that different methods are not used by different studies; (iii) “misinformation”, as an umbrella term, can be confusing and should be dropped from use; (iv) clear, scientific definitions of information types will be needed going forward; (v) malinformation is an overlooked phenomenon involving reconfigurations of the truth.}, institution = {Discussion Papers 20-16, Department of Economics, University of Birmingham}, author = {Baines, Darrin and Elliott, Robert}, month = apr, year = {2020}, keywords = {/unread, Review, First Draft Report Cited, Global North}, file = {Baines and Elliott - 2020 - Defining misinformation, disinformation and malinfo.pdf:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/RT4FYEXG/Baines and Elliott - 2020 - Defining misinformation, disinformation and malinfo.pdf:application/pdf}, } @article{diasolivaContentModerationTechnologies2020, title = {Content {Moderation} {Technologies}: {Applying} {Human} {Rights} {Standards} to {Protect} {Freedom} of {Expression}}, volume = {20}, issn = {1461-7781, 1744-1021}, shorttitle = {Content {Moderation} {Technologies}}, url = {https://academic.oup.com/hrlr/article/20/4/607/6023108}, doi = {10.1093/hrlr/ngaa032}, abstract = {With the increase in online content circulation new challenges have arisen: the dissemination of defamatory content, non-consensual intimate images, hate speech, fake news, the increase of copyright violations, among others. Due to the huge amount of work required in moderating content, internet platforms are developing artificial intelligence to automate decision-making content removal. This article discusses the reported performance of current content moderation technologies from a legal perspective, addressing the following question: what risks do these technologies pose to freedom of expression, access to information and diversity in the digital environment? The legal analysis developed by the article focuses on international human rights law standards. Despite recent improvements, content moderation technologies still fail to understand context, thereby posing risks to users’ free speech, access to information and equality. Consequently, it is concluded, these technologies should not be the sole basis for reaching decisions that directly affect user expression.}, language = {en}, number = {4}, urldate = {2023-12-09}, journal = {Human Rights Law Review}, author = {Dias Oliva, Thiago}, month = dec, year = {2020}, keywords = {/unread, Global, Review, First Draft Report Cited}, pages = {607--640}, file = {Dias Oliva - 2020 - Content Moderation Technologies Applying Human Ri.pdf:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/LYCAPKX6/Dias Oliva - 2020 - Content Moderation Technologies Applying Human Ri.pdf:application/pdf}, } @incollection{boixAIEconomicInformational2022, edition = {1}, title = {{AI} and the {Economic} and {Informational} {Foundations} of {Democracy}}, isbn = {978-0-19-757932-9 978-0-19-757935-0}, url = {https://academic.oup.com/edited-volume/41989/chapter/355439347}, abstract = {Abstract As has been the case for previous technological revolutions, AI will have economic and informational effects that may impact the nature and stability of democracy. In advanced democracies, AI may lead to economic transformations (such as a growing division between capital and high-skilled labor on the one hand and the rest of labor on the other, wage inequality, etc.) that may result in rising social tensions and democratic instability. However, a rise in productivity and overall growth plus the capacity of democratic governments to respond to those challenges may mitigate the negative effects of AI. AI’s effects are likely to be more strongly de-democratizing in emerging and peripheral economies. With fewer resources to adopt those new technologies, emerging and peripheral economies may be hit by the reshoring of production to advanced economies and fast deindustrialization. That may in turn reduce the kind of economic conditions (development, equality) that nurture democratic stability. AI’s economic effects may be compounded by the informational consequences of AI, which seem to reinforce the monitoring and repressive capabilities of states. After assessing the different channels through which AI could impact democracy, the chapter concludes by discussing a set of policy interventions to reconcile AI and democracy.}, language = {en}, urldate = {2023-12-03}, booktitle = {The {Oxford} {Handbook} of {AI} {Governance}}, publisher = {Oxford University Press}, author = {Boix, Carles}, editor = {Bullock, Justin B. and Chen, Yu-Che and Himmelreich, Johannes and Hudson, Valerie M. and Korinek, Anton and Young, Matthew M. and Zhang, Baobao}, month = mar, year = {2022}, doi = {10.1093/oxfordhb/9780197579329.013.64}, keywords = {/unread, First Draft Report Cited, Global North, review}, pages = {online}, file = {Boix - 2022 - AI and the Economic and Informational Foundations .pdf:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/6ZYWK6HU/Boix - 2022 - AI and the Economic and Informational Foundations .pdf:application/pdf}, } @article{degregorioNormativePowerArtificial2023, title = {The {Normative} {Power} of {Artificial} {Intelligence}}, volume = {30}, url = {https://papers.ssrn.com/abstract=4436287}, abstract = {Artificial intelligence technologies are spreading across society. Generative systems, such as ChatGPT and DALL-E, provide only some examples of the expanding consumption and commodification of artificial intelligence applications in daily life. Nonetheless, the extensive trust and reliance on these technologies in public and private sectors is raising questions for the rule of law. Artificial intelligence technologies are not only mere tools which challenge the protection of fundamental rights when these systems moderate online speech, check employment performances in the workplace, and evaluate credit scores. Particularly, machine learning technologies also contribute to creating norms and rules shaping the enforcement of their functions, thus defining another generative layer of normativity competing with the rule of law in the algorithmic society. This work argues that artificial intelligence systems, particularly machine learning, develop norms by experience and learning within an opaque, technical space. The norms governing these systems are not always immutable but shaped across time. In the algorithmic society, code is not only law but also a source of law. The consolidation of this normative power, or the rule of tech, raises questions for constitutional democracies that are already struggling with solutions to limit other forms of normativity, primarily the predominance of online platforms in the setting of transnational private standards. This plurality of sources has put the rule of law under pressure. The expansion of the rule of tech as a source of norms leads to addressing the spaces for the rule of law and the limits of powers in the algorithmic society, as underlined by the European regulatory approach on artificial intelligence. Within this framework, this work analyses the challenges raised by the normative power of artificial intelligence systems and examines the spaces for the rule of law in the algorithmic society.}, language = {en}, number = {2}, urldate = {2023-12-01}, journal = {Indiana Journal of Global Legal Studies}, author = {De Gregorio, Giovanni}, year = {2023}, keywords = {norms, artificial intelligence, /unread, Review, First Draft Report Cited, digital constitutionalism, rule of law, spaces}, pages = {55--80}, file = {De Gregorio - 2023 - The Normative Power of Artificial Intelligence.pdf:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/FXUUAMDH/De Gregorio - 2023 - The Normative Power of Artificial Intelligence.pdf:application/pdf}, } @book{degregorioDigitalConstitutionalismEurope2022, address = {Cambridge}, series = {Cambridge {Studies} in {European} {Law} and {Policy}}, title = {Digital {Constitutionalism} in {Europe}: {Reframing} {Rights} and {Powers} in the {Algorithmic} {Society}}, isbn = {978-1-316-51277-7}, shorttitle = {Digital {Constitutionalism} in {Europe}}, url = {https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/digital-constitutionalism-in-europe/A3F61C6368D17D953457234B8A59C502}, abstract = {This book is about rights and powers in the digital age. It is an attempt to reframe the role of constitutional democracies in the algorithmic society. By focusing on the European constitutional framework as a lodestar, this book examines the rise and consolidation of digital constitutionalism as a reaction to digital capitalism. The primary goal is to examine how European digital constitutionalism can protect fundamental rights and democratic values against the charm of digital liberalism and the challenges raised by platform powers. Firstly, this book investigates the reasons leading to the development of digital constitutionalism in Europe. Secondly, it provides a normative framework analysing to what extent European constitutionalism provides an architecture to protect rights and limit the exercise of unaccountable powers in the algorithmic society. This title is also available as open access on Cambridge Core.}, urldate = {2023-12-01}, publisher = {Cambridge University Press}, author = {De Gregorio, Giovanni}, year = {2022}, doi = {10.1017/9781009071215}, keywords = {/unread, Review, First Draft Report Cited, Global North}, file = {Full text:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/MW5BVI3J/De Gregorio - 2022 - Digital Constitutionalism in Europe Reframing Rig.pdf:application/pdf}, } @article{alievaHowDisinformationOperations2022, title = {How disinformation operations against {Russian} opposition leader {Alexei} {Navalny} influence the international audience on {Twitter}}, volume = {12}, issn = {1869-5469}, url = {https://doi.org/10.1007/s13278-022-00908-6}, doi = {10.1007/s13278-022-00908-6}, abstract = {Previous research dedicated a lot of effort to investigation of the activities of the Internet Research Agency, a Russia-based troll factory, as well as other information operations. However, those studies are mostly focused on the 2016 U.S. presidential election, Brexit, and other major international political events. In this study, we have attempted to analyze how narratives about a domestic issue in Russia are used by malicious actors to promote harmful discourses globally and persuade an international audience on Twitter. We have identified bot and troll activities related to the Twitter discussions of a Russian opposition leader Alexei Navalny using social network analysis and bot detection. We have also implemented the BEND framework to find persuasion maneuvers that are used by bots in conversations about Navalny and found attempts to manipulate the opinion of the international audience on Twitter. Our findings have demonstrated that there is a significant presence of bot activities in information operations against Alexei Navalny as one of the leaders of the Russian opposition. We have observed how the Russian domestic issue is framed in the context of Russian confrontation with the West and how it is used to promote hostile narratives either against Navalny, an opposition movement, or democratic values. Many agents that we have identified pretend to be English speakers, who exhibit hostile attitudes towards Navalny and the Western democracies, express skepticism and distort the facts, promote a lack of trust in the democratic institutions as well as spread disinformation and conspiracy theories.}, language = {en}, number = {80}, urldate = {2024-04-15}, journal = {Social Network Analysis and Mining}, author = {Alieva, Iuliia and Moffitt, J. D. and Carley, Kathleen M.}, month = jul, year = {2022}, keywords = {Disinformation, Social network analysis, Russia, Global South, /unread, First Draft Report Cited, Global North, Mixed, Bots, Computational propaganda, Social cybersecurity}, pages = {1--13}, file = {Full Text PDF:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/L5PTEFFS/Alieva et al. - 2022 - How disinformation operations against Russian oppo.pdf:application/pdf}, } @article{cohenInfrastructuringDigitalPublic2023, title = {Infrastructuring the {Digital} {Public} {Sphere}}, volume = {25}, number = {1}, journal = {Yale Journal of Law and Technology}, author = {Cohen, Julie E.}, year = {2023}, keywords = {/unread, Review, First Draft Report Cited}, pages = {1--40}, file = {Cohen - 2023 - Infrastructuring the Digital Public Sphere.pdf:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/QZNZQ385/Cohen - 2023 - Infrastructuring the Digital Public Sphere.pdf:application/pdf}, } @article{bennettDisinformationOrderDisruptive2018, title = {The disinformation order: {Disruptive} communication and the decline of democratic institutions}, volume = {33}, issn = {0267-3231}, shorttitle = {The disinformation order}, url = {https://doi.org/10.1177/0267323118760317}, doi = {10.1177/0267323118760317}, abstract = {Many democratic nations are experiencing increased levels of false information circulating through social media and political websites that mimic journalism formats. In many cases, this disinformation is associated with the efforts of movements and parties on the radical right to mobilize supporters against centre parties and the mainstream press that carries their messages. The spread of disinformation can be traced to growing legitimacy problems in many democracies. Declining citizen confidence in institutions undermines the credibility of official information in the news and opens publics to alternative information sources. Those sources are often associated with both nationalist (primarily radical right) and foreign (commonly Russian) strategies to undermine institutional legitimacy and destabilize centre parties, governments and elections. The Brexit campaign in the United Kingdom and the election of Donald Trump in the United States are among the most prominent examples of disinformation campaigns intended to disrupt normal democratic order, but many other nations display signs of disinformation and democratic disruption. The origins of these problems and their implications for political communication research are explored.}, language = {en}, number = {2}, urldate = {2023-12-22}, journal = {European Journal of Communication}, author = {Bennett, W Lance and Livingston, Steven}, month = apr, year = {2018}, note = {Publisher: SAGE Publications Ltd}, keywords = {/unread, Review, First Draft Report Cited, Global North}, pages = {122--139}, file = {SAGE PDF Full Text:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/HIQNDJFM/Bennett and Livingston - 2018 - The disinformation order Disruptive communication.pdf:application/pdf}, } @article{bovetInfluenceFakeNews2019, title = {Influence of fake news in {Twitter} during the 2016 {US} presidential election}, volume = {10}, issn = {2041-1723}, url = {https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-018-07761-2}, doi = {10.1038/s41467-018-07761-2}, abstract = {Abstract The dynamics and influence of fake news on Twitter during the 2016 US presidential election remains to be clarified. Here, we use a dataset of 171 million tweets in the five months preceding the election day to identify 30 million tweets, from 2.2 million users, which contain a link to news outlets. Based on a classification of news outlets curated by www.opensources.co , we find that 25\% of these tweets spread either fake or extremely biased news. We characterize the networks of information flow to find the most influential spreaders of fake and traditional news and use causal modeling to uncover how fake news influenced the presidential election. We find that, while top influencers spreading traditional center and left leaning news largely influence the activity of Clinton supporters, this causality is reversed for the fake news: the activity of Trump supporters influences the dynamics of the top fake news spreaders.}, language = {en}, number = {1}, urldate = {2023-12-22}, journal = {Nature Communications}, author = {Bovet, Alexandre and Makse, Hernán A.}, month = jan, year = {2019}, keywords = {/unread, First Draft Report Cited, Global North, Quant}, pages = {1--14}, file = {Bovet and Makse - 2019 - Influence of fake news in Twitter during the 2016 .pdf:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/9I6R4T6G/Bovet and Makse - 2019 - Influence of fake news in Twitter during the 2016 .pdf:application/pdf}, } @book{bennettDisinformationAgePolitics2020, title = {The {Disinformation} {Age}: {Politics}, {Technology} and {Disruptive} {Communication} in the {United} {States}}, url = {https://www.cambridge.org/core/services/aop-cambridge-core/content/view/1F4751119C7C4693E514C249E0F0F997/9781108843058AR.pdf/The_Disinformation_Age.pdf?event-type=FTLA}, urldate = {2023-12-08}, publisher = {Cambridge University Press}, editor = {Bennett, W Lance and Livingston, Steven}, year = {2020}, keywords = {/unread, Review, First Draft Report Cited, Global North}, file = {Submitted Version:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/B2MT2V26/Bennett and Livingston - 2020 - The Disinformation Age.pdf:application/pdf}, } @techreport{meityindiaInformationTechnologyIntermediary2023, title = {The {Information} {Technology} ({Intermediary} {Guidelines} and {Digital} {Media} {Ethics} {Code}) {Rules}, 2021 [updated 6 {April2023}]}, url = {https://www.meity.gov.in/writereaddata/files/Information%20Technology%20%28Intermediary%20Guidelines%20and%20Digital%20Media%20Ethics%20Code%29%20Rules%2C%202021%20%28updated%2006.04.2023%29-.pdf}, institution = {Government of India, Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology (MeitY)}, author = {MeitY India}, year = {2023}, keywords = {Global South, /unread, First Draft Report Cited}, file = {Government of India - 2023 - The Information Technology (Intermediary Guideline.pdf:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/H736ITCR/Government of India - 2023 - The Information Technology (Intermediary Guideline.pdf:application/pdf}, } @techreport{councilofeuropeFrameworkConventionArtificial2024, title = {Framework {Convention} on {Artificial} {Intelligence}, {Human} {Rights}, {Democracy} and the {Rule} of {Law}}, url = {https://search.coe.int/cm/Pages/result_details.aspx?ObjectId=0900001680afb122}, institution = {Council of Europe, 133rd Meeting 17 May 2024 CM(2024)52-final}, author = {Council of Europe}, month = may, year = {2024}, keywords = {Law, /unread, First Draft Report Cited, Global North}, } @inproceedings{berthelotEstimatingEnvironmentalImpact2024, title = {Estimating the environmental impact of {Generative}-{AI} services using an {LCA}-based methodology}, volume = {122}, url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2212827124001173}, doi = {10.1016/j.procir.2024.01.098}, abstract = {As digital services are increasingly being deployed and used in a variety of domains, the environmental impact of Information and Communication Technologies (ICTs) is a matter of concern. Artificial intelligence is driving some of this growth but its environmental cost remains scarcely studied. A recent trend in large-scale generative models such as ChatGPT has especially drawn attention since their training requires intensive use of a massive number of specialized computing resources. The inference of those models is made accessible on the web as services, and using them additionally mobilizes end-user terminals, networks, and data centers. Therefore, those services contribute to global warming, worsen metal scarcity, and increase energy consumption. This work proposes an LCA-based methodology for a multi-criteria evaluation of the environmental impact of generative AI services, considering embodied and usage costs of all the resources required for training models, inferring from them, and hosting them online. We illustrate our methodology with Stable Diffusion as a service, an open-source text-to-image generative deep-learning model accessible online. This use case is based on an experimental observation of Stable Diffusion training and inference energy consumption. Through a sensitivity analysis, various scenarios estimating the influence of usage intensity on the impact sources are explored.}, urldate = {2024-05-14}, booktitle = {Procedia {CIRP}}, author = {Berthelot, Adrien and Caron, Eddy and Jay, Mathilde and Lefèvre, Laurent}, month = jan, year = {2024}, keywords = {Methodology, /unread, First Draft Report Cited, Global North, Quant, Generative AI, Digital services, Energy, Greenhouse Gas Emission, Life Cycle Analysis}, pages = {707--712}, file = {ScienceDirect Snapshot:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/MHYM94IE/S2212827124001173.html:text/html;Submitted Version:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/GPIGYTSY/Berthelot et al. - 2024 - Estimating the environmental impact of Generative-.pdf:application/pdf}, } @book{kettemannPandemocracyEuropePower2021, title = {Pandemocracy in {Europe}: {Power}, {Parliaments} and {People} in {Times} of {COVID}-19}, url = {https://www.bloomsbury.com/uk/pandemocracy-in-europe-9781509946365/}, abstract = {This open access book explains why a democratic reckoning will start when European societies win the fight against COVID-19.Have democracies successfully master…}, language = {en}, urldate = {2024-05-14}, publisher = {Bloomsbury}, editor = {Kettemann, Matthias C and Lachmayer, Konrad}, year = {2021}, keywords = {/unread, First Draft Report Cited}, file = {Snapshot:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/2APHAZ67/pandemocracy-in-europe-9781509946365.html:text/html}, } @book{bailBreakingSocialMedia2021, address = {Princeton}, title = {Breaking the {Social} {Media} {Prism}: {How} to {Make} {Our} {Platforms} {Less} {Polarizing}}, isbn = {978-0-691-20342-3}, shorttitle = {Breaking the {Social} {Media} {Prism}}, url = {https://www.amazon.co.uk/Breaking-Social-Media-Prism-Polarizing/dp/0691203423}, language = {English}, publisher = {Princeton University Press}, author = {Bail, Chris}, month = apr, year = {2021}, keywords = {/unread, First Draft Report Cited, Global North, Mixed}, } @book{borocasFairnessMachineLearning2023, title = {Fairness and {Machine} {Learning}: {Limitations} and {Opportunities}}, url = {https://fairmlbook.org/}, publisher = {MIT Press}, author = {Borocas, Solon and Hardt, Moritz and Narayanan, Arvind}, year = {2023}, keywords = {/unread, Review, First Draft Report Cited}, file = {Borocas et al. - 2023 - Fairness and Machine Learning Limitations and Opp.pdf:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/AH26CPYJ/Borocas et al. - 2023 - Fairness and Machine Learning Limitations and Opp.pdf:application/pdf}, } @article{burgessGooglesDeepMindTrains2016, title = {Google's {DeepMind} trains {AI} to cut its energy bills by 40\%}, issn = {1059-1028}, url = {https://www.wired.com/story/google-deepmind-data-centres-efficiency/}, abstract = {The AI company used machine learning to reduce the energy used for cooling the data centres by 40 per cent}, language = {en-US}, urldate = {2024-05-14}, journal = {Wired}, author = {Burgess, Matt}, month = jul, year = {2016}, note = {Section: tags}, keywords = {technology, artificial intelligence, /unread, First Draft Report Cited, Global North, Qual, google}, file = {Snapshot:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/X5Z4RA4G/google-deepmind-data-centres-efficiency.html:text/html}, } @misc{borgesDiversificationGoodEmerging2024, title = {Diversification is good: emerging business models for local news media}, url = {https://cmpf.eui.eu/emerging-business-models-for-local-media/}, journal = {EUI Centre for Media Pluralism and Media Freedom}, author = {Borges, Danielle and Reviglio, Urbano}, month = mar, year = {2024}, keywords = {/unread, Report, First Draft Report Cited, Global North}, } @article{blasicasagranReflectionsMurkyLegal2021, title = {Reflections on the murky legal practices of political micro-targeting from a {GDPR} perspective}, volume = {11}, issn = {2044-3994}, url = {https://doi.org/10.1093/idpl/ipab018}, doi = {10.1093/idpl/ipab018}, abstract = {Key PointsThis article seeks to explore one of the recent controversial EU debates related to political micro-targeting (PMT): is the practice of PMT compliant with the EU’s General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR)?After examining the two most relevant ad targeting tools used for PMT, this article examines how PMT raises several questions related to (i) some of the principles listed in Article 5 of the GDPR, (ii) the uncertainty on who the data controller is, (iii) the ways to gather valid consent, (iv) excessive profiling practices, and (v) the limited privacy by design and default features.It can be argued that significant changes are necessary with regards to the manner in which political actors and social media platforms engage with their data protection obligations in PMT. If these cannot be met and/or are not being complied with, the current way in which PMT is performed could likely be considered unlawful.}, number = {4}, urldate = {2023-12-23}, journal = {International Data Privacy Law}, author = {Blasi Casagran, Cristina and Vermeulen, Mathias}, month = nov, year = {2021}, keywords = {/unread, Review, First Draft Report Cited, OID Data Gov, Global N}, pages = {348--359}, file = {Blasi Casagran and Vermeulen - 2021 - Reflections on the murky legal practices of politi.pdf:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/GI5CTXGA/Blasi Casagran and Vermeulen - 2021 - Reflections on the murky legal practices of politi.pdf:application/pdf}, } @article{demeterWinnerTakesIt2019, title = {The {Winner} {Takes} {It} {All}: {International} {Inequality} in {Communication} and {Media} {Studies} {Today}}, volume = {96}, issn = {1077-6990}, shorttitle = {The {Winner} {Takes} {It} {All}}, url = {https://doi.org/10.1177/1077699018792270}, doi = {10.1177/1077699018792270}, abstract = {In this research, we analyzed all 79 Web of Science (WoS) indexed journals in communication and media studies to disclose main publication patterns. We found that English-language countries dominate the field in a greater extent than in other disciplines, and developing countries are in a weaker position than English-language developed countries not just in natural sciences but also in soft sciences. We found significant correlations between the nominal GDP, the per capita publication, and per capita GDP of a given country and its publication scores.}, language = {en}, number = {1}, urldate = {2024-05-16}, journal = {Journalism \& Mass Communication Quarterly}, author = {Demeter, Marton}, month = mar, year = {2019}, note = {Publisher: SAGE Publications Inc}, keywords = {Systematic literature review, Global South, /unread, First Draft Report Cited}, pages = {37--59}, file = {Demeter - 2019 - The Winner Takes It All International Inequality .pdf:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/ZYBARXKU/Demeter - 2019 - The Winner Takes It All International Inequality .pdf:application/pdf}, } @incollection{dalleSimulatingCodeGrowth2007, address = {Cambridge}, title = {Simulating {Code} {Growth} in {Libre} ({Open} {Source}) {Mode}}, url = {http://siepr.stanford.edu/papers/pdf/04-02.pdf}, booktitle = {Internet and {Digital} {Economics}: {Principles}, {Methods} and {Applications}}, publisher = {Cambridge University Press}, author = {Dalle, Jean-Michel and David, Paul A}, editor = {Brousseau, E and Curien, N}, year = {2007}, keywords = {/unread, First Draft Report Cited}, pages = {391--422}, } @book{berdouOrganizationOpenSource2011, address = {New York}, title = {Organization in {Open} {Source} {Communities}: {At} the {Crossroads} of the {Gift} and {Market} {Economies}}, publisher = {Routledge}, author = {Berdou, E}, year = {2011}, keywords = {/unread, First Draft Report Cited}, } @book{kalathilOpenNetworksClosed2003, address = {Washington DC}, title = {Open {Networks}, {Closed} {Regimes}: {The} {Impact} of the {Internet} on {Authoritarian} {Rule}}, publisher = {Carnegie Endowment for International Peace}, author = {Kalathil, Shanthi and Boas, Taylor C}, year = {2003}, keywords = {Global South, /unread, First Draft Report Cited}, } @article{broughtonmicovaFunctionsDataCompetition2020, title = {The {Functions} of {Data} in the {Competition} between {Audiovisual} {Media} and {Video} {Sharing} {Platforms} for {Advertising}}, volume = {10}, issn = {2381-5892}, url = {https://scholarlypublishingcollective.org/psup/information-policy/article/doi/10.5325/jinfopoli.10.2020.0514/314446/The-Functions-of-Data-in-the-Competition-between}, doi = {10.5325/jinfopoli.10.2020.0514}, abstract = {ABSTRACT The European Union's (EU) 2018 Audiovisual Media Services Directive attempted to level the playing field upon which video sharing platforms and audiovisual media services compete by evening out advertising and consumer protection rules. Recent competition policy literature identifies data as a source of dominance in platform markets, suggesting its relevance to such situations where platforms compete with other services. Drawing on a study of this playing field involving stakeholder interviews and a comparison of regulatory frameworks, we present a nuanced understanding of imbalances across three distinct functions of data. We consider the policy implications, arguing for more equitable access to insight from aggregate, anonymized data and financial data.}, urldate = {2021-07-25}, journal = {Journal of Information Policy}, author = {Broughton Micova, Sally Broughton and Jacques, Sabine}, year = {2020}, note = {Publisher: Penn State University Press}, keywords = {/unread, First Draft Report Cited, Global North, Qual}, pages = {514--548}, file = {Broughton Micova and Jacques - 2020 - The Functions of Data in the Competition between A.pdf:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/8MFYXSLA/Broughton Micova and Jacques - 2020 - The Functions of Data in the Competition between A.pdf:application/pdf}, } @article{horwitzFacebookFiles2021, title = {The {Facebook} {Files}}, url = {https://www.wsj. com/articles/the-facebook-files-11631713039}, journal = {Wall Street Journal}, author = {Horwitz, Jeff}, month = oct, year = {2021}, keywords = {/unread, First Draft Report Cited}, } @article{allenRealDangersGenerative2024, title = {The {Real} {Dangers} of {Generative} {AI}}, volume = {35}, url = {https://www.journalofdemocracy.org/articles/the-real-dangers-of-generative-ai/}, abstract = {Advanced AI faces twin perils: the collapse of democratic control over key state functions or the concentration of political and economic power in the hands of the few. Avoiding these risks will…}, language = {en-US}, number = {1}, urldate = {2024-05-14}, journal = {Journal of Democracy}, author = {Allen, Danielle and Weyl, E Glen}, year = {2024}, keywords = {/unread, Review, First Draft Report Cited}, pages = {146--162}, file = {Allen and Weyl - 2024 - The Real Dangers of Generative AI.pdf:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/K7FF7GWD/Allen and Weyl - 2024 - The Real Dangers of Generative AI.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/2KUP3QWS/the-real-dangers-of-generative-ai.html:text/html}, } @book{bradfordBrusselsEffectHow2020, title = {The {Brussels} {Effect}: {How} the {European} {Union} {Rules} the {World}}, shorttitle = {The {Brussels} {Effect}}, url = {https://www.amazon.co.uk/Brussels-Effect-European-Union-Rules-ebook/dp/B0822VCYFY}, language = {English}, publisher = {Oxford University Press}, author = {Bradford, Anu}, month = jan, year = {2020}, keywords = {/unread, Review, First Draft Report Cited}, } @article{venShouldYouAdopt2008, title = {Should {You} {Adopt} {Open} {Source} {Software}?}, volume = {25}, copyright = {https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/Xplorehelp/downloads/license-information/IEEE.html}, issn = {0740-7459}, url = {http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/4497765/}, doi = {10.1109/MS.2008.73}, language = {en}, number = {3}, urldate = {2024-05-14}, journal = {IEEE Software}, author = {Ven, Kris and Verelst, Jan and Mannaert, Herwig}, month = may, year = {2008}, keywords = {/unread, First Draft Report Cited}, pages = {54--59}, file = {Ven et al. - 2008 - Should You Adopt Open Source Software.pdf:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/W65HL6JY/Ven et al. - 2008 - Should You Adopt Open Source Software.pdf:application/pdf}, } @incollection{boasWeavingAuthoritarianWeb2006, title = {Weaving the {Authoritarian} {Web}: {The} {Control} of {Internet} {Use} in {Nondemocratic} {Regimes}}, url = {https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.1515/9781503625730/html?lang=en#contents}, language = {en}, booktitle = {How {Revolutionary} {Was} the {Digital} {Revolution}? {National} {Responses}, {Market} {Transitions} and {Global} {Technology}}, publisher = {Stanford University Press}, author = {Boas, Taylor C}, editor = {Zysman, John and Newman, Abraham}, year = {2006}, keywords = {Global South, /unread, BRICS, Review, First Draft Report Cited}, pages = {361--378}, file = {Boas - authoritarianweb.pdf:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/7JVG6IK7/Boas - authoritarianweb.pdf:application/pdf}, } @article{adelDecentralizedSystemConstruction2023, title = {Decentralized {System} for {Construction} {Projects} {Data} {Management} {Using} {Blockchain} and {IPFS}}, volume = {29}, issn = {1392-3730, 1822-3605}, url = {https://journals.vilniustech.lt/index.php/JCEM/article/view/18646}, doi = {10.3846/jcem.2023.18646}, abstract = {Construction projects’ performance is not self-regulating. Therefore, a continuous progress tracking and monitoring process is highly demanded to avoid potential deviations or misalignments. The current practice for the progress tracking and monitoring process suffers from heavily intermediated workflows, human errors, transfer latencies, inaccuracies, and/or information holes. Such issues could gradually lead to severe delays or even complete project failure. This research introduces a novel Peer-to-Peer (P2P) system that relies on Blockchain Technology (BT) and Inter-Planetary File System (IPFS) for managing progress information and as-built digital assets or files. The system is developed based on a three-step approach. First, two chaincodes are formulated for mapping and governing the data operations. Second, a private blockchain network is configured based on Hyperledger Fabric as a hosting platform, including the relevant stakeholders. Third, a private IPFS network is configured and coupled with a cluster service to manage and distribute the off-chain visuals and as-built digital assets. A case study for a non-residential construction project is utilized to test and verify the system’s practicability and assess its performance. The research significance is anticipated in diverse practical areas, including but not limited to; boosting coordination and trust among stakeholders, tracing progressive elaboration of As-built digital assets, accelerating incremental payments processing, assessing overall project performance and on-site productivity, supporting delay analysis and claim/dispute management, and streamlining data flow between the construction phase and the operation and maintenance phase. Further, the system’s future is mapped by evolving it as a sub-unit in a more advanced data model.}, language = {en}, number = {4}, urldate = {2024-05-12}, journal = {Journal of Civil and Engineering Management}, author = {Adel, Kareem and Elhakeem, Ahmed and Marzouk, Mohamed}, month = mar, year = {2023}, keywords = {/unread, Review, First Draft Report Cited}, pages = {342--359}, file = {Adel et al. - 2023 - DECENTRALIZED SYSTEM FOR CONSTRUCTION PROJECTS DAT.pdf:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/TLWD3V3M/Adel et al. - 2023 - DECENTRALIZED SYSTEM FOR CONSTRUCTION PROJECTS DAT.pdf:application/pdf}, } @misc{wefDataIntegrityModulend, title = {Data {Integrity}: {Module}}, url = {https://widgets.weforum.org/blockchain-toolkit/data-integrity/index.html}, journal = {World Economic Forum}, author = {WEF}, keywords = {/unread, First Draft Report Cited}, file = {data-integrity.pdf:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/ED8NY4SR/data-integrity.pdf:application/pdf}, } @techreport{africanunionAfricanUnionConvention2014, title = {African {Union} {Convention} on {Cyber} {Security} and {Personal} {Data} {Protection}}, url = {https://africanlii.org/akn/aa-au/act/convention/2014/cyber-security-and-personal-data-protection/eng@2014-06-27}, institution = {African Union}, author = {African Union}, month = jun, year = {2014}, keywords = {Regulation, Global South, /unread, First Draft Report Cited}, file = {African Union - 2014 - African Union Convention on Cyber Security and Per.pdf:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/CC4XDHWL/African Union - 2014 - African Union Convention on Cyber Security and Per.pdf:application/pdf}, } @article{chenComparativeAnalysisDigital2022, title = {Comparative analysis of digital trade development strategies and governance approaches}, volume = {1}, issn = {2773-0670}, url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2773067023000031}, doi = {10.1016/j.jdec.2023.02.001}, abstract = {With the process of digitalization, digital trade has become the primary pattern of international trade, and digital platforms and data have become two essential ingredients in digital trade. Meanwhile, the governance of digital trade has been a critical issue in international cooperation and domestic regulation. The governance system on digital trade is fragmented, and the governance approaches of the leading economies show divergences and conflicts. With the aim to explore the factors for the policy conflicts, this article selects the United States, the European Union, China, and India as typical cases to analyze their trade development strategies and digital trade rules comparatively. We find that the four economies adopt differentiated digital trade policies and data governance approaches on the basis of digital industrial benefits. We concluded that the government implements trade policies strategically to influence the distribution of digital trade gains and increase the share of the digital industry by intervening in cross-border data flows. This article contributes to current research by keeping up with the latest progress in digital trade governance and making theoretical analyses on strategic digital trade policies and governance approaches.}, number = {3}, urldate = {2024-05-13}, journal = {Journal of Digital Economy}, author = {Chen, Ying and Gao, Yuning}, month = dec, year = {2022}, keywords = {Global South, /unread, BRICS, Review, First Draft Report Cited, Data governance, Cross-border data flow, Digital platform, Digital trade, Regional trade agreement}, pages = {227--238}, file = {Chen and Gao - 2022 - Comparative analysis of digital trade development .pdf:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/LW44FBKY/Chen and Gao - 2022 - Comparative analysis of digital trade development .pdf:application/pdf;ScienceDirect Snapshot:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/NWBDQ9NR/S2773067023000031.html:text/html}, } @article{borgognoChineseDataGovernance2024, title = {Chinese {Data} {Governance} and {Trade} {Policy}: {From} {Cyber} {Sovereignty} to the {Quest} for {Digital} {Hegemony}?}, volume = {Online First}, url = {https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/10670564.2023.2299961}, urldate = {2024-05-10}, journal = {Journal of Contemporary China}, author = {Borgogno, Oscar and Savini Zangrandi, Michele}, year = {2024}, keywords = {Global South, /unread, BRICS, Review, First Draft Report Cited}, pages = {1--25}, file = {Borgogno and Savini Zangrandi - Chinese Data Governance and Trade Policy From Cyb.pdf:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/CU3LVU34/Borgogno and Savini Zangrandi - Chinese Data Governance and Trade Policy From Cyb.pdf:application/pdf;Chinese Data Governance and Trade Policy\: From Cyber Sovereignty to the Quest for Digital Hegemony?\: Journal of Contemporary China\: Vol 0, No 0 - Get Access:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/YYIQS6SP/10670564.2023.html:text/html}, } @misc{nicholsonElsevierParentReports2024, title = {Elsevier parent reports 10\% hike in profits for 2023}, url = {https://www.researchprofessionalnews.com/rr-news-europe-infrastructure-2024-2-elsevier-parent-reports-10-hike-in-profits-for-2023/}, abstract = {Relx made 2023 net profit of £1.79 billion on revenue of £9.16bn}, language = {en-GB}, urldate = {2024-05-09}, journal = {Research Professional News}, author = {Nicholson, Craig}, month = feb, year = {2024}, keywords = {/unread, First Draft Report Cited}, file = {Snapshot:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/KDP9BYYF/rr-news-europe-infrastructure-2024-2-elsevier-parent-reports-10-hike-in-profits-for-2023.html:text/html}, } @techreport{dergachevaOneDayContent2023, title = {One {Day} in {Content} {Moderation}: {Analyzing} 24h of {Social} {Media} {Platforms}’ {Content} {Decisions} through the {DSA} {Transparency} {Database}}, url = {10.26092/elib/2707}, language = {English}, institution = {Lab Platform Governance, Media, and Technology (PGMT). Centre for Media, Communication and Information Research (ZeMKI), University of Bremen}, author = {Dergacheva, Daria and Kuznetsova, Vasilisa and Scharlach, Rebecca and Katzenbach, Christian}, year = {2023}, keywords = {/unread, First Draft Report Cited, Global North, Quant}, file = {Dergacheva et al. - 2023 - One Day in Content Moderation Analyzing 24h of So.pdf:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/4C5F65Z3/Dergacheva et al. - 2023 - One Day in Content Moderation Analyzing 24h of So.pdf:application/pdf}, } @incollection{tusikovInternetPlatformsWeaponizing2021, title = {Internet {Platforms} {Weaponizing} {Chokepoints}}, isbn = {978-0-8157-3838-1}, url = {https://researchprofiles.anu.edu.au/en/publications/internet-platforms-weaponizing-choke-points}, abstract = {How globalized information networks can be used for strategic advantageUntil recently, globalization was viewed, on balance, as an inherently good thing that would benefit people and societies nearly everywhere. Now there is growing concern that some countries will use their position in globalized networks to gain undue influence over other societies through their dominance of information and financial networks, a concept known as “weaponized interdependence.”In exploring the conditions under which China, Russia, and the United States might be expected to weaponize control of information and manipulate the global economy, the contributors to this volume challenge scholars and practitioners to think differently about foreign economic policy, national security, and statecraft for the twenty-first century. The book addresses such questions as: What areas of the global economy are most vulnerable to unilateral control of information and financial networks? How sustainable is the use of weaponized interdependence? What are the possible responses from targeted actors? And how sustainable is the open global economy if weaponized interdependence becomes a default tool for managing international relations?}, language = {en}, booktitle = {The {Uses} and {Abuses} of {Weaponized} {Interdependence}}, publisher = {Brookings Institution Press}, author = {Tusikov, Natasha}, editor = {Drezner, Daniel W. and Farrell, Henry and Newman, Abraham L.}, month = mar, year = {2021}, note = {Google-Books-ID: R7\_1DwAAQBAJ}, keywords = {/unread, First Draft Report Cited, Political Science / Comparative Politics, Political Science / Geopolitics, Political Science / Globalization, Political Science / International Relations / Trade \& Tariffs, Political Science / Security (National \& International)}, pages = {133--148}, } @article{businessstandardUSTechFirms2018, title = {{US} tech firms to boost lobbying against {India}'s push to store data locally}, url = {https://www.business-standard.com/article/international/us-tech-firms-to-boost-lobbying-against-india-s-push-to-store-data-locally-118081800348_1.html}, abstract = {Technology firms worry the mandate would hurt their planned investments by raising costs related to setting up new local data centres}, language = {en-US}, urldate = {2024-05-10}, journal = {Business Standard}, author = {Business Standard}, month = aug, year = {2018}, keywords = {Global South, /unread, Report, First Draft Report Cited}, file = {Snapshot:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/SFI2NW8Q/us-tech-firms-to-boost-lobbying-against-india-s-push-to-store-data-locally-118081800348_1.html:text/html}, } @article{birnbaumCriticsSlamBig2023, title = {Critics {Slam} {Big} {Tech} {Lobbying} in {U}.{S}. {Indo}-{Pacific} {Talks}}, url = {https://time.com/6293489/tech-firms-us-indo-pacific-trade-talks/}, urldate = {2024-05-10}, journal = {TIME}, author = {Birnbaum, Emily and Martin, Eric}, month = jul, year = {2023}, keywords = {Global South, /unread, Report, First Draft Report Cited}, file = {Critics Slam Big Tech Lobbying in U.S. Indo-Pacific Talks | TIME:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/HWJ58FFS/tech-firms-us-indo-pacific-trade-talks.html:text/html}, } @article{lawderUSSuspendsIndoPacific2023, title = {U.{S}. suspends {Indo}-{Pacific} talks on key aspects of digital trade -lawmakers}, url = {https://www.reuters.com/business/finance/us-suspends-indo-pacific-talks-key-aspects-digital-trade-lawmakers-2023-11-08/}, urldate = {2024-05-10}, journal = {Reuters}, author = {Lawder, David}, month = nov, year = {2023}, keywords = {/unread, First Draft Report Cited}, file = {U.S. suspends Indo-Pacific talks on key aspects of digital trade -lawmakers | Reuters:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/9YHSZSKB/us-suspends-indo-pacific-talks-key-aspects-digital-trade-lawmakers-2023-11-08.html:text/html}, } @article{boadleBrazilPushesBack2023, title = {Brazil pushes back on big tech firms' campaign against 'fake news law'}, url = {https://www.reuters.com/world/americas/brazil-lawmakers-vote-controversial-bill-clean-up-social-media-2023-05-02/}, urldate = {2024-05-10}, journal = {Reuters}, author = {Boadle, Anthony}, month = may, year = {2023}, keywords = {Global South, /unread, BRICS, Review, First Draft Report Cited}, } @misc{baileyCommentsReportCommittee2020, title = {Comments on the `{Report} by the {Committee} of {Experts} on {Non}-{Personal} {Data} {Governance} {Framework}'}, url = {https://www.ssrn.com/abstract=3724184}, doi = {10.2139/ssrn.3724184}, language = {en}, urldate = {2024-05-11}, publisher = {SSRN}, author = {Bailey, Rishab and Parsheera, Smriti and Sane, Renuka}, month = sep, year = {2020}, keywords = {/unread, Review, First Draft Report Cited, Global North}, file = {Bailey et al. - 2020 - Comments on the `Report by the Committee of Expert.pdf:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/3Z4UMIW8/Bailey et al. - 2020 - Comments on the `Report by the Committee of Expert.pdf:application/pdf}, } @misc{christopherAmazonsDeliveryPremier2021, title = {Amazon’s “{Delivery} {Premier} {League}” gamifies gig work in {India}}, url = {https://restofworld.org/2021/amazons-delivery-premier-league-gamifies-gig-work-in-india/}, abstract = {Modeled after the cricket league, the program is engineered to boost productivity during the Diwali season.}, language = {en-US}, urldate = {2024-05-07}, journal = {Rest of World Reporting Global Tech Stories}, author = {Christopher, Nilesh}, month = oct, year = {2021}, keywords = {Global South, /unread, BRICS, Report, First Draft Report Cited, Qual}, file = {Snapshot:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/JUZ6E5RD/amazons-delivery-premier-league-gamifies-gig-work-in-india.html:text/html}, } @misc{bansalThisDeliveryApp2024, title = {This delivery app takes away health insurance when workers don’t meet quotas}, url = {https://restofworld.org/2024/swiggy-health-insurance-quotas/}, abstract = {Rest of World spoke with 40 riders for Swiggy in India. Many described losing coverage when they needed help the most.}, language = {en-US}, urldate = {2024-05-07}, journal = {Rest of World Reporting Global Tech Stories}, author = {Bansal, Varsha}, month = apr, year = {2024}, keywords = {Global South, /unread, BRICS, Report, First Draft Report Cited}, file = {Snapshot:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/INTIRA7U/swiggy-health-insurance-quotas.html:text/html}, } @article{burrellHowMachineThinks2016, title = {How the machine ‘thinks’: {Understanding} opacity in machine learning algorithms}, volume = {3}, shorttitle = {How the machine ‘thinks’}, url = {https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/epub/10.1177/2053951715622512}, doi = {10.1177/2053951715622512}, language = {en}, number = {1}, urldate = {2024-05-07}, journal = {Big Data \& Society}, author = {Burrell, Jenna}, year = {2016}, keywords = {/unread, Review, First Draft Report Cited}, pages = {1--12}, file = {Full Text:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/NJWR5PDL/How the machine ‘thinks’ Understanding opacity in.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/GRVQDVVL/2053951715622512.html:text/html}, } @misc{howlandAmazonRemovesJust2024, title = {Amazon removes ‘{Just} {Walk} {Out}’ tech from {US} {Amazon} {Fresh} stores}, url = {https://www.retaildive.com/news/amazon-removes-just-walk-out-tech-amazon-fresh-stores-dash-carts/712150/}, abstract = {Dash Carts, which also allow shoppers to avoid checkout, will roll out instead at those locations, while the older tech is limited to Amazon Go and some smaller U.K. stores.}, language = {en-US}, urldate = {2024-05-07}, journal = {Retail Dive}, author = {Howland}, month = apr, year = {2024}, keywords = {/unread, First Draft Report Cited}, file = {Snapshot:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/ETQVQX37/712150.html:text/html}, } @misc{bitterAmazonsJustWalk2024, title = {Amazon's {Just} {Walk} {Out}: {Technology} {Relies} on {Hundreds} of {Workers} in {India} {Watching} {You} {Shop}}, url = {https://www.businessinsider.in/retail/news/amazons-just-walk-out-technology-relies-on-hundreds-of-workers-in-india-watching-you-shop/articleshow/109014034.cms}, abstract = {Amazon promoted Just Walk Out as AI-powered cashierless technology. But the tech reportedly relied on workers in India for accuracy.}, language = {en}, urldate = {2024-05-07}, journal = {Business Insider India}, author = {Bitter, Alex}, month = apr, year = {2024}, keywords = {Global South, /unread, BRICS, Report, First Draft Report Cited}, file = {Snapshot:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/2EAITHJN/109014034.html:text/html}, } @techreport{conroy-krutzConfrontingThreatsCivic2022, title = {Confronting {Threats} to {Civic} {Spaces}: {Final} {Report}}, shorttitle = {Confronting {Threats} to {Civic} {Spaces}}, abstract = {"Recent Afrobarometer surveys have shown worrying trends in [support for civic freedoms], with significant declines over the past decade in popular support for freedoms to join organizations and for media to operate. The Confronting Threats to Civic Spaces project is intended to determine the underpinnings of support for freedoms of association and the media on the African continent. What explains why some Africans are more supportive of civic freedoms than others? This project begins with hypotheses, developed from reviews of existing literature and interviews with African experts working in these areas. We group these nine hypotheses into three families: perceived threats to order, the public good, and national sovereignty; partisanship and polarization; and concerns about democracy...."--Page 5.}, language = {en}, institution = {Afrobarometer}, author = {Conroy-Krutz, Jeffrey and Koné, Joseph}, year = {2022}, note = {Google-Books-ID: 2bpI0AEACAAJ}, keywords = {Global South, /unread, First Draft Report Cited, Qual}, file = {Conroy-Krutz and Koné - 2022 - Confronting Threats to Civic Spaces Final Report.pdf:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/YGTBNRAR/Conroy-Krutz and Koné - 2022 - Confronting Threats to Civic Spaces Final Report.pdf:application/pdf}, } @misc{bentonFacebookLooksReady2022, title = {Facebook looks ready to divorce the news industry, and {I} doubt couples counseling will help}, url = {https://www.niemanlab.org/2022/06/facebook-looks-ready-to-divorce-the-news-industry-and-i-doubt-couples-counseling-will-help/}, abstract = {Out of every 1,000 times someone sees a post on Facebook, how many of them include a link to a news site? Four. No wonder Facebook doesn't want to write publishers big checks anymore.}, urldate = {2024-05-07}, journal = {Nieman Lab}, author = {Benton, Joshua}, year = {2022}, keywords = {/unread, Report, First Draft Report Cited, Global North}, file = {Snapshot:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/A7HYP8M5/facebook-looks-ready-to-divorce-the-news-industry-and-i-doubt-couples-counseling-will-help.html:text/html}, } @misc{bergerThreatsDemocracyClimate2023, title = {Threats to democracy: {Climate} misinformation and gendered disinformation}, shorttitle = {Threats to democracy}, url = {https://upgradedemocracy.de/en/impulse/climate-misinformation-and-gender-related-disinformation-responsibilities-of-civil-society-public-sector-and-the-media/}, language = {en-US}, urldate = {2024-05-07}, journal = {Upgrade Democracy}, author = {Berger, Cathleen and Freihse, Charlotte and Mosene, Katharina and Kettemann, Matthias C and Hofmann, Vincent}, month = jul, year = {2023}, keywords = {/unread, Review, First Draft Report Cited}, file = {Snapshot:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/KHCCIICP/climate-misinformation-and-gender-related-disinformation-responsibilities-of-civil-society-publ.html:text/html}, } @misc{vanoliMovingAIGovernance2024, title = {Moving {AI} governance from principles to practice}, url = {https://www.itu.int/hub/2024/04/moving-ai-governance-from-principles-to-practice/}, abstract = {Ensuring AI is really used for good was central to a virtual media roundtable hosted by ITU ahead of the AI for Good Global Summit in May.}, language = {en-US}, urldate = {2024-05-08}, journal = {ITU News}, author = {Vanoli, Christine}, month = apr, year = {2024}, keywords = {/unread, First Draft Report Cited}, file = {Snapshot:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/W5DGB9LJ/moving-ai-governance-from-principles-to-practice.html:text/html}, } @misc{brownPrioritizingOriginalNews2020, title = {Prioritizing {Original} {News} {Reporting} on {Facebook}}, url = {https://about.fb.com/news/2020/06/prioritizing-original-news-reporting-on-facebook/}, abstract = {We’re updating the way news stories are ranked in News Feed to prioritize original reporting and stories with transparent authorship.}, language = {en-US}, urldate = {2024-05-07}, journal = {Meta}, author = {Brown, Campbell and Levin, Jon}, month = jun, year = {2020}, keywords = {/unread, Report, First Draft Report Cited}, file = {Snapshot:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/9JVQRTA4/prioritizing-original-news-reporting-on-facebook.html:text/html}, } @article{andersonFakeNewsNot2021, title = {Fake {News} is {Not} a {Virus}: {On} {Platforms} and {Their} {Effects}}, volume = {31}, issn = {1050-3293, 1468-2885}, shorttitle = {Fake {News} is {Not} a {Virus}}, url = {https://academic.oup.com/ct/article/31/1/42/5890673}, doi = {10.1093/ct/qtaa008}, abstract = {This article attempts to uncover the intellectual, economic, and methodological structures that have led to the recent emergence of a particular notion of digital communication on social media platforms, one that emphasizes the power of (false) media messages to cause irrational political behavior and combines individual level understanding of media effects with a networked notion of society and information diffusion. After pointing out some of the real political-economic forces at work in setting the contours of this intellectual turn, I discuss how spaces between mutually constructed but overlapping paradigmatic understandings of media behavior lead to theories that serve as boundary objects, linking (and misunderstanding) older fields in order to advance new agendas. I then turn to the consequences of particular methodological choices, drawing on key works in Science and Technology Studies (STS) to make the point that these methodological choices not only establish scientific fields, they construct certain types of human subjects as well. The article concludes with a call for a more humanistic and interpretive approach to the understanding of political behavior and communication.}, language = {en}, number = {1}, urldate = {2022-09-22}, journal = {Communication Theory}, author = {Anderson, C. W.}, month = feb, year = {2021}, keywords = {/unread, Review, First Draft Report Cited, Global North}, pages = {42--61}, file = {Anderson - 2021 - Fake News is Not a Virus On Platforms and Their E.pdf:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/SQRKUTF7/Anderson - 2021 - Fake News is Not a Virus On Platforms and Their E.pdf:application/pdf}, } @techreport{cullotyCovidcheckAssessingImplementation2021, title = {Covidcheck: assessing the implementation of {EU} code of practice on disinformation in relation to {Covid}-19.}, shorttitle = {Covidcheck}, url = {https://fujomedia.eu/wp-content/uploads/2021/09/Code2021_COVIDCheck.pdf}, abstract = {CovidCheck is the third monitoring report that has been commissioned by the BAI and prepared by the DCU Institute for Future Media, Democracy and Society (FuJo), on the implementation of the Code in Ireland. Each of these reports has been part of a larger monitoring process undertaken by European Regulators Group for Audiovisual Media Services (ERGA), at the request of the EU Commission. As with the first two reports, the authors of CovidCheck conclude that, while the Code is a significant first step in fighting disinformation, significant weaknesses in terms of structure, content and enforcement remain to be addressed. This conclusion also underpins the guidance issued by the EU Commission in May 2021 on how the Code should be strengthened by the signatories to become a more effective tool in fighting disinformation.}, language = {en}, urldate = {2024-05-09}, institution = {DCU, BAI (Broadcasting Authority of Ireland)}, author = {Culloty, Eileen and Park, Kirsty and Feenane, Trudy and Papaevangelou, Charis and Conroy, Alex and Suiter, Jane}, month = sep, year = {2021}, note = {Publisher: Broadcasting Authority of Ireland and FuJo}, keywords = {/unread, First Draft Report Cited, Global North, Qual}, pages = {1--45}, file = {Full Text PDF:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/2IV7BZPN/Culloty et al. - 2021 - Covidcheck assessing the implementation of EU cod.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/DBWHZ9GV/26472.html:text/html}, } @article{broedersSearchDigitalSovereignty2023, title = {In {Search} of {Digital} {Sovereignty} and {Strategic} {Autonomy}: {Normative} {Power} {Europe} to the {Test} of {Its} {Geopolitical} {Ambitions}}, volume = {61}, copyright = {© 2023 The Authors. JCMS: Journal of Common Market Studies published by University Association for Contemporary European Studies and John Wiley \& Sons Ltd.}, issn = {1468-5965}, shorttitle = {In {Search} of {Digital} {Sovereignty} and {Strategic} {Autonomy}}, url = {https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/jcms.13462}, doi = {10.1111/jcms.13462}, abstract = {This article analyses the recent use of European Union (EU) terminology of digital sovereignty and strategic autonomy, aiming to identify tensions between policy considerations of fundamental rights, free market principles and geopolitical concerns. These tensions are rooted in the disparity between the EU's considerable economic and regulatory power in digital matters and its limited mandate and capabilities in foreign policy. The article also explores the translation of the notions of digital sovereignty and strategic autonomy into EU policy. It identifies three important trends in the geopoliticisation of the EU agenda on digital technologies: (1) the instrumental use of ‘classic’ internal market policies to exert geopolitical influence; (2) the imposition of foreign policy imperatives on national markets; and (3) new ‘hybrid’ digital policies that combine internal market concerns, fundamental rights and geopolitical concerns. Ultimately, digital sovereignty has inherent tensions with the EU's normative power in digital issues and may also result in a strategic cacophony.}, language = {en}, number = {5}, urldate = {2024-05-09}, journal = {JCMS: Journal of Common Market Studies}, author = {Broeders, Dennis and Cristiano, Fabio and Kaminska, Monica}, year = {2023}, note = {\_eprint: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1111/jcms.13462}, keywords = {/unread, Review, First Draft Report Cited, Global North, Policy, cyber security, digital policy, geopolitics, sovereignty, strategic autonomy}, pages = {1261--1280}, file = {Full Text PDF:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/CFKIE4K4/Broeders et al. - 2023 - In Search of Digital Sovereignty and Strategic Aut.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/C96VYWIU/jcms.html:text/html}, } @article{borzEUSoftRegulation2024, title = {The {EU} soft regulation of digital campaigning: regulatory effectiveness through platform compliance to the code of practice on disinformation}, volume = {Online First}, issn = {0144-2872}, shorttitle = {The {EU} soft regulation of digital campaigning}, url = {https://doi.org/10.1080/01442872.2024.2302448}, doi = {10.1080/01442872.2024.2302448}, abstract = {How does the European Union handle the soft regulation of digital political campaigning? We assesses the effectiveness of the EU's soft governance concerning digital campaigning by examining how global digital platforms respond to the EU Code of Practice on Disinformation. In doing so, we advance a framework for analysis which measures specific steps in the platform compliance with soft law. Our results, based on the content analysis of platforms' annual reports, show that compliance depends on the priority assigned to regulatory themes by on-line corporations. Overall, we find higher levels of platform formal commitment rather than symbolic commitment through forms of report editing to signal compliance with the code of practice. Our analysis also shows evidence of implementation following from formal commitments when reporting requirements are less rigid. Consequently, EU soft governance can be effective for digital campaigning in areas prioritised by the addressees of regulation.}, number = {0}, urldate = {2024-05-09}, journal = {Policy Studies}, author = {Borz, Gabriela and De Francesco, Fabrizio and Montgomerie, Thomas L. and Bellis, Michael Peter}, year = {2024}, note = {Publisher: Routledge \_eprint: https://doi.org/10.1080/01442872.2024.2302448}, keywords = {/unread, First Draft Report Cited, Global North, Qual, compliance, digital political campaigning, on-line platforms, regulatory effectiveness, risk prioritization, Soft regulation}, pages = {1--21}, file = {Full Text PDF:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/CGGFQXYZ/Borz et al. - 2024 - The EU soft regulation of digital campaigning reg.pdf:application/pdf}, } @article{churchDigitalServicesAct2023, title = {The {Digital} {Services} {Act} ({DSA}): {A} {New} {Era} for {Online} {Harms} and {Intermediary} {Liability}}, volume = {4}, issn = {26663570}, shorttitle = {The {Digital} {Services} {Act} ({DSA})}, url = {https://kluwerlawonline.com/api/Product/CitationPDFURL?file=Journals\GPLR\GPLR2023005.pdf}, abstract = {{\textless}p{\textgreater}\textit{The EU’s Digital Services Act (DSA) marks the biggest shake up to the rules for online intermediary liability in twenty years. The DSA is accompanied by flanking instruments regulating terrorist content, child sexual abuse material (CSAM) and political ads which, together, will create an entirely new framework for the regulation of online harms in the EU. These new and wide-ranging obligations attempt to reconcile the damage caused by unregulated user-generated content, fundamental rights to freedom of information and the practical limitations of moderating content at scale. The DSA is likely to shape the global approach to content regulation in this emerging area of law.}{\textless}br{\textgreater}{\textless}/p{\textgreater}}, language = {en}, number = {1}, urldate = {2024-05-09}, journal = {Global Privacy Law Review}, author = {Church, Peter and Pehlivan, Ceyhun Necati}, month = feb, year = {2023}, keywords = {/unread, Review, First Draft Report Cited, Global North}, pages = {1--7}, file = {Full Text PDF:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/WFL4WUXL/Church and Pehlivan - 2023 - The Digital Services Act (DSA) A New Era for Onli.pdf:application/pdf}, } @article{akmanRegulatingCompetitionDigital2022, title = {Regulating {Competition} in {Digital} {Platform} {Markets}: a {Critical} {Assessment} of the {Framework} and {Approach} of the {EU} {Digital} {Markets} {Act}}, volume = {47}, issn = {0307-5400}, shorttitle = {Regulating {Competition} in {Digital} {Platform} {Markets}}, url = {https://dialnet.unirioja.es/servlet/articulo?codigo=8320879}, abstract = {The European Union’s Digital Markets Act (DMA) initiative, which is set to introduce ex ante regulatory rules for “gatekeepers” in online platform markets, is one of the most important pieces of legislation to emanate from Brussels in recent decades. It not only has the potential to influence jurisdictions around the world in regulating digital markets, it also has the potential to change the business models of the wealthiest corporations on the planet and how they offer their products and services to their customers. Against that backdrop, this article provides an analysis of the aims of and principles underlying the DMA, the essential components of the DMA, and the core substantive framework, including the scope and structure of the main obligations and the implementation mechanisms, envisaged by the DMA. Following this analysis, the article offers a critique of the central components of the DMA, such as its objectives, positioning in comparison to competition law rules, and substantive obligations. The article then provides recommendations and proposes ways in which the DMA—and other legislative initiatives around the world, which may take the DMA as an example—can be significantly improved by, inter alia, adopting a platform-driven substantive framework built upon self-executing, prescriptive obligations.}, language = {eng}, number = {2022}, urldate = {2024-05-09}, journal = {European Law Review}, author = {Akman, Pinar}, year = {2022}, note = {Publisher: Sweet \& Maxwell Section: European law review}, keywords = {/unread, Review, First Draft Report Cited, Global North}, pages = {85--114}, file = {Akman - 2022 - Regulating Competition in Digital Platform Markets.pdf:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/G9YWWLPI/Akman - 2022 - Regulating Competition in Digital Platform Markets.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/ABHTNJBQ/articulo.html:text/html}, } @article{bottaSectorRegulationDigital2021, title = {Sector {Regulation} of {Digital} {Platforms} in {Europe}: {Uno}, {Nessuno} e {Centomila}}, volume = {12}, issn = {2041-7764}, shorttitle = {Sector {Regulation} of {Digital} {Platforms} in {Europe}}, url = {https://doi.org/10.1093/jeclap/lpab046}, doi = {10.1093/jeclap/lpab046}, number = {7}, urldate = {2024-05-09}, journal = {Journal of European Competition Law \& Practice}, author = {Botta, Marco}, month = sep, year = {2021}, keywords = {/unread, Review, First Draft Report Cited, Global North}, pages = {500--512}, file = {Botta - 2021 - Sector Regulation of Digital Platforms in Europe .pdf:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/Z84DXQ4B/Botta - 2021 - Sector Regulation of Digital Platforms in Europe .pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/WQ6FR4N9/6295374.html:text/html}, } @article{dolataSociotechnicalViewAlgorithmic2022, title = {A sociotechnical view of algorithmic fairness}, volume = {32}, copyright = {© 2021 John Wiley \& Sons Ltd.}, issn = {1365-2575}, url = {https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/isj.12370}, doi = {10.1111/isj.12370}, abstract = {Algorithmic fairness (AF) has been framed as a newly emerging technology that mitigates systemic discrimination in automated decision-making, providing opportunities to improve fairness in information systems (IS). However, based on a state-of-the-art literature review, we argue that fairness is an inherently social concept and that technologies for AF should therefore be approached through a sociotechnical lens. We advance the discourse on AF as a sociotechnical phenomenon. Our research objective is to embed AF in the sociotechnical view of IS. Specifically, we elaborate on why outcomes of a system that uses algorithmic means to assure fairness depend on mutual influences between technical and social structures. This perspective can generate new insights that integrate knowledge from both technical fields and social studies. Further, it spurs new directions for IS debates. We contribute as follows: First, we problematize fundamental assumptions in the current discourse on AF based on a systematic analysis of 310 articles. Second, we respond to these assumptions by theorizing AF as a sociotechnical construct. Third, we propose directions for IS researchers to enhance their impacts by pursuing a unique understanding of sociotechnical AF. We call for and undertake a holistic approach to AF. A sociotechnical perspective on AF can yield holistic solutions to systemic biases and discrimination.}, language = {en}, number = {4}, urldate = {2024-05-03}, journal = {Information Systems Journal}, author = {Dolata, Mateusz and Feuerriegel, Stefan and Schwabe, Gerhard}, year = {2022}, note = {\_eprint: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1111/isj.12370}, keywords = {literature review, Systematic literature review, /unread, First Draft Report Cited, algorithmic fairness, problematization, research agenda, sociotechnical perspective, state of the art}, pages = {754--818}, file = {Accepted Version:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/Q5RG23FX/Dolata et al. - 2022 - A sociotechnical view of algorithmic fairness.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/E382QNH3/isj.html:text/html}, } @misc{corbett-daviesAlgorithmicDecisionMaking2017, title = {Algorithmic decision making and the cost of fairness}, url = {http://arxiv.org/abs/1701.08230}, doi = {10.1145/3097983.309809}, abstract = {Algorithms are now regularly used to decide whether defendants awaiting trial are too dangerous to be released back into the community. In some cases, black defendants are substantially more likely than white defendants to be incorrectly classified as high risk. To mitigate such disparities, several techniques recently have been proposed to achieve algorithmic fairness. Here we reformulate algorithmic fairness as constrained optimization: the objective is to maximize public safety while satisfying formal fairness constraints designed to reduce racial disparities. We show that for several past definitions of fairness, the optimal algorithms that result require detaining defendants above race-specific risk thresholds. We further show that the optimal unconstrained algorithm requires applying a single, uniform threshold to all defendants. The unconstrained algorithm thus maximizes public safety while also satisfying one important understanding of equality: that all individuals are held to the same standard, irrespective of race. Because the optimal constrained and unconstrained algorithms generally differ, there is tension between improving public safety and satisfying prevailing notions of algorithmic fairness. By examining data from Broward County, Florida, we show that this trade-off can be large in practice. We focus on algorithms for pretrial release decisions, but the principles we discuss apply to other domains, and also to human decision makers carrying out structured decision rules.}, urldate = {2024-05-03}, publisher = {ArXiv}, author = {Corbett-Davies, Sam and Pierson, Emma and Feller, Avi and Goel, Sharad and Huq, Aziz}, month = jun, year = {2017}, note = {arXiv:1701.08230 [cs, stat]}, keywords = {Computer Science - Computers and Society, /unread, Review, First Draft Report Cited, Quant, Statistics - Applications}, file = {arXiv Fulltext PDF:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/TUSAE96N/Corbett-Davies et al. - 2017 - Algorithmic decision making and the cost of fairne.pdf:application/pdf;arXiv.org Snapshot:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/XT3IU5KH/1701.html:text/html}, } @book{chadwickHybridMediaSystem2017, title = {The {Hybrid} {Media} {System}: {Politics} and {Power} {Second} {Edition}}, url = {https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190696726.001.0001}, abstract = {The diffusion and rapid evolution of new communication technologies has created a pressing need to understand the complex forces reshaping media and politics. Who is emerging as powerful in this new context? Written by a leading scholar in the field, this book provides a new, holistic interpretation of how political communication now works. In The Hybrid Media System Andrew Chadwick reveals how political communication is increasingly shaped by interactions among older and newer media logics. Organizations, groups, and individuals in this system are linked by complex and ever-evolving relationships based on adaptation and interdependence. Chadwick shows how power is exercised by those who create, tap, and steer information flows to suit their goals, and in ways that modify, enable, and disable the agency of others across and between a range of older and newer media settings. The [CE1][NN2]book examines a range of examples of this systemic hybridity in flow in political communication contexts ranging from news making in all of its contemporary “professional” and “amateur” forms, to parties and election campaigns, to activist movements and government communication. Compelling stories bring the theory to life. From American presidential campaigns to WikiLeaks, from live prime ministerial debates to hotly contested political scandals that evolve in real time, from historical precedents stretching back five hundred years to the author's unique ethnographic data gathered from recent insider fieldwork among journalists, campaign workers, bloggers, and activist organizations, this wide-ranging book maps the emerging balance of power between older and newer media technologies, genres, norms, behaviors, and organizational forms.}, publisher = {Oxford University Press}, author = {Chadwick, Andrew}, year = {2017}, keywords = {/unread, First Draft Report Cited}, } @article{annanIfInformationKnowledge1997, title = {'{If} {Information} and {Knowledge} are {Central} to {Democracy}, {They} are {Conditions} for {Development}}, url = {https://press.un.org/en/1997/19970623.sgsm6268.html}, urldate = {2023-09-05}, journal = {United Nations Press Release SG/SM/6268}, author = {Annan, K}, month = jun, year = {1997}, keywords = {/unread, Report, Global, First Draft Report Cited}, } @article{chouldechovaFairPredictionDisparate2017, title = {Fair {Prediction} with {Disparate} {Impact}: {A} {Study} of {Bias} in {Recidivism} {Prediction} {Instruments}}, volume = {5}, issn = {2167-6461}, shorttitle = {Fair {Prediction} with {Disparate} {Impact}}, url = {https://www.liebertpub.com/doi/10.1089/big.2016.0047}, doi = {10.1089/big.2016.0047}, abstract = {Recidivism prediction instruments (RPIs) provide decision-makers with an assessment of the likelihood that a criminal defendant will reoffend at a future point in time. Although such instruments are gaining increasing popularity across the country, their use is attracting tremendous controversy. Much of the controversy concerns potential discriminatory bias in the risk assessments that are produced. This article discusses several fairness criteria that have recently been applied to assess the fairness of RPIs. We demonstrate that the criteria cannot all be simultaneously satisfied when recidivism prevalence differs across groups. We then show how disparate impact can arise when an RPI fails to satisfy the criterion of error rate balance.}, number = {2}, urldate = {2024-05-03}, journal = {Big Data}, author = {Chouldechova, Alexandra}, month = jun, year = {2017}, note = {Publisher: Mary Ann Liebert, Inc., publishers}, keywords = {/unread, First Draft Report Cited, Global North, Quant}, pages = {153--163}, file = {Submitted Version:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/ZERFBSGX/Chouldechova - 2017 - Fair Prediction with Disparate Impact A Study of .pdf:application/pdf}, } @article{couldryDataColonialismRethinking2019, title = {Data {Colonialism}: {Rethinking} {Big} {Data}’s {Relation} to the {Contemporary} {Subject}}, volume = {20}, issn = {1527-4764}, shorttitle = {Data {Colonialism}}, url = {https://doi.org/10.1177/1527476418796632}, doi = {10.1177/1527476418796632}, abstract = {We are often told that data are the new oil. But unlike oil, data are not a substance found in nature. It must be appropriated. The capture and processing of social data unfolds through a process we call data relations, which ensures the “natural” conversion of daily life into a data stream. The result is nothing less than a new social order, based on continuous tracking, and offering unprecedented new opportunities for social discrimination and behavioral influence. We propose that this process is best understood through the history of colonialism. Thus, data relations enact a new form of data colonialism, normalizing the exploitation of human beings through data, just as historic colonialism appropriated territory and resources and ruled subjects for profit. Data colonialism paves the way for a new stage of capitalism whose outlines we only glimpse: the capitalization of life without limit.}, language = {en}, number = {4}, urldate = {2021-04-11}, journal = {Television \& New Media}, author = {Couldry, Nick and Mejias, Ulises A.}, month = may, year = {2019}, note = {Publisher: SAGE Publications}, keywords = {political economy, capitalism, data, colonialism, media infrastructure, postcolonialism, Global South, /unread, Review, First Draft Report Cited}, pages = {336--349}, } @misc{bacheletHumanRightsDigital2019, title = {Human rights in the digital age - {Can} they make a difference?}, url = {https://www.ohchr.org/en/speeches/2019/10/human-rights-digital-age}, abstract = {Human rights in the digital age - Can they make a difference? Keynote speech by Michelle Bachelet, UN High Commissioner for Human Rights Japan Society, New York, 17 October 2019 Distinguished panelists, Colleagues, Friends, My thanks to the Center for Human Rights and Global Justice at New York University, Amnesty International and the Guardian newspaper for inviting me to what promises to be an extremely important and vibrant event.}, language = {en}, urldate = {2024-05-06}, journal = {OHCHR Keynote Speech UN High Commissioner}, author = {Bachelet, Michelle}, month = oct, year = {2019}, keywords = {/unread, Global, Review, First Draft Report Cited}, file = {Snapshot:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/JDSWIIEA/human-rights-digital-age.html:text/html}, } @techreport{v-deminstituteDemocracyReport20242024, title = {Democracy {Report} 2024: {Democracy} {Winning} and {Losing} at the {Ballot}}, url = {https://www.v-dem.net/documents/44/v-dem_dr2024_highres.pdf}, institution = {V-Dem Institute}, author = {V-Dem Institute}, year = {2024}, keywords = {/unread, Final Draft Additions}, file = {V-Dem Institute - 2024 - Democracy Report 2024 Democracy Winning and Losin.pdf:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/MDNJLDFS/V-Dem Institute - 2024 - Democracy Report 2024 Democracy Winning and Losin.pdf:application/pdf}, } @incollection{gillespieRelevanceAlgorithms2014, address = {Cambridge, MA}, title = {The {Relevance} of {Algorithms}}, booktitle = {Media {Technologies}: {Essays} on {Communication}, {Materiality} and {Society}}, publisher = {MIT Press}, author = {Gillespie, T}, editor = {Gillespie, T and Boczkowski, P J and Foot, K A}, year = {2014}, keywords = {/unread, Second Draft Report Additions}, pages = {167--193}, } @book{labio-bernalPeriodismoSOSFilantrocapitalismo2022, title = {Periodismo {SOS} - {Del} filantrocapitalismo al poder que mata}, url = {https://www.edicionespiramide.es/libro/medios/periodismo-sos-aurora-labio-bernal-9788436846850/}, abstract = {The book is focused on power and journalism regarding to hegemonic system. Two important threats in newsroom are considered: new ways of funding through philanthropists and power behind the scenes. Philantropist finance consolidated media outlet and non profits media organisations, but the problem is that they adapt their interests to the agendas prioritized by philanthropist. On the other hand, thousands of investigative journalists suffer the worst consequences of dark power: retaliation, murders and kidnapings. Ediciones Pirámide, Partiendo de un análisis conceptual del poder, el libro se adentra en su relación con la comunicación y el periodismo como fórmulas de imposición hegemónica y los peligros para la profesión}, language = {es}, urldate = {2024-02-23}, publisher = {Ediciones Pirámide}, author = {Labio-Bernal, Aurora and Romero-Domínguez, Lorena R}, year = {2022}, keywords = {/unread, Second Draft Report Additions}, file = {Snapshot:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/YUV3MNFK/periodismo-sos-aurora-labio-bernal-9788436846850.html:text/html}, } @book{findlayElgarCompanionRegulating2023, title = {Elgar {Companion} to {Regulating} {AI} and {Big} {Data} in {Emerging} {Economies}}, publisher = {Edward Elgar Publishing}, editor = {Findlay, Mark and Ong, Li Min and Zhang, Wenxi}, year = {2023}, keywords = {Global South, /unread, Second Draft Report Additions}, } @book{padovaniGlobalCommunicationGovernance2024, address = {London}, title = {Global {Communication} {Governance} at the {Crossroads}}, publisher = {Palgrave Macmillan}, editor = {Padovani, C and Wavre, V. and Hintz, Arne and Goggin, G and Iosifidis, P}, year = {2024}, keywords = {/unread, Second Draft Report Additions, USED, OID Data Gov}, } @book{aguerreGlobalDigitalData2024, title = {Global {Digital} {Data} {Governance}: {Polycentric} perspectives}, isbn = {978-1-00-338841-8}, abstract = {This book provides a nuanced exploration of contemporary digital data governance, highlighting the importance of cooperation across sectors and disciplines in order to adapt to a rapidly evolving technological landscape. Most of the theory around global digital data governance remains scattered and focused on specific actors, norms, processes, or disciplinary approaches. This book argues for a polycentric approach, allowing readers to consider the issue across multiple disciplines and scales. Polycentrism, this book argues, provides a set of lenses that tie together the variety of actors, issues, and processes intertwined in digital data governance at subnational, national, regional, and global levels. Firstly, this approach uncovers the complex array of power centers and connections in digital data governance. Secondly, polycentric perspectives bridge disciplinary divides, challenging assumptions and drawing together a growing range of insights about the complexities of digital data governance. Bringing together a wide range of case studies, this book draws out key insights and policy recommendations for how digital data governance occurs and how it might occur differently. Written by an international and interdisciplinary team, this book will be of interest to students and scholars in the field of development studies, political science, international relations, global studies, science and technology studies, sociology, and media and communication studies. The Open Access version of this book, available at http://www.taylorfrancis.com, has been made available under a Creative Commons Attribution-Non Commercial-No Derivatives (CC-BY-NC-ND) 4.0 license.}, publisher = {Routledge}, author = {Aguerre, Carolina and Campbell-Verduyn, Malcolm and Scholte, Jan Aart}, year = {2024}, keywords = {/unread, Second Draft Report Additions}, } @book{nowotnyAIWeTrust2021, address = {Cambridge}, title = {In {AI} {We} {Trust}: {Power}, {Illusion} and {Control} of {Predictive} {Algorithms}}, publisher = {Polity Press}, author = {Nowotny, H.}, year = {2021}, keywords = {/unread, Second Draft Report Additions, OID AI}, } @book{silverstoneMediaMoralityRise2007, address = {Cambridge}, title = {Media and {Morality}: {On} the {Rise} of the {Mediapolis}}, publisher = {Polity Press}, author = {Silverstone, R}, year = {2007}, keywords = {/unread, Second Draft Report Additions}, } @book{oneillQuestionTrust2002, address = {Cambridge}, title = {A {Question} of {Trust}}, abstract = {Ethics of Mediation Trust}, publisher = {Cambridge University Press}, author = {O'Neill, O}, year = {2002}, keywords = {/unread, Second Draft Report Additions, Ritual and Public Life Social Psychology of Economic Life}, } @misc{alexanderAttemptsAIPower2024, title = {{UN} {Attempts} {AI} {Power} {Grab}. {The} {West} is {Unhappy}}, url = {https://cepa.org/article/un-attempts-ai-power-grab-the-west-is-unhappy/}, abstract = {Under the guise of giving China and the global South a strong voice on AI, UN officers are taking over AI governance. Democracies object.}, language = {en-US}, urldate = {2024-07-28}, journal = {CEPA}, author = {Alexander, Fiona}, month = jul, year = {2024}, keywords = {/unread, Second Draft Report Additions}, file = {Snapshot:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/7ZFQEISD/un-attempts-ai-power-grab-the-west-is-unhappy.html:text/html}, } @misc{crossoverAlgoLiteracyAll2023, title = {Algo literacy for all in 10 points}, url = {https://crossover.social/algo-literacy-for-all-in-10-points/}, abstract = {Since algorithms, and in particular, those of search engines and social media, influence our information, consumption, relationships and politics, citizens should know how they word and what their effects are.}, language = {en}, urldate = {2024-08-03}, journal = {CrossOver}, author = {Crossover}, month = feb, year = {2023}, keywords = {/unread, Second Draft Report Additions}, file = {Snapshot:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/J7KZPXX3/algo-literacy-for-all-in-10-points.html:text/html}, } @book{brignullDeceptivePatternsExposing2023, title = {Deceptive {Patterns}: {Exposing} the {Tricks} {Tech} {Companies} {Use} to {Control} {You}}, url = {https://www.deceptive.design/book/contents/about-the-author}, abstract = {The original website about deceptive patterns (also known as “dark patterns”) - tricks used in websites and apps that make you do things that you didn't mean to, like buying or signing up for something.}, language = {en}, urldate = {2024-08-04}, publisher = {Testimonium Ltd}, author = {Brignull, Harry}, year = {2023}, keywords = {/unread, Second Draft Report Additions}, file = {Snapshot:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/E5WHT8ER/www.deceptive.design.html:text/html}, } @misc{halpernGoogleAccusedPrivacy2024, title = {Google accused of privacy breaches over alleged {Chrome} tracking}, url = {https://www.grcworldforums.com/risk/google-accused-of-privacy-breaches-over-alleged-chrome-tracking/9675.article}, abstract = {Alphabet Inc., the parent company of Google, has been targeted by privacy advocacy group, NOYB, over allegations of unauthorised user tracking in the Google Chrome web browser.}, language = {en}, urldate = {2024-08-04}, journal = {GRC World Forums}, author = {Halpern, Haim and Brown, Gary and Kagan, Odia and Li, Lily and Avramenko, Anastasia}, month = jun, year = {2024}, keywords = {/unread, Second Draft Report Additions}, file = {Snapshot:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/J54WRTNW/9675.html:text/html}, } @misc{dysonNewYorkCity2023, title = {New {York} {City} {Must} {Strengthen} {Police} {Transparency} {Law}}, url = {https://www.brennancenter.org/our-work/analysis-opinion/new-york-city-must-strengthen-police-transparency-law}, language = {en}, urldate = {2024-08-04}, author = {Dyson, Ivey}, month = dec, year = {2023}, keywords = {/unread, Report, Second Draft Report Additions, Global North}, file = {Snapshot:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/Q7M6UNM2/new-york-city-must-strengthen-police-transparency-law.html:text/html}, } @techreport{ajuntamentdebarcelonaDefinicioMetodologiesTreball2023, title = {Definició de metodologies de treball i protocols per a la implementació de sistemes algorítmics}, url = {https://ajuntament.barcelona.cat/digital/sites/default/files/2023-10/def_metodologia_sist_algoritmics_cat.pdf}, abstract = {Definition of work methodologies and protocols for the implementation of algorithmic systems}, urldate = {2024-08-02}, institution = {Barcelona City Council}, author = {Ajuntament de Barcelona}, year = {2023}, keywords = {/unread, Second Draft Report Additions}, file = {def_metodologia_sist_algoritmics_cat.pdf:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/ID4A3DAB/def_metodologia_sist_algoritmics_cat.pdf:application/pdf}, } @article{bajwaArtificialIntelligenceHealthcare2021, title = {Artificial intelligence in healthcare: transforming the practice of medicine}, volume = {8}, issn = {2514-6645}, shorttitle = {Artificial intelligence in healthcare}, url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2514664524005277}, doi = {10.7861/fhj.2021-0095}, abstract = {Artificial intelligence (AI) is a powerful and disruptive area of computer science, with the potential to fundamentally transform the practice of medicine and the delivery of healthcare. In this review article, we outline recent breakthroughs in the application of AI in healthcare, describe a roadmap to building effective, reliable and safe AI systems, and discuss the possible future direction of AI augmented healthcare systems.}, number = {2}, urldate = {2024-08-04}, journal = {Future Healthcare Journal}, author = {Bajwa, Junaid and Munir, Usman and Nori, Aditya and Williams, Bryan}, month = jul, year = {2021}, keywords = {AI, /unread, Second Draft Report Additions, digital health}, pages = {e188--e194}, file = {Bajwa et al. - 2021 - Artificial intelligence in healthcare transformin.pdf:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/KSCEL5QE/Bajwa et al. - 2021 - Artificial intelligence in healthcare transformin.pdf:application/pdf;Full Text:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/H93PU33G/Bajwa et al. - 2021 - Artificial intelligence in healthcare transformin.pdf:application/pdf;ScienceDirect Snapshot:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/YICQ8ZVB/S2514664524005277.html:text/html}, } @misc{thestudentviewStudentViewMediand, title = {The {Student} {View}: {Media} {Literacy} {Charity} {Training} {Young} {People}...}, url = {https://lankellychase.org.uk/trustees/}, abstract = {The Student View Media Literacy charity training young people on how to spot misinformation as local news reporters Support our mission Our Donors We express our sincerest gratitude to our donors: Why We Exist We want every child to have a high-quality media literacy education. Only 36\% of Brits trust the news Only 1/3 of […]}, language = {en-GB}, urldate = {2024-05-11}, journal = {The Student View}, author = {The Student View}, keywords = {/unread, First Draft Report Cited}, file = {Snapshot:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/ZSU9LXXD/thestudentview.org.html:text/html}, } @techreport{usdistrictcourtUSGoogle2024, title = {{US} v. {Google}}, url = {https://www.texasattorneygeneral.gov/sites/default/files/images/press/Google%20Search%20Engine%20Monopoly%20Ruling.pdf}, institution = {United States District Court for the District of Columbia, Case No. 20-cv-3010 (APM)}, author = {US District Court}, month = aug, year = {2024}, keywords = {/unread, Second Draft Report Additions, Global North}, file = {US District Court - 2024 - US v. Google.pdf:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/4YSM7FRN/US District Court - 2024 - US v. Google.pdf:application/pdf}, } @techreport{us-chinacommissionChinasEvolvingData2022, title = {China's {Evolving} {Data} {Governance} {Regime}}, url = {https://www.uscc.gov/research/chinas-evolving-data-governance-regime}, abstract = {The document below includes an overview of China’s evolving data governance regime, which began developing in 2015 with the draft of China’s Cybersecurity Law. In 2022, Chinese regulators are implementing and enforcing more data-related laws and regulations, which stand to have a significant effect on organizations handling any data within China’s borders. As these measures create more barriers for cross-border data flows, China’s approach runs counter to longstanding U.S. policies that support free flows of information and an open digital ecosystem.}, language = {en}, institution = {US-China Economic and Security Review Commission}, author = {US-China Commission}, month = jul, year = {2022}, keywords = {Global South, /unread, BRICS, Second Draft Report Additions}, file = {2022 - China's Evolving Data Governance Regime.pdf:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/IHPKUBHD/2022 - China's Evolving Data Governance Regime.pdf:application/pdf}, } @article{usherRealProblemsProblem2023, title = {The {Real} {Problems} with the {Problem} of {News} {Deserts}: {Toward} {Rooting} {Place}, {Precision}, and {Positionality} in {Scholarship} on {Local} {News} and {Democracy}}, volume = {40}, issn = {1058-4609}, shorttitle = {The {Real} {Problems} with the {Problem} of {News} {Deserts}}, url = {https://doi.org/10.1080/10584609.2023.2175399}, doi = {10.1080/10584609.2023.2175399}, abstract = {While “news deserts” are rhetorically powerful, we argue the concept is deeply problematic due to its normative presumptions and its descriptive fuzziness. The concern over the loss of local journalism in the U.S. has become a moral panic. While US local journalism is in market failure, at least when conceptualized as a professional, commercial newspaper enterprise, current scholarship and public discourse about “news deserts” and the loss of local news has three major problems, all of which reinforce a false nostalgia for the role of local newspapers in communities and focus on saving local newspapers as they are rather than reimagining what local news could be. If scholars wish to fetishize the existence of a local news outlet in a community as essential to democratic life and civic connection, it might be helpful to think more critically about whether a local news outlet actually has content specific to that community. Similarly, declines are often unobservable in places that have already been limited in their local news provision because the starting point was already deeply problematic. The “news desert” deficit framing obscures historical news deserts, or areas that have long lacked access to professional, geographically specific news about their communities. We propose an approach that focuses on place-based specificity and argue that scholars may need to acknowledge that the availability of local news and information may play less of a role in overall political knowledge, social identity, and cultural cohesion in a hybridized, deeply polarized democracy.}, number = {2}, urldate = {2024-08-16}, journal = {Political Communication}, author = {Usher, Nikki}, month = mar, year = {2023}, note = {Publisher: Routledge \_eprint: https://doi.org/10.1080/10584609.2023.2175399}, keywords = {democracy, political knowledge, Journalism, /unread, Review, Second Draft Report Additions, Global North, critical information needs, local news, News deserts}, pages = {238--253}, file = {Full Text PDF:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/IETIWDS7/Usher - 2023 - The Real Problems with the Problem of News Deserts.pdf:application/pdf}, } @book{vaidhyanathanSocialMediaHow2018, address = {New York}, title = {Anti-social {Media}: {How} {Facebook} {Disconnects} {Us} and {Undermines} {Democracy}}, isbn = {978-0-19-084116-4}, shorttitle = {Antisocial {Media}}, url = {https://www.amazon.co.uk/Antisocial-Media-Disconnects-Undermines-Democracy/dp/0190841168}, abstract = {If you wanted to build a machine that would distribute propaganda to millions of people, distract them from important issues, energize hatred and bigotry, erode social trust, undermine respectable journalism, foster doubts about science, and engage in massive surveillance all at once, you would make something a lot like Facebook. Of course, none of that was part of the plan. In Antisocial Media, Siva Vaidhyanathan explains how Facebook devolved from an innocent social site hacked together by Harvard students into a force that, while it may make personal life just a little more pleasurable, makes democracy a lot more challenging. It's an account of the hubris of good intentions, a missionary spirit, and an ideology that sees computer code as the universal solvent for all human problems. And it's an indictment of how "social media" has fostered the deterioration of democratic culture around the world, from facilitating Russian meddling in support of Trump's election to the exploitation of the platform by murderous authoritarians in Burma and the Philippines. Facebook grew out of an ideological commitment to data-driven decision making and logical thinking. Its culture is explicitly tolerant of difference and dissent. Both its market orientation and its labor force are global. It preaches the power of connectivity to change lives for the better. Indeed, no company better represents the dream of a fully connected planet "sharing" words, ideas, and images, and no company has better leveraged those ideas into wealth and influence. Yet no company has contributed more to the global collapse of basic tenets of deliberation and democracy. Both authoritative and trenchant, Antisocial Media shows how Facebook's mission went so wrong.}, language = {English}, publisher = {OUP}, author = {Vaidhyanathan, Siva}, month = jun, year = {2018}, keywords = {/unread, Review, Second Draft Report Additions, Global North, OID General}, } @article{vazquez-herreroLetsDanceNews2022, title = {Let’s dance the news! {How} the news media are adapting to the logic of {TikTok}}, volume = {23}, issn = {1464-8849}, url = {https://doi.org/10.1177/1464884920969092}, doi = {10.1177/1464884920969092}, abstract = {The influence of TikTok has reached the news media, which has adapted to the logic of the platform, in a context marked by the incidental consumption of news, virality and the intermediation of technology in access to information. The popularity of this social network invites news outlets to address a young audience on a platform characterized by visual and short content and dynamics defined by algorithmic recommendations, trending hashtags and challenges. Based on an exploratory search of news media and programmes on TikTok from around the world, we selected 234 accounts and conducted a content analysis of the 19 news media and programmes identified with a verified profile and general thematic scope. The results point to a progressive incorporation of the media since 2019, with the purpose of informing, positioning their brand and adapting to the logic of TikTok in a new approach to journalism for younger generations.}, language = {en}, number = {8}, urldate = {2024-07-24}, journal = {Journalism}, author = {Vázquez-Herrero, Jorge and Negreira-Rey, María-Cruz and López-García, Xosé}, month = aug, year = {2022}, note = {Publisher: SAGE Publications}, keywords = {/unread, Second Draft Report Additions, Global North, Qual}, pages = {1717--1735}, file = {SAGE PDF Full Text:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/WJQCJRTE/Vázquez-Herrero et al. - 2022 - Let’s dance the news! How the news media are adapt.pdf:application/pdf}, } @article{vazquez-herreroMindGapJournalism2022, title = {Mind the {Gap}! {Journalism} on {Social} {Media} and {News} {Consumption} {Among} {Young} {Audiences}}, volume = {16}, copyright = {The International Journal of Communication is an academic journal. 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Thus, we view the inclusion of “quotations” from existing print, visual, audio and audio-visual texts to be appropriate examples of Fair Use, as are reproductions of visual images for the purpose of scholarly analysis. We encourage authors to obtain appropriate permissions to use materials originally produced by others, but do not require such permissions as long as the usage of such materials falls within the boundaries of Fair Use. The International Journal of Communication encourages authors to employ fair use in their scholarly publishing wherever appropriate. Fair use is the right to use unlicensed copyrighted material (whether it is text, images, audio-visual, or other) in your own work, in some circumstances. We consult the Code of Best Practices in Fair Use for Scholarly Research in Communication , created by the International Communication Association and endorsed by the National Communication Association, and you should too. If you have any questions about whether fair use applies to your uses of copyrighted material (whether it is text, images, audio-visual, or other) in your scholarship, simply include your rationale, grounded in the Best Practices, as a supplementary document with your submission.}, issn = {1932-8036}, url = {https://ijoc.org/index.php/ijoc/article/view/19643}, abstract = {Social media have become the main gateway to information for young people, helping to determine and shape the young’s visions of the present, which is also conditioned by news sharing among users. News media are tasked with remaining relevant to these young audiences and are trying to reach the places where they are digitally most active. By combining quantitative and qualitative methods, two perspectives were analyzed in this study. The first was the news use on social media of young Spanish, French, and British people (N = 1,528) aged 18–25. The second was the content dissemination strategies implemented within social networking sites by the 30 most consumed media in these European countries. The results confirm the pre-eminence of social media as channels of information and as alternatives to traditional media, with distributed, incidental consumption throughout the day. Meanwhile, the news media are implementing strategies to get integrated into the platforms that most engage new audiences.}, language = {en}, number = {0}, urldate = {2024-07-24}, journal = {International Journal of Communication}, author = {Vázquez-Herrero, Jorge and Negreira-Rey, María-Cruz and Sixto-García, José}, month = jul, year = {2022}, note = {Number: 0}, keywords = {social media, journalism, news sharing, audience studies, news use, young people, /unread, Second Draft Report Additions, Global North, Mixed, news providers}, pages = {21}, file = {Full Text PDF:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/7WPQVURP/Vázquez-Herrero et al. - 2022 - Mind the Gap! Journalism on Social Media and News .pdf:application/pdf}, } @techreport{verzaUncoveringNewsDeserts2024, type = {Technical {Report}}, title = {Uncovering news deserts in {Europe} : risks and opportunities for local and community media in the {EU}}, copyright = {http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/}, shorttitle = {Uncovering news deserts in {Europe}}, url = {https://cadmus.eui.eu/handle/1814/76652}, abstract = {This study investigates the state of local and community media in the 27 EU Member States, with the final aim of identifying the relevant theoretical and practical dimensions for understanding the phenomenon of “news deserts” in the European context. Europe is composed of a variety of socio-political contexts, languages, and media systems. These differences relate, for example, to the size and demographics of a country, the extension of rural areas, internet penetration and digital literacy; the relevance of minorities or marginalised communities; the size and characteristics of the media market, the guarantees entrusted to local journalists in terms of working and physical safety; the independence from political and economic pressures on a local level; investments on innovation in terms of formats, or audience engagement. In the framework of the Local Media for Democracy project, the research is also aimed at triggering advocacy and policy actions to safeguard local and community media, recognising them as key actors to guarantee the right to be critically informed.}, language = {en}, urldate = {2024-06-07}, institution = {European University Institute}, author = {Verza, Sofia and Blagojev, Tijana and Da Cots Leite Borges, Danielle and Kermer, Jan Erik and Trevisan, Matteo and Reviglio Della Venaria, Urbano}, year = {2024}, doi = {10.2870/741398}, note = {Accepted: 2024-03-01T09:12:22Z ISBN: 9789294665430}, keywords = {/unread, Second Draft Report Additions, Global North, Mixed}, file = {Full Text PDF:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/KKCENMUC/VERZA et al. - 2024 - Uncovering news deserts in Europe risks and oppo.pdf:application/pdf}, } @techreport{vogelsAmericansDigitalKnowledge2019, title = {Americans and {Digital} {Knowledge}}, url = {https://www.pewresearch.org/internet/2019/10/09/americans-and-digital-knowledge/}, institution = {Pew Research Center}, author = {Vogels, Emily A and Anderson, Monica}, year = {2019}, keywords = {/unread, Second Draft Report Additions, Global North, Quant}, file = {Vogels and Anderson - 2019 - Americans and Digital Knowledge.pdf:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/HFNVKRDY/Vogels and Anderson - 2019 - Americans and Digital Knowledge.pdf:application/pdf}, } @article{voningersleben-seipCompetitionCooperationArtificial2023, title = {Competition and cooperation in artificial intelligence standard setting: {Explaining} emergent patterns}, volume = {40}, copyright = {© 2023 The Authors. Review of Policy Research published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of Policy Studies Organization.}, issn = {1541-1338}, shorttitle = {Competition and cooperation in artificial intelligence standard setting}, url = {https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/ropr.12538}, doi = {10.1111/ropr.12538}, abstract = {Efforts to set standards for artificial intelligence (AI) reveal striking patterns: technical experts hailing from geopolitical rivals, such as the United States and China, readily collaborate on technical AI standards within transnational standard-setting organizations, whereas governments are much less willing to collaborate on global ethical AI standards within international organizations. Whether competition or cooperation prevails can be explained by three variables: the actors that make up the membership of the standard-setting organization, the issues on which the organization's standard-setting efforts focus, and the “games” actors play when trying to set standards within a particular type of organization. A preliminary empirical analysis provides support for the contention that actors, issues, and games affect the prospects for cooperation on global AI standards. It matters because shared standards are vital for achieving truly global frameworks for the governance of AI. Such global frameworks, in turn, lower transaction costs and the probability that the world will witness the emergence of AI systems that threaten human rights and fundamental freedoms.}, language = {en}, number = {5}, urldate = {2024-07-29}, journal = {Review of Policy Research}, author = {von Ingersleben-Seip, Nora}, year = {2023}, note = {\_eprint: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1111/ropr.12538}, keywords = {competition, regulation, artificial intelligence, /unread, Global, Second Draft Report Additions, Qual, standards, cooperation, competencia, cooperación, game theory, gobierno de la tecnología, inteligencia artificial, normas, regulación, technology governance, teoría de juego}, pages = {781--810}, file = {Full Text PDF:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/EYP6LLBS/von Ingersleben-Seip - 2023 - Competition and cooperation in artificial intellig.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/HMRUVWQP/ropr.html:text/html}, } @book{wagnerResearchHandbookHuman2025, title = {Research {Handbook} on {Human} {Rights} and {Digital} {Technology}: {Global} {Politics}, {Law} and {International} {Relations}, {Second} {Edition}}, url = {https://www.e-elgar.com/shop/gbp/research-handbook-on-human-rights-and-digital-technology-9781035308507.html}, publisher = {Edward Elgar Publishing}, editor = {Wagner, Ben and Kettemann, Matthias C and Vieth-Dilmann, Kilian and Montgomery, Susannah}, year = {2025}, keywords = {/unread, Review, Second Draft Report Additions}, } @misc{walshDisinformationMachineHow2024, title = {The {Disinformation} {Machine}: {How} {Susceptible} {Are} {We} to {AI} {Propaganda}?}, shorttitle = {The {Disinformation} {Machine}}, url = {https://hai.stanford.edu/news/disinformation-machine-how-susceptible-are-we-ai-propaganda}, abstract = {With a bit of prodding, AI-generated propaganda is more effective than propaganda written by humans.}, language = {en}, urldate = {2024-05-06}, journal = {HAI Stanford University}, author = {Walsh, Dylan}, month = may, year = {2024}, keywords = {/unread, Second Draft Report Additions, Global North, Quant}, file = {Snapshot:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/DG5UX8LH/disinformation-machine-how-susceptible-are-we-ai-propaganda.html:text/html}, } @article{wangArtificialIntelligenceDivide2024, title = {The artificial intelligence divide: {Who} is the most vulnerable?}, volume = {Online First}, issn = {1461-4448}, shorttitle = {The artificial intelligence divide}, url = {https://doi.org/10.1177/14614448241232345}, doi = {10.1177/14614448241232345}, abstract = {This study investigates users’ artificial intelligence (AI)-related competencies (i.e., AI knowledge, skills, and attitudes) and identifies the vulnerable user groups in the AI-shaped online news and entertainment environment. We surveyed 1088 Dutch citizens over the age of 16 years and identified five user groups through the latent class analysis: the average users, the expert advocates, the expert skeptics, the unskilled skeptics, and the neutral unskilled. The most vulnerable groups with the lowest levels of AI knowledge and AI skills (i.e., unskilled skeptics and neutral unskilled) were mostly older, with lower levels of education and privacy protection skills, than the average users. Overall, the results of this study resonate with the existing findings on the digital divide and provide evidence for an emerging AI divide among users. Finally, the societal implication of this study is discussed, such as the need for education programs and applications of the explainable AI.}, language = {en}, urldate = {2024-04-11}, journal = {New Media \& Society}, author = {Wang, Chenyue and Boerman, Sophie C and Kroon, Anne C and Möller, Judith and de Vreese, Claes H}, month = feb, year = {2024}, note = {Publisher: SAGE Publications}, keywords = {/unread, Review, Second Draft Report Additions, Global North}, pages = {1--23}, file = {SAGE PDF Full Text:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/RIJMLI2F/Wang et al. - 2024 - The artificial intelligence divide Who is the mos.pdf:application/pdf}, } @book{wassermanMediaGeopoliticsPower2018, address = {Harrogate}, title = {Media, {Geopolitics}, and {Power}: {A} {View} from the {Global} {South}}, publisher = {Combined Academic Publishers}, author = {Wasserman, H}, year = {2018}, keywords = {Global South, /unread, Review, Second Draft Report Additions, RM Book}, } @article{wineburgLateralReadingNature2019, title = {Lateral {Reading} and the {Nature} of {Expertise}: {Reading} {Less} and {Learning} {More} {When} {Evaluating} {Digital} {Information}}, volume = {121}, issn = {0161-4681}, shorttitle = {Lateral {Reading} and the {Nature} of {Expertise}}, url = {https://doi.org/10.1177/016146811912101102}, doi = {10.1177/016146811912101102}, abstract = {Background/ContextThe Internet has democratized access to information but in so doing has opened the floodgates to misinformation, fake news, and rank propaganda masquerading as dispassionate analysis. Despite mounting attention to the problem of online misinformation and growing agreement that digital literacy efforts are important, prior research offers few concrete ideas about what skilled evaluations look like.Purpose/Objective/Research Question/Focus of StudyOur purpose in this study was to seek out those who are skilled in online evaluations in order to understand how their strategies and approaches to evaluating digital content might inform educational efforts. We sampled 45 experienced users of the Internet: 10 Ph.D. historians, 10 professional fact checkers, and 25 Stanford University undergraduates. Analysis focused on the strategies participants used to evaluate online information and arrive at judgments of credibility.Research DesignIn this expert/novice study, participants thought aloud as they evaluated live websites and searched for information on social and political issues such as bullying, minimum wage, and teacher tenure. We analyze and present findings from three of the tasks participants completed.Findings/ResultsHistorians and students often fell victim to easily manipulated features of websites, such as official-looking logos and domain names. They read vertically, staying within a website to evaluate its reliability. In contrast, fact checkers read laterally, leaving a site after a quick scan and opening up new browser tabs in order to judge the credibility of the original site. Compared to the other groups, fact checkers arrived at more warranted conclusions in a fraction of the time.Conclusions/RecommendationsWe draw on insights gleaned from the fact checkers’ practices to examine current curricular approaches to teaching web credibility as well as to suggest alternatives.}, language = {en}, number = {11}, urldate = {2024-07-25}, journal = {Teachers College Record}, author = {Wineburg, Sam and McGrew, Sarah}, month = nov, year = {2019}, note = {Publisher: SAGE Publications}, keywords = {/unread, Second Draft Report Additions, Global North, Qual}, pages = {1--40}, file = {SAGE PDF Full Text:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/DG23XMEH/Wineburg and McGrew - 2019 - Lateral Reading and the Nature of Expertise Readi.pdf:application/pdf}, } @techreport{wipoGettingInnovationEcosystem2024, title = {Getting the {Innovation} {Ecosystem} {Ready} for {AI}: {An} {IP} {Policy} {Toolkit}}, url = {https://www.wipo.int/edocs/pubdocs/en/wipo-pub-2003-en-getting-the-innovation-ecosystem-ready-for-ai.pdf}, institution = {World Intellectual Property Organisation, Frontier Technologies Division}, author = {WIPO}, month = mar, year = {2024}, keywords = {Global South, /unread, Second Draft Report Additions, Qual}, file = {WIPO - 2024 - Getting the Innovation Ecosystem Ready for AI An .pdf:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/67Y26WNG/WIPO - 2024 - Getting the Innovation Ecosystem Ready for AI An .pdf:application/pdf}, } @techreport{woodImpactRegulationChildrens2024, title = {Impact of {Regulation} on {Children}'s {Digital} {Lives}}, url = {https://eprints.lse.ac.uk/123522/1/Impact_of_regulation_on_children_DFC_Research_report_May_2024.pdf?_gl=1*ecozr7*_ga*MTM2NzI5ODg4OS4xNjk0ODU3Mjcz*_ga_LWTEVFESYX*MTcxNjI3NzI0My4xODAuMC4xNzE2Mjc3MjQ0LjU5LjAuMA..}, institution = {PrivacyX Consulting prepared for Digital Futures for Children, LSE and 5Rights Foundation}, author = {Wood, Steve}, month = may, year = {2024}, keywords = {/unread, Review, Second Draft Report Additions, Qual}, file = {Wood - 2024 - Impact of Regulation on Children's Digital Lives.pdf:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/I2PPENHR/Wood - 2024 - Impact of Regulation on Children's Digital Lives.pdf:application/pdf}, } @article{wuNetworkNeutralityBroadband2003, title = {Network {Neutrality}, {Broadband} {Discrimination}}, volume = {2}, url = {https://papers.ssrn.com/abstract=388863}, doi = {10.2139/ssrn.388863}, abstract = {This paper examines the the concept of network neutrality in telecommunications policy and its relationship to Darwinian theories of innovation. It also considers the record of broadband discrimination practiced by broadband operators in the early 2000s.}, language = {en}, urldate = {2024-07-26}, journal = {Journal of Telecommunications and High Technology Law}, author = {Wu, Tim}, month = jun, year = {2003}, keywords = {internet, /unread, Review, Second Draft Report Additions, Global North, discrimination, network neutrality, broadband, cable operators, federal communications commission, Open access, service providers, telecommunications}, pages = {141--179}, file = {Full Text PDF:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/2AV7JS98/Wu - 2003 - Network Neutrality, Broadband Discrimination.pdf:application/pdf;ssrn-388863.pdf:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/4XKSJW3J/ssrn-388863.pdf:application/pdf}, } @article{wulfPleaseUnderstandWe2022, title = {“{Please} understand we cannot provide further information”: evaluating content and transparency of {GDPR}-mandated {AI} disclosures}, volume = {39}, issn = {0951-5666, 1435-5655}, shorttitle = {“{Please} understand we cannot provide further information”}, url = {https://link.springer.com/10.1007/s00146-022-01424-z}, doi = {10.1007/s00146-022-01424-z}, abstract = {The General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) of the EU confirms the protection of personal data as a fundamental human right and affords data subjects more control over the way their personal information is processed, shared, and analyzed. However, where data are processed by artificial intelligence (AI) algorithms, asserting control and providing adequate explanations is a challenge. Due to massive increases in computing power and big data processing, modern AI algorithms are too complex and opaque to be understood by most data subjects. Articles 15 and 22 of the GDPR provide a modest regulatory framework for automated data processing by, among other things, mandating that data controllers inform data subjects about when it is being used, and its logic and ramifications. Nevertheless, due to the phrasing of the articles and the numerous exceptions they allow, doubts have arisen about their effectiveness. In this paper, we empirically evaluate the quality and effectiveness of AI disclosures as mandated by the GDPR. By means of an online survey (N = 835), we investigated how data subjects expect to be informed about the automated processing of their data. We then conducted a content analysis of the AI disclosures of N = 100 companies and organizations. The combined findings reveal that current GDPR-mandated disclosures do not meet the expectations and needs of data subjects. Explanations drawn up following the guidelines of the generic formulations of the GDPR differ widely and are often vague, incomplete and lack transparency. In our conclusions we identify a path towards standardizing and optimizing AI information notices.}, language = {en}, urldate = {2024-08-06}, journal = {AI \& SOCIETY}, author = {Wulf, Alexander J. and Seizov, Ognyan}, month = may, year = {2022}, keywords = {/unread, Second Draft Report Additions, Global North, Mixed}, pages = {235--256}, file = {Wulf and Seizov - 2022 - “Please understand we cannot provide further infor.pdf:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/M649FUVA/Wulf and Seizov - 2022 - “Please understand we cannot provide further infor.pdf:application/pdf}, } @incollection{yangInteractivePropagandaHow2022, title = {Interactive {Propaganda}: {How} {Fox} {News} and {Donald} {Trump} {Co}-produced {False} {Narratives} about the {COVID}-19 {Crisis}}, isbn = {978-1-00-317005-1}, shorttitle = {Interactive {Propaganda}}, url = {https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/edit/10.4324/9781003170051/political-communication-time-coronavirus-peter-van-aelst-jay-blumler?_gl=1*6n83gg*_gcl_au*MTkwODg1NDMyOC4xNzIxNzU2MzE2*_ga*MjEwNjIxMzA5My4xNzIxNzU2MzEz}, abstract = {This chapter proposes an interactive propaganda model that accounts for a novel development in the role of media in a struggling American democracy, namely the co-production of systemic disinformation between government and media to influence public opinion and behavior. Using the coronavirus crisis as a case, we found that the interaction between the Trump administration and Fox News that produced persistent disinformation about hydroxychloroquine as a miracle cure for COVID-19 included four elemental processes: (1) both Trump and Fox actively monitoring the information environment to identify propaganda material; (2) Trump and/or Fox cueing the other with the manufactured disinformation; (3) both sides monitoring and amplifying each other; and (4) both addressing criticism and adjusting for areas of conflicting interest. Different from traditional propaganda as top-down communication that typically flows from government to media and other societal echo chambers, interactive propaganda may be a political communication pattern that marks a shift toward an illiberal regime where the state forms partnerships with the media to consolidate its rule.}, booktitle = {Political {Communication} in the {Time} of {Coronavirus}}, publisher = {Routledge}, author = {Yang, Yunkang and Bennett, Lance}, editor = {Van Aelst, Peter and Blumler, Jay G}, year = {2022}, note = {Num Pages: 18}, keywords = {/unread, Second Draft Report Additions, Global North, Qual}, pages = {83--100}, } @book{yatesDigitalInclusionInternational2024, title = {Digital {Inclusion}: {International} {Policy} and {Research}}, isbn = {978-3-031-28929-3}, shorttitle = {Digital {Inclusion}}, abstract = {This collection presents policy and research that addresses digital inequalities, access, and skills, from multiple international perspectives. With a special focus on the impact of the COVID-19, the collection is based on the 2021 Digital Inclusion, Policy and Research Conference, with chapters from both academia and civic organizations.The COVID-19 pandemic has changed citizens’ relationship with digital technologies for the foreseeable future. Many people’s main channels of communication were transferred to digital services, platforms, and apps. Everything ‘went online’: our families, friends, partners, health, work, news, politics, culture, arts and protesting. Yet access to digital technologies remained highly unequal. This brought digital inclusion policy and research to the fore, highlighting to policymakers and the public the ‘hidden’ challenges and impacts of digital exclusion and inequalities. The cutting-edge volume offers research findings and policycase studies that explore digital inclusion from the provision of basic access to digital, via education and digital literacy, and on to issues of gender and technology. Case studies are drawn from varied sources including the UK, Australia, South America, and Eastern Europe, providing a valuable resource in the pursuit of social equity and justice.​This is an open access book.}, language = {en}, publisher = {Springer International Publishing}, editor = {Yates, Simeon and Carmi, Elinor}, month = mar, year = {2024}, note = {Google-Books-ID: 7jmrzwEACAAJ}, keywords = {Philosophy / Ethics \& Moral Philosophy, Political Science / General, Social Science / Media Studies, Global South, /unread, Second Draft Report Additions, Political Science / Public Policy / Social Services \& Welfare, Social Science / Social Classes \& Economic Disparity, Social Science / Sociology / General, Political Science / Public Policy / Social Policy}, } @inproceedings{zammitRoadAILiteracy2021, title = {The {Road} to {AI} {Literacy} {Education}: {From} {Pedagogical} {Needs} to {Tangible} {Game} {Design}}, url = {https://www.antoniosliapis.com/papers/the_road_to_ai_literacy_education_from_pedagogical_needs_to_tangible_game_design.pdf}, author = {Zammit, Marvin and Voulgari, Iro and Liapis, Antonios and Yannakakis, George}, year = {2021}, keywords = {/unread, Second Draft Report Additions, Global North, Qual}, file = {the_road_to_ai_literacy_education_from_pedagogical_needs_to_tangible_game_design (1).pdf:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/V5TSHHBT/the_road_to_ai_literacy_education_from_pedagogical_needs_to_tangible_game_design (1).pdf:application/pdf}, } @article{zhuAIEthicsChinese2022, title = {{AI} ethics with {Chinese} characteristics? {Concerns} and preferred solutions in {Chinese} academia}, volume = {39}, issn = {0951-5666}, shorttitle = {{AI} ethics with {Chinese} characteristics?}, url = {https://doi.org/10.1007/s00146-022-01578-w}, doi = {10.1007/s00146-022-01578-w}, abstract = {Since Chinese scholars are playing an increasingly important role in shaping the national landscape of discussion on AI ethics, understanding their ethical concerns and preferred solutions is essential for global cooperation on governance of AI. This article, therefore, provides the first elaborated analysis on the discourse on AI ethics in Chinese academia, via a systematic literature review. This article has three main objectives. (1) to identify the most discussed ethical issues of AI in Chinese academia and those being left out (the question of “what”); (2) to analyze the solutions proposed and preferred by Chinese scholars (the question of “how”); and (3) to map out whose voices are dominating and whose are in the marginal (the question of “who”). Findings suggest that in terms of short-term implications, Chinese scholars’ concerns over AI resemble predominantly the content of international ethical guidelines. Yet in terms of long-term implications, there are some significant differences needed to be further addressed in a cultural context. Further, among a wide range of solution proposals, Chinese scholars seem to prefer strong-binding regulations to those weak ethical guidelines. In addition, this article also found that the Chinese academic discourse was dominated by male scholars and those who are from elite universities, which arguably is not a unique phenomenon in China.}, number = {3}, urldate = {2024-07-29}, journal = {AI Soc.}, author = {Zhu, Junhua}, month = oct, year = {2022}, keywords = {Global South, /unread, BRICS, Review, Second Draft Report Additions}, pages = {1261--1274}, file = {Full Text:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/U7ENPIGH/Zhu - 2022 - AI ethics with Chinese characteristics Concerns a.pdf:application/pdf}, } @article{zhuImplicationsOnlineIncidental2024, title = {Implications of online incidental and selective exposure for political emotions: {Affective} polarization during elections}, volume = {26}, issn = {1461-4448}, shorttitle = {Implications of online incidental and selective exposure for political emotions}, url = {https://doi.org/10.1177/14614448211061336}, doi = {10.1177/14614448211061336}, abstract = {The Internet and social media create an environment in which individuals can selectively approach information supporting their political worldviews while also being incidentally exposed to socially shared information that challenges their beliefs. These competing information consumption patterns may help explain whether and how digital media contribute to affective polarization (i.e. affect-based division between political groups). This study examines how pro-attitudinal selective exposure and counter-attitudinal incidental exposure in tandem influence political emotions. Using data from 2, two-wave panel surveys conducted during the 2016 and 2020 US presidential elections, our findings demonstrate that seeking consonant political information is consistently associated with anger toward political opponents and enthusiasm toward like-minded partisans. In contrast, despite the purported democratic benefits endowed on political disagreement, cross-cutting incidental exposure does not temper political emotional responses associated with pro-attitudinal selective exposure. However, we find little evidence that unexpected exposure to disagreeable information backfires either.}, language = {en}, number = {1}, urldate = {2024-07-24}, journal = {New Media \& Society}, author = {Zhu, Qinfeng and Weeks, Brian E and Kwak, Nojin}, month = jan, year = {2024}, note = {Publisher: SAGE Publications}, keywords = {/unread, Second Draft Report Additions, Global North, Quant}, pages = {450--472}, file = {SAGE PDF Full Text:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/TL753AHG/Zhu et al. - 2024 - Implications of online incidental and selective ex.pdf:application/pdf}, } @incollection{zuazoPolarizacionPoliticaDigital2021, title = {¿{Polarización} política o digital? un ecosistema con todos los climas}, shorttitle = {¿{Polarización} política o digital?}, url = {http://catalogoiigg.sociales.uba.ar/cgi-bin/koha/opac-detail.pl?biblionumber=91651}, abstract = {El taxista escucha una entrevista a un político que da información falsa. El periodista no repregunta; coinciden. El pasajero se queja porque esos dichos le resultan ajenos: unas horas antes había leído lo contrario. El conductor le responde que cada uno tiene derecho a escuchar “lo que quiere”. Sucede en la calle, en un auto, con la radio, un medio centenario. Por la noche, el pasajero vuelve a su casa y encuentra que el talk show reproduce la misma entrevista. Un panel televisivo debate en vivo, divididos en dos bloques enfrentados ideológica y emocionalmente. No importa si las redes entran al ruedo, porque la polarización existe antes y más allá de ellas. No es un producto digital. Los algoritmos segregan y personalizan, pero no logran, por sí solos, explicar las divisiones identitarias. Los medios son promotores activos, preparados para extremar sentimientos político-partidarios, aunque tampoco dan cuenta de la sobrerrepresentación de los llamados “intensos”. Los intensos son aquellos que no solo tienen una posición política consolidada, sino que la expresan con vehemencia en la esfera pública. ¿Por qué antes podíamos entrar a un bar y leer un diario con el que no coincidíamos editorialmente y ahora muchos dejamos de hacerlo? ¿Hay algo de nuestro universo de las redes que resuena en esa elección y antes no nos afectaba?}, booktitle = {Polarizados: ¿{Por} qué preferimos la grieta? (aunque digamos lo contrario)}, publisher = {Capital Intelectual}, author = {Zuazo, Natalia and Aruguete, Natalia}, editor = {Quevedo, Luis Alberto and Ramirez, Ignacio}, year = {2021}, note = {The taxi driver listens to an interview with a politician who gives false information. The journalist does not question; they match. The passenger complains because these sayings seem foreign to him: a few hours before he had read the opposite. The driver responds that everyone has the right to hear “what they want.” It happens on the street, in a car, with the radio, a half-centennial. At night, the passenger returns home and finds that the talk show is playing the same interview. A television panel debates live, divided into two ideologically and emotionally opposing blocks. It doesn't matter if networks enter the arena, because polarization exists before and beyond them. It is not a digital product. Algorithms segregate and personalize, but they cannot, on their own, explain identity divisions. The media are active promoters, prepared to extreme political-partisan sentiments, although they also do not account for the overrepresentation of the so-called “intense.” The intense ones are those who not only have a consolidated political position, but also express it vehemently in the public sphere. Why before could we enter a bar and read a newspaper with which we did not agree editorially and now many of us stop doing so? Is there something in our universe of networks that resonates with that election and did not affect us before?}, keywords = {Global South, /unread, Second Draft Report Additions, CAPÍTULO, INTERNET, MEDIOS DE COMUNICACIÓN, POLARIZACIÓN, POLARIZACIÓN POLÍTICA, REDES SOCIALES}, pages = {135--154}, file = {Zuazo and Aruguete - 2021 - ¿Polarización política o digital un ecosistema co.pdf:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/CD7QS7MH/Zuazo and Aruguete - 2021 - ¿Polarización política o digital un ecosistema co.pdf:application/pdf}, } @article{grahamBigTechHarming2024, title = {Is big tech harming society? {To} find out, we need research – but it’s being manipulated by big tech itself}, shorttitle = {Is big tech harming society?}, url = {http://theconversation.com/is-big-tech-harming-society-to-find-out-we-need-research-but-its-being-manipulated-by-big-tech-itself-240110}, abstract = {Big tech doesn’t just fund research into itself – it also controls researchers’ access to data. Even big tobacco didn’t have this kind of power.}, language = {en-GB}, urldate = {2024-10-05}, journal = {The Conversation}, author = {Graham, Timothy}, month = oct, year = {2024}, keywords = {/unread, Final Draft Additions, Report}, file = {Snapshot:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/PPBHA2FB/is-big-tech-harming-society-to-find-out-we-need-research-but-its-being-manipulated-by-big-tech-.html:text/html}, } @misc{souterDigitalSocietyGoverning2024, title = {Inside the {Digital} {Society}: {Governing} {AI}}, shorttitle = {Inside the {Digital} {Society}}, url = {http://www.apc.org/en/blog/inside-digital-society-governing-ai}, abstract = {The United Nations has now adopted the Global Digital Compact about which I wrote two weeks ago. In the end, there was less argument about it at the UN itself than might have been anticipated. An attempt to head it off, led by Russia, made little headway. The Compact now stands as a core UN statement on the digital society, supplementing the agreements made at WSIS 20 years ago, and integrated with the broad Pact for the Future which seeks to revitalise the scope for international cooperation at a time of growing global challenge.Whatever doubts some may have had about these documents, they are now foundations to which future international agreements will refer.Meanwhile, about AIBut another document emerged out of the UN system as the Pact and Compact were agreed: the final report of its High Level Advisory Body on Artificial Intelligence. It’s that on which I’m going to concentrate today.It’s linked, of course, to both the Pact and Compact. The proposals for new institutions to address AI emerge from its discussions. They’re not liked by some, who argue that the UN should keep out of things they think it doesn’t know enough about. A little on that later, but first, what does it have to say?The starting pointThe starting point is clear enough. AI’s perceived by most (not all) observers as the next big thing in tech, and the next big thing in tech’s capacity to transform society. There’s no consensus yet, and probably won’t ever be, on what that means. “In our consultations around the world,” say the report’s team of authors (a multinational group), “we engaged with those who see a future of boundless goods provided by ever-cheaper, ever-more-helpful AI systems. We also spoke with those wary of darker futures, of division and unemployment, and even extinction.”Something so big – potentially, indeed, existential – requires more than a shrug of the shoulders and the hope things will turn out for the best. Not least because, the report continues, “no-one currently understands all of AI’s inner workings enough to fully control its outputs or predict its evolution.”The goal of the reportThe report’s entitled Governing AI for Humanity, and spells out what that means.“There is, today, a global governance deficit with respect to AI,” it says. “Despite much discussion of ethics and principles, the patchwork of norms and institutions is still nascent and full of gaps.” AI’s decision-makers aren’t accountable for their decisions or the consequences those decisions will entail. “The development, deployment and use of such a technology cannot be left to the whims of markets alone,” it argues. Nor, for that matter, to decision-makers in a small number of businesses and countries. Not when they will impact – indeed, already impact – everyone and everywhere.And so?So what is to be done? The advisory body has come up with both broad principles and a number of specific actions.The principles emerged in its earlier report and reflect those in many statements made by other actors: AI should be governed “for the benefit of all”, “in the public interest”, “rooted in … multistakeholder collaboration”, in accordance with the UN Charter, human rights and sustainable development. Ethics, principles and etceteraThere’s obviously wide scope here for interpretation. Hundreds, it seems, of initiatives have explored AI ethics and principles, and how they might be governed, reflecting different points of view. AI business interests, predictably, have been concerned to minimise the scope of regulation. There’s a commercial arms race underway to rush systems to market. First movers have advantages, and that means less attention’s paid to systems’ weaknesses and to potential hazards.More academic interventions, and those from governments and governance institutions, are more concerned with impacts on society, both positive and negative. Governments in countries with advanced digital business sectors typically want to do four things: to benefit their own digital businesses; to enable productivity improvements in their economies; to bank the savings to be made from lowering the costs of public services; and to reassure the public that things won’t go wrong.Civil society approaches have focused more on individual rights (expression, privacy, surveillance) than social impacts (education, health, social dynamics).But what of practice?Thinking about the bigger picture like this is important but takes time. The pace of AI development – some of it hype, some of it real – is faster than the pace of working groups, advisory bodies, legislative processes and other forms of governance.The nature of what’s happening and what may happen’s far from clear, but it’s also much more complicated than many media reports imply. Long, medium and short-term issuesSome emphasise the existential risks which are perceived by pessimistic AI pioneers (such as Geoffrey Hinton) and scoffed by others (such as Yann LeCun). But impacts in the medium and shorter terms are already being felt, for good or ill. The way that these are dealt with now will affect the way they change society in future.The data sets that train today’s AI have inbuilt biases, derived from the way past data sets have been collected and the imbalance in data volumes between developed and developing countries, and amongst communities within all countries. Those biases affect the way AI’s going to be used in health and education, assessing jobs, or alarmingly (for instance) in predicting crime.The scale of data management required by AI systems is energy-intensive, with substantial impacts on climate change. The implications of AI-enabled targeting in war are with us now and of deep concern to potential military and civilian targets. These might be called medium-term governance issues.As for the short term, AI’s begun to challenge further the integrity of an information ecosystem that was already challenged. London’s Standard newspaper is now publishing “reviews” purportedly written by its deceased art critic Brian Sewell. A trivial example, maybe, but how much do you now trust photographs and videos you find on Twitter/X? And how concerned are you about politicians faking memes of influential figures such as Taylor Swift? Or, much more serious, videos of faked atrocities?Governance and regulationAll of which raises issues of governance and regulation. The new UN report makes two key points here: that the development of such powerful technologies should not be left to the market alone, or to the interests of a small group of dominant businesses, technologists and their sponsors in the world’s most powerful governments;that the global nature of the changes wrought by new technologies mean that its governance has to be international/universal – or at the least be based on global norms.Both of these arguments have growing resonance, both within and outside ‘the digital community’, but both remain resisted by substantial groups in business and elsewhere.I’ll say something briefly on each point.Regulating marketsDifferent political traditions have different approaches to the role of regulation. Digital libertarians and market fundamentalists have many differences, but both have sought to minimise the role of government: the former because they fear it stifles individualism, the latter because they fear it stifles innovation and commercial value.Liberal and social democratic politics, especially in Europe, are much more rooted in the evolution of societies as ecosystems, seeking to balance social and economic interests, and to promote individual welfare through collective action for which the role of government is crucial.Regulation is the means by which governments seek to achieve that balance. Democratic and authoritarian governments obviously differ in approaches here, as do different governments of either style, depending on their national contexts, economic circumstances and political priorities. Outcomes depend on the nature of the balance that is being sought, the capacity of governments to achieve their goals, and the commitment of wider society to securing governance in the interest of the whole community (‘good governance’, perhaps) rather than personal interest.From the perspective of the UN’s advisory board, AI’s development should reflect this common good. The market alone won’t do this; AI’s governance should also be democratic and inclusive – which is led by governments but, in today’s digital environment, also means multistakeholder.UniversalityThere’s a tension too between universal norms and national identity, which is affected by the nature of AI and other digital technologies. The UN’s role is to provide a space within which international norms can be debated and international tensions mitigated. Hence fora such as the Brundtland Commission and Earth Summit in the 1980s/90s and the World Summit on the Information Society in the first years of this century, which identified the frameworks for international cooperation in sustainable and digital development respectively. Hence international discussion fora now in many different areas of policy, from arms control to climate change, from human rights to cybercrime.Multistakeholder participation adds value to these discourses, but doesn’t obviate the critical importance of intergovernmental agreements or of universal norms and targets – from the Universal Declaration of Human Rights (and subsequent Covenants) to the fragile targets set for sustainable development and climate change. It is governments that have to implement them, and governments’ consent’s required to make them stick.The UN provides a space in which globally critical issues can be addressed. Its engagement with AI (and digitalisation in general) results from their overarching significance across global society, economy and culture. It also provides a forum that enables developing countries’ voices to be heard alongside those of countries that are economically and digitally dominant.Digital universalityThe digital world has also been committed to universal norms and principles, applauding the UN’s commitment to equivalence of human rights online and off, insisting on internet universality and defending the internet against potential fragmentation.The borderless nature of digital technology creates a tension, however, between digital development and the international governance arrangements that emerged from conflicts in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, not least in the way that it affects and potentially accentuates the power imbalances between different nation states and their societies. It also creates new tensions between international/universal norms and national circumstances. Different countries have different historical contexts, different economies, different internal power structures, different common perceptions (think, for instance, of US and European attitudes to gun control), different legal frameworks, different political and social structures, all of which affect the ways in which universality translates in nationality.The UN roleThe UN’s AI report and Digital Compact propose new institutions in the UN system to address these challenges, which have proved controversial. In practice, these will form only part of ongoing debates around the future of AI. Powerful businesses and governments will continue to make their own interventions, as they do in other areas of international policy where the UN system has adopted frameworks (such as climate change). Other international organisations, from the OECD to the African Union, will continue to develop policies and frameworks relevant to their member-countries. And AI technologies will continue to develop and have impacts that we can’t readily predict and won’t readily understand.The question for all stakeholders, including civil society, shouldn’t be whether the institutional frameworks for handling this development are perfect in their eyes, for they won’t ever be. It should be how to use them to achieve outcomes that are, in the report’s words, “for the benefit of all” and “governed in the public interest.” Image credit: UN Photo/Eskinder Debebe. Secretary-General António Guterres (second from front at table) and Deputy Secretary-General Amina Mohammed attend a virtual meeting of the High-level Advisory Body on Artificial Intelligence. David Souter writes a fortnightly column for APC, looking at different aspects of the information society, development and rights. David’s pieces take a fresh look at many of the issues that concern APC and its members, with the aim of provoking discussion and debate. Issues covered include internet governance and sustainable development, human rights and the environment, policy, practice and the use of ICTs by individuals and communities.}, language = {en}, urldate = {2024-10-05}, journal = {APC (Association for Progressive Communications) Talk}, author = {Souter, David}, month = oct, year = {2024}, keywords = {/unread, Final Draft Additions, Report, Global}, file = {Snapshot:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/V9IB4RE7/inside-digital-society-governing-ai.html:text/html}, } @misc{bagchiSocialMediaAlgorithms2024, title = {Social media algorithms can curb misinformation, but do they?}, url = {https://arxiv.org/abs/2409.18393}, abstract = {This is the critique of the earlier FB/Meta study Guess et al. 2023 - The UMass Amherst-led team’s work shows that the Meta-funded research was conducted during a short period when Meta temporarily introduced a new, more rigorous news algorithm rather than its standard one and that the previous researchers did not account for the algorithmic change. This helped to create the misperception, widely reported by the media, that Facebook and Instagram’s news feeds are largely reliable sources of trustworthy news.}, language = {eng}, urldate = {2024-10-05}, publisher = {ArXiv}, author = {Bagchi, Chhandak and Menczer, Filippo and Lundquist, Jennifer and Tarafdar, Monideepa and Paik, Anthony and Grabowicz, Przemyslaw}, month = sep, year = {2024}, note = {Publisher: Zenodo}, keywords = {/unread, Final Draft Additions, Global North, Quant}, file = {Full Text PDF:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/KSBIBFEU/Bagchi et al. - 2024 - Social media algorithms can curb misinformation, b.pdf:application/pdf}, } @article{uyhengOnlineHatePhilippines2024, title = {Online hate in the {Philippines}: the role of narratives and networks}, volume = {38}, issn = {1360-0869}, shorttitle = {Online hate in the {Philippines}}, url = {https://doi.org/10.1080/13600869.2023.2295104}, doi = {10.1080/13600869.2023.2295104}, abstract = {Online hate is a global problem, affecting diverse social conflicts around the world. Common techniques to understand online hate focus primarily on measuring the volume of hateful messages and identifying individual perpetrators. However, these approaches fail to capture how online hate draws on wider social narratives to attack its targets, and how online hate is spread and organized in networked groups. Our work posits that assessing online hate through the lens of narratives and networks facilitates a deeper understanding of its dynamics in specific contexts and points to more holistic directions for mitigating its potential manipulation. We demonstrate the utility of our framework across two case studies in the Philippines: (a) the 2020 outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic, and (b) the 2022 presidential elections. Through a computational pipeline of social cyber-security tools, we characterize the online hate narratives used to attack gendered, political, and racial identities in these events, and the network structures of the online hate groups involved. We additionally quantify manipulation of online hate narratives and networks by bots and trolls. These findings offer insights into the design of effective counter-narratives and building more resilient communities against online hate.}, number = {2}, urldate = {2023-12-23}, journal = {International Review of Law, Computers \& Technology}, author = {Uyheng, Joshua and Carley, Kathleen M.}, year = {2024}, note = {Publisher: Routledge \_eprint: https://doi.org/10.1080/13600869.2023.2295104}, keywords = {social networks, narratives, Global South, /unread, Second Draft Report Additions, OID Media, USED, Mixed, Philippines, Online hate, social identities}, pages = {230--244}, file = {Uyheng and Carley - 2023 - Online hate in the Philippines the role of narrat.pdf:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/INTUHTVK/Uyheng and Carley - 2023 - Online hate in the Philippines the role of narrat.pdf:application/pdf}, } @book{vaidhyanathanGooglizationEverythingHow2011, address = {Berkeley, CA}, title = {The {Googlization} of {Everything}: {How} {One} {Company} is {Transforming} {Culture}, {Commerce}, and {Community} - and {Why} {We} {Should} {Worry}}, url = {https://www.amazon.co.uk/Googlization-Everything-Transforming-Commerce-Community/dp/1846681812/ref=sr_1_2?crid=1TQVZM2UMTUG4&keywords=The+Googlization+of+Everything&qid=1673023224&s=books&sprefix=the+googlization+of+everything%2Cstripbooks%2C70&sr=1-2}, urldate = {2023-01-06}, publisher = {University of California Press}, author = {Vaidhyanathan, Siva}, year = {2011}, keywords = {/unread, Review, Second Draft Report Additions}, } @article{vandervlistBigAICloud2024, title = {Big {AI}: {Cloud} infrastructure dependence and the industrialisation of artificial intelligence}, volume = {11}, issn = {2053-9517}, shorttitle = {Big {AI}}, url = {https://doi.org/10.1177/20539517241232630}, doi = {10.1177/20539517241232630}, abstract = {Critical scholars contend that ‘There is no AI without Big Tech’. This study delves into the substantial role played by major technology conglomerates, including Amazon, Microsoft, and Google (Alphabet), in the ‘industrialisation of artificial intelligence’. This concept encapsulates the shift of AI technologies from the research and development stage to practical, real-world applications across diverse industry sectors, resulting in new dependencies and associated investments. We employ the term ‘Big AI’ to encapsulate the structural convergence of AI and Big Tech, characterised by the profound interdependence of AI with the infrastructure, resources, and investments of these major technology companies. Using a ‘technographic’ approach, our study scrutinises the infrastructural support and investments of Big Tech in the AI sector, focussing on corporate partnerships, acquisitions, and financial investments. Additionally, we conduct a detailed examination of the complete spectrum of cloud platform products and services offered by Amazon, Microsoft, and Google. We demonstrate that AI is not merely an abstract idea but an actual technology stack encompassing infrastructure, models, applications, and an ecosystem of applications and companies relying on this stack. Significantly, these tech giants have seamlessly integrated all three components of the stack into their cloud offerings. Furthermore, they have developed industry-focussed solutions and marketplaces aimed at attracting third-party developers and businesses, fostering the growth of a broader AI ecosystem. This analysis underscores the intricate interdependence between AI and cloud infrastructure, emphasising the industry-specific aspects of cloud AI.}, language = {en}, number = {1}, urldate = {2024-05-22}, journal = {Big Data \& Society}, author = {van der Vlist, Fernando and Helmond, Anne and Ferrari, Fabian}, month = mar, year = {2024}, note = {Publisher: SAGE Publications Ltd}, keywords = {/unread, Second Draft Report Additions, Qual}, pages = {1--16}, file = {Full text:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/XKPCPKZ2/van der Vlist et al. - 2024 - Big AI Cloud infrastructure dependence and the in.pdf:application/pdf}, } @article{vandrunenHowDesignData2024, title = {How to design data access for researchers: {A} legal and software development perspective}, volume = {52}, issn = {0267-3649}, shorttitle = {How to design data access for researchers}, url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S026736492400013X}, doi = {10.1016/j.clsr.2024.105946}, abstract = {Public scrutiny of platforms has been limited by a lack of transparency. In response, EU law increasingly requires platforms to provide data to researchers. The Digital Services Act and the proposed Regulation on the Transparency and Targeting of Political Advertising in particular require platforms to provide access to data through ad libraries and in response to data access requests. However, these obligations leave platforms considerable discretion to determine how access to data is provided. As the history of platforms’ self-regulated data access projects shows, the technical choices involved in designing data access significantly affect how researchers can use the provided data to scrutinise platforms. Ignoring the way data access is designed therefore creates a danger that platforms’ ability to limit research into their services simply shifts from controlling what data is available to researchers, to how data access is provided. This article explores how the Digital Services Act and proposed Political Advertising Regulation should be used to control the operationalisation of data access obligations that enable researchers to scrutinise platforms. It argues the operationalisation of data access regimes should not only be seen as a legal problem, but also as a software design problem. To that end it explores how software development principles may inform the operationalisation of data access obligations. The article closes by exploring the legal mechanisms available in the Digital Services Act and proposed Political Advertising Regulation to exercise control over the design of data access regimes, and makes five recommendations for ways in which these mechanisms should be used to enable research into platforms.}, number = {2024}, urldate = {2024-08-29}, journal = {Computer Law \& Security Review}, author = {van Drunen, M. Z. and Noroozian, A.}, month = apr, year = {2024}, keywords = {Data access, Platforms, /unread, Review, Second Draft Report Additions, Transparency, Digital services act, Political advertising regulation, Vetted researchers}, pages = {1--15}, file = {ScienceDirect Snapshot:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/QCDWTPHY/S026736492400013X.html:text/html;van Drunen and Noroozian - 2024 - How to design data access for researchers A legal.pdf:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/5D8DW4GA/van Drunen and Noroozian - 2024 - How to design data access for researchers A legal.pdf:application/pdf}, } @article{verdegemDismantlingAICapitalism2022, title = {Dismantling {AI} capitalism: the commons as an alternative to the power concentration of {Big} {Tech}}, volume = {39}, issn = {1435-5655}, shorttitle = {Dismantling {AI} capitalism}, url = {https://doi.org/10.1007/s00146-022-01437-8}, doi = {10.1007/s00146-022-01437-8}, abstract = {This article discusses the political economy of AI capitalism. It considers AI as a General Purpose Technology (GPT) and argues we need to investigate the power concentration of Big Tech. AI capitalism is characterised by the commodification of data, data extraction and a concentration in hiring of AI talent and compute capacity. This is behind Big Tech’s unstoppable drive for growth, which leads to monopolisation and enclosure under the winner takes all principle. If we consider AI as a GPT—technologies that alter society’s economic and social structures—we need to come up with alternatives in terms of ownership and governance. The commons is proposed as an alternative for thinking about how to organise AI development and how to distribute the value that can be derived from it. Using the commons framework is also a way of giving society a more prominent role in the debate about what we expect from AI and how we should approach it.}, language = {en}, urldate = {2023-10-19}, journal = {AI \& SOCIETY}, author = {Verdegem, Pieter}, month = apr, year = {2022}, keywords = {/unread, Review, Second Draft Report Additions, Commons, Artificial Intelligence (AI), AI capitalism, Commodification, Extraction, Political economy}, pages = {727--737}, file = {Full Text PDF:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/CTL6ZRCK/Verdegem - 2022 - Dismantling AI capitalism the commons as an alter.pdf:application/pdf}, } @incollection{verhulstGoverningMediationData2024, title = {Governing mediation in the data ecosystem: {Lessons} from media governance for overcoming data asymmetries}, url = {https://www.e-elgar.com/shop/gbp/handbook-of-media-and-communication-governance-9781800887190.html?srsltid=AfmBOorBaCIUQx0fWBM8kdm9ti7smNJEi1YbGgMgo1dUcnKRRlzHQv8N}, booktitle = {Handbook of {Media} and {Communication} {Governance}}, publisher = {Edward Elgar Publishing}, author = {Verhulst, Stefaan G}, editor = {Puppis, Manuel and Mansell, Robin and Van den Bulck, Hilde}, year = {2024}, keywords = {/unread, Review, Second Draft Report Additions}, pages = {372--383}, } @misc{verhulstInterwovenRealmsData2023, title = {Interwoven {Realms}: {Data} {Governance} as the {Bedrock} for {AI} {Governance}}, shorttitle = {Interwoven {Realms}}, url = {https://medium.com/data-policy/interwoven-realms-data-governance-as-the-bedrock-for-ai-governance-ffd56a6a4543}, abstract = {By Stefaan G. Verhulst and Friederike Schüür}, language = {en}, urldate = {2023-12-01}, journal = {Medium}, author = {Verhulst, Stefaan G and Schüür, Friederike}, month = nov, year = {2023}, keywords = {/unread, Review, Second Draft Report Additions}, } @misc{verhulstSteeringResponsibleAI2023, title = {Steering {Responsible} {AI}: {A} {Case} for {Algorithmic} {Pluralism}}, shorttitle = {Steering {Responsible} {AI}}, url = {http://arxiv.org/abs/2311.12010}, doi = {10.48550/arXiv.2311.12010}, abstract = {In this paper, I examine questions surrounding AI neutrality through the prism of existing literature and scholarship about mediation and media pluralism. Such traditions, I argue, provide a valuable theoretical framework for how we should approach the (likely) impending era of AI mediation. In particular, I suggest examining further the notion of algorithmic pluralism. Contrasting this notion to the dominant idea of algorithmic transparency, I seek to describe what algorithmic pluralism may be, and present both its opportunities and challenges. Implemented thoughtfully and responsibly, I argue, Algorithmic or AI pluralism has the potential to sustain the diversity, multiplicity, and inclusiveness that are so vital to democracy.}, urldate = {2024-02-23}, publisher = {arXiv}, author = {Verhulst, Stefaan G.}, month = nov, year = {2023}, note = {arXiv:2311.12010 [cs]}, keywords = {Computer Science - Artificial Intelligence, /unread, Review, Second Draft Report Additions}, file = {arXiv Fulltext PDF:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/IYJETBTR/Verhulst - 2023 - Steering Responsible AI A Case for Algorithmic Pl.pdf:application/pdf;arXiv.org Snapshot:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/NHPIWHTI/2311.html:text/html}, } @book{vincentEquityGlobalCommunication2015, address = {New York}, title = {Towards {Equity} in {Global} {Communication}? {MacBride} {Update} {Second} {Edition}}, url = {https://www.hamptonpress.com/Merchant2/merchant.mvc?Screen=PROD&Product_Code=978-1-61290-151-4}, urldate = {2023-01-02}, publisher = {Hampton Press}, editor = {Vincent, Richard C and Nordenstreng, Kaarle}, year = {2015}, keywords = {Global South, /unread, Review, Second Draft Report Additions, RM Book, IS KS}, } @article{vossChinaDataFlows2024, title = {China {Data} {Flows} and {Power} in the {Era} of {Chinese} {Big} {Tech}}, volume = {44}, url = {https://scholarlycommons.law.northwestern.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1896&context=njilb}, number = {1}, journal = {Northwestern Journal of International Law and Business}, author = {Voss, W. Gregory and Pernot-Leplay, Emmanuel}, year = {2024}, keywords = {Global South, /unread, BRICS, Review, Second Draft Report Additions}, pages = {1--68}, file = {Voss and Pernot-Leplay - 2024 - China Data Flows and Power in the Era of Chinese B.pdf:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/ADSSSUVW/Voss and Pernot-Leplay - 2024 - China Data Flows and Power in the Era of Chinese B.pdf:application/pdf}, } @misc{vpuuCitySpecMobileInspection2019, title = {{CitySpec}: {A} {Mobile} {Inspection} {Tool} {Improving} {Service} {Delivery}}, shorttitle = {{CitySpec}}, url = {http://vpuu.org.za/safe-node-area/cityspec-service-delivery/}, abstract = {CitySpec is a mobile inspection tool improving the condition and delivery of essential services such as taps, toilets and street lights.}, language = {en-ZA}, urldate = {2024-08-04}, journal = {VPUU Violence Prevention through Urban Upgrading}, author = {VPUU}, year = {2019}, keywords = {Global South, /unread, Review, Second Draft Report Additions}, file = {Snapshot:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/KNLUEJAV/cityspec-service-delivery.html:text/html}, } @techreport{vuorikariDigComp22Digital2022, title = {{DigComp} 2.2: {The} {Digital} {Competence} {Framework} for {Citizens} - {With} new examples of knowledge, skills and attitudes}, shorttitle = {{DigComp} 2.2}, url = {https://publications.jrc.ec.europa.eu/repository/handle/JRC128415}, abstract = {The Digital Competence Framework for Citizen (DigComp) provides a common understanding of what digital competence is. The present publication has two main parts: the integrated DigComp 2.2 framework provides more than 250 new examples of knowledge, skills and attitudes that help citizens engage confidently, critically and safely with digital technologies, and new and emerging ones such as systems driven by artificial intelligence (AI). The framework is also made available following the digital accessibility guidelines, as creating accessible digital resources is an important priority today. The second part of the publication gives a snapshot of the existing reference material for DigComp consolidating previously released publications and references.}, language = {en}, urldate = {2024-07-25}, institution = {Prepared for European Commission, JRC EUR31006}, author = {Vuorikari, Riina and Kluzer, Stefano and Punie, Yves}, month = mar, year = {2022}, doi = {10.2760/115376}, note = {ISBN: 9789276488828 9789276488835 ISSN: 1831-9424, 1018-5593}, keywords = {/unread, Review, Second Draft Report Additions}, file = {Snapshot:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/JT5TQWD6/JRC128415.html:text/html;Vuorikari et al. - 2022 - DigComp 2.2 The Digital Competence Framework for .pdf:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/F7UIRKSA/Vuorikari et al. - 2022 - DigComp 2.2 The Digital Competence Framework for .pdf:application/pdf}, } @article{waldmanCognitiveBiasesDark2020, series = {Privacy and {Disclosure}, {Online} and in {Social} {Interactions}}, title = {Cognitive biases, dark patterns, and the ‘privacy paradox’}, volume = {31}, issn = {2352-250X}, url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2352250X19301484}, doi = {10.1016/j.copsyc.2019.08.025}, abstract = {Scholars and commentators often argue that individuals do not care about their privacy, and that users routinely trade privacy for convenience. This ignores the cognitive biases and design tactics platforms use to manipulate users into disclosing information. This essay highlights some of those cognitive biases – from hyperbolic discounting to the problem of overchoice – and discusses the ways in which platform design can manipulate disclosure. It then explains how current law allows this manipulative and anti-consumer behavior to continue and proposes a new approach to reign in the phenomenon.}, urldate = {2024-08-04}, journal = {Current Opinion in Psychology}, author = {Waldman, Ari Ezra}, year = {2020}, keywords = {/unread, Review, Second Draft Report Additions}, pages = {105--109}, file = {Full Text:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/EI8HJBIB/Waldman - 2020 - Cognitive biases, dark patterns, and the ‘privacy .pdf:application/pdf;ScienceDirect Snapshot:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/BLGXXHC7/S2352250X19301484.html:text/html}, } @article{wangMeasuringUserCompetence2023, title = {Measuring user competence in using artificial intelligence: validity and reliability of artificial intelligence literacy scale}, volume = {42}, issn = {0144-929X}, shorttitle = {Measuring user competence in using artificial intelligence}, url = {https://doi.org/10.1080/0144929X.2022.2072768}, doi = {10.1080/0144929X.2022.2072768}, abstract = {As artificial intelligence (AI) became a part of daily life, it has become important to determine user competence in using AI technology. Here, we propose the concept of AI literacy and develop a quantitative scale for obtaining accurate data regarding the AI literacy of ordinary users. We first identified the primary core constructs of AI literacy, including awareness, use, evaluation, and ethics. Next, we generated 65 items to capture these four constructs; only 31 items were retained after a three-step content validation process. Then, we conducted a survey, and collected two samples of data. By reducing the number of items using the first sample and performing reliability and validity tests on the second sample, we obtained a 12-item instrument for the quantitative measurement of AI literacy. The results confirmed that the proposed four-construct model is an adequate representation of AI literacy. Further, AI literacy is significantly related to digital literacy, attitude towards robots, and users’ daily usage of AI. This study will not only aid researchers in understanding how user competence in using AI technology affects human–AI interactions but will also help designers develop AI applications that are aligned with the AI literacy levels of the target users.}, number = {9}, urldate = {2023-12-13}, journal = {Behaviour \& Information Technology}, author = {Wang, Bingcheng and Rau, Pei-Luen Patrick and Yuan, Tianyi}, month = jul, year = {2023}, note = {Publisher: Taylor \& Francis \_eprint: https://doi.org/10.1080/0144929X.2022.2072768}, keywords = {information literacy, /unread, BRICS, Second Draft Report Additions, Quant, Mixed, evaluation methodologies, model validation, twenty-first century abilities, User competence}, pages = {1324--1337}, file = {Full Text PDF:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/XB3BBI2A/Wang et al. - 2023 - Measuring user competence in using artificial inte.pdf:application/pdf}, } @article{wardleNeedSmarterDefinitions2018, title = {The {Need} for {Smarter} {Definitions} and {Practical}, {Timely} {Empirical} {Research} on {Information} {Disorder}}, volume = {6}, issn = {2167-0811}, url = {https://doi.org/10.1080/21670811.2018.1502047}, doi = {10.1080/21670811.2018.1502047}, abstract = {This article is based on a keynote delivered at the Future of Journalism conference at Cardiff University in September 2017. The speech was inspired by personal experiences and frustrations as a practitioner-academic leading a project designed to develop and test solutions to the challenges posed by information disorder. Arguing for closer relationships between journalism academics, news organizations and technology companies, this article outlines terminology and frameworks for making sense of information disorder, so those conversations can be based on shared definitions.}, number = {8}, urldate = {2024-08-13}, journal = {Digital Journalism}, author = {Wardle, Claire}, month = sep, year = {2018}, note = {Publisher: Routledge \_eprint: https://doi.org/10.1080/21670811.2018.1502047}, keywords = {misinformation, disinformation, information disorder, journalism, /unread, Review, Second Draft Report Additions}, pages = {951--963}, file = {Full Text PDF:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/3QVKZW8Z/Wardle - 2018 - The Need for Smarter Definitions and Practical, Ti.pdf:application/pdf}, } @book{warschauerTechnologySocialInclusion2004, address = {Cambridge MA}, title = {Technology and {Social} {Inclusion}: {Rethinking} the {Digital} {Divide}}, url = {https://direct.mit.edu/books/oa-monograph/1817/Technology-and-Social-InclusionRethinking-the}, publisher = {MIT Press}, author = {Warschauer, Mark}, year = {2004}, keywords = {/unread, Review, Second Draft Report Additions}, file = {Full text:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/FVL7Q287/Warschauer - 2004 - Technology and Social Inclusion Rethinking the D.pdf:application/pdf}, } @book{waskoHandbookPoliticalEconomy2011, edition = {1}, title = {The {Handbook} of {Political} {Economy} of {Communications}}, url = {https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/9781444395402#page=153}, urldate = {2024-04-08}, publisher = {John Wiley \& Sons, Ltd}, editor = {Wasko, Janet and Murdock, Graham and Sousa, Helena}, year = {2011}, doi = {10.1002/9781444395402}, note = {\_eprint: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1002/9781444395402}, keywords = {/unread, Review, Second Draft Report Additions}, file = {Full text:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/GWC6CB7I/Wasko et al. - 2011 - The Handbook of Political Economy of Communication.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/45BX43FY/9781444395402.html:text/html}, } @article{wassermanFakeNewsAfrica2020, title = {Fake news from {Africa}: {Panics}, politics and paradigms}, volume = {21}, issn = {1464-8849}, shorttitle = {Fake news from {Africa}}, url = {https://doi.org/10.1177/1464884917746861}, doi = {10.1177/1464884917746861}, abstract = {The moral panic about ‘fake news’ internationally has formed the backdrop for debates about the impact of the spread of similar fabrications on politics in South Africa. News – whether ‘fake’ or ‘real’ – should not be understood outside of its particular contexts of production and consumption, and therefore an investigation into the phenomenon of ‘fake news’ in South Africa needs to take account of local specificities. The phenomenon of ‘fake news’, the discourses that surround it and responses by audiences and the journalistic community have to be understood within the particular social, cultural and political context. This article seeks to locate the manifestation of ‘fake news’ within the South African media landscape, in order to illustrate how it produces particular responses that relate directly to specific social and political forces at a given historical juncture. In other words, the phenomenon of ‘fake news’ will be used to understand how journalistic discourses operate within particular environments. Of particular interest is the response of the journalistic community to the emergence of ‘fake news’, and how this phenomenon is used as leverage to assert a professional identity in the light of pressures on journalism in the context of a young democracy.}, language = {en}, number = {1}, urldate = {2023-12-13}, journal = {Journalism}, author = {Wasserman, Herman}, month = jan, year = {2020}, note = {Publisher: SAGE Publications}, keywords = {Global South, /unread, Review, Second Draft Report Additions}, pages = {3--16}, file = {SAGE PDF Full Text:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/GW3Y5TFE/Wasserman - 2020 - Fake news from Africa Panics, politics and paradi.pdf:application/pdf}, } @incollection{wassermanGlobalMediaEthics2021, address = {Cham}, title = {Global {Media} {Ethics}: {Perspectives} from the {Global} {South}}, isbn = {978-3-319-32103-5}, shorttitle = {Global {Media} {Ethics}}, url = {https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-32103-5_31}, abstract = {This chapter discusses the task of approaching global media ethics from the Global South. The main contours of the debates about global media ethics will be summarized, as well as the reasons why these debates are important from a Global South perspective and how global media ethics can serve as an entry point into debates about the asymmetries in global media studies. The notion of decolonizing media ethics is raised within the broader context of the advances in digital media, and the applicability of the protonorm of the sacredness of life is considered from the perspective of lived experience in the Global South.}, language = {en}, urldate = {2024-06-03}, booktitle = {Handbook of {Global} {Media} {Ethics}}, publisher = {Springer International Publishing}, author = {Wasserman, Herman}, editor = {Ward, Stephen J. A.}, year = {2021}, doi = {10.1007/978-3-319-32103-5_31}, keywords = {Global South, /unread, Review, Second Draft Report Additions}, pages = {619--633}, } @misc{wefHowManageAIs2024, title = {How to manage {AI}'s energy demand — today and in the future}, url = {https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2024/04/how-to-manage-ais-energy-demand-today-tomorrow-and-in-the-future/}, abstract = {The energy required to run AI tasks is growing at an annual rate of 26\% to 36\%. We must manage this. Here are the steps we can take, now and in the future.}, language = {en}, urldate = {2024-08-03}, journal = {World Economic Forum}, author = {WEF}, month = apr, year = {2024}, keywords = {/unread, Review, Second Draft Report Additions}, file = {Snapshot:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/48YD6SWR/how-to-manage-ais-energy-demand-today-tomorrow-and-in-the-future.html:text/html}, } @book{westRoutledgeCompanionAdvertising2023, title = {The {Routledge} {Companion} to {Advertising} and {Promotional} {Culture}}, isbn = {978-1-00-085928-7}, abstract = {This comprehensive second edition provides an updated essential guide to the key issues, methodologies, concepts, debates, and policies that shape our everyday relationship with advertising.This updated edition takes a critical look at advertising and promotion during the explosion of digital and social media, as well as with significant social and cultural shifts, including the COVID-19 pandemic, the rise of the Black Lives Matter movement, the destabilization of democracies and rise of authoritarianism around the world, and intensification of the climate crisis. The book offers global perspectives on advertising and promotion with attention to issues of diversity and difference. It contains eight sections: Historical Perspectives on Advertising and Promotion; Promotional Industries; Advertising Audiences; Advertising Identities; Advertising and/in Crisis; Promotion and Politics; Promotionalism and Its Expansions; and Advertising, Promotion, and the Environment.With chapters written by leading international scholars working at the intersections of media and advertising studies, this book is a go-to source for scholars and students in communication, media studies, and advertising and marketing looking to understand the ways advertising has shaped consumer culture, in the past and present.}, language = {en}, publisher = {Taylor \& Francis}, editor = {West, Emily and McAllister, Matthew P.}, month = apr, year = {2023}, note = {Google-Books-ID: enCpEAAAQBAJ}, keywords = {Social Science / Media Studies, Language Arts \& Disciplines / Journalism, History / General, /unread, Language Arts \& Disciplines / Communication Studies, Review, Second Draft Report Additions, Business \& Economics / Industries / Media \& Communications, Social Science / Sociology / General, Social Science / Popular Culture, Business \& Economics / Advertising \& Promotion}, } @article{westDataCapitalismRedefining2019, title = {Data {Capitalism}: {Redefining} the {Logics} of {Surveillance} and {Privacy}}, volume = {58}, issn = {0007-6503}, shorttitle = {Data {Capitalism}}, url = {https://doi.org/10.1177/0007650317718185}, doi = {10.1177/0007650317718185}, abstract = {This article provides a history of private sector tracking technologies, examining how the advent of commercial surveillance centered around a logic of data capitalism. Data capitalism is a system in which the commoditization of our data enables an asymmetric redistribution of power that is weighted toward the actors who have access and the capability to make sense of information. It is enacted through capitalism and justified by the association of networked technologies with the political and social benefits of online community, drawing upon narratives that foreground the social and political benefits of networked technologies. I examine its origins in the wake of the dotcom bubble, when technology makers sought to develop a new business model to support online commerce. By leveraging user data for advertising purposes, they contributed to an information environment in which every action leaves behind traces collected by companies for commercial purposes. Through analysis of primary source materials produced by technology makers, journalists, and business analysts, I examine the emergence of data capitalism between the mid-1990s and mid-2000s and its central role in the contemporary information economy.}, language = {en}, number = {1}, urldate = {2023-12-02}, journal = {Business \& Society}, author = {West, Sarah Myers}, month = jan, year = {2019}, note = {Publisher: SAGE Publications Inc}, keywords = {/unread, Review, Second Draft Report Additions}, pages = {20--41}, file = {SAGE PDF Full Text:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/WRFNK2JB/West - 2019 - Data Capitalism Redefining the Logics of Surveill.pdf:application/pdf}, } @article{westerlingTechnologyrelatedRisksRight2022, title = {Technology-related {Risks} to the {Right} to {Asylum}: {Epistemic} {Vulnerability} {Production} in {Automated} {Credibility} {Assessment}}, volume = {13}, issn = {2042-115X}, shorttitle = {Technology-related {Risks} to the {Right} to {Asylum}}, url = {https://ejlt.org/index.php/ejlt/article/view/891}, abstract = {This paper examines the risks that artificial intelligence may incur for the enjoyment of the fundamental right to asylum. It examines at a theoretical level how understandings of digitally acquired data produce vulnerability in the asylum procedure. The EU Commission’s draft AI Act has been criticised for having a weak understanding of fundamental rights, although this regulation aims to minimise risks to such rights when AI systems are used. The paper attempts to provide the missing understanding of the negative implications that AI can have for the right to asylum. This analysis is pivotal if we want to implement the safeguards proposed in the AI Act in a meaningful way. The paper argues that the way of giving meaning to digitally acquired data is something of an implicit and collective practice that is characterised by overconfidence in such data. This may in practice lead to a heightened burden of proof on the asylum applicant.}, language = {en}, number = {3}, urldate = {2024-07-29}, journal = {European Journal of Law and Technology}, author = {Westerling, Frida Alizadeh}, month = dec, year = {2022}, keywords = {/unread, Review, Second Draft Report Additions}, pages = {1--28}, file = {Full Text PDF:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/IR5A4VA9/Westerling - 2022 - Technology-related Risks to the Right to Asylum E.pdf:application/pdf}, } @misc{wihbeyAIEpistemicRisk2024, address = {Rochester, NY}, type = {{SSRN} {Scholarly} {Paper}}, title = {{AI} and {Epistemic} {Risk} for {Democracy}: {A} {Coming} {Crisis} of {Public} {Knowledge}?}, shorttitle = {{AI} and {Epistemic} {Risk} for {Democracy}}, url = {https://papers.ssrn.com/abstract=4805026}, doi = {10.2139/ssrn.4805026}, abstract = {As advanced artificial intelligence (AI) technologies are developed and deployed, core zones of information and knowledge that support democratic life will be mediated more comprehensively by machines. Chatbots and AI agents may structure most internet, media, and public informational domains. What humans believe to be true and worthy of attention – what becomes public knowledge – may increasingly be influenced by the judgments of advanced AI systems. This pattern will present profound challenges to democracy. A pattern of what we might consider “epistemic risk” will threaten the possibility of AI ethical alignment with human values. AI technologies are trained on data from the human past, but democratic life often depends on the surfacing of human tacit knowledge and previously unrevealed preferences. Accordingly, as AI technologies structure the creation of public knowledge, the substance may be increasingly a recursive byproduct of AI itself – built on what we might call “epistemic anachronism.” This paper argues that epistemic capture or lock-in and a corresponding loss of autonomy are pronounced risks, and it analyzes three example domains – journalism, content moderation, and polling – to explore these dynamics. The pathway forward for achieving any vision of ethical and responsible AI in the context of democracy means an insistence on epistemic modesty within AI models, as well as norms that emphasize the incompleteness of AI’s judgments with respect to human knowledge and values.}, language = {en}, urldate = {2024-05-18}, author = {Wihbey, John}, month = apr, year = {2024}, keywords = {social media, AI, journalism, content moderation, news media, artificial intelligence, /unread, Review, Second Draft Report Additions, Responsible AI, social epistemology, AI alignment, polling}, file = {Full Text PDF:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/8MH2YS8X/Wihbey - 2024 - AI and Epistemic Risk for Democracy A Coming Cris.pdf:application/pdf}, } @article{willemsNormativeDewesternizationExamining2014, title = {Beyond {Normative} {Dewesternization}: {Examining} {Media} {Culture} from the {Vantage} {Point} of the {Global} {South}}, volume = {8}, issn = {1932-8648}, shorttitle = {Beyond {Normative} {Dewesternization}}, url = {https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.2979/globalsouth.8.1.7}, doi = {10.2979/globalsouth.8.1.7}, abstract = {ABSTRACT This article examines five dominant conceptualizations of “the Global South” in the field of media and communication studies, and more specifically in the subfields of (1) comparative media studies, (2) international communication or global media studies, and (3) development communication. Engaging with the broader calls made by a number of scholars since the early 2000s to “dewesternize,” “decolonize,” or “internationalize” the field, I argue that the Global South continues to be theorized from the vantage point of the Global North. Instead of understanding the Global South on its own terms, scholarship frequently appreciates the role of media and communication only insofar as it emerges from, represents the negative imprint of, or features the active intervention of the Global North. Such accounts have failed to acknowledge the agency of the Global South in the production, consumption, and circulation of a much richer spectrum of media culture that is not a priori defined in opposition to or in conjunction with media from the Global North. In advocating for a shift from media systems to media cultures, I hope to contribute to an approach that practices media and communication studies from the Global South, grounded in the everyday life experiences of ordinary people but always situated against the background of crucial processes such as neoliberalization, which have not only had drastic implications for the division of labor between the state and market in the area of media and communication but have also produced radical changes in the lives of the majority of people living in the Global South.}, number = {1}, urldate = {2024-05-25}, journal = {The Global South}, author = {Willems, Wendy}, year = {2014}, note = {Publisher: Indiana University Press}, keywords = {Global South, /unread, Review, Second Draft Report Additions}, pages = {7--23}, file = {JSTOR Full Text PDF:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/9442DZB4/Willems - 2014 - Beyond Normative Dewesternization Examining Media.pdf:application/pdf}, } @misc{williamsFocusMisinformationLeads2022, title = {The focus on misinformation leads to a profound misunderstanding of why people believe and act on bad information}, url = {https://blogs.lse.ac.uk/impactofsocialsciences/2022/09/05/the-focus-on-misinformation-leads-to-a-profound-misunderstanding-of-why-people-believe-and-act-on-bad-information/}, abstract = {Misinformation has been a prominent paradigm in the explanation of social, political, and more recently epidemiological phenomena since the middle of the last decade. However, Daniel Williams argue…}, language = {"en-US"}, urldate = {2024-07-20}, journal = {Impact of Social Sciences}, author = {Williams, Daniel}, month = sep, year = {2022}, keywords = {/unread, Review, Second Draft Report Additions}, file = {Snapshot:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/SQ3X85HP/the-focus-on-misinformation-leads-to-a-profound-misunderstanding-of-why-people-believe-and-act-.html:text/html}, } @incollection{winseckBrokenInternetPlatform2022, address = {Cham}, series = {Palgrave {Global} {Media} {Policy} and {Business}}, title = {The {Broken} {Internet} and {Platform} {Regulation}: {Promises} and {Perils}}, isbn = {978-3-030-95220-4}, shorttitle = {The {Broken} {Internet} and {Platform} {Regulation}}, url = {https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-95220-4_12}, abstract = {A relatively small number of global Internet giants—Google, Apple, Facebook, Amazon, Microsoft, and Netflix—have come under intense and ongoing fire for precipitating a twin crisis of journalism and the media, destroying democracy, and centralizing control over the Internet. In response, a new wave of Internet regulation is now in the making in one country after another. This chapter agrees that a forceful response to the platforms is overdue but raises concerns that the case against GAFAM + has become orthodoxy, anchored in cherry-picked evidence and a tendency to see these firms as the cause of all perceived woes. I also argue that while attempts to regulate digital platforms by the standards of broadcasting regulation may be politically expedient, this approach rests on superficial analogies. It also ignores the fact that the media industries have developed in close proximity to the vastly larger telecoms, consumer electronics and banking firms since the mid-nineteenth century. The last sections of this chapter offer four principles of structural and behavioural regulation drawn from this history as guides for a new generation of internet regulation today: structural separation (break-ups), line of business restrictions (firewalls), public obligations and public alternatives.}, language = {en}, urldate = {2023-07-01}, booktitle = {Digital {Platform} {Regulation}: {Global} {Perspectives} on {Internet} {Governance}}, publisher = {Springer International Publishing}, author = {Winseck, Dwayne}, editor = {Flew, Terry and Martin, Fiona R.}, year = {2022}, doi = {10.1007/978-3-030-95220-4_12}, keywords = {Platform regulation, /unread, Review, Second Draft Report Additions, USED, Digital platforms, OID Data Gov, Internet regulation, Media policy, Platform governance, Telecommunications policy}, pages = {229--257}, file = {Winseck - 2022 - The Broken Internet and Platform Regulation Promi.pdf:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/XZFX9ECQ/Winseck - 2022 - The Broken Internet and Platform Regulation Promi.pdf:application/pdf}, } @techreport{wipoGenerativeAINavigating2024, title = {Generative {AI}: {Navigating} {Intellectual} {Property}}, url = {https://www.wipo.int/export/sites/www/about-ip/en/frontier_technologies/pdf/generative-ai-factsheet.pdf}, institution = {World Intellectual Property Organisation}, author = {WIPO}, month = mar, year = {2024}, keywords = {/unread, Review, Second Draft Report Additions, Qual}, file = {WIPO - 2024 - Generative AI Navigating Intellectual Property.pdf:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/XNPBV359/WIPO - 2024 - Generative AI Navigating Intellectual Property.pdf:application/pdf}, } @misc{bootsCallPromotingAlgorithmic2024, address = {Rochester, NY}, type = {{SSRN} {Scholarly} {Paper}}, title = {A {Call} for {Promoting} {Algorithmic} {Literacy}}, url = {https://papers.ssrn.com/abstract=4912427}, abstract = {The rapid evolution of today’s technology landscape, driven by algorithm-driven systems (ADS), profoundly impacts everyday life and major societal functions. ADS, often perceived as mysterious or magical, are sophisticated computational methods that enable automated decision-making in various domains such as finance, employment, and social media content delivery. Despite their pervasive influence, understanding of these systems remains limited among the general public, posing risks to informed citizenship and democratic participation. This paper addresses the critical need for Algorithmic Literacy, a concept that extends beyond existing frameworks of media and digital literacy to encompass a basic proficiency in understanding how ADS function and influence personal and societal outcomes. Our research identifies a significant gap in Algorithmic Literacy among social media users, exacerbated by the increasing complexity and opacity of AI technologies. We propose a preliminary definition of Algorithmic Literacy and argue for its necessity in contemporary society. The paper outlines initial measures for fostering Algorithmic Literacy and sets a future research agenda to support these efforts. Our goal is to initiate a critical discourse on Algorithmic Literacy, calling on citizens, educators, policymakers, media professionals, and technologists to prioritize this issue to ensure informed and active participation in an increasingly algorithm-driven world.}, language = {en}, urldate = {2024-10-04}, author = {Boots, Bryan C. and Matlack, Alex Krause and Richardson-Gool, Theo S.}, month = aug, year = {2024}, keywords = {/unread, Final Draft Additions, Review, Algorithmic Literacy, Algorithmic Transparency, Citizen Engagement with Technology, Public Understanding of Algorithms, Societal Impact of Algorithms, Technology Literacy}, file = {Full Text PDF:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/TDIN3JZV/Boots et al. - 2024 - A Call for Promoting Algorithmic Literacy.pdf:application/pdf}, } @misc{gillwaldAfricasRoleShaping2024, title = {Africa's {Role} in {Shaping} the {Digital} {Future} {After} the {Global} {Digital} {Compact}}, url = {https://mailchi.mp/researchictafrica/africas-role-in-shaping-the-digital-future-after-the-global-digital-compact?e=43ad1c2882}, urldate = {2024-10-04}, journal = {Research ICT Africa}, author = {Gillwald, Alison}, month = oct, year = {2024}, keywords = {Global South, /unread, Final Draft Additions, Report}, } @misc{muellerRethinkingAIGovernance2024, address = {Rochester, NY}, type = {{SSRN} {Scholarly} {Paper}}, title = {Rethinking {AI} {Governance}: {The} {Political} {Economy} of the {Digital} {Ecosystem}}, shorttitle = {Rethinking {AI} {Governance}}, url = {https://papers.ssrn.com/abstract=4911002}, abstract = {The boom in AI governance initiatives rests on deeply flawed understandings of digital technology and its underlying political economy. This paper rejects prevailing conceptualizations of the AI governance problem and goes so far as to reject the label “AI” as a meaningful and useful name for the object of governance. What we now call “AI” is really a globally integrated digital ecosystem composed of computing devices, digital networks, digitized data, and software programs. The article’s theme is that what we now call “artificial intelligence” is not a new technology that creates its own distinctive governance problems, but outgrowths of computing and the ecosystem of technical standards, data, devices and networks that have grown up around it. From a public policy standpoint, “AI” is an unscientific, over-simplified label for evolving applications of computing. The applications we call AI are so numerous, so diverse, and so indistinguishable from computing as to render the concept of “AI governance” meaningless. The claim that AI doesn’t exist may seem tendentious and exaggerated, but it has the virtue of clearing the deck for a more accurate understanding of the governance implications of the digital transformation. Once we stop obsessing about “AI” and focus attention on the broader digital ecosystem, the governance problems we face are clarified. “Governing” the production and use of intelligent applications requires systemic awareness of nearly all manifestations of computing. In other words, what most people mean by “AI governance” presumes comprehensive data governance, controls on the production and distribution of semiconductors and other devices, effective Internet governance, regulation of cloud providers/platforms, and regulation of the production and distribution of software and software architectures. Further, the policy and governance problems allegedly caused by “AI” predate LLMs and chatbots and have cropped up repeatedly during the longer-term history of computing and the Internet. “AI governance” is just digital governance. Shifting our focus to the digital ecosystem also facilitates a more realistic assessment of the necessity and proportionality of regulatory interventions. It enhances awareness of the economic and social costs of ecosystem-wide restrictions, particularly regarding freedom of expression, open competition in ICT products and services, and the ability to explore and innovate new applications of computing. Further, when it is clear that that the object of governance is the entire digital ecosystem and not some new, isolated thing called “AI,” we are in a much better position to assess what measures would be effective and how much governance is feasible in a world where heterogeneous technologies and distributed decision making are rampant, states compete for power, and no single state has supreme authority over the entire ecosystem. The paper proceeds along the following lines. Part 1 provides a basic definition and description of the digital ecosystem and its components and explains why that conceptualization works better than various alternatives. Part 2 traces the scientific origins of the digital ecosystem and shows that cybernetic control and automation via artificial intelligence or machine learning were known to be latent in computing technology from the 1940s. Part 3 tracks the evolution of intelligent applications to show empirically how “AI” progress was tied to progressive improvement in the capabilities of all four components of the digital ecosystem, and that every one of the problems attributed to “AI” arose during the evolution of the Internet and other forms of computing. Hence, no clear line can be drawn between the governance of AI applications and the governance of the broader digital ecosystem. Part 4 evaluates some of the current proposals to “govern AI,” demonstrating they generally attempt to have the tail of AI applications wag the dog of the entire digital political economy, often resulting in ideas that either lack feasibility and/or entail extraordinary centralizations of power that could backfire on their proponents.}, language = {en}, urldate = {2024-10-04}, author = {Mueller, Milton}, month = jul, year = {2024}, keywords = {/unread, Final Draft Additions, Review, AI regulation, AI safety, Data governance, digital ecosystem, Internet governance}, file = {Full Text PDF:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/RBZBQ8R5/Mueller - 2024 - Rethinking AI Governance The Political Economy of.pdf:application/pdf}, } @techreport{esafetycommissionerBasicOnlineSafety2024, title = {Basic {Online} {Safety} {Expectations}: {Summary} of response from {X} {Corp}. ({Twitter}) to {eSafety}'s {Transparency} {Notice} on {Online} {Hate}}, url = {https://www.esafety.gov.au/newsroom/media-releases/report-reveals-the-extent-of-deep-cuts-to-safety-staff-and-gaps-in-twitter/xs-measures-to-tackle-online-hate}, abstract = {In a new transparency report released by Australia’s eSafety Commissioner, information provided by X Corp., the owner of social media platform Twitter/X, ind}, language = {en}, urldate = {2024-10-02}, institution = {eSafetyCommissioner, Australia}, author = {eSafetyCommissioner}, year = {2024}, keywords = {/unread, Final Draft Additions, Report, Global North}, file = {eSafetyCommissioner - 2024 - Basic Online Safety Expectatoins Summary of respo.pdf:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/UPHJPXQZ/eSafetyCommissioner - 2024 - Basic Online Safety Expectatoins Summary of respo.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/HTR7QMNG/xs-measures-to-tackle-online-hate.html:text/html}, } @misc{berkeleyeconomicreviewElonMusk2022, title = {Elon {Musk}}, url = {https://econreview.studentorg.berkeley.edu/wp-content/uploads/2022/11/Screen-Shot-2022-11-17-at-7.09.33-PM.png}, urldate = {2024-10-02}, journal = {Econreview Berkeley}, author = {{Berkeley Economic Review}}, month = nov, year = {2022}, keywords = {/unread}, file = {Screen-Shot-2022-11-17-at-7.09.33-PM.png (1998×1250):/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/2NBVKSWB/Screen-Shot-2022-11-17-at-7.09.33-PM.html:text/html}, } @misc{esafetycommissionerReportRevealsExtent2024, title = {Report reveals the extent of deep cuts to safety staff and gaps in {Twitter}/{X}’s measures to tackle online hate}, url = {https://www.esafety.gov.au/newsroom/media-releases/report-reveals-the-extent-of-deep-cuts-to-safety-staff-and-gaps-in-twitter/xs-measures-to-tackle-online-hate}, abstract = {In a new transparency report released by Australia’s eSafety Commissioner, information provided by X Corp., the owner of social media platform Twitter/X, ind}, language = {en}, urldate = {2024-10-02}, journal = {eSafety Commissioner, Australia}, author = {eSafety Commissioner}, month = jan, year = {2024}, keywords = {/unread, Final Draft Additions, Report, Global North}, file = {Snapshot:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/JU96GL6F/xs-measures-to-tackle-online-hate.html:text/html}, } @misc{xCommunityNotesHelp2024, title = {About {Community} {Notes} on {X} {\textbar} {X} {Help}}, url = {https://help.x.com/en/using-x/community-notes}, language = {en}, urldate = {2024-10-02}, journal = {X Help Center}, author = {X}, month = sep, year = {2024}, keywords = {fact-checking, /unread, Final Draft Additions}, file = {Snapshot:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/5BRTL6SX/community-notes.html:text/html}, } @article{brewsterMusksFired802024, title = {Musk’s {X} {Fired} 80\% {Of} {Engineers} {Working} {On} {Trust} {And} {Safety}, {Australian} {Government} {Says}}, url = {https://www.forbes.com/sites/thomasbrewster/2024/01/10/elon-musk-fired-80-per-cent-of-twitter-x-engineers-working-on-trust-and-safety/}, abstract = {Half of internal moderators and a third of X’s trust and safety team globally were fired after Musk’s arrival, Australia’s online safety regulator says.}, language = {en}, urldate = {2024-10-01}, journal = {Forbes}, author = {Brewster, Thomas}, month = jan, year = {2024}, note = {Section: Cybersecurity}, keywords = {/unread, Final Draft Additions, Report, Global North}, file = {Snapshot:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/TXLTJWX4/elon-musk-fired-80-per-cent-of-twitter-x-engineers-working-on-trust-and-safety.html:text/html}, } @article{ivanovaTheseFormerlyBanned2022, title = {These formerly banned {Twitter} accounts have been reinstated since {Elon} {Musk} took over - {CBS} {News}}, url = {https://www.cbsnews.com/news/twitter-accounts-reinstated-elon-musk-donald-trump-kanye-ye-jordan-peterson-kathy-griffin-andrew-tate/}, abstract = {Let that sink in,\" tweeted satirical right-wing outlet Babylon Bee after being suspended for eight months.}, language = {en-US}, urldate = {2024-10-01}, journal = {CBS News}, author = {Ivanova, Irina}, month = nov, year = {2022}, keywords = {/unread, Final Draft Additions, Report}, file = {Snapshot:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/3E8L4SN9/twitter-accounts-reinstated-elon-musk-donald-trump-kanye-ye-jordan-peterson-kathy-griffin-andre.html:text/html}, } @article{yorkElonMuskDoesnt2022, title = {Elon {Musk} doesn’t know what it takes to make a digital town square}, url = {https://www.technologyreview.com/2022/10/29/1062417/elon-musk-twitter-takeover-global-democracy-activists/}, abstract = {Before making big changes, he should ask the global pro-democracy activists who do.}, language = {en}, urldate = {2024-10-01}, journal = {MIT Technology Review}, author = {York, Jullian C}, month = oct, year = {2022}, keywords = {/unread, Final Draft Additions, Report}, file = {Snapshot:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/6N2RCDRR/elon-musk-twitter-takeover-global-democracy-activists.html:text/html}, } @misc{helios-i.mashable.comImage2024, title = {X image}, copyright = {hero-image.fill.size\_1248x702.v1725051736.jpg (1248×702)}, url = {https://helios-i.mashable.com/imagery/articles/00ITPG6lvAMMP2M4bIHAvwX/hero-image.fill.size_1248x702.v1725051736.jpg}, urldate = {2024-10-01}, journal = {Helios-i.mashable.com}, author = {Helios-i.mashable.com}, year = {2024}, keywords = {/unread}, file = {hero-image.fill.size_1248x702.v1725051736.jpg (1248×702):/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/AHB3GM6Q/hero-image.fill.size_1248x702.v1725051736.html:text/html}, } @article{shaperoElonMuskCalls2024, title = {Elon {Musk} calls {Brazilian} judge 'evil dictator' amid {X} feud}, url = {https://thehill.com/policy/technology/4855584-musk-slams-brazilian-judge-threatens-x/}, abstract = {X owner Elon Musk slammed Brazilian Supreme Court Judge Alexandre de Moraes as an “evil dictator” Thursday as he threatened to shut down the billionaire’s social media platform in the country.\ …}, language = {en-US}, urldate = {2024-10-01}, journal = {The Hill}, author = {Shapero, Julia}, month = aug, year = {2024}, keywords = {Global South, /unread, Final Draft Additions, BRICS, Report}, file = {Snapshot:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/HSWGLD9W/4855584-musk-slams-brazilian-judge-threatens-x.html:text/html}, } @article{nicasBrazilBlocksMusk2024, chapter = {World}, title = {Brazil {Blocks} {X} {After} {Musk} {Ignores} {Court} {Orders}}, issn = {0362-4331}, url = {https://www.nytimes.com/2024/08/30/world/americas/brazil-elon-musk-x-blocked.html}, abstract = {The social network began to go dark in the nation of 200 million, the result of an escalating fight between Elon Musk and a Brazilian judge over what can be said online.}, language = {en-US}, urldate = {2024-10-01}, journal = {The New York Times}, author = {Nicas, Jack and Conger, Kate}, month = aug, year = {2024}, keywords = {Brazil, Social Media, Computers and the Internet, Politics and Government, Rumors and Misinformation, Global South, /unread, Final Draft Additions, BRICS, Report, Censorship, Bolsonaro, Jair (1955- ), Hate Speech, Moraes, Alexandre de (1968- ), Musk, Elon, Right-Wing Extremism and Alt-Right, Supreme Federal Court (Brazil), X (Formerly Twitter)}, file = {Snapshot:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/4DLV3FW7/brazil-elon-musk-x-blocked.html:text/html}, } @article{obrienDataCenterEmissions2024, chapter = {Technology}, title = {Data center emissions probably 662\% higher than big tech claims. {Can} it keep up the ruse?}, issn = {0261-3077}, url = {https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2024/sep/15/data-center-gas-emissions-tech}, abstract = {Emissions from in-house data centers of Google, Microsoft, Meta and Apple may be 7.62 times higher than official figures}, language = {en-GB}, urldate = {2024-10-01}, journal = {The Guardian}, author = {O'Brien, Isabel}, month = sep, year = {2024}, keywords = {Technology, US news, Apple, /unread, Final Draft Additions, Report, Environment, Amazon, Energy, Meta, Alphabet, Emissions trading}, file = {Snapshot:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/4ZZ2CX6J/data-center-gas-emissions-tech.html:text/html}, } @misc{iea50DataCentresData2024, title = {Data {Centres} and {Data} {Transmission} {Networks}}, url = {https://www.iea.org/energy-system/buildings/data-centres-and-data-transmission-networks}, abstract = {As the world becomes increasingly digitalised, data centres and data transmission networks are emerging as an important source of energy demand.}, language = {en-GB}, urldate = {2024-10-01}, journal = {IEA (International Energy Agency)}, author = {iea50}, year = {2024}, keywords = {/unread, Final Draft Additions, Report}, file = {Snapshot:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/ZZ5KGDUS/data-centres-and-data-transmission-networks.html:text/html}, } @misc{goldmansachsAIPoisedDrive2024, title = {{AI} is poised to drive 160\% increase in data center power demand}, url = {https://www.goldmansachs.com/insights/articles/AI-poised-to-drive-160-increase-in-power-demand}, urldate = {2024-10-01}, journal = {Goldman Sachs}, author = {Goldman Sachs}, month = may, year = {2024}, keywords = {/unread, Final Draft Additions, Report}, file = {800x450.jpg (782×440):/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/QXFYX6R7/800x450.html:text/html;Snapshot:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/IFL79VU8/AI-poised-to-drive-160-increase-in-power-demand.html:text/html}, } @misc{crowdtangleCrowdtangle2024, type = {rozanaspokesman.com}, title = {crowdtangle}, copyright = {qp1qipc0dnhdhmjhe2u5joon04-20240314164344.Medi.jpeg (800×448)}, url = {https://www.rozanaspokesman.com/cover/prev/qp1qipc0dnhdhmjhe2u5joon04-20240314164344.Medi.jpeg}, urldate = {2024-10-01}, author = {crowdtangle}, year = {2024}, keywords = {/unread, Final Draft Additions}, file = {qp1qipc0dnhdhmjhe2u5joon04-20240314164344.Medi.jpeg (800×448):/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/Y44WRPCW/qp1qipc0dnhdhmjhe2u5joon04-20240314164344.Medi.html:text/html}, } @misc{bellanMetaAxedCrowdTangle2024, title = {Meta axed {CrowdTangle}, a tool for tracking disinformation. {Critics} claim its replacement has just '1\% of the features'}, url = {https://techcrunch.com/2024/08/15/meta-shut-down-crowdtangle-a-tool-for-tracking-disinformation-heres-how-its-replacement-compares/}, abstract = {Journalists, researchers and politicians are mourning Meta's shutdown of CrowdTangle, which they used to track the spread of disinformation on Facebook}, language = {en-US}, urldate = {2024-10-01}, journal = {TechCrunch}, author = {Bellan, Rebecca}, month = aug, year = {2024}, keywords = {/unread, Final Draft Additions, Report, Global North}, file = {Snapshot:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/3NVPIYT5/meta-shut-down-crowdtangle-a-tool-for-tracking-disinformation-heres-how-its-replacement-compare.html:text/html}, } @article{gotfredsenMetaGettingRid2024, title = {Meta {Is} {Getting} {Rid} of {CrowdTangle}—and {Its} {Replacement} {Isn}’t as {Transparent} or {Accessible}}, url = {https://www.cjr.org/tow_center/meta-is-getting-rid-of-crowdtangle.php}, abstract = {The social media monitoring tool, which has been used to track misinformation, is set to disappear as elections take place worldwide}, language = {en}, urldate = {2024-10-01}, journal = {Columbia Journalism Review}, author = {Gotfredsen, Sarah Grevy and Dowling, Kaitlyn}, month = jul, year = {2024}, keywords = {/unread, Final Draft Additions, Report, Global North}, file = {Snapshot:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/ATMTG8WC/meta-is-getting-rid-of-crowdtangle.html:text/html}, } @article{elliottAIFakesDetectionFailing2024, title = {{AI}-{Fakes} {Detection} {Is} {Failing} {Voters} in the {Global} {South}}, issn = {1059-1028}, url = {https://www.wired.com/story/generative-ai-detection-gap/}, abstract = {With generative AI affecting politics worldwide, researchers face a “detection gap,” as the biases built into systems mean tools for identifying fake content often work poorly or not at all in the Global South.}, language = {en-US}, urldate = {2024-10-01}, journal = {Wired}, author = {Elliott, Vittoria}, month = sep, year = {2024}, note = {Section: tags}, keywords = {machine learning, elections, Global South, artificial intelligence, /unread, Final Draft Additions, BRICS, Report}, file = {Snapshot:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/927QM2Z4/generative-ai-detection-gap.html:text/html}, } @article{ftcFTCLaunchesInquiry2024, title = {{FTC} launches inquiry into generative {AI} investments and partnerships}, url = {https://www.ftc.gov/news-events/news/press-releases/2024/01/ftc-launches-inquiry-generative-ai-investments-partnerships}, journal = {Federal Trade Commission News}, author = {FTC}, year = {2024}, keywords = {/unread, Second Draft Report Additions}, } @techreport{germanlawarchiveNetworkEnforcementAct2017, title = {Network {Enforcement} {Act} ({Netzdurchsetzunggesetz}, {NetzDG})}, url = {https://germanlawarchive.iuscomp.org/?p=1245}, institution = {Government of Germany}, author = {German Law Archive}, year = {2017}, keywords = {/unread, First Draft Report Cited}, } @misc{xuHallucinationInevitableInnate2024, title = {Hallucination is {Inevitable}: {An} {Innate} {Limitation} of {Large} {Language} {Models}}, shorttitle = {Hallucination is {Inevitable}}, url = {http://arxiv.org/abs/2401.11817}, doi = {10.48550/arXiv.2401.11817}, abstract = {Hallucination has been widely recognized to be a significant drawback for large language models (LLMs). There have been many works that attempt to reduce the extent of hallucination. These efforts have mostly been empirical so far, which cannot answer the fundamental question whether it can be completely eliminated. In this paper, we formalize the problem and show that it is impossible to eliminate hallucination in LLMs. Specifically, we define a formal world where hallucination is defined as inconsistencies between a computable LLM and a computable ground truth function. By employing results from learning theory, we show that LLMs cannot learn all of the computable functions and will therefore always hallucinate. Since the formal world is a part of the real world which is much more complicated, hallucinations are also inevitable for real world LLMs. Furthermore, for real world LLMs constrained by provable time complexity, we describe the hallucination-prone tasks and empirically validate our claims. Finally, using the formal world framework, we discuss the possible mechanisms and efficacies of existing hallucination mitigators as well as the practical implications on the safe deployment of LLMs.}, urldate = {2024-06-10}, publisher = {arXiv}, author = {Xu, Ziwei and Jain, Sanjay and Kankanhalli, Mohan}, month = jan, year = {2024}, note = {arXiv:2401.11817 [cs]}, keywords = {Computer Science - Computation and Language, Computer Science - Artificial Intelligence, Computer Science - Machine Learning, Theory, /unread, Second Draft Report Additions}, file = {arXiv Fulltext PDF:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/2MC3586W/Xu et al. - 2024 - Hallucination is Inevitable An Innate Limitation .pdf:application/pdf;arXiv.org Snapshot:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/YRFHPWM4/2401.html:text/html}, } @techreport{osceJointDeclarationFreedom2017, title = {Joint {Declaration} on {Freedom} of {Expression} and '{Fake} {News}', {Disinformation} and {Propaganda}}, url = {https://www.osce.org/fom/302796}, institution = {OSCE}, author = {OSCE}, month = mar, year = {2017}, keywords = {Global South, /unread, First Draft Report Cited, OID Mis/Disinfo}, file = {United Nations OSCE - 2017 - Joint Declaration on Freedom of Expression and 'Fa.pdf:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/XGLWQ84W/United Nations OSCE - 2017 - Joint Declaration on Freedom of Expression and 'Fa.pdf:application/pdf}, } @techreport{uaeUAENationalStrategy2018, title = {{UAE} {National} {Strategy} fpr {Artificial} {Intelligence}}, url = {https://ai.gov.ae/wp-content/uploads/2021/07/UAE-National-Strategy-for-Artificial-Intelligence-2031.pdf}, institution = {National Program for Artificial Intelligence}, author = {UAE}, year = {2018}, keywords = {Global South, /unread, Second Draft Report Additions}, file = {Full text:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/VJU67I6D/UAE - 2018 - UAE National Strategy fpr Artificial Intelligence.pdf:application/pdf}, } @incollection{schirchDigitalInformationConflict2021, title = {Digital {Information}, {Conflict} and {Democracy}}, booktitle = {Social {Media} {Impacts} on {Conflict} and {Democracy}}, publisher = {Routledge}, author = {Schirch, Lisa}, editor = {Schirch, Lisa}, year = {2021}, keywords = {Global South, /unread, Second Draft Report Additions}, pages = {22 pages}, } @article{radschValueNewsContent2023, title = {The {Value} of {News} {Content} to {Google} is {Way} {More} {Than} {You} {Think}}, url = {https://techpolicy.press/the-value-of-news-content-to-google-is-way-more-than-you-think/}, abstract = {A new study finds that the value of news on Google Search is far higher than policymakers or publishers think, writes Dr. Courtney C. Radsch.}, language = {en-US}, urldate = {2023-08-28}, journal = {Tech Policy Press}, author = {Radsch, Courtney C}, month = aug, year = {2023}, keywords = {value, Journalism, /unread, Second Draft Report Additions, NMBC, Jobs}, file = {Snapshot:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/ZDGUPGA8/the-value-of-news-content-to-google-is-way-more-than-you-think.html:text/html}, } @article{petersStopsShowingHeadlines2023, title = {X stops showing headlines because {Elon} {Musk} thinks it will make posts look better}, url = {https://www.theverge.com/2023/10/4/23903859/x-elon-musk-headlines-links-image-twitter}, abstract = {It’s a very annoying change.}, language = {en}, urldate = {2024-01-10}, journal = {The Verge}, author = {Peters, Jay}, month = oct, year = {2023}, keywords = {/unread, Second Draft Report Additions}, file = {Snapshot:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/E2BQ4KIS/x-elon-musk-headlines-links-image-twitter.html:text/html}, } @incollection{merendaReadingArendtRethink2021, address = {New York}, edition = {1st edition}, title = {Reading {Arendt} to {Rethink} {Truth}, {Science} and {Politics} in the {Era} of {Fake} {News}}, isbn = {978-1-00-303738-5}, booktitle = {Democracy and {Fake} {News}. {Information} {Manipulation} and {Post}-{Truth} {Politics}}, publisher = {Routledge}, author = {Merenda, Federica}, year = {2021}, keywords = {/unread, Second Draft Report Additions}, pages = {19--29}, } @misc{livingstoneWhatsBestWe2023, title = {What’s the best we can expect of media literacy? {From} protectionism to human rights and flourishing}, shorttitle = {What’s the best we can expect of media literacy?}, url = {https://blogs.lse.ac.uk/medialse/2023/12/13/whats-the-best-we-can-expect-of-media-literacy-from-protectionism-to-human-rights-and-flourishing/}, abstract = {This post is based on Professor Sonia Livingstone’s keynote presentation at Ofcom’s Making Sense of Media Winter Conference on 5 December 2023, in which she discussed the changing nature of m…}, language = {"en-US"}, urldate = {2024-01-07}, journal = {Media@LSE}, author = {Livingstone, Sonia}, month = dec, year = {2023}, keywords = {/unread, Review, Second Draft Report Additions, Global North}, } @book{livingstoneParentingDigitalFuture2020, title = {Parenting for a {Digital} {Future}: {How} {Hopes} and {Fears} about {Technology} {Shape} {Children}'s {Lives}}, isbn = {978-0-19-087469-8}, shorttitle = {Parenting for a {Digital} {Future}}, abstract = {"In the decades it takes to bring up a child, parents face challenges that are both helped and hindered by the fact that they are living through a period of unprecedented digital innovation. Drawing on extensive research with diverse parents, this book reveals how digital technologies give personal and political parenting struggles a distinctive character, as parents determine how to forge new territory with little precedent, or support. The book reveals the pincer movement of parenting in late modernity. Parents are both more burdened with responsibilities and charged with respecting the agency of their child-leaving much to negotiate in today's "democratic" families. The book charts how parents now often enact authority and values through digital technologies-as "screen time," games, or social media become ways of both being together and setting boundaries. The authors show how digital technologies introduce both valued opportunities and new sources of risk. To light their way, parents comb through the hazy memories of their own childhoods and look toward varied imagined futures. This results in deeply diverse parenting in the present, as parents move between embracing, resisting, or balancing the role of technology in their own and their children's lives. This book moves beyond the panicky headlines to offer a deeply researched exploration of what it means to parent in a period of significant social and technological change. Drawing on qualitative and quantitative research in the United Kingdom, the book offers conclusions and insights relevant to parents, policymakers, educators, and researchers everywhere"--}, language = {en}, publisher = {Oxford University Press}, author = {Livingstone, Sonia and Blum-Ross, Alicia}, year = {2020}, note = {Google-Books-ID: ATjpDwAAQBAJ}, keywords = {/unread, Second Draft Report Additions, Global North, Qual, Computers / Internet / General, Social Science / Sociology / Marriage \& Family, Social Science / Sociology / Social Theory}, } @article{livingstoneDigitalPlayChildrens2023, title = {Digital play on children’s terms: {A} child rights approach to designing digital experiences}, volume = {Online First}, issn = {1461-4448}, shorttitle = {Digital play on children’s terms}, url = {https://doi.org/10.1177/14614448231196579}, doi = {10.1177/14614448231196579}, abstract = {Children have the right to play (UN Convention on the Rights of the Child, 1989), yet their opportunities to play on their own terms (free play) are under pressure, including online. Drawing on an analysis of the qualities of children’s free play across time and cultures, a nationally representative survey of UK 6- to 17-year olds compared their experiences of play across digital and non-digital contexts to identify design features that enhance or undermine children’s digital play and propose evidence-based recommendations for digital products and services likely to be used by children. Children viewed digital play more critically than non-digital play although both were judged poorly on key qualities of ‘intrinsically motivated’, ‘voluntary’, ‘risk-taking’ and ‘safety’. Logistical regression analysis shows that rights-respecting design features contribute to children’s enjoyment of digital play more than premium or freemium designs do, thus supporting Playful by Design recommendations that can benefit children.}, language = {en}, urldate = {2024-08-14}, journal = {New Media \& Society}, author = {Livingstone, Sonia and Ólafsson, Kjartan and Pothong, Kruakae}, month = sep, year = {2023}, note = {Publisher: SAGE Publications}, keywords = {/unread, Second Draft Report Additions, Global North, Qual}, pages = {1--21}, file = {SAGE PDF Full Text:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/89RLVFSA/Livingstone et al. - 2023 - Digital play on children’s terms A child rights a.pdf:application/pdf}, } @book{lopez-garciaPoliticsDisinformation2021, title = {Politics of {Disinformation}}, url = {https://www.wiley.com/en-us/Politics+of+Disinformation-p-9781119743231}, publisher = {Wiley}, editor = {Lopez-Garcia, Guillermo and Palau-Sampio, Dolors and Palomo, Bella and Campos-Dominguez, Eva and Masip, Pere}, year = {2021}, keywords = {/unread, Global, Second Draft Report Additions, Qual}, } @article{mabweazaraNewsMediaCapture2020, title = {News “{Media} {Capture}”, {Relations} of {Patronage} and {Clientelist} {Practices} in {Sub}-{Saharan} {Africa}: {An} {Interpretive} {Qualitative} {Analysis}}, volume = {21}, issn = {1461-670X, 1469-9699}, shorttitle = {News “{Media} {Capture}”, {Relations} of {Patronage} and {Clientelist} {Practices} in {Sub}-{Saharan} {Africa}}, url = {https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/1461670X.2020.1816489}, doi = {10.1080/1461670X.2020.1816489}, abstract = {This essay is an interpretive qualitative analysis of secondary data that explores and/or highlights the intricacies of ‘media capture’, relations of patronage and clientelist media practices in sub-Saharan Africa. It adopts an exploratory approach that delineates the contours and patterns of debates around these intricately connected phenomena by identifying salient examples in the region, and their implications to the role of the media in struggles for democratisation. Our analysis points to a typology of interconnected driving forces of media capture which coalesce around legal and administrative regulation; financial and economic enticements, and lastly, the dynamics of media ownership. These driving forces collectively broaden our understanding of the social practice as well as the role of the media in processes of democratization in sub-Saharan Africa. The study further establishes that while there are marked differences and nuances which have significant implications on the operations of the news media in the region, there are several shared professional practices, values, and attitudes, that are qualitatively generalisable across sub-Saharan Africa.}, language = {en}, number = {15}, urldate = {2024-06-04}, journal = {Journalism Studies}, author = {Mabweazara, Hayes Mawindi and Muneri, Cleophas Taurai and Ndlovu, Faith}, month = nov, year = {2020}, keywords = {Global South, systematic literature review, /unread, Second Draft Report Additions}, pages = {2154--2175}, file = {Mabweazara et al. - 2020 - News “Media Capture”, Relations of Patronage and C.pdf:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/5FJYHFSA/Mabweazara et al. - 2020 - News “Media Capture”, Relations of Patronage and C.pdf:application/pdf}, } @book{maccarthyRegulatingDigitalIndustries2023, title = {Regulating {Digital} {Industries}: {How} {Public} {Oversight} {Can} {Encourage} {Competition}, {Protect} {Privacy}, and {Ensure} {Free} {Speech}}, isbn = {978-0-8157-3982-1}, shorttitle = {Regulating {Digital} {Industries}}, abstract = {Regulating Digital Industries is the first book to address the tech backlash within a coherent policy framework. It treats competition, privacy and free speech as objectives that must be pursued in a coordinated fashion by a dedicated industry regulator. It contains detailed discussions of current policy controversies involving social media companies, search engines, electronic commerce platforms and mobile apps. It argues for new laws and regulations to promote competition, privacy and free speech in tech and outlines the structure and powers of a regulatory agency able to develop, implement and enforce digital rules for the twenty-first century.Deeply informed by the history of regulation and antitrust in the United States, it brings to bear insights from the breakup of AT\&T and the Microsoft case and from broadcasting and financial services regulation to enrich the discussion of remedies to the failure of tech competition, the massive invasion of privacy by digital firms and the information disorder perpetuated by social media platforms. It offers a comprehensive summary of regulatory reform efforts in the United States and abroad and shows how accomplishing the goals of these reform efforts requires the establishment of a single digital agency with jurisdiction to reconcile and balance the complementary and conflicting goals of promoting competition, protecting privacy, and preserving free speech in digital industries.It discusses in detail how a digital regulatory agency would be structured and the powers it would need to have. It confronts head on some of the challenges in establishing a strong digital regulator including the First Amendment roadblock that limits government authority over digital speech and the judicial opposition to the expansion of the administrative state. It is essential reading for policymakers, public interest advocates, industry representatives, academic researchers and the general public interested in a coherent policy approach to today’s tech industry discontents.}, language = {en}, publisher = {Brookings Institution Press}, author = {MacCarthy, Mark}, month = nov, year = {2023}, note = {Google-Books-ID: m4jYEAAAQBAJ}, keywords = {/unread, Review, Second Draft Report Additions, Global North, Business \& Economics / Industries / Computers \& Information Technology, Computers / Reference}, } @article{macdonaldRegulatingTerroristContent2019, title = {Regulating terrorist content on social media: automation and the rule of law}, volume = {15}, issn = {1744-5523, 1744-5531}, shorttitle = {Regulating terrorist content on social media}, url = {https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/international-journal-of-law-in-context/article/regulating-terrorist-content-on-social-media-automation-and-the-rule-of-law/B54E339425753A66FECD1F592B9783A1}, doi = {10.1017/S1744552319000119}, abstract = {Social-media companies make extensive use of artificial intelligence in their efforts to remove and block terrorist content from their platforms. This paper begins by arguing that, since such efforts amount to an attempt to channel human conduct, they should be regarded as a form of regulation that is subject to rule-of-law principles. The paper then discusses three sets of rule-of-law issues. The first set concerns enforceability. Here, the paper highlights the displacement effects that have resulted from the automated removal and blocking of terrorist content and argues that regard must be had to the whole social-media ecology, as well as to jihadist groups other than the so-called Islamic State and other forms of violent extremism. Since rule by law is only a necessary, and not a sufficient, condition for compliance with rule-of-law values, the paper then goes on to examine two further sets of issues: the clarity with which social-media companies define terrorist content and the adequacy of the processes by which a user may appeal against an account suspension or the blocking or removal of content. The paper concludes by identifying a range of research questions that emerge from the discussion and that together form a promising and timely research agenda to which legal scholarship has much to contribute.}, language = {en}, number = {2}, urldate = {2024-08-03}, journal = {International Journal of Law in Context}, author = {Macdonald, Stuart and Correia, Sara Giro and Watkin, Amy-Louise}, month = jun, year = {2019}, keywords = {terrorism, propaganda, social media, regulation, artificial intelligence, /unread, Global, Review, Second Draft Report Additions}, pages = {183--197}, file = {Full Text PDF:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/PBAC9J7W/Macdonald et al. - 2019 - Regulating terrorist content on social media auto.pdf:application/pdf}, } @article{madrid-moralesComputationalMappingOnline2023, title = {A {Computational} {Mapping} of {Online} {News} {Deserts} on {African} {News} {Websites}}, volume = {11}, issn = {2183-2439}, url = {https://www.cogitatiopress.com/mediaandcommunication/article/view/6857}, doi = {10.17645/mac.v11i3.6857}, abstract = {Dani Madrid-Morales, Joan Ramon Rodríguez-Amat, Peggy Lindner}, language = {en}, number = {3}, urldate = {2024-08-16}, journal = {Media and Communication}, author = {Madrid-Morales, Dani and Rodríguez-Amat, Joan Ramon and Lindner, Peggy}, month = sep, year = {2023}, keywords = {Global South, /unread, Second Draft Report Additions, Quant}, pages = {330--342}, file = {Full Text PDF:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/YG2NA45T/Madrid-Morales et al. - 2023 - A Computational Mapping of Online News Deserts on .pdf:application/pdf}, } @incollection{madrid-moralesResearchMethodsComparative2022, title = {Research methods in comparative disinformation studies}, booktitle = {Disinformation in the {Global} {South}}, publisher = {Wiley Blackwell}, author = {Madrid-Morales, Dani and Wasserman, Herman}, editor = {Wasserman, Herman and Madrid-Morales, Dani}, year = {2022}, keywords = {Global South, /unread, Review, Second Draft Report Additions}, pages = {41--57}, } @article{madrid-moralesMotivationsSharingMisinformation2021, title = {Motivations for {Sharing} {Misinformation}: {A} {Comparative} {Study} in {Six} {Sub}-{Saharan} {African} {Countries}}, volume = {15}, copyright = {The International Journal of Communication is an academic journal. As such, it is dedicated to the open exchange of information. For this reason, IJoC is freely available to individuals and institutions. Copies of this journal or articles in this journal may be distributed for research or educational purposes free of charge and without permission. However, commercial use of the IJoC website or the articles contained herein is expressly prohibited without the written consent of the editor. Authors who publish in The International Journal of Communication will release their articles under the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial No Derivatives (by-nc-nd) license . This license allows anyone to copy and distribute the article for non-commercial purposes provided that appropriate attribution is given. For details of the rights authors grants users of their work, see the "human-readable summary" of the license , with a link to the full license. (Note that "you" refers to a user, not an author, in the summary.) This journal utilizes the LOCKSS system to create a distributed archiving system among participating libraries and permits those libraries to create permanent archives of the journal for purposes of preservation and restoration. The publisher perpetually authorizes participants in the LOCKSS system to archive and restore our publication through the LOCKSS System for the benefit of all LOCKSS System participants. Specifically participating libraries may: Collect and preserve currently accessible materials; Use material consistent with original license terms; Provide copies to other LOCKSS appliances for purposes of audit and repair.   Fair Use The U.S. Copyright Act of 1976 specifies, in Section 107, the terms of the Fair Use exception: Notwithstanding the provisions of sections 106 and 106A, the fair use of a copyrighted work, including such use by reproduction in copies or phonorecords or by any other means specified by that section, for purposes such as criticism, comment, news reporting, teaching (including multiple copies for classroom use), scholarship, or research, is not an infringement of copyright. In determining whether the use made of a work in any particular case is a fair use the factors to be considered shall include: the purpose and character of the use, including whether such use is of a commercial nature or is for nonprofit educational purposes; the nature of the copyrighted work; the amount and substantiality of the portion used in relation to the copyrighted work as a whole; \& the effect of the use upon the potential market for or value of the copyrighted work. The fact that a work is unpublished shall not itself bar a finding of fair use if such finding is made upon consideration of all the above factors. In accord with these provisions, the International Journal of Communication believes in the vigorous assertion and defense of Fair Use by scholars engaged in academic research, teaching and non-commercial publishing. Thus, we view the inclusion of “quotations” from existing print, visual, audio and audio-visual texts to be appropriate examples of Fair Use, as are reproductions of visual images for the purpose of scholarly analysis. We encourage authors to obtain appropriate permissions to use materials originally produced by others, but do not require such permissions as long as the usage of such materials falls within the boundaries of Fair Use. The International Journal of Communication encourages authors to employ fair use in their scholarly publishing wherever appropriate. Fair use is the right to use unlicensed copyrighted material (whether it is text, images, audio-visual, or other) in your own work, in some circumstances. We consult the Code of Best Practices in Fair Use for Scholarly Research in Communication , created by the International Communication Association and endorsed by the National Communication Association, and you should too. If you have any questions about whether fair use applies to your uses of copyrighted material (whether it is text, images, audio-visual, or other) in your scholarship, simply include your rationale, grounded in the Best Practices, as a supplementary document with your submission.}, issn = {1932-8036}, shorttitle = {Comparative {Approaches} to {Mis}/{Disinformation}{\textbar} {Motivations} for {Sharing} {Misinformation}}, url = {https://ijoc.org/index.php/ijoc/article/view/14801}, abstract = {In most African countries, “fake news,” politically motivated disinformation, and misinformation in the media were common occurrences before these became a preoccupation in the Global North. However, with a fast-growing population of mobile users, and the popularization of apps such as WhatsApp, misinformation has become much more pervasive across the continent. Researchers have shown that perceived exposure to false information is high in some African countries, and yet citizens often share made-up news intentionally. This article explores the motivations and contributing factors for sharing misinformation in six sub-Saharan African countries. Our analysis of 12 focus groups with university students reveals two common motivations: civic duty and fun. The sharing of political (dis)information was uneven, but common among students with high levels of self-reported political engagement. We also present an array of cues used to determine credibility, which often determines the shareability of information. Cross-national differences are also discussed.}, language = {en}, number = {0}, urldate = {2024-07-27}, journal = {International Journal of Communication}, author = {Madrid-Morales, Dani and Wasserman, Herman and Gondwe, Gregory and Ndlovu, Khulekani and Sikanku, Etse and Tully, Melissa and Umejei, Emeka and Uzuegbunam, Chikezie}, month = feb, year = {2021}, note = {Number: 0}, keywords = {disinformation, focus groups, Global South, /unread, Second Draft Report Additions, Qual, sub-Saharan Africa, “fake news, ” social media, information sharing}, pages = {1200--1219}, file = {Full Text PDF:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/YAYW773E/Madrid-Morales et al. - 2021 - Comparative Approaches to MisDisinformation Moti.pdf:application/pdf}, } @book{manoRoutledgeHandbookAfrican2021, title = {Routledge {Handbook} of {African} {Media} and {Communication} {Studies}}, url = {https://www.routledge.com/Routledge-Handbook-of-African-Media-and-Communication-Studies/Mano-milton/p/book/9780367689636}, abstract = {This handbook comprises fresh and incisive research focusing on African media, culture and communication. The chapters from a cross-section of scholars dissect the forces shaping the field within a changing African context. It adds critical corpora of African scholarship and theory that places the everyday worlds, needs and uses of Africans first. The book goes beyond critiques of the marginality of African approaches in media and communication studies to offer scholars the theoretical and empir}, language = {en}, urldate = {2024-08-25}, publisher = {Routledge}, editor = {Mano, Winston and milton, viola c.}, year = {2021}, keywords = {Global South, /unread, Review, Second Draft Report Additions}, } @article{marcucciInformingGlobalData2023, title = {Informing the {Global} {Data} {Future}: {Benchmarking} {Data} {Governance} {Frameworks}}, volume = {5}, issn = {2632-3249}, shorttitle = {Informing the {Global} {Data} {Future}}, url = {https://www.cambridge.org/core/product/identifier/S263232492300024X/type/journal_article}, doi = {10.1017/dap.2023.24}, abstract = {Abstract Data has become a critical trans-national and cross-border resource. Yet, the lack of a well-defined approach to using it poses challenges to harnessing its value. This article explores the increasing importance of global data governance due to the rapid growth of data, and the need for responsible data practices. The purpose of this paper is to compare approaches and identify patterns in the emergent data governance ecosystem within sectors close to the international development field, ultimately presenting key takeaways and reflections on when and why a global data governance framework may be needed. Overall, the paper provides information about the conditions when a more holistic, coordinated transnational approach to data governance may be needed to responsibly manage the global flow of data. The report does this by (a) considering conditions specified by the literature that may be conducive to global data governance, and (b) analyzing and comparing existing frameworks, specifically investigating six key elements: purpose, principles, anchoring documents, data description and lifecycle, processes, and practices. The article closes with a series of final recommendations, which include adopting a broader concept of data stewardship to reconcile data protection and promotion, focusing on responsible reuse of data to unlock socioeconomic value, harmonizing meanings to operationalize principles, incorporating global human rights frameworks to provide common North Stars, unifying key definitions of data, adopting a data lifecycle approach, incorporating participatory processes and collective agency, investing in new professions with specific roles, improving accountability through oversight and compliance mechanisms, and translating recommendations into practical tools.}, language = {en}, number = {e30}, urldate = {2024-03-10}, journal = {Data \& Policy}, author = {Marcucci, Sara and Alarcón, Natalia González and Verhulst, Stefaan G. and Wüllhorst, Elena}, year = {2023}, keywords = {/unread, Global, Second Draft Report Additions, Qual}, pages = {1--25}, file = {Marcucci et al. - 2023 - Informing the Global Data Future Benchmarking Dat.pdf:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/KLE7RICG/Marcucci et al. - 2023 - Informing the Global Data Future Benchmarking Dat.pdf:application/pdf}, } @inproceedings{marinovaWeverifyWiderEnhanced2020, title = {Weverify: {Wider} and {Enhanced} {Verification} for {You} {Project} {Overview} and {Tools}}, shorttitle = {Weverify}, url = {https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/9106056}, doi = {10.1109/ICMEW46912.2020.9106056}, abstract = {This paper presents an overview of the WeVerify H2020 EU project, which develops intelligent human-in-the-loop content verification and disinformation analysis methods, tools and services. Social media and web content are analysed and contextualised within the broader online ecosystem, in order to expose fabricated content, through cross-modal content verification, social network analysis, micro-targeted debunking, and a blockchain-based public database of known fakes.}, urldate = {2024-07-25}, booktitle = {2020 {IEEE} {International} {Conference} on {Multimedia} \& {Expo} {Workshops} ({ICMEW})}, author = {Marinova, Zlatina and Spangenberg, Jochen and Teyssou, Denis and Papadopoulos, Symeon and Sarris, Nikos and Alaphilippe, Alexandre and Bontcheva, Kalina}, month = jul, year = {2020}, keywords = {Media, Information integrity, Social networking (online), /unread, Review, Second Draft Report Additions, Conferences, Databases, Ecosystems, verification}, pages = {1--4}, file = {IEEE Xplore Abstract Record:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/GXYGAHPE/9106056.html:text/html;Marinova et al. - 2020 - Weverify Wider and Enhanced Verification for You .pdf:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/3N9T34ZA/Marinova et al. - 2020 - Weverify Wider and Enhanced Verification for You .pdf:application/pdf}, } @incollection{mastPrivateOrderingMedia2024, title = {Private {Ordering} of {Media} {Organisations} and {Platform} {Operators}}, url = {https://www.elgaronline.com/edcollchap-oa/book/9781800887206/book-part-9781800887206-30.xml}, booktitle = {Handbook of {Media} and {Communication} {Governance}}, publisher = {Edward Elgar Publishing}, author = {Mast, Tobias and Kettemann, Matthias C and Schulz}, editor = {Puppis, Manuel and Mansell, Robin and Van den Bulck, Hilde}, year = {2024}, keywords = {/unread, Review, Second Draft Report Additions}, pages = {260--273}, file = {Mast et al. - 2024 - Private Ordering of Media Organisations and Platfo.pdf:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/AI9Y76TT/Mast et al. - 2024 - Private Ordering of Media Organisations and Platfo.pdf:application/pdf}, } @article{masurBehavioralContagionSocial2021, title = {Behavioral contagion on social media: {Effects} of social norms, design interventions, and critical media literacy on self-disclosure}, volume = {16}, issn = {1932-6203}, shorttitle = {Behavioral contagion on social media}, url = {https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0254670}, doi = {10.1371/journal.pone.0254670}, abstract = {Social norms are powerful determinants of human behaviors in offline and online social worlds. While previous research established a correlational link between norm perceptions and self-reported disclosure on social network sites (SNS), questions remain about downstream effects of prevalent behaviors on perceived norms and actual disclosure on SNS. We conducted two preregistered studies using a realistic social media simulation. We further analyzed buffering effects of critical media literacy and privacy nudging. The results demonstrate a disclosure behavior contagion, whereby a critical mass of posts with visual disclosures shifted norm perceptions, which, in turn, affected perceivers’ own visual disclosure behavior. Critical media literacy was negatively related and moderated the effect of norms on visual disclosure behavioral intentions. Neither critical media literacy nor privacy nudge affected actual disclosure behaviors, however. These results provide insights into how behaviors may spread on SNS through triggering changes in perceived social norms and subsequent disclosure behaviors.}, language = {en}, number = {7}, urldate = {2024-07-29}, journal = {PLOS ONE}, author = {Masur, Philipp K. and DiFranzo, Dominic and Bazarova, Natalie N.}, month = jul, year = {2021}, note = {Publisher: Public Library of Science}, keywords = {Social media, Social networks, Social theory, Surveys, /unread, Second Draft Report Additions, Global North, Quant, Literacy, Sensory perception, Social communication, Vision}, pages = {e0254670}, file = {Full Text PDF:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/ZFE263RC/Masur et al. - 2021 - Behavioral contagion on social media Effects of s.pdf:application/pdf}, } @incollection{maynezFaithfulnessFactualityAbstractive2020, address = {Online}, title = {On {Faithfulness} and {Factuality} in {Abstractive} {Summarization}}, url = {https://aclanthology.org/2020.acl-main.173}, abstract = {It is well known that the standard likelihood training and approximate decoding objectives in neural text generation models lead to less human-like responses for open-ended tasks such as language modeling and story generation. In this paper we have analyzed limitations of these models for abstractive document summarization and found that these models are highly prone to hallucinate content that is unfaithful to the input document. We conducted a large scale human evaluation of several neural abstractive summarization systems to better understand the types of hallucinations they produce. Our human annotators found substantial amounts of hallucinated content in all model generated summaries. However, our analysis does show that pretrained models are better summarizers not only in terms of raw metrics, i.e., ROUGE, but also in generating faithful and factual summaries as evaluated by humans. Furthermore, we show that textual entailment measures better correlate with faithfulness than standard metrics, potentially leading the way to automatic evaluation metrics as well as training and decoding criteria.}, urldate = {2024-07-29}, booktitle = {Proceedings of the 58th {Annual} {Meeting} of the {Association} for {Computational} {Linguistics}}, publisher = {Association for Computational Linguistics}, author = {Maynez, Joshua and Narayan, Shashi and Bohnet, Bernd and McDonald, Ryan}, editor = {Jurafsky, Dan and Chai, Joyce and Schluter, Natalie and Tetreault, Joel}, month = jul, year = {2020}, keywords = {/unread, Second Draft Report Additions, generative AI}, pages = {1906--1919}, file = {Full Text PDF:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/TXP7VGSR/Maynez et al. - 2020 - On Faithfulness and Factuality in Abstractive Summ.pdf:application/pdf}, } @article{mazzoliOnlineContentGovernance2020, title = {Online content governance: {Towards} a framework for analysis for prominence and discoverability.}, volume = {11}, shorttitle = {Online content governance}, url = {https://intellectdiscover.com/content/journals/10.1386/jdmp_00027_1}, urldate = {2024-05-08}, journal = {Journal of Digital Media \& Policy}, author = {Mazzoli, Eleonora Maria}, year = {2020}, keywords = {/unread, Review, Second Draft Report Additions}, pages = {301--319}, file = {Mazzoli - 2020 - Online content governance Towards a framework for.pdf:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/KIY2M6TX/Mazzoli - 2020 - Online content governance Towards a framework for.pdf:application/pdf}, } @article{mazzucatoGoverningEconomicsCommon2023, title = {Governing the economics of the common good: {From} correcting market failutres to shaping collective goals}, volume = {27}, url = {https://doi-org.gate3.library.lse.ac.uk/10.1080/17487870.2023.2280969}, abstract = {This paper provides a renewed conception of the common good, going beyond the classic public good and commons approach, as a way of steering and shaping the economy towards collective goals.}, language = {en}, number = {1}, urldate = {2023-10-26}, journal = {Journal of Economic Policy Reform}, author = {Mazzucato, Mariana}, month = oct, year = {2023}, keywords = {/unread, Global, Review, Second Draft Report Additions, OID Data Gov}, pages = {1--24}, file = {Mazzucato - 2023 - Governing the economics of the common good.pdf:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/HQTAQCJD/Mazzucato - 2023 - Governing the economics of the common good.pdf:application/pdf}, } @article{mcconveyPoliceUSCities2024, title = {Police in {US} cities that ban facial recognition asking others to do it for them}, url = {https://www.biometricupdate.com/202405/police-in-us-cities-that-ban-facial-recognition-asking-others-to-do-it-for-them}, urldate = {2024-08-02}, journal = {Biometric Update}, author = {McConvey, Joel R}, month = may, year = {2024}, keywords = {/unread, Review, Second Draft Report Additions, Global North}, file = {Police in US cities that ban facial recognition asking others to do it for them | Biometric Update:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/E6HVSIFZ/police-in-us-cities-that-ban-facial-recognition-asking-others-to-do-it-for-them.html:text/html}, } @techreport{mcgonagleElectionsMediaDigital2019, title = {Elections and media in digital times}, url = {https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000371486}, urldate = {2024-01-27}, institution = {UNESCO}, author = {McGonagle, Tarlach and Bednarski, Maciek and Francese Coutinho, Mariana and Zimin, Arthur}, year = {2019}, keywords = {/unread, Global, Review, Second Draft Report Additions}, file = {Elections and media in digital times - UNESCO Digital Library:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/C94FQD39/pf0000371486.html:text/html;McGonagle et al. - 2019 - Elections and media in digital times.pdf:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/4SAD6JGX/McGonagle et al. - 2019 - Elections and media in digital times.pdf:application/pdf}, } @article{mcintyreHowRwandanJournalists2019, title = {How {Rwandan} {Journalists} {Use} {WhatsApp} to {Advance} {Their} {Profession} and {Collaborate} for the {Good} of {Their} {Country}}, volume = {7}, issn = {2167-0811}, url = {https://doi.org/10.1080/21670811.2019.1612261}, doi = {10.1080/21670811.2019.1612261}, abstract = {Social media can create opportunities and networks that empower people and advance communities, especially in developing nations. This study examined how Rwandan journalists believe the professional use of the popular online messaging application WhatsApp influences their daily news processes as well as influences their news audiences. In-depth interviews with journalists revealed that in Rwanda, a developing country that has experienced substantial social and economic progress since its 1994 Genocide against the Tutsi, journalists regularly use WhatsApp to generate story ideas, communicate with sources, disseminate news, receive audience feedback, and most notably, to collaborate with one another and promote professional practices for the good of their country. In practice, these activities empowered audiences, increased participation, and improved professionalism, ultimately contributing to the country’s post-genocide reconstruction and development. Theoretically, this research advances knowledge about how journalism is connected to social media and ultimately contributes to a subfield of an emerging area called epistemologies of digital journalism.}, number = {6}, urldate = {2023-12-25}, journal = {Digital Journalism}, author = {McIntyre, Karen and Sobel, Meghan}, month = jul, year = {2019}, note = {Publisher: Routledge \_eprint: https://doi.org/10.1080/21670811.2019.1612261}, keywords = {social media, journalism, Development, news, WhatsApp, Global South, /unread, Second Draft Report Additions, OID Media, Qual, USED, Rwanda}, pages = {705--724}, file = {McIntyre and Sobel - 2019 - How Rwandan Journalists Use WhatsApp to Advance Th.pdf:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/K9IJ9ICV/McIntyre and Sobel - 2019 - How Rwandan Journalists Use WhatsApp to Advance Th.pdf:application/pdf}, } @misc{medronhoFarRightSeeksCensor2024, title = {Far-{Right} {Seeks} to {Censor} {Science} and {Criminalize} {Researchers} {Studying} {Disinformation} in {Brazil}}, url = {https://techpolicy.press/farright-seeks-to-censor-science-and-criminalize-researchers-studying-disinformation-in-brazil}, abstract = {Roberto Medronho is a Rector at the Federal University of Rio de Janeiro.}, language = {en}, urldate = {2024-07-29}, journal = {Tech Policy Press}, author = {Medronho, Roberto}, month = jun, year = {2024}, keywords = {Global South, /unread, BRICS, Review, Second Draft Report Additions}, file = {Snapshot:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/9YXNZ5YN/farright-seeks-to-censor-science-and-criminalize-researchers-studying-disinformation-in-brazil.html:text/html}, } @article{melchiorSystematicLiteratureReview2024, title = {A systematic literature review of the motivations to share fake news on social media platforms and how to fight them}, volume = {26}, issn = {1461-4448}, url = {https://doi.org/10.1177/14614448231174224}, doi = {10.1177/14614448231174224}, abstract = {This review aims (a) to investigate the motivations to share fake news on Social Media Platforms (SMPs) according to the Self-Determination Theory (SDT); (b) to identify the solutions to fight these motivations and the agents in charge of implementing them; and (c) the user’s role in this process. We reviewed 64 journal articles published up to April 2022. Misinformation belief and entertainment stood out as the most cited intrinsic motivations, while self-promotion, conspiracy theory, and political ideology were the most cited extrinsic motivations in the reviewed literature. The main solutions to fight fake news spreading on SMPs are improving users’ digital literacy, refining interventions, rating headlines, and sources, and promoting users’ engagement to consume content sustainably. These interventions should be adopted by four agents: governments, SMPs, civil society, and private health organizations. However, the role of SMP users themselves is critical in this process.}, language = {en}, number = {2}, urldate = {2024-02-06}, journal = {New Media \& Society}, author = {Melchior, Cristiane and Oliveira, Mírian}, month = feb, year = {2024}, note = {Publisher: SAGE Publications}, keywords = {systematic literature review, /unread, Second Draft Report Additions}, pages = {1127--1150}, file = {Melchior and Oliveira - 2024 - A systematic literature review of the motivations .pdf:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/FUKHA9TJ/Melchior and Oliveira - 2024 - A systematic literature review of the motivations .pdf:application/pdf}, } @article{mennBigTechFunds2023, title = {Big {Tech} funds the very people who are supposed to hold it accountable}, issn = {0190-8286}, url = {https://www.washingtonpost.com/technology/2023/12/06/academic-research-meta-google-university-influence/}, abstract = {Firms such as Meta and Google have increased their donations to university academics, giving them a unique influence over a critical field of research.}, language = {en-US}, urldate = {2024-07-24}, journal = {Washington Post}, author = {Menn, Joseph and Nix, Naomi}, month = dec, year = {2023}, keywords = {/unread, Review, Second Draft Report Additions, Global North}, file = {Snapshot:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/VWSXZU24/academic-research-meta-google-university-influence.html:text/html}, } @article{menonRoleCivilSociety2017, title = {The role of civil society groups in improving access to the {DC}-{CAN}}, volume = {19}, issn = {1572-9419}, url = {https://doi.org/10.1007/s10796-015-9602-1}, doi = {10.1007/s10796-015-9602-1}, abstract = {This study addresses the role that civil society groups play in improving access to a high – profile middle mile network infrastructure project in Washington D.C, namely the District of Columbia - Community Access Network (DC-CAN). The District of Columbia (D.C.) received a grant through the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act’s Broadband Technology Opportunities Program to build and operationalize the DC-CAN. The District was one of the few cities to receive federal funding for broadband infrastructure. This paper utilizes a document/textual analysis technique to study the efforts of the three main civil society groups to empower the city’s citizens to take greater agency over local broadband infrastructure. Moreover the article provides a theoretically grounded narrative that explains the role of these groups on behalf of the DC-CAN using Kingdon’s framework of multiple policy streams as a conceptual foundation.}, language = {en}, number = {2}, urldate = {2023-12-03}, journal = {Information Systems Frontiers}, author = {Menon, Siddhartha}, month = apr, year = {2017}, keywords = {/unread, Second Draft Report Additions, Global North, Qual, broadband, Community Anchor Institutions (CAIs), District of Columbia - Community Access Network (DC-CAN), Internet Service Providers (ISPs), mesh networks, multiple policy streams theory}, pages = {361--375}, file = {Menon - 2017 - The role of civil society groups in improving acce.pdf:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/ICPUZGJP/Menon - 2017 - The role of civil society groups in improving acce.pdf:application/pdf}, } @article{menonInstitutionalAnalysisTMP2021, title = {An {Institutional} {Analysis} of {TMP} {Regulation} in {India}}, volume = {38}, issn = {1541-132X, 1541-1338}, url = {https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/ropr.12425}, doi = {10.1111/ropr.12425}, abstract = {Abstract This study identifies the main actors in the Indian network neutrality case and explores the main formal and informal institutional arrangements that constrain and influence their agendas for traffic management practices (TMPs). The analysis applies institutional analysis to this subject matter. This study identifies the formal institutional arrangements such as licenses for ISPs and informal institutional arrangements manifesting in practices to block websites and applications, throttle this content, and engage in preferential treatment. , 摘要 本研究识别了印度网络中立性的主要行动者，并探究了主要的正式及非正式制度安排，这些制度安排对其流量管理实践（TMPs）议程进行限制和影响。对该主题应用了制度分析。本研究识别了例如互联网服务供应商许可证等正式制度安排，以及一系列非正式制度安排，后者在实践中封锁网站和应用程序、关闭内容、并进行差异化处理。 , Resumen Este estudio identifica a los principales actores en el caso de neutralidad de la red de la India y explora los principales arreglos institucionales formales e informales que limitan e influyen en sus agendas para las prácticas de gestión del tráfico (TMP). El análisis aplica el análisis institucional a esta temática. Este estudio identifica los arreglos institucionales formales tales como licencias para ISP y arreglos institucionales informales que se manifiestan en prácticas para bloquear sitios web y aplicaciones, acelerar este contenido y participar en un trato preferencial.}, language = {en}, number = {3}, urldate = {2024-01-05}, journal = {Review of Policy Research}, author = {Menon, Siddhartha}, month = may, year = {2021}, keywords = {India, Global South, /unread, BRICS, Second Draft Report Additions, Qual, network neutrality, análisis institucional, content providers, institutional analysis, Internet service providers, neutralidad de la red, prácticas de gestión del tráfico, proveedores de contenido, proveedores de servicios de Internet, traffic management practices}, pages = {300--325}, file = {Menon - 2021 - An Institutional Analysis of TMP Regulation in Ind.pdf:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/F6YJFUGP/Menon - 2021 - An Institutional Analysis of TMP Regulation in Ind.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/GZH8JT3I/ropr.html:text/html}, } @article{menonDigitalNavigatorProgramme2024, title = {The digital navigator programme in the time of {COVID}-19: {A} case study on {Philadelphia}’s programme}, volume = {Online First}, issn = {2516-3523, 2516-3531}, shorttitle = {The digital navigator programme in the time of {COVID}-19}, url = {https://intellectdiscover.com/content/journals/10.1386/jdmp_00140_1}, doi = {10.1386/jdmp_00140_1}, abstract = {The onset of the COVID-19 pandemic posed dire challenges for digital inclusion and digital literacy among marginalized communities. This article adopts a case study approach to analyse how the digital navigator programme (DNP) in Philadelphia addresses these challenges. The DNP in this city implements a policy design and governance strategy, which presents a novel approach to bolstering universal access to information and communication technology (ICT) infrastructure, digital inclusion and digital literacy in order to combat the pandemic’s pernicious impact in worsening the digital divide in the city. This policy approach entails collaborative governance and cross-sector partnerships to address digital equity issues exacerbated by the pandemic. This study offers empirical evidence on the demands that the city’s residents placed on the DNP to address their digital inclusion and digital literacy issues. It also provides an understanding of the measures that the DNP’s partners adopted to respond to the citizens’ needs for digital equity.}, language = {en}, urldate = {2024-07-26}, journal = {Journal of Digital Media \& Policy}, author = {Menon, Siddhartha}, month = jan, year = {2024}, keywords = {/unread, Second Draft Report Additions, Global North, Qual}, pages = {1--26}, file = {Menon - 2024 - The digital navigator programme in the time of COV.pdf:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/3J7YU2GP/Menon - 2024 - The digital navigator programme in the time of COV.pdf:application/pdf}, } @article{milanBigDataSouths2019, title = {Big {Data} from the {South}(s): {Beyond} {Data} {Universalism}}, volume = {20}, issn = {1527-4764}, shorttitle = {Big {Data} from the {South}(s)}, url = {https://doi.org/10.1177/1527476419837739}, doi = {10.1177/1527476419837739}, abstract = {This article introduces the tenets of a theory of datafication of and in the Souths. It calls for a de-Westernization of critical data studies, in view of promoting a reparation to the cognitive injustice that fails to recognize non-mainstream ways of knowing the world through data. It situates the “Big Data from the South” research agenda as an epistemological, ontological, and ethical program and outlines five conceptual operations to shape this agenda. First, it suggests moving past the “universalism” associated with our interpretations of datafication. Second, it advocates understanding the South as a composite and plural entity, beyond the geographical connotation (i.e., “global South”). Third, it postulates a critical engagement with the decolonial approach. Fourth, it argues for the need to bring agency to the core of our analyses. Finally, it suggests embracing the imaginaries of datafication emerging from the Souths, foregrounding empowering ways of thinking data from the margins.}, language = {en}, number = {4}, urldate = {2020-08-06}, journal = {Television \& New Media}, author = {Milan, Stefania and Treré, Emiliano}, month = may, year = {2019}, note = {Publisher: SAGE Publications}, keywords = {Theory, Global South, /unread, Second Draft Report Additions, OID Data Gov}, pages = {319--335}, file = {Milan and Treré - 2019 - Big Data from the South(s) Beyond Data Universali.pdf:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/I35HGP4J/Milan and Treré - 2019 - Big Data from the South(s) Beyond Data Universali.pdf:application/pdf}, } @book{milanCOVID19MarginsPandemic2021, title = {{COVID}-19 from the {Margins}: {Pandemic} {Invisibilities}, {Policies} and {Resistance} in the {Datafied} {Society}}, isbn = {978-94-92302-72-4}, shorttitle = {{COVID}-19 from the {Margins}}, abstract = {In the first pandemic of the datafied society, the disempowered were denied a voice in the heavily quantified mainstream narrative. Featuring stories of invisibility, injustice, hope and resistance, this book gives voice to communities at the margins in the Global South and beyond. The multilingual, polycentric and pluriversal narration invites the reader to enact and experience “Big Data from the South(s)” as a decolonial lens to read the pandemic.}, publisher = {Institute of Network Cultures, Amsterdam University}, editor = {Milan, Stefania and Treré, Emiliano and Masiero, Silvia}, month = jan, year = {2021}, keywords = {Global South, /unread, Review, Second Draft Report Additions}, } @article{milmoOpenAIPuttingShiny2024, chapter = {Technology}, title = {{OpenAI} putting ‘shiny products’ above safety, says departing researcher}, issn = {0029-7712}, url = {https://www.theguardian.com/technology/article/2024/may/18/openai-putting-shiny-products-above-safety-says-departing-researcher}, abstract = {Jan Leike, a key safety researcher at firm behind ChatGPT, quit days after launch of its latest AI model, GPT-4o}, language = {en-GB}, urldate = {2024-07-29}, journal = {The Observer}, author = {Milmo, Dan}, month = may, year = {2024}, keywords = {Technology, /unread, Review, Second Draft Report Additions, Global North, ChatGPT, Artificial intelligence (AI), OpenAI, Computing}, file = {Snapshot:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/H9TW8SFS/openai-putting-shiny-products-above-safety-says-departing-researcher.html:text/html}, } @article{miltonAfrokologyRightCommunicate2022, title = {Afrokology and the {Right} to {Communicate} in {Africa}}, volume = {29}, url = {https://www-tandfonline-com.gate3.library.lse.ac.uk/doi/full/10.1080/13183222.2021.1889830}, number = {1}, urldate = {2022-07-28}, journal = {Javnost - The Public}, author = {milton, viola c. and Mano, Winston}, year = {2022}, keywords = {Global South, /unread, Second Draft Report Additions, Qual}, pages = {33--49}, file = {milton and Mano - 2022 - Afrokology and the Right to Communicate in Africa.pdf:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/KXLL95JM/milton and Mano - 2022 - Afrokology and the Right to Communicate in Africa.pdf:application/pdf}, } @techreport{mittechnologyreviewFindingValueGenerative2023, title = {Finding {Value} in {Generative} {AI} for {Financial} {Services}}, url = {https://www.technologyreview.com/2023/11/26/1083841/finding-value-in-generative-ai-for-financial-services/}, institution = {MIT Technology Review Insights and UBS}, author = {MIT Technology Review}, year = {2023}, keywords = {/unread, Review, Second Draft Report Additions}, file = {MIT-UBS-generative-AI-report_FNL.pdf:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/SNBMKVK5/MIT-UBS-generative-AI-report_FNL.pdf:application/pdf}, } @book{mitchelsteinDigitalJournalismLatin2023, title = {Digital {Journalism} in {Latin} {America}}, url = {https://www.amazon.com/-/es/Eugenia-Mitchelstein-ebook/dp/B0BSYHPMSW/ref=sr_1_3?__mk_es_US=%C3%85M%C3%85%C5%BD%C3%95%C3%91&crid=36JMC6BIT7LAV&keywords=Eugenia+Mitchelstein&qid=1706090756&s=digital-text&sprefix=eugenia+mitchelstein+and+pablo+boc%2Cdigital-text%2C233&sr=1-3}, abstract = {This volume showcases the vibrancy of the study of digital journalism in Latin America. It includes an inquiry into journalists’ perceptions of media companies’ policies regarding social media use; a survey of investigative reporters; an examination of the interaction between traditional broadcast journalists and online news teams in two television stations in Colombia; research on modes of news consumption on Facebook and WhatsApp in Costa Rica and Chile; and a study of the institutionalization of independent journalism in Brazil. The methods employed by the contributors include surveys, in-depth interviews, eye tracking, and participant observation. These texts reveal differences across and within Latin American media and their audiences. This underscores the importance of abandoning the ethnocentric perspective of most journalism scholarship, which tends to homogenize a supposedly exotic other. In a research field marked by inequality, in which the vast majority of studies, authors, and reviewers are from the Global North, where only 14\% of the global population lives, the studies included in this volume illustrate how research about and from the other 86\% can increase the representativeness of the scholarly endeavor. It was originally published as a special issue of the journal Digital Journalism.}, language = {Inglés}, publisher = {Routledge}, editor = {Mitchelstein, Eugenia and Boczkowski, Pablo J.}, month = feb, year = {2023}, keywords = {Global South, /unread, Second Draft Report Additions, Mixed}, } @techreport{mollerTypesDisinformationMisinformation2020, title = {Types of disinformation and misinformation: {Various} types of disinformation and their dissemination from a communication science and legal perspective}, url = {https://www.die-medienanstalten.de/fileadmin/user_upload/die_medienanstalten/Publikationen/Weitere_Veroeffentlichungen/GVK_Summary_EN_final_web.pdf}, language = {en}, institution = {die medienanstalten, Report Commissioned by German Media Authorities}, author = {Möller, Judith and Hameleers, Michael and Ferreau, Frederik}, month = nov, year = {2020}, keywords = {/unread, Review, Second Draft Report Additions, Global North}, file = {Möller et al. - Types of disinformation and misinformation.pdf:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/JVAYWNLJ/Möller et al. - Types of disinformation and misinformation.pdf:application/pdf}, } @article{montalverneElectoralMisinformationNexus2024, title = {The {Electoral} {Misinformation} {Nexus}: how news consumption, platform use, and trust in news influence belief in electoral misinformation}, volume = {88}, issn = {0033-362X}, shorttitle = {The {Electoral} {Misinformation} {Nexus}}, url = {https://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:011bd580-0672-42e0-9dfb-26c7fcaa1566}, abstract = {Electoral misinformation, where citizens believe false or misleading claims about the electoral process and electoral institutions—sometimes actively and strategically spread by political actors—is a challenge to public confidence in elections specifically and democracy more broadly. In this article, we analyze a combination of 42 million clicks in links and apps from behavioral tracking data of 2,200 internet users and a four-wave panel survey to investigate how different kinds of online news and media use relates to beliefs in electoral misinformation during a contentious political period—the 2022 Brazilian presidential elections. We find that, controlling for other factors, using news from legacy news media is associated with belief in fewer claims of electoral misinformation over time. We find null or inconsistent effects for using digital-born news media and various digital platforms including Facebook and WhatsApp. Furthermore, we find that trust in news plays a significant role as a moderator. Belief in electoral misinformation, in turn, undermines trust in news. Overall, our findings document the important role of the news media as an institution in curbing electoral misinformation, even as they also underline the precarity of trust in news during contentious political periods.}, language = {English}, number = {1}, urldate = {2024-01-07}, journal = {Public Opinion Quarterly}, author = {Mont’Alverne, C. and Ross Arguedas, A. and Banerjee, S. and Toff, B. and Fletcher, R. and Nielsen, R.}, year = {2024}, keywords = {/unread, BRICS, Second Draft Report Additions, OID Media, USED, Quant}, pages = {681--707}, file = {Mont’Alverne et al. - The Electoral Misinformation Nexus how news consu.pdf:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/NHPZFX8F/Mont’Alverne et al. - The Electoral Misinformation Nexus how news consu.pdf:application/pdf}, } @book{mooreDigitalDominancePower2018, address = {New York: NY}, title = {Digital {Dominance}: {The} {Power} of {Google}, {Amazon}, {Facebook}, and {Apple}}, isbn = {978-0-19-084511-7}, url = {https://www.amazon.co.uk/Digital-Dominance-Google-Amazon-Facebook/dp/0190845120}, abstract = {Across the globe, Google, Amazon, Facebook, Apple and Microsoft have accumulated power in ways that existing regulatory and intellectual frameworks struggle to comprehend. A consensus is emerging that the power of these new digital monopolies is unprecedented, and that it has important implications for journalism, politics, and society. It is increasingly clear that democratic societies require new legal and conceptual tools if they are to adequately understand, and if necessary check the economic might of these companies. Equally, that we need to better comprehend the ability of such firms to control personal data and to shape the flow of news, information, and public opinion. In this volume, Martin Moore and Damian Tambini draw together the world's leading researchers to examine the digital dominance of technologies platforms and look at the evidence behind the rising tide of criticism of the tech giants. In fifteen chapters, the authors examine the economic, political, and social impacts of Google, Amazon, Facebook, Apple, and Microsoft, in order to understand the different facets of their power and how it is manifested. Digital Dominance is the first interdisciplinary volume on this topic, contributing to a conversation which is critical to maintaining the health of democracies across the world}, publisher = {Oxford University Press}, author = {Moore, Martin and Tambini, Damian}, year = {2018}, keywords = {/unread, Global, Review, Second Draft Report Additions}, } @book{mooreRegulatingBigTech2021, edition = {1}, title = {Regulating {Big} {Tech}: {Policy} {Responses} to {Digital} {Dominance}}, isbn = {978-0-19-761609-3 978-0-19-761613-0}, shorttitle = {Regulating {Big} {Tech}}, url = {https://academic.oup.com/book/39213}, abstract = {Abstract This book has compiled the tech policy debate into a toolkit for policy makers, legal experts, and academics seeking to address platform dominance and its impact on society today. It discusses the global consensus around technology regulation with recommendations of cutting-edge policy innovations from around the world. It also explores the proposed policy toolkit through comprehensive coverage of existing and future policy on data, antitrust, competition, freedom of expression, jurisdiction, fake news, elections, liability, and accountability. The book identifies potential policy impacts on global communication, user rights, public welfare, and economic activity. It outlines a policy framework that address the interlocking challenges of contemporary tech regulation and offer actionable solutions for the technological future.}, language = {en}, urldate = {2023-09-18}, publisher = {Oxford University Press}, editor = {Moore, Martin and Tambini, Damian}, month = nov, year = {2021}, doi = {10.1093/oso/9780197616093.001.0001}, keywords = {/unread, Global, Review, Second Draft Report Additions}, } @article{moranUSIntelligenceCommunity2023, title = {The {US} {Intelligence} {Community}, {Global} {Security} and {AI}: {From} {Secret} {Intelligence} to {Smart} {Spying}}, volume = {8}, url = {https://watermark.silverchair.com/ogad005.pdf?token=AQECAHi208BE49Ooan9kkhW_Ercy7Dm3ZL_9Cf3qfKAc485ysgAAA1EwggNNBgkqhkiG9w0BBwagggM-MIIDOgIBADCCAzMGCSqGSIb3DQEHATAeBglghkgBZQMEAS4wEQQMiI-YnIHeEVaE4FQKAgEQgIIDBExmhUotffLPv2xXyitZ-M_bKMhflGGokkIpYd161SmFgjEX5zpiq5r-UN4_k1Hnwgf1O-EBq6zFdOYoHK5ChWYd3aAMZtHH4Htgxi5nrtIC6SVRDCAejZ3NARqpRHXh35eFB2nF02a5N5Qfb8Jhl5yF7Y_mJosORhNpSpk1MkiRkTBMtLlIf7tveIEq7evoIp0F1J30FTCozaJD4MS-WOQBDxJ0XWMTjJdHaOdBtVKXGkX44sbpLgW8GiYgR8h5fQ_lPY82oyiA_ej1iUsQAD5Y8kRYtLn9TSBnCbVm0-rx0qunLJF6YEo1wfG-bEMV9Xf0QZWOuUGM4rkxjsVnkZ8wrNx9jfSftbIvCZkZO8qXAhB3Me3_zC8r8SSZGMjdCzx1q6i5Rj8nvmyvU8R__eBXvI_LFE95xtFZmpgl8d2w-BcicJVJXQS2JUhq1HVQkB5Nn_06GxFHb6BFafwhpcDP1zuIh-qanY5RINS0RmL8YQDFaOoCHfudJLJ2dV1c09RoJATS7SMnh7R5KVkbOn5phaUknaW8hYQdvbul8u4U_pP16zT6hncxIz0aDN8MphKbStZEEbmzBWBoQCAEPyipa26Z49sMyvPf-Hkzt4nz7brLQkpxgz2O6I6BXUWL2-xEeQ-iM4XVy8NBiI-x_zeFpqbytjUrva7Y5qHbirI_sc23kzQuf805FWRTaUQRUX9SY0_6JO1KF9BeQ5pBwy6zjpuFXfXfstjQBoQzKounqutOvG_f76igLjIkLUrQS1CBwzXeB36n0BXBaLsqpUvNEHb2cRJksNrTcN2TYxpbxdWimxnVt_HRlTBdiANb7gredlq4oLutANDcUeleeYInFF6U9wnedkyqqA3jchE8GkEwdVG2IYY7-12ri3MZ898439GijFAnKR6j_iZBHg9wmosga9J4FGG6xMZmMcbFEh9UoRSoY1bQzoRoSpbrO58BghEOm6MqUSZE1DM-fnOvdcAHBsMgAx_IFbU8D0h-3SrK-FC24IyvbJ0c203scIa3Mxc}, number = {2}, journal = {Journal of Global Security Studies}, author = {Moran, Christopher R and Burton, Joe and Christou}, year = {2023}, keywords = {/unread, Review, Second Draft Report Additions, Global North}, pages = {1--18}, file = {Moran et al. - 2023 - The US Intelligence Community, Global Security and.pdf:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/UP44L5W4/Moran et al. - 2023 - The US Intelligence Community, Global Security and.pdf:application/pdf}, } @book{muddeFarRightToday2019, title = {The {Far} {Right} {Today}}, url = {https://www.wiley.com/en-us/The+Far+Right+Today-p-9781509536856}, abstract = {{\textless}p{\textgreater}The far right is back with a vengeance. After several decades at the political margins, far-right politics has again taken center stage. Three of the world\’s largest democracies \– Brazil, India, and the United States \– now have a radical right leader, while far-right parties continue to increase their profile and support within Europe.{\textless}/p{\textgreater} {\textless}p{\textgreater}In this timely book, leading global expert on political extremism Cas Mudde provides a concise overview of the fourth wave of postwar far-right politics, exploring its history, ideology, organization, causes, and consequences, as well as the responses available to civil society, party, and state actors to challenge its ideas and influence. What defines this current far-right renaissance, Mudde argues, is its mainstreaming and normalization within the contemporary political landscape. Challenging orthodox thinking on the relationship between conventional and far-right politics, Mudde offers a complex and insightful picture of one of the key political challenges of our time.{\textless}/p{\textgreater}}, language = {en}, urldate = {2024-07-24}, publisher = {Polity Press}, author = {Mudde, Cas}, year = {2019}, keywords = {/unread, Global, Review, Second Draft Report Additions}, file = {Snapshot:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/4GGFY2MJ/The+Far+Right+Today-p-9781509536856.html:text/html}, } @misc{muellerJusticeDepartmentSues2024, title = {The {Justice} {Department} {Sues} {Georgia} {Tech}: {A} {Teachable} {Moment} in {Cybersecurity} {Management}}, shorttitle = {The {Justice} {Department} {Sues} {Georgia} {Tech}}, url = {https://www.internetgovernance.org/2024/08/27/the-justice-department-sues-georgia-tech-a-teachable-moment-in-cybersecurity-management/}, abstract = {Georgia Tech, a world leader in cybersecurity research and education, is now in the news for not complying with federal cybersecurity contractual obligations. This sounds funny and embarrassing until you look deeper into the story and understand what this case is really about. It’s not about security. It’s about compliance. Disclaimer: although IGP’s home is […]}, language = {en-US}, urldate = {2024-08-29}, journal = {Internet Governance Project}, author = {Mueller, Milton}, month = aug, year = {2024}, keywords = {/unread, Review, Second Draft Report Additions, Global North}, file = {Snapshot:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/ANVGC4GG/the-justice-department-sues-georgia-tech-a-teachable-moment-in-cybersecurity-management.html:text/html}, } @incollection{munoriyarwaMainstreamingSurveillanceBiometrification2022, address = {Cham}, title = {Mainstreaming {Surveillance} {Through} the {Biometrification} of {Everyday} {Life}}, isbn = {978-3-031-16636-5}, url = {https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-16636-5_5}, abstract = {In this chapter, we explore trends in the use of biometric data collection for voting and immigration purposes in the SADC region. The chapter focuses on how selected countries in the region have latched onto the ‘biometrics bandwagon’ without putting in place adequate legal frameworks and oversight systems to protect data injustices, harms and abuses. It critiques the growing trend of biometrics-enabled surveillance regimes in the SADC region. It exposes the fallacies that biometric identification systems are ‘magic bullets’ that automatically lead to free, fair and credible elections. It critiques the discourse of techno-solutionism immanent in the deployment and marketing of biometric technologies in the global South. It demonstrates how biometric data collection has enhanced the data collection and surveillance capacities of the state and corporate entities. The chapter also interrogates the inherent vulnerabilities and structural loopholes in border security, civil registry, immigration and election management systems, and the extent to which biometric technology has been offering protection to these threats. It argues that private and public data collection under the guise of biometrics constitutes one of the avenues through which privacy violations or abuses of personal information are taking place at the hands of the state and private sectors in the SADC region. Thus, the efficacy and sustainability of its uses will be interrogated using the capturing of biometric identification data during elections in Zimbabwe, Namibia and Zambia as well as the use of similar technologies for policing, social protection programmes and security purposes in South Africa and Botswana. The appropriate legal framework of its use and its enforcement will be examined, that is, protection of personal data and privacy, non-discrimination and inclusion of vulnerable groups are key aspects that will be discussed in the chapter.}, language = {en}, urldate = {2024-06-03}, booktitle = {Digital {Surveillance} in {Southern} {Africa}: {Policies}, {Politics} and {Practices}}, publisher = {Springer International Publishing}, author = {Munoriyarwa, Allen and Mare, Admire}, editor = {Munoriyarwa, Allen and Mare, Admire}, year = {2022}, doi = {10.1007/978-3-031-16636-5_5}, keywords = {Global South, /unread, Second Draft Report Additions, Qual}, pages = {141--156}, } @techreport{munozTransformativeRoleAI2023, title = {The {Transformative} {Role} of {AI} in {Reshaping} {Electoral} {Politics}}, url = {https://dgap.org/system/files/article_pdfs/DGAP-MEMO-No.04-September-2023_3pp._0.pdf}, institution = {DGAP Memo, No. 4, Deutsche Gesellschaft für Auswärtige Politik e.V.}, author = {Muñoz, Katja}, month = sep, year = {2023}, keywords = {/unread, Review, Second Draft Report Additions, Global North}, file = {Muñoz - 2023 - The Transformative Role of AI in Reshaping Elector.pdf:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/H4B9689W/Muñoz - 2023 - The Transformative Role of AI in Reshaping Elector.pdf:application/pdf}, } @article{murgiaGoogleAccusedSecretly2019, chapter = {Google LLC}, title = {Google accused of secretly feeding personal data to advertisers}, url = {https://www.ft.com/content/e3e1697e-ce57-11e9-99a4-b5ded7a7fe3f}, abstract = {Evidence to Irish regulator suggests tech company is using hidden web pages}, urldate = {2024-08-05}, journal = {Financial Times}, author = {Murgia, Madhumita}, month = sep, year = {2019}, keywords = {/unread, Review, Second Draft Report Additions, Global North}, file = {Snapshot:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/FZR8CRVE/e3e1697e-ce57-11e9-99a4-b5ded7a7fe3f.html:text/html}, } @article{murphyWhatWeStudy2023, title = {What do we study when we study misinformation? {A} scoping review of experimental research (2016-2022)}, volume = {4}, shorttitle = {What do we study when we study misinformation?}, url = {https://misinforeview.hks.harvard.edu/article/what-do-we-study-when-we-study-misinformation-a-scoping-review-of-experimental-research-2016-2022/}, doi = {10.37016/mr-2020-130}, abstract = {We reviewed 555 papers published from 2016–2022 that presented misinformation to participants. We identified several trends in the literature—increasing frequency of misinformation studies over time, a wide variety of topics covered, and a significant focus on COVID-19 misinformation since 2020. We also identified several important shortcomings, including overrepresentation of samples from the United States and}, language = {en-US}, number = {6}, urldate = {2024-05-10}, journal = {Harvard Kennedy School Misinformation Review}, author = {Murphy, Gillian and Laurent, Constance de Saint and Reynolds, Megan and Aftab, Omar and Hegarty, Karen and Sun, Yuning and Greene, Ciara M.}, month = nov, year = {2023}, keywords = {systematic literature review, /unread, Second Draft Report Additions}, pages = {1--57}, file = {Full Text PDF:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/ZPM3A366/Murphy et al. - 2023 - What do we study when we study misinformation A s.pdf:application/pdf}, } @misc{musoniWhichAfricanCountries2024, title = {Which {African} countries are currently leading in {AI} governance?}, url = {https://www.linkedin.com/posts/melody-musoni-phd-b324aa35_which-african-countries-are-currently-leading-activity-7172926188099727360-9ziW/?utm_source=share&utm_medium=member_ios}, urldate = {2024-03-14}, journal = {LinkedIn Post}, author = {Musoni, Melody}, month = mar, year = {2024}, keywords = {Global South, /unread, Review, Second Draft Report Additions}, file = {(6) Post | LinkedIn:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/PJEQZHL6/melody-musoni-phd-b324aa35_which-african-countries-are-currently-leading-activity-7172926188099.html:text/html;Musoni - 2024 - Which African countries are currently leading in A.pdf:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/5FQMIA95/Musoni - 2024 - Which African countries are currently leading in A.pdf:application/pdf}, } @article{mutsvairoJournalismEducatorsRegulatory2019, title = {Journalism {Educators}, {Regulatory} {Realities}, and {Pedagogical} {Predicaments} of the “{Fake} {News}” {Era}: {A} {Comparative} {Perspective} on the {Middle} {East} and {Africa}}, volume = {74}, issn = {1077-6958}, shorttitle = {Journalism {Educators}, {Regulatory} {Realities}, and {Pedagogical} {Predicaments} of the “{Fake} {News}” {Era}}, url = {https://doi.org/10.1177/1077695819833552}, doi = {10.1177/1077695819833552}, abstract = {From diplomatic spats between Qatar and Saudi Arabia to ubiquitous deceptive “news” updates purportedly sent by the Eritrean government urging all men to marry two wives or risk imprisonment, the future of fact-based reporting appears uncertain as mass media recipients world over become accustomed to consuming “fake news.” Despite the exponential expansion of journalism educators in the Middle East and Africa, several curriculums in these regions have been struggling to cope with the rising dominance of the “fake news” movement. Both regions have a well-documented appetite for conspiracy theories and indeed the power of disinformation and propaganda, which seem to have gathered steam in the wake of deliberate dissemination of hoaxes or sensationalist stories predominantly distributed via social media platforms, potentially posing a threat to the credibility of journalism. This article provides an updated state of affairs on the expansion of “fake news” in the Middle East and Africa arguing after an explorative examination of 10 journalism curriculums that educators need to focus on local contexts when preparing journalism modules. Although it is important to discuss global trends, developments, controversies, debates, and discussions involving the “fake news” movement, we think future journalists from both regions would benefit from media literacy courses that identify the difference between fact and fiction in relation to their own contexts. This is relevant because current pedagogical approaches appear influenced by developments abroad especially in these countries’ past colonial masters.}, language = {en}, number = {2}, urldate = {2024-07-24}, journal = {Journalism \& Mass Communication Educator}, author = {Mutsvairo, Bruce and Bebawi, Saba}, month = jun, year = {2019}, note = {Publisher: SAGE Publications Inc}, keywords = {Global South, /unread, Review, Second Draft Report Additions}, pages = {143--157}, file = {SAGE PDF Full Text:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/W7V6GW2M/Mutsvairo and Bebawi - 2019 - Journalism Educators, Regulatory Realities, and Pe.pdf:application/pdf}, } @article{mutsvairoJanusFaceSocial2020, title = {The {Janus} face of social media and democracy? {Reflections} on {Africa}}, volume = {42}, issn = {0163-4437}, shorttitle = {The {Janus} face of social media and democracy?}, url = {https://doi.org/10.1177/0163443719899615}, doi = {10.1177/0163443719899615}, abstract = {The purpose of this issue of Media Culture and Society is to discuss the possible role of social media in the struggle for democracy, against authoritarianism, and over hidden power structures. The articles included in this volume are meant to offer empirical interventions to beliefs, some of them unproven, on whether the emergence of new media technologies has driven Africa towards democratic change. Papers in this Special Issue cover a wide variety of African countries delving deep into comparative studies of participatory citizens’ media on the continent. This introduction is an attempt to offer an explanation on African democratisation and authoritarianism before conceptualising the role of social media in political processes with the backing of current case study dispatches in Africa, demonstrating the dilemmas of digital disparities in promoting or denting democratisation in Africa.}, language = {en}, number = {3}, urldate = {2023-12-23}, journal = {Media, Culture \& Society}, author = {Mutsvairo, Bruce and Rønning, Helge}, month = apr, year = {2020}, note = {Publisher: SAGE Publications Ltd}, keywords = {Global South, /unread, Review, Second Draft Report Additions, OID Media, USED}, pages = {317--328}, file = {Mutsvairo and Rønning - 2020 - The Janus face of social media and democracy Refl.pdf:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/P87JAWUS/Mutsvairo and Rønning - 2020 - The Janus face of social media and democracy Refl.pdf:application/pdf}, } @article{nanniniPhaseassessingImpactsDisinformation2024, title = {Beyond phase-in: assessing impacts on disinformation of the {EU} {Digital} {Services} {Act}}, issn = {2730-5953, 2730-5961}, shorttitle = {Beyond phase-in}, url = {https://link.springer.com/10.1007/s43681-024-00467-w}, doi = {10.1007/s43681-024-00467-w}, abstract = {This work proposes a comprehensive research agenda to empirically evaluate the real-world impacts of the European Union’s Digital Services Act (DSA) on combating online disinformation. It provides background on the DSA’s context, mechanisms, timeline, and expected effects on platforms to situate the need for rigorous impact assessment. A detailed legal, technical, psychological, behavioral and ethical critique reveals meaningful gaps in the DSA requiring ongoing regulatory refinement and oversight. Most critically, the paper puts forth an encompassing framework spanning computational analytics, interviews, ethnography, surveys, discourse analysis and mixed methods to rigorously assess the DSA’s multi-dimensional effects on complex factors enabling disinformation proliferation. Priorities include evaluating notice-and-takedown efficacy, advertising transparency improvements, risk assessment outcomes, oversight integration, and procedural shifts in platform governance. Coordinated efforts between researchers, regulators and platforms are needed to address methodological challenges around isolating DSA impacts amidst an evolving EU regulatory landscape, constrained data access from platforms, and difficulties generalizing findings across the sociotechnical diversity of platforms and national contexts in EU Member States.}, language = {en}, urldate = {2024-08-01}, journal = {AI and Ethics}, author = {Nannini, Luca and Bonel, Eleonora and Bassi, Davide and Maggini, Michele Joshua}, month = apr, year = {2024}, keywords = {/unread, Review, Second Draft Report Additions, Global North}, pages = {1--29}, file = {Nannini et al. - 2024 - Beyond phase-in assessing impacts on disinformati.pdf:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/XNS3V6XS/Nannini et al. - 2024 - Beyond phase-in assessing impacts on disinformati.pdf:application/pdf}, } @techreport{napolitanoArtificialIntelligenceNew2023, title = {Artificial {Intelligence}: the new frontier of the {EU}’s border externalisation strategy}, url = {https://euromedrights.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/07/Euromed_AI-Migration-Report_EN-1.pdf}, institution = {Prepared for EuroMed Rights}, author = {Napolitano, Antonella}, month = jul, year = {2023}, keywords = {/unread, Second Draft Report Additions, Qual}, file = {Napolitano - 2023 - Artificial Intelligence the new frontier of the E.pdf:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/448SIU4A/Napolitano - 2023 - Artificial Intelligence the new frontier of the E.pdf:application/pdf}, } @incollection{ndemoPrototypeDataGovernance2023, title = {A {Prototype} {Data} {Governance} {Framework} for {Africa}}, isbn = {978-3-031-24497-1}, shorttitle = {Data {Protection} {Legal} {Regime} and {Data} {Governance} in {Africa}}, url = {https://link.springer.com/book/10.1007/978-3-031-24498-8}, abstract = {In its simplest sense, data governance refers to the overall management of (personal and non-personal) data to facilitate organizational goals. Data protection, on the other hand, predominantly regulates the management of personal data for the protection of users’ privacy and other fundamental rights and freedoms. The Fourth Industrial Revolution has greatly increased the processing of personal data for business and social purposes in Africa, hence the imminent need to regulate dealings with such personal information for undesirable purpose(s) by setting up relevant legal framework to address. The research analyses the regional legal framework around data protection in Africa in the light of their salient provisions, adequacy, efficiency and enforceability in relation to data governance.}, booktitle = {Data {Governance} and {Policy} in {Africa}}, publisher = {Springer}, author = {Ndemo, Bitange and Thegeya, Aaron}, editor = {Ndemo, Bitange and Ndybg'u, Njugyba and Odhiambo, Scholastica and Shimeles, Adebe}, month = aug, year = {2023}, doi = {10.1007/978-3-031-24498-8_4}, keywords = {Global South, /unread, Review, Second Draft Report Additions}, pages = {9--29}, file = {978-3-031-24498-8.pdf:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/IL69YER7/978-3-031-24498-8.pdf:application/pdf;Full Text PDF:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/LFCQVFN8/Babalola - 2023 - Data Protection Legal Regime and Data Governance i.pdf:application/pdf}, } @misc{ndiaNDIA2023, title = {About {NDIA}}, url = {https://www.digitalinclusion.org/about-ndia/}, language = {en-US}, urldate = {2024-08-04}, journal = {National Digital Inclusion Alliance}, author = {NDIA}, year = {2023}, keywords = {/unread, Review, Second Draft Report Additions, Global North}, file = {Snapshot:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/HFWS4LRM/about-ndia.html:text/html}, } @article{neffFundingDemocracyPublic2024, title = {Funding {Democracy}: {Public} {Media} and {Democratic} {Health} in 33 {Countries}}, volume = {29}, issn = {1940-1612}, shorttitle = {Funding {Democracy}}, url = {https://doi.org/10.1177/19401612211060255}, doi = {10.1177/19401612211060255}, abstract = {This study examines whether and how public media systems contribute to the health of democracies in 33 countries in Europe, Africa, Asia, North America, the Middle East, Latin America, and South America. We gather national economic data and public media funding levels, audience shares, and regulatory data, primarily for 2018 and 2019 but in some cases earlier, due to lack of available data. We then assess correlations with strength of democracy indices and extend Hallin and Mancini's typology of North American and European media systems through hierarchical cluster analysis of these 33 countries. We find five models of public media systems around the world, ranging from “state-administered” systems with low levels of independence (Botswana and Tunisia) to systems aligning with Hallin and Mancini's “Democratic Corporatist” model, with strong and secure (multiyear) funding, large audience shares, and strong regulatory protection for their independence. In between, we identify three mixed models: a “Liberal-Pluralist” model, a “Direct Funding” model, and a “Commercial–Public” model. Correlations and cluster analyses show that high levels of secure funding for public media systems and strong structural protections for the political and economic independence of those systems are consistently and positively correlated with healthy democracies.}, language = {en}, number = {3}, urldate = {2024-09-02}, journal = {The International Journal of Press/Politics}, author = {Neff, Timothy and Pickard, Victor}, month = jul, year = {2024}, note = {Publisher: SAGE Publications Inc}, keywords = {/unread, Global, Second Draft Report Additions, Qual}, pages = {601--627}, file = {SAGE PDF Full Text:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/QC9NR7VB/Neff and Pickard - 2024 - Funding Democracy Public Media and Democratic Hea.pdf:application/pdf}, } @article{neubaumComputermediatedPoliticalExpression2023, title = {Computer-mediated political expression: {A} conceptual framework of technological affordances and individual tradeoffs}, volume = {20}, issn = {1933-1681}, shorttitle = {Computer-mediated political expression}, url = {https://doi.org/10.1080/19331681.2022.2028694}, doi = {10.1080/19331681.2022.2028694}, abstract = {Digital media provide individuals platforms to express political views. Despite the significant scholarly attention to how and why political expression occurs through technologies and to what effect, research remains fragmented in its theoretical frameworks. The present work synthesizes research on computer-mediated communication and political communication to offer a framework that describes theoretically (a) which technological affordances lead (b) to which psychological processes with (c) which politically relevant actions. We address these questions in the context of four different technological affordances. In doing so, we emphasize the psychological cost-benefit calculations that occur when deciding whether to engage in political expression online.}, number = {1}, urldate = {2024-03-06}, journal = {Journal of Information Technology \& Politics}, author = {Neubaum, German and Weeks, Brian}, month = jan, year = {2023}, note = {Publisher: Routledge \_eprint: https://doi.org/10.1080/19331681.2022.2028694}, keywords = {social media, Theory, /unread, Second Draft Report Additions, metaconstructs, Political expression, technological affordances}, pages = {19--33}, file = {Full Text PDF:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/4V9YZATW/Neubaum and Weeks - 2023 - Computer-mediated political expression A conceptu.pdf:application/pdf}, } @misc{newtonStanfordInternetObservatory2024, title = {The {Stanford} {Internet} {Observatory} is being dismantled}, url = {https://www.platformer.news/stanford-internet-observatory-shutdown-stamos-diresta-sio/}, abstract = {House Republicans attacked the lab’s reports on misinformation and election integrity — and now Stanford is pulling the plug}, language = {en}, urldate = {2024-07-29}, journal = {Platformer}, author = {Newton, Casey and Schiffer, Zoë}, month = jun, year = {2024}, keywords = {/unread, Review, Second Draft Report Additions, Global North}, file = {Snapshot:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/ZDZCX2WV/stanford-internet-observatory-shutdown-stamos-diresta-sio.html:text/html}, } @article{ngAILiteracyDefinition2021, title = {{AI} {Literacy}: {Definition}, {Teaching}, {Evaluation} and {Ethical} {Issuse}}, volume = {58}, url = {https://asistdl.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1002/pra2.487}, abstract = {Artificial Intelligence (AI) is at the top of the agenda for education leaders today in educating the next generation across the globe. However, public understanding of AI technologies and how to define AI literacy is under-explored. This vision poses upcoming challenges for our next generation to learn about AI. On this note, an exploratory review was conducted to conceptualize the newly emerging concept “AI literacy”, in search for a sound theoretical foundation to define, teach and evaluate AI literacy. Grounded in literature on 18 existing peer-reviewed articles, this review proposed four aspects (i.e, know and understand, use, evaluate, and ethical issues) for fostering AI literacy based on the adaptation of classic literacies. This study sheds light on the consolidated definition, teaching, and ethical concerns on AI literacy, establishing the groundwork for future research such as competency development and assessment criteria on AI literacy.}, number = {1}, journal = {Proceedings of the Association for Information Science and Technology}, author = {Ng, Davy Tsz Kit and Leung, J K L and Chu, Samuel Kai Wah and Qiao, Maggie Shen}, month = oct, year = {2021}, keywords = {Global South, systematic literature review, /unread, Second Draft Report Additions}, pages = {504--509}, file = {AILiteracyReviewASIST.pdf:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/FXMJ8NXB/AILiteracyReviewASIST.pdf:application/pdf}, } @article{nguyenStudyingMisDisinformation2022, title = {Studying mis- and disinformation in {Asian} diasporic communities: {The} need for critical transnational research beyond {Anglocentrism}}, volume = {3}, shorttitle = {Studying mis- and disinformation in {Asian} diasporic communities}, url = {https://misinforeview.hks.harvard.edu/article/studying-mis-and-disinformation-in-asian-diasporic-communities-the-need-for-critical-transnational-research-beyond-anglocentrism/}, doi = {10.37016/mr-2020-95}, abstract = {Drawing on preliminary research about the spread of mis- and disinformation across Asian diasporic communities, we advocate for qualitative research methodologies that can better examine historical, transnational, multilingual, and intergenerational information networks. Using examples of case studies from Vietnam, Taiwan, China, and India, we discuss research themes and challenges including legacies of multiple imperialisms, nationalisms, and}, language = {en-US}, number = {2}, urldate = {2024-04-25}, journal = {Harvard Kennedy School Misinformation Review}, author = {Nguyễn, Sarah and Kuo, Rachel and Reddi, Madhavi and Li, Lan and Moran, Rachel E.}, month = mar, year = {2022}, keywords = {Global South, /unread, Second Draft Report Additions, Qual}, pages = {1--12}, file = {Full Text PDF:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/RGCMDR5P/Nguyễn et al. - 2022 - Studying mis- and disinformation in Asian diaspori.pdf:application/pdf}, } @book{nicholsPoliticalEconomyMedia2019, title = {Political {Economy} of {Media} {Industries}: {Global} {Transformations} and {Challenges}}, isbn = {978-0-429-89044-4}, shorttitle = {Political {Economy} of {Media} {Industries}}, abstract = {This book provides a critical political economic examination of the impact of increasingly concentrated global media industries. It addresses different media and communication industries from around the globe, including film, television, music, journalism, telecommunication, and information industries. The authors use case studies to examine how changing methods of production and distribution are impacting a variety of issues including globalization, environmental devastation, and the shifting role of the State. This collection finds communication at a historical moment in which capitalist control of media and communication is the default status and, so, because of the increasing levels of concentration globally allows those in control to define the default ideological status. In turn, these concentrated media forces are deployed under the guise of entertainment but with a mind towards further concentration and control of the media apparatuses many times in convergence with others}, language = {en}, publisher = {Routledge}, author = {Nichols, Randy and Martinez, Gabriela}, month = oct, year = {2019}, note = {Google-Books-ID: 2X65DwAAQBAJ}, keywords = {/unread, Global, Language Arts \& Disciplines / Communication Studies, Review, Second Draft Report Additions, Business \& Economics / Industries / Media \& Communications}, } @article{nicoliEUDigitalEconomy2023, title = {{EU} digital economy competition policy: {From} ex-post to ex-ante. {The} case of {Alphabet}, {Amazon}, {Apple}, and {Meta}}, volume = {8}, issn = {2059-4364}, shorttitle = {{EU} digital economy competition policy}, url = {https://doi.org/10.1177/20594364231152673}, doi = {10.1177/20594364231152673}, abstract = {Since 2007, the European Commission (EC) has opened numerous competition cases regarding Alphabet, Amazon, Apple, and Meta (AAAM). Enforcement, however, has remained elusive, prompting a new regulatory paradigm in the EU known as the Digital Markets Act. In this study, we analyze the EC’s competition policy approach regarding big tech with an emphasis on AAAM. Rather than implementing a consumer welfare friendly neoclassic economics analysis, we adopt a critical political economy of communications (CPE) approach to analyze these cases. The article explores whether EU competition policy does enough to yield the required measures to preserve a healthy digital economy sector for political and social welfare as much as for consumer welfare.}, language = {en}, number = {1}, urldate = {2024-08-25}, journal = {Global Media and China}, author = {Nicoli, Nicholas and Iosifidis, Petros}, month = mar, year = {2023}, note = {Publisher: SAGE Publications Ltd}, keywords = {/unread, Second Draft Report Additions, Global North, Qual}, pages = {24--38}, file = {SAGE PDF Full Text:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/TLATXA3G/Nicoli and Iosifidis - 2023 - EU digital economy competition policy From ex-pos.pdf:application/pdf}, } @article{nieborgLocatingTheorisingPlatform2024, title = {Locating and theorising platform power}, volume = {13}, issn = {2197-6775}, url = {https://policyreview.info/articles/analysis/introduction-special-issue-locating-and-theorising-platform-power}, abstract = {Against the backdrop of ongoing public and political debates about the power and regulation of large platform conglomerates, this special issue presents critical, conceptual, and empirical studies that home in on the various modalities of platform power.}, number = {2}, urldate = {2024-07-28}, journal = {Internet Policy Review}, author = {Nieborg, David and Poell, Thomas and Caplan, Robyn and van Dijck, José}, month = jun, year = {2024}, keywords = {/unread, Review, Second Draft Report Additions, Global North}, pages = {1--17}, file = {Full Text PDF:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/JKJM399V/Nieborg et al. - 2024 - Introduction to the special issue on Locating and .pdf:application/pdf}, } @article{nielsenComparingPlatformizationNews2023, title = {Comparing the platformization of news media systems: {A} cross-country analysis}, volume = {38}, issn = {0267-3231}, shorttitle = {Comparing the platformization of news media systems}, url = {https://doi.org/10.1177/02673231231189043}, doi = {10.1177/02673231231189043}, abstract = {Platformization has been used to describe how platforms such as Facebook, Google, Twitter, WhatsApp and TikTok have become increasingly important for how people communicate and access information, including news. But to what extent have news media systems in different countries become platformized? Using online survey data from 46 countries, we show that: (a) although over 90\% of internet users use at least one social platform, there are large country differences in the proportion that use them to access news; and (b) large country difference in the proportion that still go directly to news websites and apps. Furthermore, we find (c) that country differences at least partly reflect path dependency, more specifically the historic strength of the newspaper market leading to lower levels of news platformization and continued high levels of direct access. These findings show how platformization varies in different parts of the world, provide a framework for capturing how it changes over time, and highlight the potential benefits of bringing together platform studies and comparative media systems research.}, language = {en}, number = {5}, urldate = {2024-07-24}, journal = {European Journal of Communication}, author = {Nielsen, Rasmus Kleis and Fletcher, Richard}, month = oct, year = {2023}, note = {Publisher: SAGE Publications Ltd}, keywords = {/unread, Global, Second Draft Report Additions, Quant}, pages = {484--499}, file = {SAGE PDF Full Text:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/NKHMG5EX/Nielsen and Fletcher - 2023 - Comparing the platformization of news media system.pdf:application/pdf}, } @techreport{nielsenWhatCanBe2019, title = {What {Can} {Be} {Done}? {Digital} {Media} {Policy} {Options} for {Strengthening} {European} {Democracy}}, url = {https://reutersinstitute.politics.ox.ac.uk/sites/default/files/2019-11/What_Can_Be_Done_FINAL.pdf}, institution = {Reuters Institute for the Study of Journalism, University of Oxford}, author = {Nielsen, Rasmus Kleis and Gorwa, Robert and de Cock Buning, Madeleine}, year = {2019}, keywords = {/unread, Review, Second Draft Report Additions, Global North}, file = {Nielsen et al. - 2019 - What Can Be Done Digital Media Policy Options for.pdf:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/C694NCJ8/Nielsen et al. - 2019 - What Can Be Done Digital Media Policy Options for.pdf:application/pdf}, } @article{niklasDataJusticeTwin2024, title = {Data justice in the “twin objective” of market and risk: {How} discrimination is formulated in {EU}'s {AI} policy}, volume = {16}, copyright = {© 2024 Policy Studies Organization.}, issn = {1944-2866}, shorttitle = {Data justice in the “twin objective” of market and risk}, url = {https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/poi3.392}, doi = {10.1002/poi3.392}, abstract = {Based on a focus on artificial intelligence (AI) policy in the European Union (EU), we explore the dominant approach taken to data justice in policy. More specifically, we ask how the particular issue of discrimination is translated into policy goals and measures as a way to address prominent concerns about AI. Looking at the stage of policy formulation, we provide an analysis of the way (non) discrimination is currently pursued within the EU's AI policy debate through the study of relevant policy documents and public consultations between 2017 and 2023. We argue that whilst the issue of discrimination has moved from the margins to the mainstream in policy debate, it has done so based on an understanding of discrimination as an inevitable risk of AI; such risk is specific to particular situations and the technological features of AI; the nature of this risk can be assessed and managed through a set of procedural safeguards; and such safeguards can be supported by the creation of a trustworthy AI market. Whilst this translation of justice is very important for contending with some of the critique surrounding the advancement of AI, it may also serve to contain and neutralize such critique in the interest of marketization.}, language = {en}, number = {3}, urldate = {2024-05-30}, journal = {Policy \& Internet}, author = {Niklas, Jędrzej and Dencik, Lina}, year = {2024}, note = {\_eprint: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1002/poi3.392}, keywords = {European Union, /unread, Second Draft Report Additions, Global North, Qual, discrimination, AI policy, data justice, discriminación, formulación de políticas, justicia de datos, policy formulation, Política de IA, Unión Europea}, pages = {509--522}, file = {Niklas and Dencik - Data justice in the “twin objective” of market and.pdf:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/TZSJETDQ/Niklas and Dencik - Data justice in the “twin objective” of market and.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/26Y48MW3/poi3.html:text/html}, } @article{nothiasAccessGrantedFacebooks2020, title = {Access granted: {Facebook}’s free basics in {Africa}}, volume = {42}, issn = {0163-4437, 1460-3675}, shorttitle = {Access granted}, url = {http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/0163443719890530}, doi = {10.1177/0163443719890530}, abstract = {This article explores one of the most notorious and controversial initiatives by tech corporations to increase connectivity across the Global South: Facebook’s Free Basics project. Public attention focused on its ban in India following nationwide protests about net neutrality. In Africa, however, Free Basics expanded without much public scrutiny to some 32 countries. This article traces this quiet expansion by using an innovative virtual private network (VPN)-based method and by calling for an analytical focus on the landscape of the digital civil society in Africa. Specifically, I outline two key, interrelated phenomena: (1) Facebook’s evolving strategy, including a greater engagement with civil society organizations and (2) the focus of digital rights activists in Africa on issues like Internet shutdowns, government surveillance, and the lack of data privacy frameworks. In the process, I illuminate broader trends in the digital industry including tech corporations’ growing investments in mobile social media, network infrastructures, and in civil society; the use of disadvantaged populations and unregulated territories for digital experiments and data extraction; and the mounting recognition of Facebook’s political role, both within and outside the corporation.}, language = {en}, number = {3}, urldate = {2024-02-11}, journal = {Media, Culture \& Society}, author = {Nothias, Toussaint}, month = apr, year = {2020}, keywords = {Global South, /unread, Second Draft Report Additions, Quant}, pages = {329--348}, file = {Nothias - 2020 - Access granted Facebook’s free basics in Africa.pdf:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/S5S5VT39/Nothias - 2020 - Access granted Facebook’s free basics in Africa.pdf:application/pdf}, } @techreport{nsfNSFPublicAccess2023, title = {{NSF} {Public} {Access} {Plan} 2.0: {Ensuring} {Open}, {Immediate} and {Equitable} {Access} to {National} {Science} {Foundation} {Funded} {Research}}, url = {https://www.nsf.gov/pubs/2023/nsf23104/nsf23104.pdf}, institution = {National Science Foundation (NSF), US NSF 23-104}, author = {NSF}, month = feb, year = {2023}, keywords = {/unread, Review, Second Draft Report Additions, Global North}, file = {Full text:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/DVPP5A2V/NSF - 2023 - NSF Public Access Plan 2.0 Ensuring Open, Immedia.pdf:application/pdf}, } @misc{nypdPublicOversightSurveillance2024, title = {Public {Oversight} of {Surveillance} {Technology} ({POST}) {Act} {Impact} and {Use} {Policies}}, url = {https://www.nyc.gov/site/nypd/about/about-nypd/policy/post-act.page}, urldate = {2024-08-04}, journal = {New York City Police Department}, author = {NYPD}, year = {2024}, keywords = {/unread, Review, Second Draft Report Additions, Global North}, file = {POST Act:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/RQ3EV7KN/post-act.html:text/html}, } @article{ofaolainCourtDismissesClaim2024, title = {Court dismisses claim data watchdog failed to investigate alleged breach by {Google}}, url = {https://www.irishtimes.com/crime-law/courts/2024/06/24/court-dismisses-claim-data-watchdog-failed-to-investigate-alleged-breach-by-google/}, abstract = {Complaint concerning processing of personal data was made by Irish Council for Civil Liberties senior fellow}, language = {en}, urldate = {2024-08-25}, journal = {The Irish Times}, author = {O'Faolain, Aodhan}, month = jun, year = {2024}, keywords = {/unread, Review, Second Draft Report Additions, Global North}, file = {Snapshot:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/F2TTXXEI/court-dismisses-claim-data-watchdog-failed-to-investigate-alleged-breach-by-google.html:text/html}, } @book{oecdGoingDigitalAdvance2022, address = {Paris}, title = {Going {Digital} to {Advance} {Data} {Governance} for {Growth} and {Well}-being}, url = {https://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/science-and-technology/going-digital-to-advance-data-governance-for-growth-and-well-being_e3d783b0-en}, abstract = {Data are generated wherever digital technologies are deployed namely, in almost every part of modern life. Using these data can empower individuals, drive innovation, enable new digital products and improve policy making and public service delivery.}, language = {en}, urldate = {2024-07-28}, publisher = {Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development}, author = {{OECD}}, year = {2022}, keywords = {/unread, Global, Review, Second Draft Report Additions}, file = {Full Text PDF:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/8GCIZGEA/OECD - 2022 - Going Digital to Advance Data Governance for Growt.pdf:application/pdf}, } @techreport{oecdpublicgovernancereportInformationDisinformationInternational2022, title = {Information and {Disinformation}: {An} international effort using behavioural science to tackle the spread of misinformation}, url = {https://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/deliver/b7709d4f-en.pdf?itemId=/content/paper/b7709d4f-en&mimeType=pdf}, institution = {OECD, OPSI, IIU, French Ministry of Transformation and Public Functions}, author = {OECD Public Governance Report}, year = {2022}, keywords = {/unread, Global, Review, Second Draft Report Additions, USED, OID Mis/Disinfo}, file = {OECD Public Governance Report - 2022 - Information and Disinformation An international e.pdf:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/7N229RM6/OECD Public Governance Report - 2022 - Information and Disinformation An international e.pdf:application/pdf}, } @techreport{ofcomAdultsMediaUse2022, title = {Adults' {Media} {Use} and {Attitudes} report 2022}, url = {https://www.ofcom.org.uk/__data/assets/pdf_file/0020/234362/adults-media-use-and-attitudes-report-2022.pdf}, language = {en}, institution = {Ofcom}, author = {Ofcom}, year = {2022}, keywords = {/unread, Second Draft Report Additions, Global North, Quant}, file = {Adults' Media Use and Attitudes report 2022.pdf:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/79FIG7RL/Adults' Media Use and Attitudes report 2022.pdf:application/pdf}, } @techreport{ofcomChildrensMediaLives2024, title = {Children's {Media} {Lives} 2024: {Ten} {Years} of {Longitudinal} {Research}, {A} {Report} by {Ofcom}}, url = {https://www.ofcom.org.uk/siteassets/resources/documents/research-and-data/media-literacy-research/children/children-media-use-and-attitudes-2024/childrens-media-lives-2024-summary-report.pdf?v=367549}, institution = {Ofcom}, author = {Ofcom}, year = {2024}, keywords = {/unread, Review, Second Draft Report Additions, Global North}, file = {Ofcom - 2024 - Children's Media Lives 2024 Ten Years of Longitud.pdf:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/EPF6GJDJ/Ofcom - 2024 - Children's Media Lives 2024 Ten Years of Longitud.pdf:application/pdf}, } @techreport{ofcomFutureTechnologyMedia2024, title = {Future {Technology} and {Media} {Literacy}: {Understanding} {Generative} {AI}}, url = {https://www.ofcom.org.uk/siteassets/resources/documents/research-and-data/media-literacy-research/making-sense-of-media/future-technology-trends-and-media-literacy/future-technology-and-media-literacy-understanding-generative-ai/?v=330961}, institution = {Ofcom}, author = {Ofcom}, month = feb, year = {2024}, keywords = {/unread, Review, Second Draft Report Additions, Global North}, file = {Ofcom - 2024 - Future Technology and Media Literacy Understandin.pdf:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/Y32G3QE5/Ofcom - 2024 - Future Technology and Media Literacy Understandin.pdf:application/pdf}, } @article{ongEthicalRegulatoryChallenges2024, title = {Ethical and regulatory challenges of large language models in medicine}, volume = {6}, issn = {25897500}, url = {https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S258975002400061X}, doi = {10.1016/S2589-7500(24)00061-X}, language = {en}, number = {6}, urldate = {2024-08-06}, journal = {The Lancet Digital Health}, author = {Ong, Jasmine Chiat Ling and Chang, Shelley Yin-Hsi and William, Wasswa and Butte, Atul J and Shah, Nigam H and Chew, Lita Sui Tjien and Liu, Nan and Doshi-Velez, Finale and Lu, Wei and Savulescu, Julian and Ting, Daniel Shu Wei}, month = jun, year = {2024}, keywords = {Global South, /unread, Review, Second Draft Report Additions, LLMs}, pages = {e428--e432}, file = {Ong et al. - 2024 - Ethical and regulatory challenges of large languag.pdf:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/K3IM6SYE/Ong et al. - 2024 - Ethical and regulatory challenges of large languag.pdf:application/pdf}, } @incollection{ongTwoConceptsTelevision2020, title = {Two {Concepts} from {Television} {Audience} {Research} in {Times} of {Datafication} and {Disinformation}}, url = {https://www.google.co.uk/books/edition/The_Routledge_Companion_to_Global_Televi/GOK5DwAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=misinformation+%22audience+reception%22&pg=PT121&printsec=frontcover}, abstract = {Is online at URL}, booktitle = {The {Routledge} {Companion} to {Global} {Televsion}}, publisher = {Routledge}, author = {Ong, Jonathan Corpus and Das, Ranjana}, editor = {Shimpach, Shawn}, year = {2020}, keywords = {/unread, Review, Second Draft Report Additions}, pages = {np}, } @article{palmerNeitherAbsentAmbient2022, title = {Neither {Absent} nor {Ambient}: {Incidental} {News} {Exposure} {From} the {Perspective} of {News} {Avoiders} in the {UK}, {United} {States}, and {Spain}}, volume = {29}, issn = {1940-1612}, shorttitle = {Neither {Absent} nor {Ambient}}, url = {https://doi.org/10.1177/19401612221103144}, doi = {10.1177/19401612221103144}, abstract = {Scholars have long argued that incidental news exposure (INE) is a potentially valuable way citizens gain political information and learn about current affairs. Yet growing scholarship on news avoidance suggests many people still manage to consume little news, and algorithmic curation may decrease the likelihood that they will be exposed to it incidentally. In this article, we put the literatures on INE, news avoidance, and political talk into dialogue with one another. Then, by inductively analyzing over a hundred in-depth interviews conducted from 2016 to 2020 with news avoiders in the UK, Spain, and the United States, we explore how they encounter news incidentally and to what extent they feel the news is accessible and available to them. Our audience-centric approach highlights that interviewees often did not make a clear distinction between direct encounters with professional news (“firsthand news”) and discussions of news (“secondhand news”), especially online. When they did make a distinction, the latter was often more salient for them. We also find that just as news consumers have repertoires of news sources on which they habitually rely, news avoiders have repertoires of sources for incidental exposure to news to stay informed about major events and anything that might affect them directly. And yet, those repertoires catch only the biggest and most sensational stories of the day and do little to help them contextualize or understand the news they encounter, contributing to their sense that news is neither entirely absent nor ambient in the way scholars have theorized.}, language = {en}, number = {755-773}, urldate = {2024-05-22}, journal = {The International Journal of Press/Politics}, author = {Palmer, Ruth and Toff, Benjamin}, month = jun, year = {2022}, note = {Publisher: SAGE Publications Inc}, keywords = {/unread, Second Draft Report Additions, Global North, Qual}, pages = {1--19}, file = {Palmer and Toff - 2022 - Neither Absent nor Ambient Incidental News Exposu.pdf:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/JT7P8F5G/Palmer and Toff - 2022 - Neither Absent nor Ambient Incidental News Exposu.pdf:application/pdf}, } @article{palmerExaminingAssumptionsHow2023, title = {Examining {Assumptions} {Around} {How} {News} {Avoidance} {Gets} {Defined}: {The} {Importance} of {Overall} {News} {Consumption}, {Intention}, and {Structural} {Inequalities}}, volume = {24}, issn = {1461-670X, 1469-9699}, shorttitle = {Examining {Assumptions} {Around} {How} {News} {Avoidance} {Gets} {Defined}}, url = {https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/1461670X.2023.2183058}, doi = {10.1080/1461670X.2023.2183058}, abstract = {News avoidance research has been hampered by confusion about how to define and operationalize the concept. Here we intervene in two ongoing debates: first, what is the relationship between selective news avoidance—that is, when people say they sometimes or often avoid news—and overall rates of news consumption? Second, how well do terms intended to distinguish between types of news avoidance based on underlying motivations, such as “intentional” vs. “unintentional” or “news non-use,” capture the lived experiences of people who consistently consume little news? We examine these questions using the Reuters Institute’s Digital News Report survey data from 46 media markets, as well as interviews with 108 people who consume little-to-no news in the UK, US, and Spain. Survey results show that most people who selectively avoid news consume almost as much news as those who do not, while interviews show that distinguishing types of news avoiders based solely on stated motivations poorly captures how media habits develop through a mix of deliberate choices and socially constructed preferences. We conclude that categorizing news avoiders based on motivations risks misunderstanding the kind of news avoidance that matters most from a normative standpoint: that which is linked with low news consumption.}, language = {en}, number = {6}, urldate = {2023-03-15}, journal = {Journalism Studies}, author = {Palmer, Ruth and Toff, Benjamin and Nielsen, Rasmus Kleis}, month = mar, year = {2023}, keywords = {/unread, Second Draft Report Additions, Global North, Mixed}, pages = {697--714}, file = {Palmer et al. - 2023 - Examining Assumptions Around How News Avoidance Ge.pdf:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/3JYXWI5H/Palmer et al. - 2023 - Examining Assumptions Around How News Avoidance Ge.pdf:application/pdf}, } @article{panComparingPerceivedLegitimacy2022, title = {Comparing the {Perceived} {Legitimacy} of {Content} {Moderation} {Processes}: {Contractors}, {Algorithms}, {Expert} {Panels}, and {Digital} {Juries}}, volume = {6}, shorttitle = {Comparing the {Perceived} {Legitimacy} of {Content} {Moderation} {Processes}}, url = {https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3512929}, doi = {10.1145/3512929}, abstract = {While research continues to investigate and improve the accuracy, fairness, and normative appropriateness of content moderation processes on large social media platforms, even the best process cannot be effective if users reject its authority as illegitimate. We present a survey experiment comparing the perceived institutional legitimacy of four popular content moderation processes. We conducted a within-subjects experiment in which we showed US Facebook users moderation decisions and randomized the description of whether those decisions were made by paid contractors, algorithms, expert panels, or juries of users. Prior work suggests that juries will have the highest perceived legitimacy due to the benefits of judicial independence and democratic representation. However, expert panels had greater perceived legitimacy than algorithms or juries. Moreover, outcome alignment -agreement with the decision - played a larger role than process in determining perceived legitimacy. These results suggest benefits to incorporating expert oversight in content moderation and underscore that any process will face legitimacy challenges derived from disagreement about outcomes.}, language = {en}, number = {82}, urldate = {2024-05-11}, journal = {Proceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction}, author = {Pan, Christina A. and Yakhmi, Sahil and Iyer, Tara P. and Strasnick, Evan and Zhang, Amy X. and Bernstein, Michael S.}, month = mar, year = {2022}, keywords = {/unread, Second Draft Report Additions, Global North, Quant}, pages = {1--31}, file = {Pan et al. - 2022 - Comparing the Perceived Legitimacy of Content Mode.pdf:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/86MHZUCS/Pan et al. - 2022 - Comparing the Perceived Legitimacy of Content Mode.pdf:application/pdf}, } @article{pangrazioSocialUtilityData2020, title = {The social utility of ‘data literacy’}, volume = {45}, issn = {1743-9884}, url = {https://doi.org/10.1080/17439884.2020.1707223}, doi = {10.1080/17439884.2020.1707223}, abstract = {This article examines the social utility of the concept, ‘data literacy’. Recent developments in the processes of datafication challenge long-held assumptions about privacy and the role of both state and commerce in individual lives. Typically, these have been addressed through: regulatory legal constraints underwritten by the nation state but are difficult to enforce at a global level; tactical resistance through forms of self-regulation and technical innovations, and; educational interventions, typically as ‘literacy’, which brings understanding of the new forms of digital control. The article considers the benefit of theorising digital data as a ‘text’ and reviews current educational models of data literacy, categorised here as formal, personal and folk pedagogies of data. The article concludes that while the analogy between print and data has many inconsistencies, the term has rhetorical benefits. However, to become a meaningful strategy ‘data literacy’ requires both a more complete theorisation and complex practical development.}, number = {2}, urldate = {2024-07-29}, journal = {Learning, Media and Technology}, author = {Pangrazio, Luci and Sefton-Green, Julian}, month = apr, year = {2020}, note = {Publisher: Routledge \_eprint: https://doi.org/10.1080/17439884.2020.1707223}, keywords = {privacy, digital literacy, media literacy, /unread, Global, Review, Second Draft Report Additions, Datafication, data literacy}, pages = {208--220}, file = {Pangrazio and Sefton-Green - 2020 - The social utility of ‘data literacy’.pdf:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/LUGQQCMM/Pangrazio and Sefton-Green - 2020 - The social utility of ‘data literacy’.pdf:application/pdf}, } @book{papacharissiPrivateSphereDemocracy2013, title = {A {Private} {Sphere}: {Democracy} in a {Digital} {Age}}, isbn = {978-0-7456-5899-5}, shorttitle = {A {Private} {Sphere}}, abstract = {Online technologies excite the public imagination with narratives of democratization. The Internet is a political medium, borne of democracy, but is it democratizing? Late modern democracies are characterized by civic apathy, public skepticism, disillusionment with politics, and general disinterest in conventional political process. And yet, public interest in blogging, online news, net-based activism, collaborative news filtering, and online networking reveal an electorate that is not disinterested, but rather, fatigued with political conventions of the mainstream. This book examines how online digital media shape and are shaped by contemporary democracies, by addressing the following issues: How do online technologies remake how we function as citizens in contemporary democracies? What happens to our understanding of public and private as digitalized democracies converge technologies, spaces and practices? How do citizens of today understand and practice their civic responsibilities, and how do they compare to citizens of the past? How do discourses of globalization, commercialization and convergence inform audience/producer, citizen/consumer, personal/political, public/private roles individuals must take on? Are resulting political behaviors atomized or collective? Is there a public sphere anymore, and if not, what model of civic engagement expresses current tendencies and tensions best? Students and scholars of media studies, political science, and critical theory will find this to be a fresh engagement with some of the most important questions facing democracies today.}, language = {en}, publisher = {John Wiley \& Sons}, author = {Papacharissi, Zizi A.}, month = apr, year = {2013}, note = {Google-Books-ID: Ou3m1kUmgF8C}, keywords = {Social Science / Media Studies, /unread, Global, Review, Second Draft Report Additions, Social Science / Sociology / General}, } @article{parisDisinformationDetoxTeaching2022, title = {Disinformation detox: teaching and learning about mis- and disinformation using socio-technical systems research perspectives}, volume = {123}, issn = {2398-5348}, shorttitle = {Disinformation detox}, url = {https://doi.org/10.1108/ILS-09-2021-0083}, doi = {10.1108/ILS-09-2021-0083}, abstract = {Purpose This paper aims to address some limitations in existing approaches to the study of mis- and dis-information and offers what the authors propose as a more comprehensive approach to framing and studying these issues, geared toward the undergraduate level of learner. In doing so, the authors prioritize social shaping of technology and critical informatics perspectives as lenses for explicating and understanding complex mis- and dis-information phenomena. One purpose is to offer readers an understanding of the mis- and dis-information studies landscape, and advocate for the merit of taking the given approach the authors outline.Design/methodology/approach The paper builds upon design-based research (DBR) methods. In this paper, the authors present the actual curriculum that will be empirically researched in 2022 and beyond in a program of iterative DBR.Findings Findings of this conceptual paper comprise a fully articulated undergraduate syllabus for a course the authors entitled, “Disinformation Detox.” The authors will iterate upon this curriculum development in ongoing situated studies conducted in undergraduate classrooms.Originality/value The value and originality of this article is in its contribution of the ontological “innovation” of a way of framing the mis- and dis-information knowledge domain in terms of social shaping and critical informatics theories. The authors argue that the proposed approach offers students the opportunity to cultivate a complex form of what Milner and Phillips describe as “ecological literacy” that is in keeping with the mis- and dis-information problem domain.}, number = {1/2}, urldate = {2024-04-25}, journal = {Information and Learning Sciences}, author = {Paris, Britt and Reynolds, Rebecca and Marcello, Gina}, month = jan, year = {2022}, note = {Publisher: Emerald Publishing Limited}, keywords = {/unread, Second Draft Report Additions, Global North, Qual}, pages = {80--110}, file = {Full Text PDF:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/QSERN3NC/Paris et al. - 2022 - Disinformation detox teaching and learning about .pdf:application/pdf}, } @article{parkExclusionDesignIntersections2019, title = {'{Exclusion} by {Design}: {Intersections} of {Social}, {Digital} and {Data} {Exclusion}}, volume = {22}, url = {https://www-tandfonline-com.gate3.library.lse.ac.uk/doi/full/10.1080/1369118X.2019.1606266}, number = {9}, journal = {Information, Communication \& Society}, author = {Park, Sora and Humphry, Justine}, year = {2019}, keywords = {/unread, Second Draft Report Additions, Global North, Qual}, pages = {934--944}, file = {Park and Humphry - 'Exclusion by Design Intersections of Social, Dig.pdf:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/3XUBG9XS/Park and Humphry - 'Exclusion by Design Intersections of Social, Dig.pdf:application/pdf}, } @article{parkMindGamesTemporal2023, title = {Mind games: {A} temporal sentiment analysis of the political messages of the {Internet} {Research} {Agency} on {Facebook} and {Twitter}}, volume = {25}, issn = {1461-4448}, shorttitle = {Mind games}, url = {https://doi.org/10.1177/14614448211014355}, doi = {10.1177/14614448211014355}, abstract = {This study examines the temporal dynamics of emotional appeals in Russian campaign messages used in the 2016 election. Communications on two giant social media platforms, Facebook and Twitter, are analyzed to assess emotion in message content and targeting that may have contributed to influencing people. The current study conducts both computational and qualitative investigations of the Internet Research Agency’s (IRA) emotion-based strategies across three different dimensions of message propagation: the platforms themselves, partisan identity as targeted by the source, and social identity in politics, using African American identity as a case. We examine (1) the emotional flows along the campaign timeline, (2) emotion-based strategies of the Russian trolls that masked left- and right-leaning identities, and (3) emotion in messages projecting to or about African American identity and representation. Our findings show sentiment strategies that differ between Facebook and Twitter, with strong evidence of negative emotion targeting Black identity.}, language = {en}, number = {3}, urldate = {2024-08-02}, journal = {New Media \& Society}, author = {Park, Soyoung and Strover, Sharon and Choi, Jaewon and Schnell, MacKenzie}, month = mar, year = {2023}, note = {Publisher: SAGE Publications}, keywords = {/unread, Second Draft Report Additions, Mixed, Global N}, pages = {463--484}, file = {Park et al. - 2023 - Mind games A temporal sentiment analysis of the p.pdf:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/NFBZ2E9N/Park et al. - 2023 - Mind games A temporal sentiment analysis of the p.pdf:application/pdf}, } @book{pasquinelliEyeMasterSocial2023, address = {London ; New York}, edition = {1st edition}, title = {The {Eye} of the {Master}: {A} {Social} {History} of {Artificial} {Intelligence}}, isbn = {978-1-78873-006-8}, shorttitle = {The {Eye} of the {Master}}, abstract = {A “social” history of AI that finally reveals its roots in the spatial computation of industrial factories and the surveillance of collective behaviourWhat is AI? A dominant view describes it as the quest "to solve intelligence" - a solution supposedly to be found in the secret logic of the mind or in the deep physiology of the brain, such as in its complex neural networks. The Eye of the Master argues, to the contrary, that the inner code of AI is shaped not by the imitation of biological intelligence, but the intelligence of labour and social relations, as it is found in Babbage's "calculating engines" of the industrial age as well as in the recent algorithms for image recognition and surveillance.The idea that AI may one day become autonomous (or "sentient", as someone thought of Google's LaMDA) is pure fantasy. Computer algorithms have always imitated the form of social relations and the organisation of labour in their own inner structure and their purpose remains blind automation. The Eye of the Master urges a new literacy on AI for scientists, journalists and new generations of activists, who should recognise that the "mystery" of AI is just the automation of labour at the highest degree, not intelligence per se.}, language = {English}, publisher = {Verso Books}, author = {Pasquinelli, Matteo}, month = oct, year = {2023}, keywords = {/unread, Review, Second Draft Report Additions}, } @misc{patrickTermGlobalSouth2023, title = {The {Term} “{Global} {South}” {Is} {Surging}. {It} {Should} {Be} {Retired}.}, url = {https://carnegieendowment.org/posts/2023/08/the-term-global-south-is-surging-it-should-be-retired?lang=en}, abstract = {The phrase lacks the depth and diversity of the world it purports to describe.}, language = {en}, urldate = {2024-08-28}, journal = {Carnegie Endowment for International Peace}, author = {Patrick, Stewart and Huggins, Alexandra}, month = aug, year = {2023}, keywords = {Global South, /unread, Review, Second Draft Report Additions}, } @book{paulHandbookPublicPolicy2024, address = {Northampton}, title = {Handbook on {Public} {Policy} and {Artificial} {Intelligence}}, isbn = {978-1-80392-216-4}, url = {https://www.amazon.co.uk/Handbook-Artificial-Intelligence-Handbooks-Research/dp/1803922168}, abstract = {This timely Handbook explores the relationship between public policy and artificial intelligence (AI) technologies across a broad range of geographical, technical, political and policy contexts. It contributes to critical AI studies, focusing on the intersection of the norms, discourses, policies, practices and regulation that shape AI in the public sector. Expert authors in the field discuss the creation and use of AI technologies, and how public authorities respond to their development, by bringing together emerging scholarly debates about AI technologies with longer-standing insights on public administration, policy, regulation and governance. Contributions in the Handbook mobilize diverse perspectives to critically examine techno-solutionist approaches to public policy and AI, dissect the politico-economic interests underlying AI promotion and analyse implications for sustainable development, fairness and equality. Ultimately, this Handbook questions whether regulatory concepts such as ethical, trustworthy or accountable AI safeguard a democratic future or contribute to a problematic de-politicization of the public sector.The Handbook on Public Policy and Artificial Intelligence is a crucial resource for students and scholars of public policy and administration, political economy, political science, sociology, law, regulation and governance, computer science and technology studies. It is also beneficial to policy practitioners, civil society actors and regulators working with AI technologies.}, language = {English}, publisher = {Edward Elgar Publishing Ltd}, editor = {Paul, Regine and Carmel, Emma and Cobbe, Jennifer}, month = jun, year = {2024}, keywords = {/unread, Global, Review, Second Draft Report Additions}, } @book{mabweazaraMediaCaptureAfrica2025, title = {Media {Capture} in {Africa} and {Latin} {America}: {Power} and {Resistance}}, url = {https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=TWjS0AEACAAJ&newbks=0&hl=en&source=newbks_fb&redir_esc=y}, publisher = {Palgrave Macmillan}, editor = {Mabweazara, Hayes Mawindi and Pearson, Bethia}, year = {2025}, keywords = {Global South, /unread, Review, Second Draft Report Additions}, file = {Mabweazara and Pearson - 2024 - Media Capture in Africa and Latin America Power a.pdf:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/5W84CJM4/Mabweazara and Pearson - 2024 - Media Capture in Africa and Latin America Power a.pdf:application/pdf}, } @article{pennycookNudgingSocialMedia2022, title = {Nudging {Social} {Media} toward {Accuracy}}, volume = {700}, issn = {0002-7162}, url = {https://doi.org/10.1177/00027162221092342}, doi = {10.1177/00027162221092342}, abstract = {A meaningful portion of online misinformation sharing is likely attributable to Internet users failing to consider accuracy when deciding what to share. As a result, simply redirecting attention to the concept of accuracy can increase sharing discernment. Here we discuss the importance of accuracy and describe a limited-attention utility model that is based on a theory about inattention to accuracy on social media. We review research that shows how a simple nudge or prompt that shifts attention to accuracy increases the quality of news that people share (typically by decreasing the sharing of false content), and then discuss outstanding questions relating to accuracy nudges, including the need for more work relating to persistence and habituation as well as the dearth of cross-cultural research on these topics. We also make several recommendations for policy-makers and social media companies for how to implement accuracy nudges.}, language = {en}, number = {1}, urldate = {2024-08-01}, journal = {The ANNALS of the American Academy of Political and Social Science}, author = {Pennycook, Gordon and Rand, David G.}, month = mar, year = {2022}, note = {Publisher: SAGE Publications Inc}, keywords = {/unread, Review, Second Draft Report Additions, Quant}, pages = {152--164}, file = {SAGE PDF Full Text:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/ISBZAL45/Pennycook and Rand - 2022 - Nudging Social Media toward Accuracy.pdf:application/pdf}, } @article{pentneyStatesPositiveObligation2024, title = {States' positive obligation to create a favourable environment for participation in public debate: a principle in search of a practical effect?}, volume = {Online First}, issn = {1757-7632}, shorttitle = {States' positive obligation to create a favourable environment for participation in public debate}, url = {https://doi.org/10.1080/17577632.2024.2326278}, doi = {10.1080/17577632.2024.2326278}, abstract = {In its seminal decision in Dink v Turkey, the European Court of Human Rights recognised that States have a positive obligation, under Article 10, to create a favourable environment for participation in public debate by all persons, enabling them to express their opinions without fear. In the more than decade since, the Court has yet to clarify what the obligation is, what it requires, and when and how it applies. This article traces the recognition and development of the Dink principle, critiques the Court's approach to date, and explores the real-world impacts of an unfavourable information environment. It concludes with a concrete recommendation which would ensure greater cohesion within the Council of Europe and give practical effect to the Dink principle, while addressing polarisation, disinformation and threats against journalists: media and information literacy initiatives.}, number = {0}, urldate = {2024-07-25}, journal = {Journal of Media Law}, author = {Pentney, Katie}, year = {2024}, note = {Publisher: Routledge \_eprint: https://doi.org/10.1080/17577632.2024.2326278}, keywords = {/unread, Review, Second Draft Report Additions, Global North, media and information literacy, Freedom of expression, favourable environment for public debate, positive obligations, safety of journalists}, pages = {1--32}, file = {Full Text PDF:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/SLNKWHZ7/Pentney - States' positive obligation to create a favourable.pdf:application/pdf}, } @article{phanEconomiesVirtueCirculation2022, title = {Economies of {Virtue}: {The} {Circulation} of ‘{Ethics}’ in {Big} {Tech}}, volume = {31}, issn = {0950-5431}, shorttitle = {Economies of {Virtue}}, url = {https://doi.org/10.1080/09505431.2021.1990875}, doi = {10.1080/09505431.2021.1990875}, number = {1}, urldate = {2024-02-24}, journal = {Science as Culture}, author = {Phan, Thao and Goldenfein, Jake and Mann, Monique and Kuch, Declan}, month = jan, year = {2022}, note = {Publisher: Routledge \_eprint: https://doi.org/10.1080/09505431.2021.1990875}, keywords = {/unread, Global, Review, Second Draft Report Additions}, pages = {121--135}, file = {Phan et al. - 2022 - Economies of Virtue The Circulation of ‘Ethics’ i.pdf:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/GRZWBKAP/Phan et al. - 2022 - Economies of Virtue The Circulation of ‘Ethics’ i.pdf:application/pdf}, } @misc{pickardLegalFoundationsNonReformist2024, title = {Legal {Foundations} for {Non}-{Reformist} {Media} {Reforms}}, url = {http://knightcolumbia.org/content/legal-foundations-for-non-reformist-media-reforms}, language = {en}, urldate = {2024-07-20}, journal = {Knight First Amendment Institute, Columbia University}, author = {Pickard, Victor}, month = jul, year = {2024}, keywords = {/unread, Review, Second Draft Report Additions}, file = {Snapshot:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/2ZI5IWJS/legal-foundations-for-non-reformist-media-reforms.html:text/html}, } @inproceedings{posadaInequalityKnowledgeProduction2018, address = {Toronto, Canada}, title = {Inequality in {Knowledge} {Production}: {The} {Integration} of {Academic} {Infrastructure} by {Big} {Publishers}}, volume = {Connecting the Knowledge Commons: From Projects to Sustainable Infrastructure}, shorttitle = {Inequality in {Knowledge} {Production}}, url = {https://hal.science/hal-01816707}, doi = {10.4000/proceedings.elpub.2018.30}, abstract = {This paper attempts to illustrate the implications of a simultaneous redirection of the big publishers’ business strategy towards open access business models and the acquisition of scholarly infrastructure utilizing the conceptual framework of rent-seeking theory. To document such a transformation, we utilized financial databases to analyze the mergers and acquisitions of the top publicly traded academic publishers. We then performed a service analysis to situate the acquisitions of publishers within the knowledge and education life-cycles, illustrating what we term to be their vertical integration within their respective expansion target life-cycles. Implications of higher education institutions’ increased dependency towards the companies and increased influence by the companies on the institution and individual researcher were noted from the vertical integration of products. Said vertical integration is analyzed via a rent theory framework and described to be a form of rent-seeking complementary to the redirection of business strategies to open access. Finally, the vertical integration is noted to generate exclusionary effects upon researchers/institutions in the global south.}, urldate = {2024-04-17}, booktitle = {{ELPUB} 2018}, publisher = {ElPub}, author = {Posada, Alejandro and Chen, George}, editor = {Chan, Leslie and Mounier, Pierre}, month = jun, year = {2018}, keywords = {inequality, /unread, Global, Second Draft Report Additions, Qual, concentration, knowledge production, rent-seeking, scholarly infrastructure}, file = {Full Text PDF:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/XL9PRI53/Posada and Chen - 2018 - Inequality in Knowledge Production The Integratio.pdf:application/pdf}, } @techreport{posettiShortGuideHistory2018, title = {A short guide to the history of ’fake news’ and disinformation: {A} {Learning} module for journalists and journalism educators}, url = {https://www.comminit.com/media-development/content/short-guide-history-fake-news-and-disinformation-learning-module-journalists-and-journal}, language = {en}, institution = {International Center for Journalists (ICFJ)}, author = {Posetti, Julie and Matthews, Alice}, year = {2018}, keywords = {/unread, Global, Review, Second Draft Report Additions}, file = {Posetti and Matthews - A short guide to the history of ’fake news’ and di.pdf:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/C63FYJ4G/Posetti and Matthews - A short guide to the history of ’fake news’ and di.pdf:application/pdf}, } @book{powellUndoingOptimizationCivic2021, title = {Undoing {Optimization}: {Civic} {Action} in {Smart} {Cities}}, isbn = {978-0-300-22380-4}, url = {https://blackwells.co.uk/bookshop/product/Undoing-Optimization-by-Alison-B-Powell/9780300223804}, abstract = {A unique examination of the civic use, regulation, and politics of communication and data technologies}, language = {en}, urldate = {2023-09-30}, publisher = {Yale University Press}, author = {Powell, Alison}, year = {2021}, keywords = {/unread, Global, Review, Second Draft Report Additions}, } @techreport{furstenbergInternationalizationUniversitiesRepression2020, title = {The {Internationalization} of {Universities} and the {Repression} of {Academic} {Freedom}}, url = {https://freedomhouse.org/report/special-report/2020/internationalization-universities-and-repression-academic-freedom}, abstract = {Lucrative partnerships, foreign access, and expatriate academic networks create many opportunities – including a chance for authoritarian states to assert their influence across borders.}, language = {en}, urldate = {2024-08-29}, institution = {Freedom House US}, author = {Furstenberg, Saipira and Prelec, Tena and Heathershaw, John}, year = {2020}, keywords = {/unread, Global, Review, Second Draft Report Additions}, pages = {18--27}, file = {Snapshot:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/GMJDKTVK/internationalization-universities-and-repression-academic-freedom.html:text/html}, } @misc{programforpublicconsultationThreeFourVotersFavor2022, title = {Three-in-{Four} {Voters} {Favor} {Reinstating} {Net} {Neutrality} {\textbar} {Program} for {Public} {Consultation}}, url = {https://publicconsultation.org/united-states/three-in-four-voters-favor-reinstating-net-neutrality/}, language = {en}, urldate = {2024-08-13}, journal = {School of Public Policy University of Maryland}, author = {Program for Public Consultation}, year = {2022}, keywords = {/unread, Second Draft Report Additions, Global North, Quant}, file = {Snapshot:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/J4XHN5ZD/three-in-four-voters-favor-reinstating-net-neutrality.html:text/html}, } @misc{publicspacesinternationalHowWeThink2024, title = {'{How} we think about {AI} is largely dictated by {Big} {Tech}'}, url = {https://english.publicspaces.net/2024/06/03/how-we-think-about-ai-is-largely-dictated-by-big-tech/}, abstract = {Dutch civil society organisations with connections to MIT In the run up to the conference, we speak with Nadia Piet. With her organization AIxDESIGN, she explores how we should relate to AI. Where popular AI discourse tends to be one-sided and extreme, Nadia Piet is moving away from this. Together with her community, she explores how we can use AI ethicall}, language = {en-US}, urldate = {2024-07-27}, journal = {PublicSpaces International}, author = {PublicSpaces International}, month = jun, year = {2024}, note = {Section: News}, keywords = {/unread, Second Draft Report Additions, Global North, Qual}, file = {Snapshot:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/L7QFZGWT/how-we-think-about-ai-is-largely-dictated-by-big-tech.html:text/html}, } @techreport{puddephattLettingSunShine2021, title = {Letting the sun shine in: {Transparency} and accountability in the digital age}, url = {https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000377231}, urldate = {2024-04-11}, institution = {Prepared for UNESCO}, author = {Puddephatt, Andrew}, year = {2021}, keywords = {/unread, Global, Review, Second Draft Report Additions}, file = {Letting the sun shine in transparency and account.pdf:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/F88RVXQU/Letting the sun shine in transparency and account.pdf:application/pdf;Letting the sun shine in\: transparency and accountability in the digital age - UNESCO Digital Library:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/ZJNXQFD7/pf0000377231.html:text/html}, } @book{puniaEmergingTrendsData2022, title = {Emerging {Trends} in {Data} {Governance}}, isbn = {978-93-84272-33-3}, url = {https://drive.google.com/file/d/1Lbzh8O8Ai2U1ytPkxfqmpzw9EEZjJjRi/view}, publisher = {National Law University Delhi Press}, editor = {Punia, Swati and Mohan, Shashank and Kakkar, Jhalak M. and Bhandari, Vrinda}, year = {2022}, keywords = {Global South, /unread, BRICS, Review, Second Draft Report Additions}, file = {Punia et al. - 2022 - Emerging Trends in Data Governance.pdf:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/QE2STYKA/Punia et al. - 2022 - Emerging Trends in Data Governance.pdf:application/pdf}, } @book{brownRegulatingCodeGood2023, title = {Regulating {Code}: {Good} {Governance} and {Better} {Regulatoin} in the {Information} {Age}}, url = {https://mitpress.mit.edu/9780262548847/regulating-code/}, abstract = {The case for a smarter “prosumer law” approach to Internet regulation that would better protect online innovation, public safety, and fundamental democra...}, language = {en-US}, urldate = {2024-08-21}, author = {Brown, Ian and Marsden, Christopher T}, year = {2023}, keywords = {/unread, Review, Second Draft Report Additions}, } @article{budakMisunderstandingHarmsOnline2024, title = {Misunderstanding the harms of online misinformation}, volume = {630}, copyright = {2024 Springer Nature Limited}, issn = {1476-4687}, url = {https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-024-07417-w}, doi = {10.1038/s41586-024-07417-w}, abstract = {The controversy over online misinformation and social media has opened a gap between public discourse and scientific research. Public intellectuals and journalists frequently make sweeping claims about the effects of exposure to false content online that are inconsistent with much of the current empirical evidence. Here we identify three common misperceptions: that average exposure to problematic content is high, that algorithms are largely responsible for this exposure and that social media is a primary cause of broader social problems such as polarization. In our review of behavioural science research on online misinformation, we document a pattern of low exposure to false and inflammatory content that is concentrated among a narrow fringe with strong motivations to seek out such information. In response, we recommend holding platforms accountable for facilitating exposure to false and extreme content in the tails of the distribution, where consumption is highest and the risk of real-world harm is greatest. We also call for increased platform transparency, including collaborations with outside researchers, to better evaluate the effects of online misinformation and the most effective responses to it. Taking these steps is especially important outside the USA and Western Europe, where research and data are scant and harms may be more severe. This Perspective identifies common misperceptions regarding the harms of online misinformation, finding that exposure to false and inflammatory content is rare and concentrated among a small minority of people who already have extreme views.}, language = {en}, number = {8015}, urldate = {2024-06-09}, journal = {Nature}, author = {Budak, Ceren and Nyhan, Brendan and Rothschild, David M. and Thorson, Emily and Watts, Duncan J.}, month = jun, year = {2024}, note = {Publisher: Nature Publishing Group}, keywords = {Communication, Politics, Sociology, /unread, Second Draft Report Additions, Global North, Mixed}, pages = {45--53}, file = {Full Text PDF:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/N2LB28A2/Budak et al. - 2024 - Misunderstanding the harms of online misinformatio.pdf:application/pdf}, } @book{bullockOxfordHandbookAI2022, edition = {1}, title = {The {Oxford} {Handbook} of {AI} {Governance}}, isbn = {978-0-19-757932-9 978-0-19-757935-0}, url = {https://academic.oup.com/edited-volume/41989}, abstract = {Abstract This handbook is currently in development, with individual articles publishing online in advance of print publication. At this time, we cannot add information about unpublished articles in this handbook, however the table of contents will continue to grow as additional articles pass through the review process and are added to the site. Please note that the online publication date for this handbook is the date that the first article in the title was published online. For more information, please read the site FAQs.}, language = {en}, urldate = {2023-12-06}, publisher = {Oxford University Press}, editor = {Bullock, Justin B. and Chen, Yu-Che and Himmelreich, Johannes and Hudson, Valerie M. and Korinek, Anton and Young, Matthew M. and Zhang, Baobao}, month = feb, year = {2022}, doi = {10.1093/oxfordhb/9780197579329.001.0001}, keywords = {/unread, Global, Review, Second Draft Report Additions}, file = {Full text:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/9KARGS54/Bullock et al. - 2022 - The Oxford Handbook of AI Governance.pdf:application/pdf}, } @article{burkartSurveyExplainabilitySupervised2021, title = {A {Survey} on the {Explainability} of {Supervised} {Machine} {Learning}}, volume = {70}, issn = {1076-9757}, url = {http://arxiv.org/abs/2011.07876}, doi = {10.1613/jair.1.12228}, abstract = {Predictions obtained by, e.g., artificial neural networks have a high accuracy but humans often perceive the models as black boxes. Insights about the decision making are mostly opaque for humans. Particularly understanding the decision making in highly sensitive areas such as healthcare or fifinance, is of paramount importance. The decision-making behind the black boxes requires it to be more transparent, accountable, and understandable for humans. This survey paper provides essential definitions, an overview of the different principles and methodologies of explainable Supervised Machine Learning (SML). We conduct a state-of-the-art survey that reviews past and recent explainable SML approaches and classifies them according to the introduced definitions. Finally, we illustrate principles by means of an explanatory case study and discuss important future directions.}, urldate = {2024-08-13}, journal = {Journal of Artificial Intelligence Research}, author = {Burkart, Nadia and Huber, Marco F.}, month = jan, year = {2021}, note = {arXiv:2011.07876 [cs, stat]}, keywords = {Computer Science - Artificial Intelligence, Computer Science - Machine Learning, /unread, Review, Second Draft Report Additions, Statistics - Machine Learning}, pages = {245--317}, file = {arXiv Fulltext PDF:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/343H8RSK/Burkart and Huber - 2021 - A Survey on the Explainability of Supervised Machi.pdf:application/pdf;arXiv.org Snapshot:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/RRRUHLW3/2011.html:text/html}, } @techreport{caidpArtificialIntelligenceDemocratic2022, address = {Washington D.C.}, title = {Artificial {Intelligence} and {Democratic} {Values} {Index}}, url = {https://www.caidp.org/reports/aidv-2021/}, abstract = {FOR RELEASE Monday, 21 February 2022 09.00 EST / 15.00 CET Updated Index Ranks AI Policies and Practices in 50 Countries Canada, Germany, Italy, and Korea Rank at Top, US Makes Progress as Concerns about China Remain AI POLICY HIGHLIGHTS -2021 - UNESCO AI Recommendation banned social scoring and mass surveillance - EU Introduced comprehensive, risk-based framework - Council of Europe makes progress on AI convention - Continued progress on implementation of OECD Principles, first AI policy framework - G7 leaders endorsed algorithmic transparency to combat AI bias - US opens-up policy process, embraces “democratic values” - EU and US move toward alignment on AI policy - AI regulation in China leaves open questions about independent oversight - UN fails to reach agreement on lethal autonomous weapons - Growing global battle over deployment of facial recognition looms ahead [PRESS RELEASE]}, language = {en-US}, urldate = {2022-07-18}, institution = {Center for AI and Digital Policy, Washington DC}, author = {CAIDP}, month = feb, year = {2022}, keywords = {/unread, Global, Second Draft Report Additions, Mixed, OID AI}, file = {CAIDP - 2022 - Artificial Intelligence and Democratic Values Inde.pdf:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/WJAXYUAZ/CAIDP - 2022 - Artificial Intelligence and Democratic Values Inde.pdf:application/pdf}, } @article{calderaroArtificialIntelligenceEU2022, title = {Artificial intelligence and {EU} security: the false promise of digital sovereignty}, volume = {31}, issn = {0966-2839}, shorttitle = {Artificial intelligence and {EU} security}, url = {https://doi.org/10.1080/09662839.2022.2101885}, doi = {10.1080/09662839.2022.2101885}, abstract = {EU Digital Sovereignty has emerged as a priority for the EU Cyber Agenda to build free and safe, yet resilient cyberspace. In a traditional regulatory fashion, the EU has therefore sought to gain more control over third country-based digital intermediaries through legislative solutions regulating its internal market. Although potentially effective in shielding EU citizens from data exploitation by internet giants, this protectionist strategy tells us little about the EU’s ability to develop Digital Sovereignty, beyond its capacity to react to the external tech industry. Given the growing hybridisation of warfare, building on the increasing integration of artificial intelligence (AI) in the security domain, leadership in advancing AI-related technology has a significant impact on countries’ defence capacity. By framing AI as the intrinsic functioning of algorithms, data mining and computational capacity, we question what tools the EU could rely on to gain sovereignty in each of these dimensions of AI. By focusing on AI from an EU Foreign Policy perspective, we conclude that contrary to the growing narrative, given the absence of a leading AI industry and a coherent defence strategy, the EU has few tools to become a global leader in advancing standards of AI beyond its regulatory capacity.}, number = {3}, urldate = {2024-07-29}, journal = {European Security}, author = {Calderaro, Andrea and Blumfelde, Stella}, month = jul, year = {2022}, note = {Publisher: Routledge \_eprint: https://doi.org/10.1080/09662839.2022.2101885}, keywords = {artificial intelligence, /unread, Review, Second Draft Report Additions, Global North, Digital sovereignty, EU foreign policy, EU security}, pages = {415--434}, file = {Full Text PDF:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/X9BY86S3/Calderaro and Blumfelde - 2022 - Artificial intelligence and EU security the false.pdf:application/pdf}, } @book{calhounDegenerationsDemocracy2022, address = {Cambridge, MA}, title = {Degenerations of {Democracy}}, isbn = {978-0-674-23758-2}, shorttitle = {Degenerations of {Democracy}}, url = {https://www.hup.harvard.edu/books/9780674237582}, abstract = {Democracy is in trouble. Populism is a common scapegoat but not the root cause. More basic are social and economic transformations eroding the foundations of democracy, ruling elites trying to lock in their own privilege, and cultural perversions like making individualistic freedom the enemy of democracy’s other crucial ideals of equality and solidarity. In Degenerations of Democracy three of our most prominent intellectuals investigate democracy gone awry, locate our points of fracture, and suggest paths to democratic renewal. In Charles Taylor’s phrase, democracy is a process, not an end state. Taylor documents creeping disempowerment of citizens, failures of inclusion, and widespread efforts to suppress democratic participation, and he calls for renewing community. Craig Calhoun explores the impact of disruption, inequality, and transformation in democracy’s social foundations. He reminds us that democracies depend on republican constitutions as well as popular will, and that solidarity and voice must be achieved at large scales as well as locally. Taylor and Calhoun together examine how ideals like meritocracy and authenticity have become problems for equality and solidarity, the need for stronger articulation of the idea of public good, and the challenges of thinking “big” without always thinking “centralization.” Dilip Parameshwar Gaonkar points out that even well-designed institutions will not integrate everyone, and inequality and precarity make matters worse. He calls for democracies to be prepared for violence and disorder at their margins—and to treat them with justice, not oppression. The authors call for bold action building on projects like Black Lives Matter and the Green New Deal. Policy is not enough to save democracy; it will take movements.}, publisher = {Harvard University Press}, author = {Calhoun, Craig and Gaonkar, Dilip Parameshwar and Taylor, Charles}, month = may, year = {2022}, keywords = {/unread, Review, Second Draft Report Additions, Global North, OID General}, } @book{campbell-stephensEducationalLeadershipGlobal2021, title = {Educational {Leadership} and the {Global} {Majority}: {Decolonising} {Narratives}}, isbn = {978-3-030-88282-2}, shorttitle = {Educational {Leadership} and the {Global} {Majority}}, abstract = {This book introduces a term for our times, ‘Global Majority,’ as conceptualised within the context of school leadership. It examines the processes and impact over time of racially-minoritising up to eighty-five percent of the world’s population. The chapters illustrate how a decolonised cognitive reset from a minority to majority orientation moves practice from a place of subordination to one of agency and efficacy. By reconnecting the people of the Global Majority with their narratives and the social and historical linkages that they have always had, the book potentially contributes to a different globality; where interdependence is not driven by the economic greed of the minority, but the social and very human needs of the majority.}, language = {en}, publisher = {Springer Nature}, author = {Campbell-Stephens, Rosemary M.}, month = dec, year = {2021}, note = {Google-Books-ID: UYNSEAAAQBAJ}, keywords = {Global South, /unread, Second Draft Report Additions, Mixed, Education / Administration / General, Education / Educational Policy \& Reform / General, Education / General, Education / Schools / Levels / Early Childhood (incl. Preschool \& Kindergarten), Social Science / Criminology}, } @book{catalan-matamorosDisinformationFactcheckingContemporary2023, title = {Disinformation and fact-checking in contemporary society}, isbn = {978-84-11-70710-7}, language = {en}, publisher = {ESIC}, editor = {Catalán-Matamoros, Daniel}, month = nov, year = {2023}, note = {Google-Books-ID: \_NTwEAAAQBAJ}, keywords = {/unread, Second Draft Report Additions, Global North, Mixed, Social Science / Sociology / General}, file = {Catalán-Matamoros - 2023 - Disinformation and fact-checking in contemporary s.pdf:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/HAKF622C/Catalán-Matamoros - 2023 - Disinformation and fact-checking in contemporary s.pdf:application/pdf}, } @techreport{caufieldNewElitesIdentifying2023, title = {The ‘new elites’ of {X}: {Identifying} the most influential accounts engaged in {Hamas}/{Israel} discourse}, url = {https://www.cip.uw.edu/2023/10/20/new-elites-twitter-x-most-influential-accounts-hamas-israel/}, institution = {Center for an Informed Public, University of Washington}, author = {Caufield, Mike and Bayar, Mert Can and Aske, Ashlyn B}, month = oct, year = {2023}, keywords = {/unread, Second Draft Report Additions, Global North, Mixed}, file = {Caufield et al. - 2023 - The ‘new elites’ of X Identifying the most influe.pdf:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/2B8GRYZY/Caufield et al. - 2023 - The ‘new elites’ of X Identifying the most influe.pdf:application/pdf}, } @book{celesteConstitutionalisingSocialMedia2022, title = {Constitutionalising {Social} {Media}}, url = {https://www.bloomsbury.com/uk/constitutionalising-social-media-9781509953721/}, abstract = {This book explores to what extent constitutional principles are put under strain in the social media environment, and how constitutional safeguards can be estab…}, language = {en}, urldate = {2024-09-02}, publisher = {Bloomsbury}, editor = {Celeste, Edoardo and Heldt, Amélie and Keller, Clara Iglesias}, year = {2022}, keywords = {/unread, Review, Second Draft Report Additions}, file = {Snapshot:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/CRDE4G4P/constitutionalising-social-media-9781509953721.html:text/html}, } @techreport{parcuStudyMediaPlurality2022, title = {Study on media plurality and diversity online: final report}, shorttitle = {Study on media plurality and diversity online}, url = {https://data.europa.eu/doi/10.2759/529019}, abstract = {The Study on Media Plurality and Diversity Online investigates the value of safeguarding media pluralism and diversity online, focusing on (i) the prominence and discoverability of general interest content and services, and on (ii) market plurality and the concentration of economic resources. With a focus on Europe, the project is funded by a tender from the European Commission to produce a study on Media Plurality and Diversity Online and involves four partner universities: CMPF (EUI); CiTiP (Centre for Information Technology and Intellectual Property) of KU Leuven; the Institute for Information Law of the University of Amsterdam (IViR/UvA); imec-SMIT-Vrije Universiteit Brussel. The purpose of the assignment was to describe, analyse and evaluate the existing regulatory and business practices in the two areas mentioned above, and finally to elaborate some policy recommendations. Data were collected from the database of the Media Pluralism Monitor (CMPF) and through desk research, online consultations and interviews with stakeholders. The contractor was able to call on a network of national experts across the Member States to support this work.}, language = {eng}, urldate = {2024-07-26}, institution = {European Commission}, author = {Parcu, Pier Luigi and Brogi, Elda and Verza, Sofia and Da Costa Leite Borges, Danielle and Carlini, Roberta and Trevisan, Matteo and Tambini, Damian and Mazzoli, Eleonora Maria and Klimkiewicz, Beata and Broughton Micova, Sally and Petković, Brankica and Rossi, Maria Alessandra and Stasi, Maria Luisa and Valcke, Peggy and Lambrecht, Ingrid and Irion, Kristina and Fahy, Ronan and Idiz, Daphne and Meiring, Arlette and Seipp, Theresa and Poort, Joost and Ranaivoson, Heritiana and Afilipoaie, Adelaida and Domazetovikj, Nino}, year = {2022}, keywords = {/unread, Second Draft Report Additions, Global North, Mixed, database, digital single market, economic resources, EMFA, EU financing, Information technology and telecommunications, pluralism in the media, regulatory policy, report, services of general interest}, file = {Full Text PDF (en):/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/Z4ABDL6P/Centre on Media Pluralism and Media Freedom (CMPF) et al. - 2022 - Study on media plurality and diversity online fin.pdf:application/pdf}, } @techreport{certhititheleftintheeuropeanparliamentOnlineDisinformationEurope2021, title = {Online {Disinformation} in {Europe}: a study on ethical standards, involved political interests and policy recommendations}, shorttitle = {Online {Disinformation} in {Europe}}, url = {https://left.eu/issues/study-online-disinformation-in-europe/}, abstract = {Online disinformation is increasingly taking centre stage in public discourse.}, urldate = {2024-07-25}, institution = {The Left in the European Parliament}, author = {CERTH, iti, The Left in the European Parliament}, month = nov, year = {2021}, keywords = {Systematic literature review, /unread, Second Draft Report Additions, Global North}, file = {2022 - Online Disinformation in Europe a study on ethica.pdf:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/F4MJCFB9/2022 - Online Disinformation in Europe a study on ethica.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/UHTTUYXM/study-online-disinformation-in-europe.html:text/html}, } @incollection{chairGenderedDigitalInequalities2024, title = {Gendered digital inequalities: {How} do we ensure gender transformative law and practice in the age of artificial intelligence in {Africa}?}, url = {https://www.pulp.up.ac.za/edited-collections/data-privacy-law-in-africa-emerging-perspectives}, language = {en-GB}, urldate = {2024-07-27}, booktitle = {Data privacy law in {Africa}: {Emerging} perspectives}, publisher = {Pretoria University Law Press}, author = {Chair, Chenai}, editor = {Abdulrauf, Lukman Adebisi and Dube, Hlengiwe}, year = {2024}, keywords = {Global South, /unread, Review, Second Draft Report Additions}, pages = {207--238}, file = {Chair - 2024 - Gendered digital inequalities How do we ensure ge.pdf:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/4E2EMCDW/Chair - 2024 - Gendered digital inequalities How do we ensure ge.pdf:application/pdf}, } @techreport{chairpersonsorganizationsStatementNetworksMedia2023, title = {Statement of the networks of media and online safety regulators on the occasion of the {UNESCO} {Global} {Conference} {Internet} for {Trust}}, url = {https://www.rirm.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/06/Statement-UNESCO-Global-Conference-en.pdf}, institution = {ACRAN, ERGA, GOSRN, MNRA, PRAI and REFRAM Statement by Chairs at UNESCO Global Conference - Internet for Trust}, author = {Chairpersons Organizations}, month = feb, year = {2023}, keywords = {Global South, /unread, Review, Second Draft Report Additions}, file = {Chairs Organizations - 2023 - Statement of the networks of media and online safe.pdf:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/46CCLMEM/Chairs Organizations - 2023 - Statement of the networks of media and online safe.pdf:application/pdf}, } @misc{chavalariasMinuitMoinsDix2024, title = {Minuit moins dix à l’horloge de {Poutine} : {Analyse} de réseaux des ingérences étrangères dans les élections législatives de 2024}, url = {https://hal.science/hal-04629585v3/document}, language = {French}, publisher = {Hal Open Science}, author = {Chavalarias, David}, year = {2024}, keywords = {/unread, Second Draft Report Additions, Global North, Quant}, file = {Chavalarias - 2024 - Minuit moins dix à l’horloge de Poutine Analyse .pdf:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/LMRW3Y2C/Chavalarias - 2024 - Minuit moins dix à l’horloge de Poutine Analyse .pdf:application/pdf}, } @inproceedings{chiReconfiguringDiversityInclusion2021, address = {Virtual Event USA}, title = {Reconfiguring {Diversity} and {Inclusion} for {AI} {Ethics}}, isbn = {978-1-4503-8473-5}, url = {https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3461702.3462622}, doi = {10.1145/3461702.3462622}, language = {en}, urldate = {2024-06-25}, booktitle = {Proceedings of the 2021 {AAAI}/{ACM} {Conference} on {AI}, {Ethics}, and {Society}}, publisher = {ACM}, author = {Chi, Nicole and Lurie, Emma and Mulligan, Deirdre K.}, month = jul, year = {2021}, keywords = {/unread, Second Draft Report Additions, Qual}, pages = {447--457}, file = {Full Text:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/ZVW6H9MA/Chi et al. - 2021 - Reconfiguring Diversity and Inclusion for AI Ethic.pdf:application/pdf}, } @article{choSocialMediaLiteracy2024, title = {Social media literacy: {A} conceptual framework}, volume = {26}, issn = {1461-4448}, shorttitle = {Social media literacy}, url = {https://doi.org/10.1177/14614448211068530}, doi = {10.1177/14614448211068530}, abstract = {Concerns over the harmful effects of social media have directed public attention to media literacy as a potential remedy. Current conceptions of media literacy are frequently based on mass media, focusing on the analysis of common content and evaluation of the content using common values. This article initiates a new conceptual framework of social media literacy (SoMeLit). Moving away from the mass media-based assumptions of extant approaches, SoMeLit centers on the user’s self in social media that is in dynamic causation with their choices of messages and networks. The foci of analysis in SoMeLit, therefore, are one’s selections and values that influence and are influenced by the construction of one’s reality on social media; and the evolving characteristics of social media platforms that set the boundaries of one’s social media reality construction. Implications of the new components and dimensions of SoMeLit for future research, education, and action are discussed.}, language = {en}, number = {2}, urldate = {2024-02-06}, journal = {New Media \& Society}, author = {Cho, Hyunyi and Cannon, Julie and Lopez, Rachel and Li, Wenbo}, month = feb, year = {2024}, note = {Publisher: SAGE Publications}, keywords = {/unread, Review, Second Draft Report Additions}, pages = {941--960}, file = {Cho et al. - 2024 - Social media literacy A conceptual framework.pdf:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/4DF5JSEY/Cho et al. - 2024 - Social media literacy A conceptual framework.pdf:application/pdf}, } @article{christofolettiPesquisasSobreConfianca2023, title = {Pesquisas sobre confiança na mídia e o fortalecimento da ideia de crise permanente de credibilidade}, volume = {154}, url = {https://dialnet.unirioja.es/servlet/articulo?codigo=9274150}, abstract = {There is a recurring discourse in Western societies that denounces a crisis in institutions, including the press and journalism. Part of this idea seems to be supported by public opinion polls in recent years, which point to gradual declines in trust in the media. In this article, we analyzed 15 surveys measuring trust in the media, and the sample contains studies from the most traditional institutes in Europe, the United States and Brazil. The result is an overview of trust monitoring instruments, which present gaps in their methodologies and limits in the ways of measuring such a dynamic and volatile element of human relations.}, urldate = {2024-07-17}, journal = {Chasqui: Revista Latinoamericana de Comunicación}, author = {Christofoletti, Rogerio and Becker, Denise}, year = {2023}, note = {Publisher: Centro Internacional de Estudios Superiores de Comunicación para América …}, keywords = {Global South, /unread, BRICS, Review, Second Draft Report Additions}, pages = {53--67}, file = {Available Version (via Google Scholar):/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/YJ2WUW68/Christofoletti et Becker - 2023 - Pesquisas sobre confiança na mídia e o fortalecime.pdf:application/pdf}, } @article{chungSocialMediaRegulation2024, title = {Social media regulation, third-person effect, and public views: {A} comparative study of the {United} {States}, the {United} {Kingdom}, {South} {Korea}, and {Mexico}}, volume = {26}, issn = {1461-4448}, shorttitle = {Social media regulation, third-person effect, and public views}, url = {https://doi.org/10.1177/14614448221122996}, doi = {10.1177/14614448221122996}, abstract = {Given the prevalence of misinformation on social media and accompanying negative externalities, platform regulation has become a highly contested public issue globally. This study investigated (a) what global publics think about platform regulation and (b) the psychological mechanisms underlying such opinions through the lens of the third-person effect. Four national surveys, conducted in the United States, the United Kingdom, South Korea, and Mexico in April–September 2021, revealed that both presumed media influence on self and others play important but different roles in predicting support for two distinctive forms of platform regulation (i.e. government regulation of social media platforms versus content moderation by social media platforms). Self-efficacy (self-perceived ability to spot misinformation) and other-efficacy (perception of others’ ability to spot misinformation) were identified as two crucial antecedents of third-person perception. There were also nuanced but noteworthy differences in public attitudes toward platform regulations across the four countries studied.}, language = {en}, number = {8}, urldate = {2024-08-02}, journal = {New Media \& Society}, author = {Chung, Myojung and Wihbey, John}, month = aug, year = {2024}, note = {Publisher: SAGE Publications}, keywords = {Global South, /unread, Second Draft Report Additions, Quant}, pages = {4534--4553}, file = {SAGE PDF Full Text:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/EUFYNSZN/Chung and Wihbey - 2024 - Social media regulation, third-person effect, and .pdf:application/pdf;SAGE PDF Full Text:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/UP27JTVK/Chung and Wihbey - 2022 - Social media regulation, third-person effect, and .pdf:application/pdf}, } @article{cieslikDataficationPowerControl2022, title = {Datafication, {Power} and {Control} in {Development}: {A} {Historical} {Perspective} on the {Perils} and {Longevity} of {Data}}, volume = {22}, issn = {1464-9934}, shorttitle = {Datafication, {Power} and {Control} in {Development}}, url = {https://doi.org/10.1177/14649934221076580}, doi = {10.1177/14649934221076580}, abstract = {The collection, processing, storage and circulation of data are fundamental element of contemporary societies. While the positivistic literature on ‘data revolution’ finds it essential for improving development delivery, critical data studies stress the threats of datafication. In this article, we demonstrate that datafication has been happening continuously through history, driven by political and economic pressures. We use historical examples to show how resource and personal data were extracted, accumulated and commodified by colonial empires, national governments and trade organizations, and argue that similar extractive processes are a present-day threat in the Global South. We argue that the decoupling of earlier and current datafication processes obscures the underlying, complex power dynamics of datafication. Our historical perspective shows how, once aggregated, data may become imperishable and can be appropriated for problematic purposes in the long run by both public and private entities. Using historical case studies, we challenge the current regulatory approaches that view data as a commodity and frame it instead as a mobile, non-perishable, yet ideally inalienable right of people.}, language = {en}, number = {4}, urldate = {2023-11-05}, journal = {Progress in Development Studies}, author = {Cieslik, Katarzyna and Margócsy, Dániel}, month = oct, year = {2022}, note = {Publisher: SAGE Publications India}, keywords = {Global South, /unread, Review, Second Draft Report Additions, OID Data Gov}, pages = {352--373}, file = {Cieslik and Margócsy - 2022 - Datafication, Power and Control in Development A .pdf:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/8F5H8NMK/Cieslik and Margócsy - 2022 - Datafication, Power and Control in Development A .pdf:application/pdf}, } @misc{citiescoalitionfordigitalrightsCitiesCoalitionsDigital2024, title = {Cities {Coalitions} for {Digital} {Rights}}, url = {https://citiesfordigitalrights.org/thecoalition}, abstract = {Cities Coalition for Digital Rights aims to protect and uphold human rights on the internet at the local and global level.}, language = {en}, urldate = {2024-08-04}, journal = {Cities for Digital Rights}, author = {Cities Coalition for Digital Rights}, year = {2024}, keywords = {/unread, Global, Review, Second Draft Report Additions}, file = {Snapshot:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/FYKIXVS4/thecoalition.html:text/html}, } @article{coiduras-sanagustinUnderstandingPerspectivesProduct2024, title = {Understanding perspectives for product design on personal data privacy in internet of things ({IoT}): {A} systematic literature review ({SLR})}, volume = {10}, issn = {2405-8440}, shorttitle = {Understanding perspectives for product design on personal data privacy in internet of things ({IoT})}, url = {https://www.cell.com/heliyon/abstract/S2405-8440(24)06388-6}, doi = {10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e30357}, language = {English}, number = {9}, urldate = {2024-07-29}, journal = {Heliyon}, author = {Coiduras-Sanagustín, Amparo and Manchado-Pérez, Eduardo and García-Hernández, César}, month = may, year = {2024}, pmid = {38737231}, note = {Publisher: Elsevier}, keywords = {Systematic literature review, /unread, Second Draft Report Additions, Dataveillance, Internet of things, Data privacy, Data sharing, Data surveillance, Digital products, Personal data, Privacy risk, User behaviour}, file = {Full Text PDF:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/DZZGP797/Coiduras-Sanagustín et al. - 2024 - Understanding perspectives for product design on p.pdf:application/pdf}, } @techreport{collaoOkComputerPublic2024, title = {Ok {Computer}? {Public} {Attitudes} to the {Uses} of {Generative} {AI} in {News}}, url = {https://reutersinstitute.politics.ox.ac.uk/sites/default/files/2024-07/RISJ%20-%20OK%20Computer%20-%20News%20and%20AI%20-%20Report%20from%20CRAFT.pdf}, institution = {Craft and Reuters Institute for the Study of Journalism, Oxford University}, author = {Collao, Konrad}, month = jul, year = {2024}, keywords = {/unread, Global, Second Draft Report Additions, Qual}, file = {Collao - 2024 - Ok Computer Public Attitudes to the Uses of Gener.pdf:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/7SR8UR53/Collao - 2024 - Ok Computer Public Attitudes to the Uses of Gener.pdf:application/pdf}, } @article{cookeSiliconValleyImperialists2020, title = {Silicon {Valley} {Imperialists} {Create} {New} {Model} {Villages} as {Smart} {Cities} in {Their} {Own} {Image}}, volume = {6}, copyright = {http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/}, issn = {2199-8531}, url = {https://www.mdpi.com/2199-8531/6/2/24}, doi = {10.3390/joitmc6020024}, abstract = {In her study of ‘Surveillance Capitalism’, Shoshana Zuboff cites Google’s parent firm Alphabet’s legal customer-purchase agreement for the parent firm’s Nest thermostats. These impose ‘oppressive privacy and security consequences’ requiring sensitive information to be shared through ‘Internet-of-Things’ (IoT) networks with other domestic and external devices, unnamed functionaries and various third parties. This is for data harvesting, analytics, processing, manipulation and transformation through digital re-sale to the same and other consumers in the form of unwanted, targeted advertising. The point of this identity ‘rendition’ is to massively augment corporate profits. It is but a short step from trapping the unwitting consumer in a ‘smart home’ to planning a similarly mediated ‘smart city’ aimed at further massively augmenting corporate profits. This is happening, as founders of digital media from Google, Facebook, Microsoft, Amazon and Tesla either commission or become beneficiaries of ‘smart city’ planning. However, there is evidence that such imperiousness is increasingly countered by emerging democratic critique of these new ‘model villages’ or ‘company towns’.}, language = {en}, number = {24}, urldate = {2024-08-02}, journal = {Journal of Open Innovation: Technology, Market, and Complexity}, author = {Cooke, Philip}, month = jun, year = {2020}, note = {Number: 2 Publisher: Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute}, keywords = {surveillance capitalism, /unread, Review, Second Draft Report Additions, Global North, company towns, digital innovations, smart cities}, pages = {1--18}, file = {Full Text PDF:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/FIMH4GGB/Cooke - 2020 - Silicon Valley Imperialists Create New Model Villa.pdf:application/pdf}, } @misc{coosDataProtectionJapan2022, title = {Data {Protection} in {Japan}: {All} {You} {Need} to {Know} about {APPI}}, shorttitle = {Data {Protection} in {Japan}}, url = {https://www.endpointprotector.com/blog/data-protection-in-japan-appi}, abstract = {Japan’s data protection law, the Act on the Protection of Personal Information (APPI), adopted as early as 2003, was one of the first data protection regulations in Asia. It received a major overhaul in September 2015 after a series of high-profile data breaches shook Japan, making it clear that APPI’s requirements no longer met present-day … Continue reading}, language = {en-US}, urldate = {2024-08-09}, journal = {Endpoint Protector Blog}, author = {Coos, Andrada}, month = apr, year = {2022}, keywords = {/unread, Review, Second Draft Report Additions, Global North}, } @article{corbuFakeNewsGoing2021, title = {Fake {News} {Going} {Viral}: {The} {Mediating} {Effect} of {Negative} {Emotions}}, volume = {4}, url = {https://www.mlar.sk/wp-content/uploads/2021/12/4_Corbu.pdf}, number = {2}, journal = {Media Literacy and Academic Research}, author = {Corbu, Nicoleta and Bârgăoanu, Alina and Durach, Flavia and Udrea, Georgiana}, year = {2021}, keywords = {/unread, Second Draft Report Additions, Global North, Quant}, pages = {58--87}, file = {Corbu et al. - 2021 - Fake News Going Viral The Mediating Effect of Neg.pdf:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/S4XYEMPJ/Corbu et al. - 2021 - Fake News Going Viral The Mediating Effect of Neg.pdf:application/pdf}, } @book{couldryMediatedConstructionReality2016, address = {Cambridge, UK ; Malden, MA}, edition = {1st edition}, title = {The {Mediated} {Construction} of {Reality}: {Society}, {Culture}, {Mediatization}}, isbn = {978-0-7456-8131-3}, shorttitle = {The {Mediated} {Construction} of {Reality}}, abstract = {Social theory needs to be completely rethought in a world of digital media and social media platforms driven by data processes. Fifty years after Berger and Luckmann published their classic text The Social Construction of Reality, two leading sociologists of media, Nick Couldry and Andreas Hepp, revisit the question of how social theory can understand the processes through which an everyday world is constructed in and through media.Drawing on Schütz, Elias and many other social and media theorists, they ask: what are the implications of digital media�s profound involvement in those processes? Is the result a social world that is stable and liveable, or one that is increasingly unstable and unliveable?}, language = {English}, publisher = {Polity}, author = {Couldry, Nick and Hepp, Andreas}, month = oct, year = {2016}, keywords = {/unread, Second Draft Report Additions, Mixed}, } @techreport{councilofeuropeRecommendationCMRec201812018, title = {Recommendation {CM}/{Rec}(2018)1 of the {Committee} of {Ministers} to {Member} {States} on {Media} {Pluralism} and {Transparency} of {Media} {Ownership}}, url = {https://search.coe.int/cm#{%22CoEIdentifier%22:[%220900001680790e13%22],%22sort%22:[%22CoEValidationDate%20Descending%22]}}, urldate = {2024-08-13}, institution = {Council of Europe CM/Rec(2018)1}, author = {Council of Europe}, year = {2018}, keywords = {/unread, Second Draft Report Additions, Global North, Policy}, file = {CM/Rec(2018)1:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/KY3WY2R9/cm.html:text/html;Council of Europe - 2018 - Recommendation CMRec(2018)1 of the Committee of M.pdf:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/V2WCV6TQ/Council of Europe - 2018 - Recommendation CMRec(2018)1 of the Committee of M.pdf:application/pdf}, } @techreport{councilofeuropeRecommendationCMRec2022122022, title = {Recommendation {CM}/{Rec}(2022)12 of the {Committee} of {Ministers} to {Member} {States} on {Electoral} {Communication} and {Media} {Coverage} of {Election} {Campaigns}}, url = {https://search.coe.int/cm#{%22CoEIdentifier%22:[%220900001680a6172e%22],%22sort%22:[%22CoEValidationDate%20Descending%22]}}, institution = {Council of Europe CM/Rec(2022)12}, author = {Council of Europe}, year = {2022}, keywords = {/unread, Second Draft Report Additions, Global North, Policy}, file = {Council of Europe - 2022 - Electoral Communication and Media Coverage of Elec.pdf:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/GHIY8G5H/Council of Europe - 2022 - Electoral Communication and Media Coverage of Elec.pdf:application/pdf}, } @article{cowlsAIGambitLeveraging2023, title = {The {AI} gambit: leveraging artificial intelligence to combat climate change—opportunities, challenges, and recommendations}, volume = {38}, issn = {1435-5655}, shorttitle = {The {AI} gambit}, url = {https://doi.org/10.1007/s00146-021-01294-x}, doi = {10.1007/s00146-021-01294-x}, abstract = {In this article, we analyse the role that artificial intelligence (AI) could play, and is playing, to combat global climate change. We identify two crucial opportunities that AI offers in this domain: it can help improve and expand current understanding of climate change, and it can contribute to combatting the climate crisis effectively. However, the development of AI also raises two sets of problems when considering climate change: the possible exacerbation of social and ethical challenges already associated with AI, and the contribution to climate change of the greenhouse gases emitted by training data and computation-intensive AI systems. We assess the carbon footprint of AI research, and the factors that influence AI’s greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions in this domain. We find that the carbon footprint of AI research may be significant and highlight the need for more evidence concerning the trade-off between the GHG emissions generated by AI research and the energy and resource efficiency gains that AI can offer. In light of our analysis, we argue that leveraging the opportunities offered by AI for global climate change whilst limiting its risks is a gambit which requires responsive, evidence-based, and effective governance to become a winning strategy. We conclude by identifying the European Union as being especially well-placed to play a leading role in this policy response and provide 13 recommendations that are designed to identify and harness the opportunities of AI for combatting climate change, while reducing its impact on the environment.}, language = {en}, number = {1}, urldate = {2024-05-22}, journal = {AI \& SOCIETY}, author = {Cowls, Josh and Tsamados, Andreas and Taddeo, Mariarosaria and Floridi, Luciano}, month = feb, year = {2023}, keywords = {Artificial intelligence, Climate change, /unread, Second Draft Report Additions, Quant, Sustainability, Environment, Carbon footprint, Digital ethics, Digital governance}, pages = {283--307}, file = {Full Text PDF:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/C3N4X6E5/Cowls et al. - 2023 - The AI gambit leveraging artificial intelligence .pdf:application/pdf}, } @book{crawfordAtlasAIPower2021, address = {New Haven, CT}, title = {The {Atlas} of {AI}: {Power}, {Politics}, and the {Planetary} {Costs} of {Artificial} {Intelligence}}, isbn = {978-0-300-20957-0}, shorttitle = {The {Atlas} of {AI}}, abstract = {The hidden costs of artificial intelligence, from natural resources and labour to privacy and freedom What happens when artificial intelligence saturates political life and depletes the planet? How is AI shaping our understanding of ourselves and our societies? In this book Kate Crawford reveals how this planetary network is fueling a shift toward undemocratic governance and increased inequality. Drawing on more than a decade of research, award winning science, and technology, Crawford reveals how AI is a technology of extraction: from the energy and minerals needed to build and sustain its infrastructure, to the exploited workers behind 'automated' services, to the data AI collects from us.    Rather than taking a narrow focus on code and algorithms, Crawford offers us a political and a material perspective on what it takes to make artificial intelligence and where it goes wrong. While technical systems present a veneer of objectivity, they are always systems of power. This is an urgent account of what is at stake as technology companies use artificial intelligence to reshape the world.}, language = {English}, publisher = {Yale University Press}, author = {Crawford, Kate}, month = jun, year = {2021}, keywords = {/unread, Global, Second Draft Report Additions, Mixed, OID AI}, } @article{crawfordGenerativeAICrisis2024, title = {Generative {AI} {Is} a {Crisis} for {Copyright} {Law}}, url = {https://issues.org/generative-ai-copyright-law-crawford-schultz/}, abstract = {Generative AI is destabilizing the foundational concepts of copyright law, creating an unprecedented moment in creative production.}, language = {en-US}, urldate = {2024-01-30}, journal = {Issues in Science and Technology}, author = {Crawford, Kate and Schultz, Jason}, month = jan, year = {2024}, keywords = {/unread, Review, Second Draft Report Additions, Global North}, pages = {np}, file = {Issues - 2024 - Generative AI Is a Crisis for Copyright Law.pdf:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/3QISNDYY/Issues - 2024 - Generative AI Is a Crisis for Copyright Law.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/YNEJA3NE/generative-ai-copyright-law-crawford-schultz.html:text/html}, } @techreport{cremerCompetitionPolicyDigital2019, address = {Brussels}, title = {Competition {Policy} for the {Digital} {Era}: {Final} {Report}}, url = {https://op.europa.eu/en/publication-detail/-/publication/21dc175c-7b76-11e9-9f05-01aa75ed71a1/language-en}, institution = {Study prepared for European Commission DG Competition, Brussels}, author = {Crémer, J. and de Montjoye, Y.-A. and Schweitzer, H.}, year = {2019}, keywords = {/unread, Review, Second Draft Report Additions, Global North}, file = {Full text:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/XSSJHTUR/Crémer et al. - 2019 - Competition Policy for the Digital Era Final Repo.pdf:application/pdf}, } @incollection{cullotyDesinformationMigrationProbleme2021, title = {Désinformation sur la {Migration}: {UN} {Problème} de {Longue} {Date} au {Dimensions} {Technologiques} {Nouvelles}}, url = {https://publications.iom.int/system/files/pdf/WMR-2022-FR.pdf}, booktitle = {Rapport État de la {Migration} {Dans} {Le} {Monde}}, publisher = {Organisation internationale pour les migrations (OIM)}, author = {Culloty, Eileen}, editor = {McAuliffe, M and Triandafyllidou, A}, year = {2021}, keywords = {Global South, /unread, Second Draft Report Additions, Qual}, pages = {229--245}, file = {Culloty - Désinformation sur la Migration UN Problème de Lo.pdf:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/3HGTVAWE/Culloty - Désinformation sur la Migration UN Problème de Lo.pdf:application/pdf}, } @book{curranMediaSociety6th2019, address = {London}, title = {Media and {Society} 6th {Edition}}, url = {https://www.bloomsbury.com/uk/media-and-society-9781501340734/}, abstract = {Media and Society is an established textbook, popular worldwide for its insightful and accessible essays from leading international academics on the most pertinent issues in the media field today. With this updated edition, David Hesmondhalgh joins James Curran and a team of leading international scholars to speak to current issues relating to media and gender, media and democracy, sociology of news, the global internet, the political impact of the media, popular culture, the effects of digitisation on media industries, media and emotion, and other vital topics. The media are in a state of ferment, and are undergoing far-reaching change. The sixth edition tries to make sense of the media's transformation, and its wider implications. Purely descriptive accounts date fast, so the emphasis has been on identifying the central issues and problems arising from media change, and on evaluating its wider consequences. What is judged to be the staple elements of the field has evolved over time, as well as becoming more international in orientation. Yet the overriding aim of the book - to be useful to students - has remained constant. This text is an essential resource for all media, communication and film studies students who want to broaden their knowledge and understanding of how the media operates and affects society across the globe.}, language = {en}, urldate = {2020-08-06}, publisher = {Bloomsbury}, editor = {Curran, James and Hesmondhalgh, David}, year = {2019}, keywords = {/unread, Global, Second Draft Report Additions, Qual}, } @book{curranWesternizingMediaStudies1999, address = {London ; New York}, edition = {1 edition}, title = {De-{Westernizing} {Media} {Studies}}, isbn = {978-0-415-19395-5}, abstract = {Brings together leading media critics from around the world to address central questions in the study of media. Essential reading for anyone who wants to understand the relationship between mass communication and society.}, language = {English}, publisher = {Routledge}, editor = {Curran, James and Park, Myung-Jin}, month = dec, year = {1999}, keywords = {Global South, /unread, Second Draft Report Additions, Qual}, } @article{cushionArePublicService2021, title = {Are public service media distinctive from the market? {Interpreting} the political information environments of {BBC} and commercial news in the {United} {Kingdom}}, volume = {37}, issn = {0267-3231}, shorttitle = {Are public service media distinctive from the market?}, url = {https://doi.org/10.1177/02673231211012149}, doi = {10.1177/02673231211012149}, abstract = {Public service media face an existential crisis. Many governments are cutting their budgets, while questioning the role and value of public service broadcasting because many citizens now have access to a wide range of media. This raises the question – do public service media supply a distinctive and informative news service compared to market-led media? Drawing on the concept of political information environment, this study makes an intervention into debates by carrying out a comparative content analysis of news produced by UK public service broadcasters and market-driven media across television, radio and online outlets (N = 1065) and interviewing senior editors about the routine selection of news. It found that almost all BBC news and commercial public service media platforms reported more news about politics, public affairs and international issues than entirely market-driven outlets. Online BBC news reported more informative topics than market-based media, which featured more entertainment and celebrity stories. The value of public service media was demonstrated on the United Kingdom’s nightly television news bulletins, which shone a light on the world not often reported, especially BBC News at Ten. Most market-driven media reported through a UK prism, excluding many countries and international issues. Overall, it is argued that the influence of public service media in the United Kingdom helps shape an information environment with informative news. The focus of the study is on UK media, but the conceptual application of intepreting a political information environment is designed to be relevant for scholars internationally. While communication studies have sought to advance more cross-national studies in recent years, this can limit how relevant studies are for debates in national political information environments. This study concludes by recommending more scholarly attention should be paid to theorising national policy dynamics that shape the political information environments of media systems within nations.}, language = {en}, number = {1}, urldate = {2021-05-15}, journal = {European Journal of Communication}, author = {Cushion, Stephen}, month = may, year = {2021}, note = {Publisher: SAGE Publications Ltd}, keywords = {political communication, Journalism, /unread, Second Draft Report Additions, Global North, Qual, public service broadcasting, news/information, policy and law (media systems)}, pages = {3--20}, file = {Cushion - 2021 - Are public service media distinctive from the mark.pdf:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/3U37WFGA/Cushion - 2021 - Are public service media distinctive from the mark.pdf:application/pdf}, } @book{custersLawArtificialIntelligence2022, address = {The Hague}, series = {Information {Technology} and {Law} {Series}}, title = {Law and {Artificial} {Intelligence}: {Regulating} {AI} and {Applying} {AI} in {Legal} {Practice}}, volume = {35}, copyright = {https://www.springer.com/tdm}, isbn = {978-94-6265-522-5 978-94-6265-523-2}, shorttitle = {Law and {Artificial} {Intelligence}}, url = {https://link.springer.com/10.1007/978-94-6265-523-2}, language = {en}, urldate = {2024-07-29}, publisher = {T.M.C. Asser Press}, editor = {Custers, Bart and Fosch-Villaronga, Eduard}, year = {2022}, doi = {10.1007/978-94-6265-523-2}, keywords = {Artificial Intelligence, Big Data, /unread, Review, Second Draft Report Additions, Global North, Automated decision-making, Cyber-physical Systems, Diversity and Inclusion, Human Rights, Lawmaking, Liability and Responsibility, Meaningful control, Robots and Autonomous Systems}, file = {Full text:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/TW9WGGED/Custers e Fosch-Villaronga - 2022 - Law and Artificial Intelligence Regulating AI and.pdf:application/pdf}, } @incollection{dhaenensInnovationJournalismHow2022, title = {Innovation in journalism: {How} technology affects the news media, publication formats, and the journalist profession}, shorttitle = {Innovation in journalism}, url = {https://lirias.kuleuven.be/retrieve/672906}, urldate = {2024-01-07}, booktitle = {Success and failure in news media performance: {Comparative} analysis in the {Media} for {Democracy} {Monitor} 2021}, publisher = {NORDICOM}, author = {d'Haenens, Leen and Lo, Wai Han and Moore, Martin}, editor = {Trappel, Josef and Tomaz, Tales}, year = {2022}, note = {Publisher: Nordicon; Göteborg}, keywords = {/unread, Review, Second Draft Report Additions, Global North}, pages = {337--345}, file = {d'Haenens et al. - 2022 - Innovation in journalism How technology affects t.pdf:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/LZBHJ77G/d'Haenens et al. - 2022 - Innovation in journalism How technology affects t.pdf:application/pdf}, } @article{dasilvaResearchMethodologyInformation2019, title = {Research {Methodology} in {Information} {Literacy}: {A} {Systematic} {Review}}, volume = {17}, issn = {1678-765X, 1678-765X}, shorttitle = {{RESEARCH} {METHODOLOGY} {IN} {INFORMATION} {LITERACY}}, url = {https://www.scielo.br/j/rdbci/a/jZmmcDwFZH3hn93jdmjsB4H/?lang=en}, doi = {10.20396/rdbci.v17i0.8653728/e019014}, abstract = {RESUMO A Competência em Informação tem sido objeto de estudo em Ciência da Informação desde seu surgimento em 1974. As pesquisas relacionadas à temática levaram à proliferação de modelos de Competência em Informação, utilizados como quadro de referência, para aplicação em outras pesquisas ou na prática bibliotecária. Tendo isso em vista, questiona-se: quais foram os modelos de Competência em Informação utilizados como quadro de referência em dissertações e teses defendidas em Programas de Pós-Graduação em Ciência da Informação, no período de 2014 a 2018? O presente trabalho tem como objetivo geral: identificar os modelos de Competência em Informação utilizados com mais frequência na pesquisa sobre Competência em Informação no Brasil. E como objetivos específicos: a) apresentar um panorama da pesquisa brasileira sobre Competência em Informação; b) apresentar as principais tendências na produção de teses e dissertações sobre Competência em Informação no Brasil; c) realizar uma revisão sistemática da pesquisa brasileira em nível de Mestrado e Doutorado em Ciência da Informação entre 2014-2018. Trata-se de uma pesquisa exploratória, de abordagem qualitativa, que utiliza como método de pesquisa bibliográfica a revisão sistemática dos resultados obtidos em levantamento realizado na Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações (BDTD) do Instituto Brasileiro de Informação em Ciência e Tecnologia (IBICT). Conclui apontando para o fato de que os modelos de Competência em Informação são tidos como essenciais para o desenvolvimento da pesquisa sobre a temática e servem como fundamentação teórica e metodológica para a crítica, a interpretação e aplicação de conceitos e métodos sobre Competência em Informação.}, language = {en}, urldate = {2024-08-21}, journal = {RDBCI: Revista Digital de Biblioteconomia e Ciência da Informação}, author = {da Silva, Carlos Robson Souza da and Teixeira, Thiciane Mary Carvalho and Pinto, Virginia Bentes}, year = {2019}, note = {Publisher: Universidade Estadual de Campinas}, keywords = {Systematic literature review, Literature review, Global South, /unread, Second Draft Report Additions, Information literacy, Research methods}, pages = {1--17}, file = {Full Text PDF:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/P4HRWJV7/Silva et al. - 2024 - RESEARCH METHODOLOGY IN INFORMATION LITERACY A SY.pdf:application/pdf}, } @article{dadakhonovAnalysisMediaInformation2024, title = {Analysis of {Media} and {Information} {Literacy} {Definitions}: {A} {Qualitative} {Approach}}, volume = {12}, url = {https://redfame.com/journal/index.php/smc/article/view/6659}, number = {2}, journal = {Studies in Media and Communications}, author = {Dadakhonov, Azamjon Oltmishevich}, year = {2024}, keywords = {/unread, Global, Second Draft Report Additions, Qual}, pages = {116--129}, file = {Dadakhonov - Analysis of Media and Information Literacy Definit.pdf:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/IHQY7GR8/Dadakhonov - Analysis of Media and Information Literacy Definit.pdf:application/pdf}, } @book{deabreuMediaLiteracyEquity2022, title = {Media {Literacy}, {Equity}, and {Justice}}, isbn = {978-1-00-059604-5}, url = {https://www.google.co.uk/books/edition/Media_Literacy_Equity_and_Justice/4A1yEAAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=0}, abstract = {Offering a new and thought-provoking look at media literacy education, this book brings together a range of perspectives that address the past, present, and future of media literacy, equity and justice. Straddling media studies, literacy education, and social justice education, this book comes at a time when the media’s role as well as our media intake and perceptions are being disrupted. As a result, questions of censorship, free speech, accountability abound, and nuance is often lost. This book is an antidote to the challenges facing media literacy education: chapters offer a careful examination of important and hot topics, including AI, authenticity, representation, climate change, activism and more.Addressing the continually evolving role of media and its impact on our society and shared knowledge base, the volume is organized around five themes: Misinformation and Disinformation; Media Representation; Civic Media, Politics and Policy; Eco Media Literacy; Education and Equity, Ethical Quandaries and Ideologies; and Emerging Technologies. Ideal for courses on media literacy and new literacies, this book furthers the conversation on the ways literacy and social justice are connected to educational communities in local and global contexts.}, language = {en}, publisher = {Taylor \& Francis}, editor = {De Abreu, Belinha S.}, month = jul, year = {2022}, note = {Google-Books-ID: 4A1yEAAAQBAJ}, keywords = {Social Science / Media Studies, History / General, /unread, Global, Review, Second Draft Report Additions, Education / General, Education / Aims \& Objectives, Education / Multicultural Education, Education / Schools / Levels / Secondary, Education / Teaching / General, Language Arts \& Disciplines / Literacy}, } @book{debruyneArtificialIntelligenceLaw2021, series = {Centrum voor {Verbintenissen}-en {Goederenrecht}}, title = {Artificial {Intelligence} and the {Law}}, isbn = {978-1-83970-103-0}, url = {https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/artificial-intelligence-and-the-law/D7DF8D83C7A00A2A8D4904FC4B3B2899}, abstract = {Artificial intelligence (AI) is becoming more increasingly prevalent in our daily social and professional lives. Although AI systems and robots bring many benefits, they present several challenges as well. In this comprehensive book, scholars critically examine how AI systems may impact Belgian law. It contains contributions on consumer protection, contract law, liability, data protection, procedural law, insurance, health, intellectual property, arbitration, lethal autonomous weapons, tax law, employment law and ethics. While specific topics of Belgian private and public law are thoroughly addressed, the book also provides a general overview of a number of regulatory and ethical AI evolutions and tendencies in the European Union. Therefore, it is a must-read for legal scholars, practitioners and government officials as well as for anyone with an interest in law and AI.}, urldate = {2024-07-29}, publisher = {Intersentia}, editor = {De Bruyne, Jan and Vanleenhove, Cedric}, year = {2021}, doi = {10.1017/9781839701047}, keywords = {/unread, Review, Second Draft Report Additions, Global North}, file = {Snapshot:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/7LVYDY29/D7DF8D83C7A00A2A8D4904FC4B3B2899.html:text/html}, } @incollection{degregorioPlatformGovernancePeriphery2021, title = {Platform {Governance} at the {Periphery}: {Moderation}, {Shutdowns} and {Intervention}}, isbn = {978-3-7489-2978-9}, shorttitle = {Platform {Governance} at the {Periphery}}, url = {https://www.nomos-elibrary.de/index.php?doi=10.5771/9783748929789-433}, abstract = {After illustrating how the spread of dangerous content has led to troubling consequences beyond digital boundaries, this chapter describes how online hate speech has become criminalised in the global south. It analyses Internet shutdowns to understand their socio-legal consequences, and explores the applicability of public international law and the humanitarian doctrine to information interventions.}, language = {en}, urldate = {2023-12-09}, booktitle = {Perspectives on {Platform} {Regulation}}, publisher = {Nomos Verlagsgesellschaft mbH \& Co. KG}, author = {De Gregorio, Giovani and Stremlau, Nicole}, editor = {Bayer, Judit and Holznagel, Bernd and Korpisaari, Päivi and Woods, Lorna}, year = {2021}, doi = {10.5771/9783748929789-433}, keywords = {Global South, /unread, Review, Second Draft Report Additions}, pages = {433--450}, file = {Gregorio and Stremlau - 2021 - Platform Governance at the Periphery Moderation, .pdf:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/BI6J4PLC/Gregorio and Stremlau - 2021 - Platform Governance at the Periphery Moderation, .pdf:application/pdf}, } @misc{degregorioArtificialIntelligenceFreedom2023, address = {Rochester, NY}, title = {Artificial {Intelligence} and {Freedom} of {Expression}}, url = {https://papers.ssrn.com/abstract=4736744}, abstract = {Freedom of expression represents a key value to promote a culture of democracy and human rights. Being able to express one’s personal ideas and personal opinions, as well as to decide how to convey those ideas and thoughts, allows individuals to fully participate in social life and to project outside values and personality. The Universal Declaration of Human Rights, the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, and regional systems such as the European Convention of Human Rights, are only some of the instruments that protect freedom of expression as a human right, thus recognising its universal dimension. The protection of freedom of expression has been deeply impacted by the development of digital technologies and, in particular, by the spread of artificial intelligence systems. On the one hand, these systems play a critical role in organising large amounts of content or providing opportunities for creativity. On the other hand, this flourishing democratic framework driven by digital technologies does not fully compensate the troubling evolution of the algorithmic society where algorithmic technologies contribute to shaping the definition of online speech and the governance of these expressions is increasingly mediated by artificial intelligence systems implemented by states and business actors such as in the case of content moderation. The chapter addresses the many ways in which freedom of expression and information has been affected by artificial intelligence technologies in the digital environment. First, it explores the main characters and specificities of freedom of expression in the age of artificial intelligence and focuses on the relationship between artificial intelligence and media. Second, it addresses the private governance of freedom of expression, particularly the use of automated technologies to moderate online content. Third, it underscores how the new digital context may require state obligations to ensure the protection of freedom of expression, particularly considering the power exercised by private actors through the implementation of artificial intelligence systems.}, language = {en}, urldate = {2024-04-15}, publisher = {SSRN Scholarly Paper}, author = {De Gregorio, Giovanni and Dunn, Pietro}, year = {2023}, keywords = {Artificial Intelligence, Freedom of Expression, /unread, Global, Review, Second Draft Report Additions, Fundamental Rights, Content Moderation, Platform Governance}, file = {Full Text PDF:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/K36ZU9RV/De Gregorio and Dunn - 2023 - Artificial Intelligence and Freedom of Expression.pdf:application/pdf}, } @article{degregorioInequalitiesContentModeration2023, title = {Inequalities and content moderation}, volume = {14}, issn = {1758-5880, 1758-5899}, url = {https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/1758-5899.13243}, doi = {10.1111/1758-5899.13243}, abstract = {As the harms of hate speech, mis/disinformation and incitement to violence on social media have become increasingly apparent, calls for regulation have accelerated. Most of these debates have centred around the needs and concerns of large markets such as the EU and the United States, or the aggressive approach countries such as Russia and China adopt to regulate online content. Our focus in this article is with the rest, the smaller markets at the periphery of the advertising industry, and the deep inequalities that current approaches to content moderation perpetuate. We outline the depth of the unequal practice of moderation, particularly across Africa, and explore the underlying political and economic factors driving this gap. While recognizing content moderation has many limitations, we conclude by underlining potential approaches to increase oversight in content moderation.}, language = {en}, number = {5}, urldate = {2023-12-09}, journal = {Global Policy}, author = {De Gregorio, Giovanni and Stremlau, Nicole}, month = nov, year = {2023}, keywords = {Global South, /unread, Review, Second Draft Report Additions}, pages = {870--879}, file = {De Gregorio and Stremlau - 2023 - Inequalities and content moderation.pdf:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/QB8B546X/De Gregorio and Stremlau - 2023 - Inequalities and content moderation.pdf:application/pdf}, } @article{de-lima-santosGuidingWayComprehensive2024, title = {Guiding the way: a comprehensive examination of {AI} guidelines in global media}, issn = {1435-5655}, shorttitle = {Guiding the way}, url = {https://doi.org/10.1007/s00146-024-01973-5}, doi = {10.1007/s00146-024-01973-5}, abstract = {With the increasing adoption of artificial intelligence (AI) technologies in the news industry, media organizations have begun publishing guidelines that aim to promote the responsible, ethical, and unbiased implementation of AI-based technologies. These guidelines are expected to serve journalists and media workers by establishing best practices and a framework that helps them navigate ever-evolving AI tools. Drawing on institutional theory and digital inequality concepts, this study analyzes 37 AI guidelines for media purposes in 17 countries. Our analysis reveals key thematic areas, such as transparency, accountability, fairness, privacy, and the preservation of journalistic values. Results highlight shared principles and best practices that emerge from these guidelines, including the importance of human oversight, explainability of AI systems, disclosure of automated content, and protection of user data. However, the geographical distribution of these guidelines, highlighting the dominance of Western nations, particularly North America and Europe, can further ongoing concerns about power asymmetries in AI adoption and consequently isomorphism outside these regions. Our results may serve as a resource for news organizations, policymakers, and stakeholders looking to navigate the complex AI development toward creating a more inclusive and equitable digital future for the media industry worldwide.}, language = {en}, urldate = {2024-07-20}, journal = {AI \& SOCIETY}, author = {de-Lima-Santos, Mathias-Felipe and Yeung, Wang Ngai and Dodds, Tomás}, month = jul, year = {2024}, keywords = {Artificial intelligence, Media, Journalism, /unread, BRICS, Second Draft Report Additions, Global North, Mixed, Generative AI, Code of principles, Guidelines}, pages = {1--19}, file = {Full Text PDF:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/DEN3XU7I/de-Lima-Santos et al. - 2024 - Guiding the way a comprehensive examination of AI.pdf:application/pdf}, } @article{dellingerBodiesEvidenceCriminalization2024, title = {Bodies of {Evidence}: {The} {Criminalization} of {Abortion} and {Surveillance} of {Women} in a {Post}-{DOBBS} {World}}, volume = {19}, journal = {Duke Journal of Constitutional Law \& Public Policy}, author = {Dellinger, Jolynn and Pell, Stephanie}, year = {2024}, keywords = {/unread, Review, Second Draft Report Additions, Global North}, pages = {1--99}, file = {Dellinger and Pell - 2024 - Bodies of Evidence The Criminalization of Abortio.pdf:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/R87LGP2F/Dellinger and Pell - 2024 - Bodies of Evidence The Criminalization of Abortio.pdf:application/pdf}, } @article{deuzeImaginationAlgorithmsNews2022, title = {Imagination, {Algorithms} and {News}: {Developing} {AI} {Literacy} for {Journalism}}, volume = {10}, issn = {2167-0811}, shorttitle = {Imagination, {Algorithms} and {News}}, url = {https://doi.org/10.1080/21670811.2022.2119152}, doi = {10.1080/21670811.2022.2119152}, number = {10}, urldate = {2023-12-25}, journal = {Digital Journalism}, author = {Deuze, Mark and Beckett, Charlie}, month = nov, year = {2022}, note = {Publisher: Routledge \_eprint: https://doi.org/10.1080/21670811.2022.2119152}, keywords = {/unread, Global, Review, Second Draft Report Additions, USED, OID AI}, pages = {1913--1918}, file = {Deuze and Beckett - 2022 - Imagination, Algorithms and News Developing AI Li.pdf:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/8ZJJ44JW/Deuze and Beckett - 2022 - Imagination, Algorithms and News Developing AI Li.pdf:application/pdf}, } @techreport{diazDoubleStandardsSocial2021, title = {Double {Standards} in {Social} {Media} {Content} {Moderation}}, url = {https://www.brennancenter.org/our-work/research-reports/double-standards-social-media-content-moderation}, language = {en}, institution = {Brennan Center for Justice, New York University School of Law}, author = {Díaz, Ángel and Hecht-Felella, Laura}, year = {2021}, keywords = {/unread, Global, Review, Second Draft Report Additions}, file = {Díaz - Double Standards in Social Media Content Moderatio.pdf:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/F72FXT3Z/Díaz - Double Standards in Social Media Content Moderatio.pdf:application/pdf}, } @article{dierickxAutomatedFactCheckingSupport2023, title = {Automated {Fact}-{Checking} to {Support} {Professional} {Practices}: {Systematic} {Literature} {Review} and {Meta}-{Analysis}}, volume = {17}, issn = {1932-8036}, shorttitle = {Automated {Fact}-{Checking} to {Support} {Professional} {Practices}}, url = {https://ijoc.org/index.php/ijoc/article/view/21071}, abstract = {"Addressing the gaps in technological developments in fighting against information disorders." Fact-checking is a time-consuming process that automation can potentially make more efficient. This study provides a comprehensive, multidisciplinary state of the art that considers a holistic and sociotechnical approach to studying automated fact-checking (AFC) from a journalistic perspective. It identifies how AFC tools, as boundary objects, connect with their end users. The findings highlight that most research in AFC focuses on providing technological solutions to solve the multidimensional social problem of information disorder, and they also indicate the promise of human-machine teaming. This suggests that the cursor can be moved from a technological point of view toward a social one, provided that a relationship of confidence is established between the communities—developers and fact-checkers/journalists—involved from either side of the tool. Although the conditions of use of a technological artifact are multifaceted, the reliability of the results that it provides participates in building such a trust-based relationship.}, language = {en}, number = {2023}, urldate = {2023-12-26}, journal = {International Journal of Communication}, author = {Dierickx, Laurence and Lindén, Carl-Gustav and Opdahl, Andreas Lothe}, month = aug, year = {2023}, note = {EXTERNAL CONTRIBUTOR}, keywords = {meta-analysis, journalism, fact-checking, Systematic literature review, artificial intelligence, systematic literature review, /unread, Second Draft Report Additions, OID Media, USED, OID EXTERNAL CONTRIBUTOR}, pages = {5170--5190}, file = {Dierickx et al. - 2023 - Automated Fact-Checking to Support Professional Pr.pdf:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/ZRXBWCLA/Dierickx et al. - 2023 - Automated Fact-Checking to Support Professional Pr.pdf:application/pdf}, } @article{direstaMyEncounterFantasyIndustrial2024, title = {My {Encounter} {With} the {Fantasy}-{Industrial} {Complex}}, url = {https://www.theatlantic.com/ideas/archive/2024/06/cia-renee-censorship-conspiracy-twitter/678688/}, abstract = {Online conspiracy theorists turned me into “CIA Renee.”}, language = {en}, urldate = {2024-07-29}, journal = {The Atlantic}, author = {DiResta, Renée}, month = jun, year = {2024}, note = {Section: Ideas}, keywords = {/unread, Second Draft Report Additions, Global North, Qual}, pages = {np}, file = {Snapshot:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/UE5YSIFX/678688.html:text/html}, } @article{dowlingCyberInformationOperations2022, title = {Cyber information operations: {Cambridge} {Analytica}’s challenge to democratic legitimacy}, volume = {7}, issn = {2373-8871}, shorttitle = {Cyber information operations}, url = {https://doi.org/10.1080/23738871.2022.2081089}, doi = {10.1080/23738871.2022.2081089}, abstract = {In an era of digital governance, liberal democracy is rapidly transforming to leverage new information technologies as well as contend with them. However, the digitisation of democracy is not without vulnerability. Digitisation has enabled non-state information operations actors (IOAs) to interfere with democratic processes at an unprecedented level and jeopardise the legitimacy of democratic decision-making. One of the first IOAs to digitally interfere in elections was Cambridge Analytica. While some commentators have acknowledged the potential harm that Cambridge Analytica posed to democracy, we are yet to fully understand how the quality of legitimacy, as a crucial component of democracy, can be eroded by non-state IOAs’ electoral interference. The paper explores the growing digital threat landscape to offer scholars a new way of thinking about political campaigning as a vector of electoral interference and deepen conceptualizations of input legitimacy. Adopting a case-study approach, I apply theories of political legitimacy alongside democratic theory to analyse the ways in which Cambridge Analytica challenged three axioms of liberal democracy pertinent to decision-making – participation, pluralism and enlightened understanding – and provide policy recommendations for mitigating the threat to democratic legitimacy.}, number = {2}, urldate = {2024-07-24}, journal = {Journal of Cyber Policy}, author = {Dowling, Melissa-Ellen}, month = may, year = {2022}, note = {Publisher: Routledge \_eprint: https://doi.org/10.1080/23738871.2022.2081089}, keywords = {/unread, Review, Second Draft Report Additions, Global North, Cambridge Analytica, digital democracy, Information operations, microtargeting, political campaigning, political legitimacy}, pages = {230--248}, file = {Dowling - 2022 - Cyber information operations Cambridge Analytica’.pdf:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/Q3S6X6EY/Dowling - 2022 - Cyber information operations Cambridge Analytica’.pdf:application/pdf}, } @article{duncanDataProtectionData2023, title = {Data protection beyond data rights: {Governing} data production through collective intermediaries}, volume = {12}, copyright = {https://www.econstor.eu/dspace/Nutzungsbedingungen}, issn = {2197-6775}, shorttitle = {Data protection beyond data rights}, url = {https://www.econstor.eu/handle/10419/278804}, doi = {10.14763/2023.3.1722}, abstract = {Considering calls for more collective approaches to governing data about people, this paper explores how such interventions have been envisioned and enacted by their proponents. I focus on four types of data intermediary: data trusts, decentralised autonomous organisations, data cooperatives and data unions. These collective governance mechanisms build on individualist data rights by embracing data as a form of collective value and redistributing benefits toward their members. While many privacy laws seek to balance competing commercial, public, and private interests in data, I argue these intermediaries work to align the social and economic value of aggregated data with the normative interests of individuals described in it. In detailing how these four mechanisms have been imagined and implemented, I find demand for collective data governance exists across many jurisdictions and a wide range of otherwise divergent ideological positions. This partial consensus provides an opening for lawmakers within and beyond the European Union to strengthen individual data rights through legal recognition for collective governance mechanisms to intervene in processes of data collection, management, and circulation.}, language = {eng}, number = {3}, urldate = {2023-12-23}, journal = {Internet Policy Review}, author = {Duncan, Jamie}, year = {2023}, note = {Publisher: Berlin: Alexander von Humboldt Institute for Internet and Society}, keywords = {Systematic literature review, /unread, Second Draft Report Additions, Global North, Qual, USED, OID Data Gov}, pages = {1--22}, file = {Duncan - 2023 - Data protection beyond data rights Governing data.pdf:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/PGIA7NP6/Duncan - 2023 - Data protection beyond data rights Governing data.pdf:application/pdf}, } @incollection{durachPublicPoliciesFight2024, title = {Public policies to fight disinformation actively through media and information literacy}, isbn = {978-1-00-338740-4}, url = {https://www.taylorfrancis.com/chapters/edit/10.4324/9781003387404-14/public-policies-fight-disinformation-actively-media-information-literacy-flavia-durach-loredana-vladu-iuliana-c%C4%83lin-marina-enache}, abstract = {The chapter focuses on current and prospective policy measures in the EU to counter disinformation, among which is media literacy. Media literacy practices and actions in the EU member states vary significantly in terms of their embedment in formal education, actors involved, number of relevant initiatives, and social impact. Against this background, our research objectives were: (1) to understand and comparatively assess current practices in France, Spain, and Romania to actively fight disinformation, with a focus on MIL, fact-checking, education policies, and (2) to formulate recommendations for designing policies to mitigate disinformation risks in EU. Between January and March 2022, within EU-funded project YouVerify!, we conducted 30 in-depth, semi-structured interviews with French, Romanian, and Spanish experts from relevant fields: decision-makers, experts in disinformation and media literacy, and journalists involved in the media coverage of politics and/or working in online media. The results provided insights on the public policies put in place in each country, in relation to other types of measures for fighting disinformation. Building on this up-to-date analysis, we designed policy recommendations in each country and at the EU level, to strengthen the impact of MIL practices and to increase their synergy with other types of measures.}, booktitle = {Disinformation {Debunked}}, publisher = {Routledge}, author = {Durach, Flavia and Vladu, Loredana and Călin, Iuliana and Enache, Marina}, editor = {Frau-Meigs, Divina and Corbu, Nicoleta}, year = {2024}, note = {Num Pages: 37}, keywords = {/unread, Second Draft Report Additions, Global North, Qual}, pages = {??}, } @article{eadyHowManyPeople2019, title = {How {Many} {People} {Live} in {Political} {Bubbles} on {Social} {Media}? {Evidence} {From} {Linked} {Survey} and {Twitter} {Data}}, volume = {9}, url = {https://doi.org/10.1177/2158244019832705}, abstract = {A major point of debate in the study of the Internet and politics is the extent to which social media platforms encourage citizens to inhabit online “bubbles” or “echo chambers,” exposed primarily to ideologically congenial political information. To investigate this question, we link a representative survey of Americans with data from respondents’ public Twitter accounts (N = 1,496). We then quantify the ideological distributions of users’ online political and media environments by merging validated estimates of user ideology with the full set of accounts followed by our survey respondents (N = 642,345) and the available tweets posted by those accounts (N {\textasciitilde} 1.2 billion). We study the extent to which liberals and conservatives encounter counter-attitudinal messages in two distinct ways: (a) by the accounts they follow and (b) by the tweets they receive from those accounts, either directly or indirectly (via retweets). More than a third of respondents do not follow any media sources, but among those who do, we find a substantial amount of overlap (51\%) in the ideological distributions of accounts followed by users on opposite ends of the political spectrum. At the same time, however, we find asymmetries in individuals’ willingness to venture into cross-cutting spaces, with conservatives more likely to follow media and political accounts classified as left-leaning than the reverse. Finally, we argue that such choices are likely tempered by online news watching behavior.}, number = {1}, journal = {SAGE Open}, author = {Eady, Gregory and Nagler, Jonathan and Guess, Andy and Zilinsky, Jan and Tucker, Joshua A}, year = {2019}, keywords = {/unread, Second Draft Report Additions, Global North, Quant}, pages = {1--21}, file = {Eady and Tucker - 2019 - How Many People Live in Political Bubbles on Socia.pdf:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/B83CDLTD/Eady and Tucker - 2019 - How Many People Live in Political Bubbles on Socia.pdf:application/pdf}, } @misc{eastwoodStudyIndustryNow2024, title = {Study: {Industry} now dominates {AI} research}, shorttitle = {Study}, url = {https://mitsloan.mit.edu/ideas-made-to-matter/study-industry-now-dominates-ai-research}, abstract = {Industry is now leading, and influencing, basic AI research that has traditionally been the domain of academia, according to a new paper.}, language = {en}, urldate = {2024-07-24}, journal = {MIT Management Sloan School}, author = {Eastwood, Brian}, month = jul, year = {2024}, keywords = {/unread, Review, Second Draft Report Additions, Global North}, file = {Snapshot:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/X9YJBN7Y/study-industry-now-dominates-ai-research.html:text/html}, } @article{eckerMisinformationPosesBigger2024, title = {Misinformation poses a bigger threat to democracy than you might think}, volume = {630}, copyright = {2024 Springer Nature Limited}, url = {https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-024-01587-3}, doi = {10.1038/d41586-024-01587-3}, abstract = {In today’s polarized political climate, researchers who combat mistruths have come under attack and been labelled as unelected arbiters of truth. But the fight against misinformation is valid, warranted and urgently required.}, language = {en}, number = {8015}, urldate = {2024-06-09}, journal = {Nature}, author = {Ecker, Ullrich and Roozenbeek, Jon and van der Linden, Sander and Tay, Li Qian and Cook, John and Oreskes, Naomi and Lewandowsky, Stephan}, month = jun, year = {2024}, note = {Bandiera\_abtest: a Cg\_type: Comment Publisher: Nature Publishing Group Subject\_term: Communication, Government, Policy, Politics}, keywords = {Communication, Politics, Government, /unread, Review, Second Draft Report Additions, Policy}, pages = {29--32}, file = {Full Text PDF:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/P4PFX6CB/Ecker et al. - 2024 - Misinformation poses a bigger threat to democracy .pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/HSD5MVIB/d41586-024-01587-3.html:text/html}, } @misc{effoduhGlobalSouthPerspective2024, title = {A {Global} {South} {Perspective} on {Explainable} {AI}}, url = {https://carnegieendowment.org/2024/04/30/global-south-perspective-on-explainable-ai-pub-92333}, abstract = {A context-driven approach is necessary to translate principles like explainability into practice globally. These vignettes illustrate how AI can be made more trustworthy for users in the Global South through more creative, context-rooted approaches to legibility.}, language = {en}, urldate = {2024-05-03}, journal = {Carnegie Endowment for International Peace}, author = {Effoduh, Jake Okechukwu}, month = apr, year = {2024}, keywords = {Global South, /unread, Review, Second Draft Report Additions}, file = {Snapshot:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/ZF6CBMGM/global-south-perspective-on-explainable-ai-pub-92333.html:text/html}, } @misc{elkin-korenUnlockingPlatformData2024, address = {Rochester, NY}, type = {{SSRN} {Scholarly} {Paper}}, title = {Unlocking {Platform} {Data} for {Research}}, url = {https://papers.ssrn.com/abstract=4733788}, doi = {10.2139/ssrn.4733788}, abstract = {Digital platforms, which control unique access points to the rich data stored on their servers, have become a “living lab” of real-time information. Scientists and researchers increasingly use platform data for various purposes, such as training machine learning (ML) systems and Natural Language Processing (NLP) models, and for studying diverse fields such as medicine, humanities, and social sciences, including the influence of digital platforms on society. However, researchers increasingly encounter significant barriers, when attempting to access platform data. Although platforms typically lack proprietary rights over the data itself, they exert strong control over its use by imposing digital locks and boilerplate contractual limitations. Faced with the legal risk of potential breach-of-contract lawsuits filed by well-funded platforms, researchers may simply opt to steer clear of platform data research. This Article proposes private-law-centered solutions to overcome platform data lockout. First, researchers who access and use platform data without explicit permission should be able to contest breach-of-contract claims made against them by claiming copyright preemption. Platform data falls under copyright law, either because it is protected by copyright (such as user-generated-content) or because it constitutes basic "building blocks", such as users’ digital data trails, which are specifically excluded from copyright protection. When platforms robustly ban any reproduction of data, they effectively benefit from quasi-copyright protection, through private ordering, albeit compromising fundamental copyright principles, including fair use. Their contractual claims should, therefore, be preempted by copyright law. Second, courts should facilitate platform data research by narrowly interpreting boilerplate contractual bans on data access. Third, nuisance law may further support platform data research by empowering researchers to demand the removal of technological barriers that hinder access to public, non-proprietary data. Private law solutions to platform data lockout, however, do not grant researchers an affirmative right to use platform data for research. Legislative action of the type recently pursued by the European Union is required to establish such a Right to Research. This Article therefore concludes by examining regulatory approaches to platform data lockout, concluding that combining private law solutions with regulatory intervention offers the most effective means of adequately facilitating platform data research.}, language = {en}, urldate = {2024-08-13}, author = {Elkin-Koren, Niva and Perel (Filmar), Maayan and Somech, Ohad}, month = feb, year = {2024}, keywords = {research, science, machine learning, data, digital platforms, accountability, /unread, Review, Second Draft Report Additions, copyright, contracts, data access, scraping, ToS}, file = {Full Text PDF:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/QKLLXHM2/Elkin-Koren et al. - 2024 - Unlocking Platform Data for Research.pdf:application/pdf}, } @inproceedings{epsteinSearchEngineManipulation2015, title = {The search engine manipulation effect ({SEME}) and its possible impact on the outcomes of elections}, volume = {112(33)}, doi = {10.1073/pnas.1419828112}, abstract = {Internet search rankings have a significant impact on consumer choices, mainly because users trust and choose higher-ranked results more than lower-ranked results. Given the apparent power of search rankings, we asked whether they could be manipulated to alter the preferences of undecided voters in democratic elections. Here we report the results of five relevant double-blind, randomized controlled experiments, using a total of 4,556 undecided voters representing diverse demographic characteristics of the voting populations of the United States and India. The fifth experiment is especially notable in that it was conducted with eligible voters throughout India in the midst of India's 2014 Lok Sabha elections just before the final votes were cast. The results of these experiments demonstrate that (i) biased search rankings can shift the voting preferences of undecided voters by 20\% or more, (ii) the shift can be much higher in some demographic groups, and (iii) search ranking bias can be masked so that people show no awareness of the manipulation. We call this type of influence, which might be applicable to a variety of attitudes and beliefs, the search engine manipulation effect. Given that many elections are won by small margins, our results suggest that a search engine company has the power to influence the results of a substantial number of elections with impunity. The impact of such manipulations would be especially large in countries dominated by a single search engine company.}, language = {eng}, booktitle = {Proceedings of the {National} {Academy} of {Sciences} of the {United} {States} of {America}}, author = {Epstein, Robert and Robertson, Ronald E.}, month = aug, year = {2015}, pmid = {26243876}, pmcid = {PMC4547273}, keywords = {Humans, Internet, Politics, Adult, Female, Male, Middle Aged, Young Adult, United States, India, /unread, Second Draft Report Additions, Global North, Double-Blind Method, Search Engine, Adolescent, Aged, Aged, 80 and over, California, Choice Behavior, digital bandwagon effect, Internet influence, Random Allocation, search engine manipulation effect, search rankings, voter manipulation}, pages = {E4512--4521}, file = {Full Text:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/KUGGF74R/Epstein and Robertson - 2015 - The search engine manipulation effect (SEME) and i.pdf:application/pdf}, } @article{erkmenDataJournalismSystematic2023, title = {Data {Journalism}: {A} {Systematic} {Literature} {Review}}, volume = {25}, issn = {1461-670X}, shorttitle = {Data {Journalism}}, url = {https://doi.org/10.1080/1461670X.2023.2289885}, doi = {10.1080/1461670X.2023.2289885}, abstract = {This study aimed to examine the conceptual, theoretical, and methodological trends and gaps in data journalism research by conducting a systematic literature review of 102 articles published in English in SSCI-indexed communication journals. The review revealed that the majority of the literature focused on empirical investigations of data journalism practice, with weak conceptual and theoretical foundations and limited methodological diversity. Additionally, the authors and topics examined were predominantly from the Global North, which makes it challenging to generalize the findings to different contexts and scales. However, recent larger-scale studies incorporating the Global South offer hope for deepening the data journalism discussion.}, number = {1}, urldate = {2023-12-25}, journal = {Journalism Studies}, author = {Erkmen, Özlem}, year = {2023}, note = {Publisher: Routledge \_eprint: https://doi.org/10.1080/1461670X.2023.2289885}, keywords = {Systematic literature review, systematic literature review, /unread, Second Draft Report Additions, OID Media, Data journalism, USED, computational journalism, computer-assisted reporting, data-driven journalism, post-colonialism}, pages = {58--79}, file = {Erkmen - 2023 - Data Journalism A Systematic Literature Review.pdf:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/924YLW4L/Erkmen - 2023 - Data Journalism A Systematic Literature Review.pdf:application/pdf}, } @incollection{espiritusantoInnovativeToolsCitizen2021, title = {Innovative {Tools} for {Citizen} {Empowerment} in the {Fight} {Against} {Misinformation}}, copyright = {© 2021 John Wiley \& Sons, Inc.}, isbn = {978-1-119-70651-9}, url = {https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/9781119706519.ch13}, abstract = {Numerous studies have warned of the increase in misinformation and the danger that it may have for the stability of our democratic societies. Citizens in several EU member states have exhibited concern about the rise of populism and Euroskepticism and expressed worries about the use of misinformation. The response from the main social networks has been to remove or flag news that the checkers considered fake. Spanish fact checkers such as Maldita have created a community that will be an important fulcrum as its rebuttals become more far reaching and relevant. Media literacy empowers citizens, raises awareness, and helps counteract the effects of misinformation campaigns and the spread of fake news through the media and social networks. The chapter presents the results obtained from the group interviews and the impact they had in defining the Provenance tool. It describes the informational journey as it was defined by people seeking to stay informed.}, language = {en}, urldate = {2024-02-22}, booktitle = {News {Media} {Innovation} {Reconsidered}}, publisher = {John Wiley \& Sons, Ltd}, author = {Espiritusanto, Óscar and Dinant, Inès}, editor = {Luengo, Maria and Herrera-Damas, Susana}, year = {2021}, doi = {10.1002/9781119706519.ch13}, note = {Section: 13 \_eprint: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1002/9781119706519.ch13}, keywords = {social networks, fake news, /unread, Second Draft Report Additions, Global North, Qual, flag news, misinformation campaigns, Provenance tool}, pages = {202--221}, file = {Snapshot:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/JJPIPBUK/9781119706519.html:text/html}, } @techreport{europeancommissionConsolidatedVersionTreaty2012, address = {Brussels}, title = {Consolidated {Version} of the {Treaty} on the {Functioning} of the {European} {Union} ({TFEU})}, url = {https://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=CELEX:12012E/TXT:en:PDF}, institution = {European Commission, C326/47}, author = {European Commission}, month = oct, year = {2012}, keywords = {/unread, Second Draft Report Additions, Global North, Policy}, file = {European Commission - 2012 - Consolidated Version of the Treaty on the Function.pdf:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/QXRASRBJ/European Commission - 2012 - Consolidated Version of the Treaty on the Function.pdf:application/pdf}, } @techreport{europeancommissionMappingMediaLiteracy2017, title = {Mapping of {Media} {Literacy} {Practices} and {Actions} in {EU}-28}, url = {https://digital-strategy.ec.europa.eu/en/library/reporting-media-literacy-europe}, abstract = {Media literacy – our capacity to access, have a critical understanding of and interact with the media has never been as important as it is today. So what is the EU doing to encourage improved media literacy? This study examines measures being taken across the European Union to foster our critical appreciation and understanding of the mass media.}, language = {en}, urldate = {2024-07-25}, institution = {European Commission Audio-Visual Observatory}, author = {European Commission}, month = mar, year = {2017}, keywords = {/unread, Second Draft Report Additions, Global North, Policy}, file = {European Commission - 2017 - Mapping of Media Literacy Practices and Actions in.pdf:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/TKHSG98Z/European Commission - 2017 - Mapping of Media Literacy Practices and Actions in.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/NNDWUQGS/reporting-media-literacy-europe.html:text/html}, } @techreport{europeancommissionContestableFairMarkets2022, title = {Contestable and fair markets in the digital sector and amending {Directives} ({EU}) 2019/1937 and ({EU}) 2020/1828 ({Digital} {Markets} {Act}) ({Text} with {EEA} relevance) {PE}/17/2022/{REV}/1}, url = {https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=celex%3A32022R1925}, language = {English}, institution = {European Commission, Regulation (EU) 2022/1925 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 14 September 2022}, author = {European Commission}, year = {2022}, keywords = {/unread, Second Draft Report Additions, Global North, Policy}, file = {Full text:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/MHUDQY4G/European Commission - 2022 - Contestable and fair markets in the digital sector.pdf:application/pdf}, } @techreport{europeancommissionRegulationEU20222022, title = {Regulation ({EU}) 2022/868 of the {European} {Parliament} and of the {Council} of 30 {May} 2022 on {European} data governance and amending {Regulation} ({EU}) 2018/1724 ({Data} {Governance} {Act})}, url = {http://data.europa.eu/eli/reg/2022/868/oj/eng}, language = {en}, urldate = {2024-05-16}, institution = {European Commission (EU) 2022/868}, author = {European Commission}, month = may, year = {2022}, note = {Legislative Body: CONSIL, EP}, keywords = {/unread, Second Draft Report Additions, Global North, Policy}, file = {EUR-Lex HTML (EN):/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/YUJ7QXJY/HTML.html:text/html;EUR-Lex PDF (EN):/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/IH86SYFS/2022 - Regulation (EU) 2022868 of the European Parliamen.pdf:application/pdf}, } @misc{europeancommissionFundedProjectsFight2024, title = {Funded projects in the fight against disinformation}, url = {https://commission.europa.eu/strategy-and-policy/coronavirus-response/fighting-disinformation/funded-projects-fight-against-disinformation_en}, abstract = {Learn about EU-funded projects that are fighting disinformation about coronavirus. This is also where you can learn about upcoming projects and calls.}, language = {en}, urldate = {2024-07-25}, author = {European Commission}, year = {2024}, keywords = {/unread, Review, Second Draft Report Additions, Global North}, file = {Snapshot:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/GSDNS7QT/funded-projects-fight-against-disinformation_en.html:text/html}, } @article{europeancommissionCommissionRequestsInformation2024, title = {Commission requests information from {X} on decreasing content moderation resources under the {Digital} {Services} {Act} {\textbar} {Shaping} {Europe}’s digital future}, url = {https://digital-strategy.ec.europa.eu/en/news/commission-requests-information-x-decreasing-content-moderation-resources-under-digital-services}, abstract = {The Commission has sent X a request for information (RFI) under the Digital Services Act (DSA).}, language = {en}, urldate = {2024-08-13}, journal = {European Commission News}, author = {European Commission}, month = may, year = {2024}, keywords = {/unread, Second Draft Report Additions, Global North}, file = {Snapshot:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/AEBFVQHR/commission-requests-information-x-decreasing-content-moderation-resources-under-digital-service.html:text/html}, } @techreport{europeanparliamentEPAcademicFreedom2024, title = {{EP} {Academic} {Freedom} {Monitor} 2023}, url = {https://www.europarl.europa.eu/RegData/etudes/STUD/2024/757798/EPRS_STU(2024)757798_EN.pdf}, institution = {European Parliament, STOA, PE757.798}, author = {European Parliament}, year = {2024}, keywords = {/unread, Review, Second Draft Report Additions, Global North}, file = {European Parliament - 2024 - EP Academic Freedom Monitor 2023.pdf:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/5EL9IHVB/European Parliament - 2024 - EP Academic Freedom Monitor 2023.pdf:application/pdf}, } @article{evansExplicatingAffordancesConceptual2017, title = {Explicating {Affordances}: {A} {Conceptual} {Framework} for {Understanding} {Affordances} in {Communication} {Research}}, volume = {22}, copyright = {© 2016 International Communication Association}, issn = {1083-6101}, shorttitle = {Explicating {Affordances}}, url = {https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/jcc4.12180}, doi = {10.1111/jcc4.12180}, abstract = {This study aims to clarify inconsistencies regarding the term affordances by examining how affordances terminology is used in empirical research on communication and technology. Through an analysis of 82 communication-oriented scholarly works on affordances, we identify 3 inconsistencies regarding the use of this term. First, much research describes a particular affordance without engaging other scholarship addressing that affordance. Second, several studies identify “lists” of affordances without conceptually developing individual affordances within those lists. Third, the affordances perspective is evoked in situations where the purported affordance does not meet commonly accepted definitions. We conclude with a set of criteria to aid scholars in evaluating their assumptions about affordances and to facilitate a more consistent approach to its conceptualization and application.}, language = {en}, number = {1}, urldate = {2024-07-28}, journal = {Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication}, author = {Evans, Sandra K. and Pearce, Katy E. and Vitak, Jessica and Treem, Jeffrey W.}, year = {2017}, note = {\_eprint: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1111/jcc4.12180}, keywords = {Social Media, Theory, Systematic literature review, /unread, Second Draft Report Additions, Affordances, Communication Technology, Communication Theory}, pages = {35--52}, file = {Full Text PDF:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/SMSYI577/Evans et al. - 2017 - Explicating Affordances A Conceptual Framework fo.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/ZHNDUMCG/jcc4.html:text/html}, } @techreport{farahatEgyptDigitalRights2021, title = {Egypt {Digital} {Rights} {Landscape} {Report}}, url = {https://opendocs.ids.ac.uk/opendocs/bitstream/handle/20.500.12413/15964/Egypt_Report.pdf}, institution = {Institute for Development Studies, Sussex}, author = {Farahat, Mohamed}, year = {2021}, keywords = {Global South, /unread, Second Draft Report Additions, Mixed}, file = {Farahat - 2021 - Egypt Digital Rights Landscape Report.pdf:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/9F2A58B3/Farahat - 2021 - Egypt Digital Rights Landscape Report.pdf:application/pdf}, } @book{farrellUndergroundEmpireHow2023, address = {London}, title = {Underground {Empire}: {How} {America} {Weaponized} the {World} {Economy}}, isbn = {978-0-241-62451-7}, shorttitle = {Underground {Empire}}, abstract = {'Captivating… The stuff of thrillers' - the Financial TimesAn explosive new vision of geopolitics from two trail-blazing political scientistsDeep beneath our feet, vast and sprawling, lies one of the most sophisticated empires the world has ever known. At first glance, it might not look like much - it is made up of fibre optic cables and obscure payment systems. But according to prominent political scientists Henry Farrell and Abraham Newman, the United States has turned the most vital pathways of the world economy into tools of domination over foreign businesses and countries, whether they are rivals or allies, allowing it to maintain global supremacy.Drawing on original reporting and ground-breaking research, Farrell and Newman explain how this underground empire has allowed the United States to eavesdrop on other countries and isolate its enemies. Now, efforts by countries such as China and Russia to untether themselves from this coercive US-led system are turning the global economy into a battle zone. Today's headlines about trade wars, sanctions, and controls on technology exports are merely tremors hinting at far greater seismic shifts beneath the surface, as we sleepwalk into a dangerous new struggle for empire.Essential reading for anyone who wants to understand how power is wielded today, Underground Empire weaves together tales of economic conflict, shadowy surveillance and covert infrastructure projects to explain how the world order has been brought to the brink of chaos - and how we might find a way back from the edge.}, language = {English}, publisher = {Allen Lane}, author = {Farrell, Henry and Newman, Abraham}, month = sep, year = {2023}, keywords = {/unread, Global, Review, Second Draft Report Additions}, } @article{fernandez-mongeReclaimingDataImproved2024, title = {Reclaiming data for improved city governance: {Barcelona}’s {New} {Data} {Deal}}, volume = {61}, issn = {0042-0980}, shorttitle = {Reclaiming data for improved city governance}, url = {https://doi.org/10.1177/00420980231204835}, doi = {10.1177/00420980231204835}, abstract = {Cities today are key sites for the operation of global digital marketplaces. It is on the curbsides and at the intersections of cities where technology companies and digital platforms gain access to valuable urban data to be used in the delivery of data-driven services. In this context, urban data ownership and control have become a central policy arena for smart city governance. This article argues that, given the increased policy activism by city governments, there is an urgent need to better understand the key goals and instruments deployed by cities to resist corporate control of urban data. It first reviews the treatment of the topic by different strands in the literature on smart city governance and then uses the ‘New Data Deal’ programme launched by the city of Barcelona to draw empirical data from one of the author’s involvement leading the programme, interviews with actors involved in the programme as well as from key policy and evaluation documents. By studying the design and implementation of Barcelona’s ‘New Data Deal’, an early mover and leading reference in the academic and policy debates, the article presents the key successes, limitations and tensions faced by a city government trying to regain access and control over urban data, including a reflection on the role that city governments can play in shaping a global agenda around improved data governance.}, language = {en}, number = {7}, urldate = {2024-08-04}, journal = {Urban Studies}, author = {Fernandez-Monge, Fernando and Barns, Sarah and Kattel, Rainer and Bria, Francesca}, year = {2024}, note = {Publisher: SAGE Publications Ltd}, keywords = {/unread, Second Draft Report Additions, Global North, Qual}, pages = {1291--1307}, file = {Fernandez-Monge et al. - 2024 - Reclaiming data for improved city governance Barc.pdf:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/6MTRVBZF/Fernandez-Monge et al. - 2024 - Reclaiming data for improved city governance Barc.pdf:application/pdf}, } @article{ferras-hernandezEmergenceDominantDesigns2023, title = {The {Emergence} of {Dominant} {Designs} in {Artificial} {Intelligence}}, volume = {65}, issn = {0008-1256, 2162-8564}, url = {http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/00081256231164362}, doi = {10.1177/00081256231164362}, abstract = {Artificial intelligence (AI) technologies are engaged in a harsh battle for market dominance. This article examines the emergence of a dominant design in terms of technology, service, and business model innovation. We conduct a theoretical synthesis of the literature on industrial organization, technology management, network economics, operations management, and strategic management—with the implications of each theory related to the dominant-design battle in AI. The findings indicate a dominant design for AI will be based on innovation concerning business models as much as on technology, and that the dominant business model will include AI as a service.}, language = {en}, number = {3}, urldate = {2024-09-29}, journal = {California Management Review}, author = {Ferràs-Hernández, Xavier and Nylund, Petra A. and Brem, Alexander}, month = may, year = {2023}, keywords = {/unread, Review, Second Draft Report Additions}, pages = {73--91}, file = {Ferràs-Hernández et al. - 2023 - The Emergence of Dominant Designs in Artificial In.pdf:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/I7ZNRHFY/Ferràs-Hernández et al. - 2023 - The Emergence of Dominant Designs in Artificial In.pdf:application/pdf}, } @book{fertmannViralInformationHow2021, address = {Hamburg}, title = {Viral {Information}: {How} {States} and {Platforms} {Deal} with {Covid}-19-{Related} {Disinformation}; an {Exploratory} {Study} of 20 {Countries}}, shorttitle = {Viral {Information}}, url = {https://www.ssoar.info/ssoar/bitstream/handle/document/75124/ssoar-2021-Fertmann_et_al-Viral_Information_How_States.pdf?sequence=4&isAllowed=y&lnkname=ssoar-2021-Fertmann_et_al-Viral_Information_How_States.pdf}, abstract = {This study explores the spread of disinformation relating to the Covid-19 pandemic on the internet, dubbed by some as the pandemic's accompanying "infodemic," and the societal reactions to this development across different countries and platforms. The study’s focus is on the role of states and platforms in combatting online disinformation. Through synthesizing answers to questions submitted by more than 40 researchers from 20 countries within the GDHR Network, this exploratory study provides a first overview of how states and platforms have dealt with Corona-related disinformation. This can also provide incentives for further rigorous studies of disinformation governance standards and their impact across different socio-cultural environments.}, language = {en}, publisher = {Verlag Hans-Bredow-Institut}, editor = {Fertmann, Martin and Kettemann, Matthias C.}, year = {2021}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.21241/ssoar.75124}, keywords = {Internet, Governance, social media, digitalization, disinformation, governance, international comparison, /unread, Global, Second Draft Report Additions, Global North, Mixed, human rights, online media, Desinformation, Digitalisierung, epidemic, Epidemie, internationaler Vergleich, Menschenrechte, Online-Medien, Soziale Medien}, file = {Fertmann and Kettemann - 2021 - Viral Information How States and Platforms Deal w.pdf:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/LLVHFJ3I/Fertmann and Kettemann - 2021 - Viral Information How States and Platforms Deal w.pdf:application/pdf}, } @article{finkelCanOnlineCivic2024, title = {Can {Online} {Civic} {Education} {Induce} {Democratic} {Citizenship}? {Experimental} {Evidence} from a {New} {Democracy}}, volume = {68}, copyright = {© 2023 The Authors. American Journal of Political Science published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of Midwest Political Science Association.}, issn = {1540-5907}, shorttitle = {Can {Online} {Civic} {Education} {Induce} {Democratic} {Citizenship}?}, url = {https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/ajps.12765}, doi = {10.1111/ajps.12765}, abstract = {How can democratic values and behavior be induced in new democracies? We designed and tested three original civic education interventions to answer this question, using Tunisia as a case study. Participants were recruited through Facebook and Instagram, where they were randomly assigned to either one of three treatment groups or a placebo. Two treatments were derived from prospect theory, emphasizing the gains of a democratic system or the losses of an autocratic system. A third treatment, derived from self-efficacy theory, provided practical information regarding participation in the upcoming 2019 elections. Our findings suggest that online civic education has a considerable effect on democratic citizenship, including a significant reduction in authoritarian nostalgia and increasing intended political behavior. We further find differences between the three treatments, with the loss and gain treatments having overall more consistent impact than self-efficacy, though the latter frame has notable effects on political efficacy and registration.}, language = {en}, number = {2}, urldate = {2024-05-08}, journal = {American Journal of Political Science}, author = {Finkel, Steven E and Neundorf, Anja and Rascón Ramírez, Ericka}, year = {2024}, note = {\_eprint: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1111/ajps.12765}, keywords = {Global South, /unread, Second Draft Report Additions, Quant}, pages = {613--630}, file = {Full Text PDF:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/IVFQBZWC/E. Finkel et al. - 2024 - Can Online Civic Education Induce Democratic Citiz.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/P69G7LRB/ajps.html:text/html}, } @techreport{fletcherWhatDoesPublic2024, title = {What does the public in six countries think of generative {AI} in news?}, shorttitle = {What does the public in six countries think of generative {AI} in news?}, url = {http://reutersinstitute.politics.ox.ac.uk/what-does-public-six-countries-think-generative-ai-news}, language = {en}, urldate = {2024-05-30}, institution = {Reuters Institute for the Study of Journalism, University of Oxford}, author = {Fletcher, Richard and Nielsen, Rasmus Kleis}, month = may, year = {2024}, keywords = {/unread, Second Draft Report Additions, Global North, Quant}, file = {Fletcher and Nielsen - 2024 - What does the public in six countries think of gen.pdf:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/FQYLKVB5/Fletcher and Nielsen - 2024 - What does the public in six countries think of gen.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/3L9GXCGN/what-does-public-six-countries-think-generative-ai-news.html:text/html}, } @book{flewRegulatingPlatforms2021, address = {Medford}, title = {Regulating {Platforms}}, isbn = {978-1-5095-3707-5}, url = {https://www.wiley.com/en-us/Regulating+Platforms-p-9781509537082}, language = {English}, publisher = {Polity}, author = {Flew, Terry}, month = dec, year = {2021}, keywords = {/unread, Global, Review, Second Draft Report Additions, State Reg Gov}, } @article{flewMediatedTrustArtificial2023, title = {Mediated {Trust} and {Artificial} {Intelligence}}, volume = {1}, issn = {2752-3543}, url = {https://doi.org/10.1177/27523543231188793}, doi = {10.1177/27523543231188793}, abstract = {It has been widely observed in recent years that there has been a global crisis of institutional trust. This article explores the concept of mediated trust, using the “Three I's” framework of ideas, interests, and institutions, in order to understand how the interaction between these three elements provides insights into the evolution of mediated trust. It is argued that, in the case of the early Internet, ideas were a key driver of institutional formations. By contrast, with artificial intelligence, there are already an array of powerful corporate interests seeking to drive policy agendas.}, language = {en}, number = {1}, urldate = {2024-02-23}, journal = {Emerging Media}, author = {Flew, Terry}, month = sep, year = {2023}, note = {Publisher: SAGE Publications}, keywords = {/unread, Global, Review, Second Draft Report Additions}, pages = {22--29}, file = {SAGE PDF Full Text:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/SYH7BDZ3/Flew - 2023 - Mediated Trust and Artificial Intelligence.pdf:application/pdf}, } @book{flewDigitalPlatformRegulation2022, title = {Digital {Platform} {Regulation}: {Global} {Perspectives} on {Internet}}, url = {https://link.springer.com/book/10.1007/978-3-030-95220-4}, publisher = {Springer International}, editor = {Flew, Terry and Martin, Fiona R}, year = {2022}, keywords = {/unread, Global, Review, Second Draft Report Additions, OID Data Gov}, file = {Flew and Martin - 2022 - Digital Platform Regulation Global Perspectives o.pdf:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/X5AEHH9K/Flew and Martin - 2022 - Digital Platform Regulation Global Perspectives o.pdf:application/pdf}, } @book{floridiEthicsInformation2013, title = {The {Ethics} of {Information}}, url = {https://academic.oup.com/book/35378}, publisher = {Oxford Academic}, author = {Floridi, Luciano}, year = {2013}, keywords = {/unread, Global, Second Draft Report Additions}, } @article{floridiAnthropomorphisingMachinesComputerising2024, title = {Anthropomorphising machines and computerising minds: the crosswiring of languages between {Artificial} {Intelligence} and {Brain} \& {Cognitive} {Sciences}}, volume = {34}, shorttitle = {Anthropomorphising machines and computerising minds}, url = {https://papers.ssrn.com/abstract=4738331}, doi = {10.2139/ssrn.4738331}, abstract = {The article discusses the process of “conceptual borrowing”, according to which, when a new discipline emerges, it develops its technical vocabulary also by appropriating terms from other neighbouring disciplines. The phenomenon is likened to Carl Schmitt’s observation that modern political concepts have theological roots. The authors argue that, through extensive conceptual borrowing, AI has ended up describing computers anthropomorphically, as computational brains with psychological properties, while brain and cognitive sciences have ended up describing brains and minds computationally and informationally, as biological computers. The cross-wiring between the technical languages of these disciplines is not merely metaphorical but can lead to confusion, and damaging conceptual assumptions and consequences. The article ends on an optimistic note about the self-adjusting nature of technical meanings in language and the ability to leave misleading conceptual baggage behind when confronted with advancement in understanding and factual knowledge.}, language = {en}, number = {5}, urldate = {2024-03-28}, journal = {Mind and Machines}, author = {Floridi, Luciano and Nobre, Anna C.}, month = feb, year = {2024}, keywords = {SSRN, /unread, Review, Second Draft Report Additions, Anna C Nobre, Anthropomorphising machines and computerising minds: the crosswiring of languages between Artificial Intelligence and Brain \& Cognitive Sciences, Luciano Floridi}, pages = {1--9}, file = {Full Text PDF:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/KLLJYJDJ/Floridi and Nobre - 2024 - Anthropomorphising machines and computerising mind.pdf:application/pdf}, } @misc{fonsekaCatalysingChangeSri2024, title = {Catalysing change: {Sri} {Lanka} refines digital literacy definition}, shorttitle = {Catalysing change}, url = {https://lirneasia.net/2024/01/catalysing-change-sri-lanka-refines-digital-literacy-definition/}, abstract = {LIRNEasia has, over recent years, challenged the outdated and inadequate definition of computer literacy used by the Department of Census and Statistics of Sri Lanka (DCS). In a welcome move, c and the ICT Agency have collaborated to refine the definition of digital literacy and update assessment criteria.}, language = {en}, urldate = {2024-01-06}, journal = {LIRNEasia}, author = {Fonseka, Piyumi}, month = jan, year = {2024}, keywords = {Global South, /unread, Review, Second Draft Report Additions}, } @book{fordRetoDemocraciaDigital2019, title = {El {Reto} de la {Democracia} {Digital}: {Hacia} una {Ciudadania} {Interconnectada}}, url = {https://democraciadigital.pe/publicaciones}, abstract = {The book includes four large chapters: 1) Definitions of Digital Democracy 2) Digital Citizenship: empowerment and change in the digital era 3) Politics in digital times and 4) Internet governance and human rights online. This book contributes to reflection to understand how to address the new challenges that the digital revolution brings in order to strengthen democracy and coexistence between its various actors.}, language = {Spanish}, publisher = {KAS, JNE, ONPE, D\&D Internacional}, author = {Ford, Elaine}, year = {2019}, keywords = {Global South, /unread, Second Draft Report Additions, Mixed}, } @book{foucaultPowerKnowledgeSelected1980, title = {Power/{Knowledge}: {Selected} {Interviews} and {Other} {Writings}, 1972-1977}, url = {https://www.amazon.co.uk/Power-Knowledge-Selected-Interviews-1972-1977/dp/039473954X}, publisher = {Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group}, author = {Foucault, Michael}, year = {1980}, keywords = {/unread, Second Draft Report Additions, Global North, Qual}, } @article{francoDependencyDigitalAge2024, title = {Dependency in the {Digital} {Age}? {The} {Experience} of {Mercado} {Libre} in {Latin} {America}}, volume = {55}, shorttitle = {Dependency in the {Digital} {Age}?}, url = {https://ideas.repec.org//a/bla/devchg/v55y2024i3p429-464.html}, abstract = {This article uses Mercado Libre, the leading digital platform company in Latin America, as an illustrative case to analyse the effect of regional platforms on development, by considering their interplay with both global leaders and local actors. Building on dependency theory, the article identifies the company's structural dependence on algorithms and computing power provided by the largest information technology (Big Tech) companies in the United States. Nonetheless, it also finds that Mercado Libre is at the frontier in applied data analysis solutions tailored for its businesses. Together with a privileged access to personalized and cross‐fertilized market and financial datasets, the company's internal and purchassed technologies are the source of asymmetric relationships with its platforms’ users. The article conceptualizes Mercado Libre's place in digital capitalism as extractivist with local actors and, just like local elites when dependency theory was first formulated, it is complicit with global powers. But, unlike those elite firms, it is not technologically laggard, and its value capture is underpinned by its technological advantage. Thus, this article conceptualizes (digital) dependency as multiple layers of economic power in which leading firms from the peripheries occupy intermediate and interconnecting positions. It shows that, while these regional leaders operate at the technological frontier, economic power relations based on technological asymmetries remain crucial for studying underdevelopment.}, language = {en}, number = {3}, urldate = {2024-07-28}, journal = {Development and Change}, author = {Franco, Sebastián Fernández and Graña, Juan M. and Rikap, Cecilia}, year = {2024}, note = {Publisher: International Institute of Social Studies}, keywords = {Global South, /unread, Review, Second Draft Report Additions}, pages = {429--464}, file = {Franco et al. - 2024 - Dependency in the Digital Age The Experience of M.pdf:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/7R4D8QG6/Franco et al. - 2024 - Dependency in the Digital Age The Experience of M.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/FHCF52V6/v55y2024i3p429-464.html:text/html}, } @book{fraserCannibalCapitalismHow2022, address = {London ; Brooklyn, NY}, edition = {1st edition}, title = {Cannibal {Capitalism}: {How} our {System} is {Devouring} {Democracy}, {Care}, and the {Planet} – and {What} {We} {Can} {Do} {About} {It}}, isbn = {978-1-83976-123-2}, shorttitle = {Cannibal {Capitalism}}, abstract = {Capital is currently cannibalizing every sphere of life–guzzling wealth from nature and racialized populations, sucking up our ability to care for each other, and gutting the practice of politics. In this tightly argued and urgent volume, leading Marxist feminist theorist Nancy Fraser charts the voracious appetite of capital, tracking it from crisis point to crisis point, from ecological devastation to the collapse of democracy, from racial violence to the devaluing of care work. These crisis points all come to a head in Covid-19, which Fraser argues can help us envision the resistance we need to end the feeding frenzy. What we need, she argues, is a wide-ranging socialist movement that can recognize the rapaciousness of capital―and starve it to death.}, language = {English}, publisher = {Verso}, author = {Fraser, Nancy}, month = sep, year = {2022}, keywords = {/unread, Global, Review, Second Draft Report Additions, OID General}, } @article{frau-meigsAlgorithmLiteracySubset2024, title = {Algorithm {Literacy} as a {Subset} of {Media} and {Information} {Literacy}: {Competences} and {Design} {Considerations}}, volume = {4}, copyright = {http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/}, issn = {2673-6470}, shorttitle = {Algorithm {Literacy} as a {Subset} of {Media} and {Information} {Literacy}}, url = {https://www.mdpi.com/2673-6470/4/2/26}, doi = {10.3390/digital4020026}, abstract = {Algorithms, indispensable to understand Artificial Intelligence (AI), are omnipresent in social media, but users’ understanding of these computational processes and the way they impact their consumption of information is often limited. There is a need for Media and Information Literacy (MIL) research investigating (a) how MIL can support algorithm literacy (AL) as a subset of competences and with what working definition, (b) what competences users need in order to evaluate algorithms critically and interact with them effectively, and (c) how to design learner-centred interventions that foster increased user understanding of algorithms and better response to disinformation spread by such processes. Based on Crossover project research, this paper looks at four scenarios used by journalists, developers and MIL experts that mirror users’ daily interactions with social media. The results suggest several steps towards integrating AL within MIL goals, while providing a concrete definition of algorithm literacy that is experience-based. The competences and design considerations are organised in a conceptual framework thematically derived from the experimentation. This contribution can support AI developers and MIL educators in their co-design of algorithm-literacy interventions and guide future research on AL as part of a set of nested AI literacies within MIL.}, language = {en}, number = {2}, urldate = {2024-07-21}, journal = {Digital MDPI}, author = {Frau-Meigs, Divina}, month = jun, year = {2024}, note = {Number: 2 Publisher: Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute}, keywords = {disinformation, information, artificial intelligence, /unread, Review, Second Draft Report Additions, media and information literacy, algorithm literacy, competence framework, course design}, pages = {512--528}, file = {Full Text PDF:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/TLKBBNX8/Frau-Meigs - 2024 - Algorithm Literacy as a Subset of Media and Inform.pdf:application/pdf}, } @book{frau-meigsDisinformationDebunkedBuilding2024, title = {Disinformation {Debunked}: {Building} {Resilience} through {Media} and {Information} {Literacy}}, shorttitle = {Disinformation {Debunked}}, url = {https://www.routledge.com/Disinformation-Debunked-Building-Resilience-through-Media-and-Information-Literacy/Frau-Meigs-Corbu/p/book/9781032481012}, abstract = {Disinformation Debunked: Building Resilience through Media and Information Literacy examines the way media and information literacy (MIL) can address disinformation in conjunction with fact-checkers and developers, to benefit from the expertise of these fields in fighting disinformation. The book highlights the underlying stakes that are involved in the fight against disinformation, from producing smart tools to generalizing their use beyond the journalistic profession. It considers the MIL theo}, language = {en}, urldate = {2024-05-22}, publisher = {Routledge}, editor = {Frau-Meigs, Divina and Corbu, Nicoleta}, month = jun, year = {2024}, keywords = {/unread, Second Draft Report Additions, Global North, Qual}, file = {Snapshot:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/HYH9CQGJ/9781032481012.html:text/html}, } @book{frau-meigsPublicPoliciesMedia2017, title = {Public {Policies} in {Media} and {Information} {Literacy} in {Europe}: {Cross}-{Country} {Comparisons}}, isbn = {978-1-317-24227-7}, shorttitle = {Public {Policies} in {Media} and {Information} {Literacy} in {Europe}}, abstract = {Public Policies in Media and Information Literacy in Europe explores the current tensions in European countries as they attempt to tackle the transition to the digital age, providing a comparative and cross-cultural analysis of Media and Information Literacy (MIL) across Europe.This book takes a long-term perspective over the development of media education in Europe, and includes an appraisal of media, information, computer and digital literacies as they coalesce and diverge in the public debate over twenty-first-century skills. The contributors assess the various definitions of media and information literacy as a composite notion whose evolution as a cross-cultural phenomenon reveals various trends and influences in Europe. Throughout, this volume offers an in-depth coverage of MIL with all the different dimensions of policy-making, from legal frameworks to training, funding, evaluation and good practices. The authors propose modeling current MIL governance trends in Europe and conclude with a call for alternative and collective frames of research that they hope will influence policy-makers and other stakeholders, especially in terms of MIL governance.This collection is ideal for students and researchers of MIL, as well as policy makers, educators and associations interested in MIL in the digital age.}, language = {en}, publisher = {Routledge}, author = {Frau-Meigs, Divina and Velez, Irma and Michel, Julieta Flores}, month = apr, year = {2017}, note = {Google-Books-ID: mpy8DgAAQBAJ}, keywords = {Social Science / Media Studies, History / General, /unread, Second Draft Report Additions, Global North, Mixed}, } @article{freedmanPuzzleMediaPower2014, title = {The {Puzzle} of {Media} {Power}: {Notes} {Toward} a {Materialist} {Approach}.}, volume = {8}, shorttitle = {The {Puzzle} of {Media} {Power}}, url = {https://ijoc.org/index.php/ijoc/article/view/2081}, number = {2014}, urldate = {2024-02-26}, journal = {International Journal of Communication}, author = {Freedman, Des}, year = {2014}, keywords = {/unread, Review, Second Draft Report Additions}, pages = {319--334}, file = {Freedman - 2014 - The Puzzle of Media Power Notes Toward a Material.pdf:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/YC2LI5IT/Freedman - 2014 - The Puzzle of Media Power Notes Toward a Material.pdf:application/pdf}, } @article{freemanDigitallyDisappearedStruggle2022, title = {Digitally {Disappeared}: {The} {Struggle} to {Preserve} {Social} {Media} {Evidence} of {Mass} {Atrocities}}, volume = {23}, issn = {2471-8831}, shorttitle = {Digitally {Disappeared}}, url = {https://muse.jhu.edu/pub/1/article/856125}, abstract = {Videos, images, and posts on social mediaoften referred to as “user-generated content”can serve as valuable evidence of international crimes, but only if they are identified by investigators in time, forensically preserved, and made available to prosecuting authorities. This article examines the impact of content moderation, retention, and disclosure policies on the investigation of war crimes, crimes against humanity, and genocide.}, number = {1}, urldate = {2024-01-19}, journal = {Georgetown Journal of International Affairs}, author = {Freeman, Lindsay}, year = {2022}, note = {Publisher: Johns Hopkins University Press}, keywords = {Global South, /unread, Review, Second Draft Report Additions}, pages = {105--113}, file = {Freeman - 2022 - Digitally Disappeared The Struggle to Preserve So.pdf:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/MJGEVZHS/Freeman - 2022 - Digitally Disappeared The Struggle to Preserve So.pdf:application/pdf}, } @book{freireEducationCriticalConsciousness1974, title = {Education for {Critical} {Consciousness}}, publisher = {Continuum}, author = {Freire, Paulo}, year = {1974}, keywords = {Global South, /unread, Review, Second Draft Report Additions}, file = {Freire - 1974 - Education for Critical Consciousness.pdf:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/NG4RCZDF/Freire - 1974 - Education for Critical Consciousness.pdf:application/pdf}, } @misc{friedenExAnteEx2014, address = {Rochester, NY}, title = {Ex {Ante} {Versus} {Ex} {Post} {Approaches} to {Network} {Neutrality}: {A} {Cost} {Benefit} {Analysis}}, shorttitle = {Ex {Ante} {Versus} {Ex} {Post} {Approaches} to {Network} {Neutrality}}, url = {https://papers.ssrn.com/abstract=2493945}, doi = {10.2139/ssrn.2493945}, abstract = {Many advocates for less intrusive government oversight of telecommunications support the migration from regulation by an expert agency to the use of judicial remedies largely guided by antitrust/competition policy principles. They believe that reviewing courts can resolve disputes after they have occurred in lieu of having expert regulatory agencies available to anticipate and resolve problems before they become acute. Such ex post remedies occur when courts apply legal precedent not necessarily tailored to specific telecommunications cases and controversies. Advocates for retaining so-called ex ante regulation believe that an expert agency remains essential particularly in light of fast changing market conditions and technological innovations that may not promote sufficiently robust facilities-based competition. They also note that courts in the United States have decided to reduce opportunities for consumers to seek remedies by limiting rights to bring suit and to form a class of similarly harmed parties. Additionally they cite case precedent where courts offer no additional competitive safeguards if the expert regulatory agency concludes that rising competition justifies streamlining, or eliminating safeguards. This paper will identify the strengths and weakness in ex ante and ex post enforcement of network neutrality policies. The paper concludes that ex post enforcement should generally serve as the goal in a deregulatory glide path that links increases in facilities-based competition with incremental reductions in government oversight. However, current marketplace conditions evidence limited competition particularly for the first and last kilometer of Internet access. Because Internet Service Providers (“ISPs”) serving end users continue to have both the incentive and ability to pursue anticompetitive strategies, the paper supports the continuing role for an expert national regulatory authority. However the paper emphasizes that ex ante regulation should concentrate on procedural safeguards rather than the formulation and imposition of substantive rules and service definitions. Ex ante regulators should provide a forum for the resolution of complaints on a timely basis, in light of the immediate harm to consumers when the delivery of Internet content becomes degraded or blocked.}, language = {en}, urldate = {2024-01-11}, publisher = {SSRN Scholarly Paper}, author = {Frieden, Rob}, month = sep, year = {2014}, keywords = {/unread, Review, Second Draft Report Additions, network neutrality, ex ante regulation, ex post regulation, information services, open Internet, telecommunications services common carriage}, file = {Frieden - 2014 - Ex Ante Versus Ex Post Approaches to Network Neutr.pdf:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/47ZMHIBF/Frieden - 2014 - Ex Ante Versus Ex Post Approaches to Network Neutr.pdf:application/pdf}, } @book{friesemRoutledgeHandbookMedia2022, address = {London}, edition = {1}, title = {The {Routledge} {Handbook} of {Media} {Education} {Futures} {Post}-{Pandemic}}, isbn = {978-1-00-328373-7}, url = {https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/9781003283737}, language = {fr}, urldate = {2024-07-24}, publisher = {Routledge}, author = {Friesem, Yonty and Raman, Usha and Kanižaj, Igor and Choi, Grace Y}, month = aug, year = {2022}, doi = {10.4324/9781003283737}, keywords = {Global South, /unread, Second Draft Report Additions, Qual}, file = {Friesem et al. - 2022 - The Routledge Handbook of Media Education Futures .pdf:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/ZXZBBKBJ/Friesem et al. - 2022 - The Routledge Handbook of Media Education Futures .pdf:application/pdf}, } @techreport{frislichTrustDemocraticResilience2021, type = {Policy paper}, title = {Trust, {Democratic} {Resilience}, and the {Infodemic}}, url = {https://il.boell.org/sites/default/files/2021-03/Frischlich%20%26%20Humprecht%20-%20Trust%2C%20Democratic%20Resilience%2C%20and%20the%20Infodemic.pdf}, abstract = {This policy paper focuses on the nexus between the mis- and disinformation and trust in the context of Covid-19.}, institution = {Heinrich Böll Stiftung, Israel Public Policy Institute}, author = {Frislich, Lena and Humprecht, Edda}, year = {2021}, keywords = {Systematic literature review, /unread, Second Draft Report Additions, Global North}, file = {Frislich and Humprecht - 2021 - Trust, Democratic Resilience, and the Infodemic.pdf:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/U3KAWLET/Frislich and Humprecht - 2021 - Trust, Democratic Resilience, and the Infodemic.pdf:application/pdf}, } @book{fuchsDigitalDemocracyDigital2022, title = {Digital {Democracy} and the {Digital} {Public} {Sphere}: {Media}, {Communication} and {Society} {Volume} {Six}}, isbn = {978-1-00-080147-7}, shorttitle = {Digital {Democracy} and the {Digital} {Public} {Sphere}}, abstract = {This sixth volume in Christian Fuchs' Media, Communication and Society series draws on radical Humanist theory to address questions around the digital public sphere and the challenges and opportunities for digital democracy today. The book discusses topics such as digital democracy, the digital public sphere, digital alienation, sustainability in digital democracy, journalism and democracy, public service media, the public service Internet, and democratic communications. Fuchs argues for the creation of a public service Internet run by public serviceMedia that consists of platforms such as a public service YouTube and Club 2.0, a renewed digital democracy and digital public sphere version of the legendary debate programme formats Club 2 and After Dark. Overall, the book presents foundations and analyses of digital democracy that are interesting for both students and researchers in media studies, cultural studies, communication studies, political science, sociology, Internet research, information science, as well as related disciplines.}, language = {en}, publisher = {Taylor \& Francis}, author = {Fuchs, Christian}, month = nov, year = {2022}, note = {Google-Books-ID: kqyTEAAAQBAJ}, keywords = {Social Science / Media Studies, History / General, /unread, Language Arts \& Disciplines / Communication Studies, Review, Second Draft Report Additions}, } @book{fungDeepeningDemocracyInstitutional2003, address = {London}, title = {Deepening {Democracy}: {Institutional} {Innovations} in {Empowered} {Participatory} {Governance}}, isbn = {978-1-85984-466-3}, shorttitle = {Deepening {Democracy}}, url = {https://www.amazon.co.uk/Deepening-Democracy-Institutional-Innovations-Participatory/dp/1859844669}, abstract = {See chapter by Joshua Cohen The institutional forms of liberal democracy developed in the nineteenth century seem increasingly ill-suited to the problems we face in the twenty-first. This dilemma has given rise in some places to a new, deliberative democracy, and this volume explores four contemporary empirical cases in which the principles of such a democracy have been at least partially instituted: the participatory budget in Porto Alegre; the school decentralization councils and community policing councils in Chicago; stakeholder councils in environmental protection and habitat management; and new decentralised governance structures in Kerala. In keeping with the other Real Utopias Project volumes, these case studies are framed by an editors' introduction, a set of commentaries, and concluding notes.}, language = {English}, publisher = {Verso}, editor = {Fung, Archon and Wright, Erik Olin}, month = mar, year = {2003}, keywords = {Global South, /unread, Second Draft Report Additions, Qual}, } @article{galicSmartCitiesBig2022, title = {Smart {Cities} as ‘{Big} {Brother} only to the {Masses}’: {The} {Limits} of {Personal} {Privacy} and {Personal} {Surveillance}}, volume = {20}, shorttitle = {Smart {Cities} as ‘{Big} {Brother} only to the {Masses}’}, url = {https://ojs.library.queensu.ca/index.php/surveillance-and-society/article/view/15759}, abstract = {Smart city projects in Europe and North America are employing a novel approach to data analysis, that processes hardly any or no personal data at all. As such, these projects – at least, for the most part – escape the scope of (European) data protection law. The idea behind this new approach to smartness can be condensed in the statement: ‘smart cities are only Big Brother to the masses.’ In other words, if the data collected within smart city projects do not identify any individuals, then there are no issues with privacy and data protection law. This problematic assumption relies on two reductive understandings of key notions in this context: that of ‘personal privacy’ and ‘personal surveillance’. In this contribution, I focus on the latter and call for a broader understanding of surveillance as a set of diverse modes of social control by privacy law scholars. After all, in order to reveal the underlying dynamics of power and how these might lead to surveillance abuse – even, or especially, when surveillance is based on the processing of seemingly non-personal data – concrete surveillance practices and their logics need to be examined. For this purpose, I take the example of the Stratumseind Living Lab in the Netherlands and examine it through the lens of Foucault’s notion of security. This examination leads to two valuable insights for privacy and data protection law scholars. First of all, it strengthens the argument of contemporary group privacy scholars that a narrow focus on individual privacy and surveillance is inadequate and that the regulatory framework needs to be adapted. The second insight raises another broad issue: smart cities, which function according to the securitising logic of surveillance, such as the Stratumseind Living Lab, are transforming public spaces into consumption spaces. Yet, the protection of privacy in public can and should serve to protect key aspects of public space – political participation and sociability – as well.}, language = {en}, number = {3}, urldate = {2024-08-02}, journal = {Surveillance \& Society}, author = {Galič, Maša}, month = sep, year = {2022}, keywords = {privacy, surveillance, data protection, /unread, Review, Second Draft Report Additions, Global North, smart city, group privacy}, pages = {306--311}, file = {Full Text PDF:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/XTWDPMQK/Galič - 2022 - Smart Cities as ‘Big Brother only to the Masses’ .pdf:application/pdf}, } @techreport{gallagherUisceFaoiThalamh2023, title = {Uisce {Faoi} {Thalamh}: {Summary} {Report} - {An} {Investigation} into the {Online} {Mis}- and {Disinformation} {Ecosystem} in {Ireland}}, shorttitle = {Uisce {Faoi} {Thalamh}}, url = {https://www.isdglobal.org/isd-publications/uisce-faoi-thalamh-summary-report/}, abstract = {This research project is the first landscape study of the online ecosystem where mis- and disinformation and conspiracy theories thrive in Ireland.}, language = {en-GB}, urldate = {2024-02-22}, institution = {ISD Institute for Strategic Studies}, author = {Gallagher, Aoife and O'Connor, Ciarán and Visser, Francesca}, month = nov, year = {2023}, keywords = {/unread, Second Draft Report Additions, Global North, Mixed}, file = {Gallagher et al. - Uisce Faoi Thalamh Summary Report - An Investigat.pdf:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/8Y9GRRKS/Gallagher et al. - Uisce Faoi Thalamh Summary Report - An Investigat.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/SUDYMCGQ/uisce-faoi-thalamh-summary-report.html:text/html}, } @incollection{gallagherGenderedDisinformationPlatform2023, title = {Gendered {Disinformation} and {Platform} {Accountability}}, url = {https://www.wiley.com/en-us/The+Handbook+of+Gender,+Communication,+and+Women%27s+Human+Rights-p-9781119800682}, booktitle = {The {Handbook} of {Gender}, {Communication}, and {Women}'s {Human} {Rights}}, publisher = {John Wiley \& Sons}, author = {Gallagher, Margaret}, editor = {Gallagher, Margaret and Vega Montiel, Aimée}, year = {2023}, keywords = {Global South, /unread, Review, Second Draft Report Additions}, pages = {53--69}, file = {Gallagher - 2023 - Gendered Disinformation and Platform Accountabilit.pdf:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/K8QAJYLX/Gallagher - 2023 - Gendered Disinformation and Platform Accountabilit.pdf:application/pdf}, } @techreport{garnettElectoralIntegrityGlobal2024, title = {The {Electoral} {Integrity} {Global} {Report} 2024}, url = {https://static1.squarespace.com/static/58533f31bebafbe99c85dc9b/t/66997d503560802120d5f949/1721335130905/Year+in+Elections+PEI+10+Report_FINAL.pdf}, language = {en-US}, urldate = {2024-07-28}, institution = {The Electoral Integrity Project at Royal Military College of Canada, Queen's University, Canada and University of East Anglia UK}, author = {Garnett, Holly Ann and James, Toby S and Caal-Lam, Sofia}, year = {2024}, keywords = {Global South, /unread, Second Draft Report Additions, Quant}, file = {Snapshot:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/6M2QNWGG/reports.html:text/html;The Electoral Integrity Global Report 2024.pdf:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/NIBVN5YH/The Electoral Integrity Global Report 2024.pdf:application/pdf}, } @article{geigerElaboratingHumanRightsFriendly2024, title = {Elaborating a {Human} {Rights}-{Friendly} {Copyright} {Framework} for {Generative} {AI}}, volume = {2024}, issn = {2195-0237}, url = {https://doi.org/10.1007/s40319-024-01481-5}, doi = {10.1007/s40319-024-01481-5}, abstract = {As works are increasingly produced by machines using artificial intelligence (AI) systems, with a result that is often difficult to distinguish from that of a human creator, the question of what should be the appropriate response of the legal system and, in particular, of the copyright system has become central. If the generator of copyright protection has traditionally been the author’s creative input, AI forces us to reassess what in the creative process is special in human creativity and where the creative input lies in AI-generated works. But it also poses more fundamental questions on what the copyright system should achieve and who/what it should protect. In particular, since many human authors will potentially face the competition of these AI machines on the market, new ways of remunerating creators will have to be imagined while making sure that the copyright system does not stand in the way of these important technological developments.}, language = {en}, number = {3 Jun}, urldate = {2024-06-07}, journal = {IIC - International Review of Intellectual Property and Competition Law}, author = {Geiger, Christophe}, month = jun, year = {2024}, keywords = {AI, /unread, Review, Second Draft Report Additions, Copyright, Human rights, Remuneration rights}, pages = {1--37}, file = {Full Text PDF:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/BHNDYABU/Geiger - 2024 - Elaborating a Human Rights-Friendly Copyright Fram.pdf:application/pdf}, } @article{gerbaudoTheorizingReactiveDemocracy2022, title = {Theorizing {Reactive} {Democracy}: {The} {Social} {Media} {Public} {Sphere}, {Online} {Crowds}, and the {Plebiscitary} {Logic} of {Online} {Reactions}}, volume = {9}, issn = {2332-8894, 2332-8908}, shorttitle = {Theorizing {Reactive} {Democracy}}, url = {http://berghahnjournals.com/view/journals/democratic-theory/9/2/dt090207.xml}, doi = {10.3167/dt.2022.090207}, abstract = {The diffusion of social media has profoundly transformed the nature and form of the contemporary public sphere, facilitating the rise of new political tactics and movements. In this article, I develop a theory of the social media public sphere as a “plebeian public sphere” whose functioning is markedly different from the traditional public sphere, described by Jürgen Habermas. Differently from Habermas’ critical-rational publics, this social media public sphere is dominated by online crowds that come together in virtual gatherings made visible by a variety of social media reactions and metrics that measure their presence. It can be best described as a “reactive democracy,” a plebiscitary form of democracy in which reactions are understood as an implicit vote indicating the mood of public opinion on a variety of issues.}, language = {en}, number = {2}, urldate = {2024-03-26}, journal = {Democratic Theory}, author = {Gerbaudo, Paolo}, month = dec, year = {2022}, keywords = {/unread, Review, Second Draft Report Additions}, pages = {120--138}, file = {Gerbaudo - 2022 - Theorizing Reactive Democracy The Social Media Pu.pdf:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/6ZGNILXA/Gerbaudo - 2022 - Theorizing Reactive Democracy The Social Media Pu.pdf:application/pdf}, } @article{gildezunigaNewsFindsMe2019, title = {News finds me perception and democracy: {Effects} on political knowledge, political interest, and voting}, volume = {21}, issn = {1461-4448}, shorttitle = {News finds me perception and democracy}, url = {https://doi.org/10.1177/1461444818817548}, doi = {10.1177/1461444818817548}, abstract = {Recent scholarship suggests that overreliance on social networks for news and public affairs is associated with the belief that one no longer needs to actively seek information. Instead, individuals perceive that the “news will find me” (NFM) and detach from the regular habit of traditional news consumption. This study examines effects of the NFM perception on political knowledge, political interest, and electoral participation. Drawing on a nationally representative panel survey from the United States (N = 997), this study finds that the NFM perception is negatively associated with both political knowledge and political interest across two time periods. The NFM perception also leads to negative, indirect effects on voting as the relationship is mediated through lower reported levels of political knowledge and interest in politics. The findings add to current conversations about the ability of personalized information networks to adequately inform and engage the public.}, language = {en}, number = {6}, urldate = {2023-12-23}, journal = {New Media \& Society}, author = {Gil de Zúñiga, Homero and Diehl, Trevor}, month = jun, year = {2019}, note = {Publisher: SAGE Publications}, keywords = {Global South, /unread, Second Draft Report Additions, OID Media, USED, Quant}, pages = {1253--1271}, file = {Gil de Zúñiga and Diehl - 2019 - News finds me perception and democracy Effects on.pdf:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/6MSNB96V/Gil de Zúñiga and Diehl - 2019 - News finds me perception and democracy Effects on.pdf:application/pdf}, } @article{gildezunigaScholarlyDefinitionArtificial2023, title = {A {Scholarly} {Definition} of {Artificial} {Intelligence} ({AI}): {Advancing} {AI} as a {Conceptual} {Framework} in {Communication} {Research}}, volume = {41}, issn = {1058-4609}, shorttitle = {A {Scholarly} {Definition} of {Artificial} {Intelligence} ({AI})}, url = {https://doi.org/10.1080/10584609.2023.2290497}, doi = {10.1080/10584609.2023.2290497}, abstract = {Research on Artificial Intelligence (AI) in communication research is gaining broader interest. This interdisciplinary interest has yet to be supported by a systematic scholarly definition and by a holistic theoretical framework in communication research. First, combining prior theoretical efforts from diverse disciplines in the social sciences, especially journalism and communication, this study introduces a wide-ranging working AI scholarly definition in communication research as the tangible real-world capability of non-human machines or artificial entities to perform, task solve, communicate, interact, and act logically as it occurs with biological humans. We also propose its theoretical operationalization based on two dimensions: level of performance and level of autonomy, advancing an elementary conceptual framework drawing on AI’s levels of potential actions or performance the AI may accomplish, including 1) performing tasks, 2) taking decisions, and 3) making predictions; as well as AI’s level of autonomy, or the agency results contingent on the degrees of human input, interaction, or supervision involved.}, number = {2}, urldate = {2023-12-23}, journal = {Political Communication}, author = {Gil de Zúñiga, Homero and Goyanes, Manuel and Durotoye, Timilehin}, year = {2023}, note = {Publisher: Routledge \_eprint: https://doi.org/10.1080/10584609.2023.2290497}, keywords = {Artificial intelligence, AI, journalism, Systematic literature review, /unread, Second Draft Report Additions, USED, OID AI, communication, AI autonomy level, AI performance level, social sciences}, pages = {317--334}, file = {Gil de Zúñiga et al. - 2023 - A Scholarly Definition of Artificial Intelligence .pdf:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/YQ6X2HNY/Gil de Zúñiga et al. - 2023 - A Scholarly Definition of Artificial Intelligence .pdf:application/pdf}, } @article{gillespiePoliticsPlatforms2010, title = {The politics of ‘platforms’}, volume = {12}, issn = {1461-4448}, url = {https://doi.org/10.1177/1461444809342738}, doi = {10.1177/1461444809342738}, abstract = {Online content providers such as YouTube are carefully positioning themselves to users, clients, advertisers and policymakers, making strategic claims for what they do and do not do, and how their place in the information landscape should be understood. One term in particular, ‘platform’, reveals the contours of this discursive work. The term has been deployed in both their populist appeals and their marketing pitches, sometimes as technical ‘platforms’, sometimes as ‘platforms’ from which to speak, sometimes as ‘platforms’ of opportunity. Whatever tensions exist in serving all of these constituencies are carefully elided. The term also fits their efforts to shape information policy, where they seek protection for facilitating user expression, yet also seek limited liability for what those users say. As these providers become the curators of public discourse, we must examine the roles they aim to play, and the terms by which they hope to be judged.}, language = {en}, number = {3}, urldate = {2024-05-14}, journal = {New Media \& Society}, author = {Gillespie, Tarleton}, month = may, year = {2010}, note = {Publisher: SAGE Publications}, keywords = {/unread, Review, Second Draft Report Additions}, pages = {347--364}, file = {SAGE PDF Full Text:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/BN8NSV3P/Gillespie - 2010 - The politics of ‘platforms’.pdf:application/pdf}, } @misc{gillespieExpandingDebateContent2023, address = {Rochester, NY}, title = {Expanding the {Debate} about {Content} {Moderation}: {Scholarly} {Research} {Agendas} for the {Coming} {Policy} {Debates}}, shorttitle = {Expanding the {Debate} about {Content} {Moderation}}, url = {https://papers.ssrn.com/abstract=4459448}, abstract = {Content moderation has exploded as a policy, advocacy, and public concern. But these debates still tend to be driven by high-profile incidents and to focus on the largest, US based platforms. In order to contribute to informed policymaking, scholarship in this area needs to recognise that moderation is an expansive socio-technical phenomenon, which functions in many contexts and takes many forms. Expanding the discussion also changes how we assess the array of proposed policy solutions meant to improve content moderation. Here, nine content moderation scholars working in critical internet studies propose how to expand research on content moderation, with implications for policy.}, language = {en}, urldate = {2023-12-23}, publisher = {SSRN Scholarly Paper}, author = {Gillespie, Tarleton and Aufderheide, Patricia and Carmi, Elinor and Gerrard, Ysabel and Gorwa, Robert and Matamoros Fernandez, Ariadna and Roberts, Sarah T. and Sinnreich, Aram and Myers West, Sarah}, month = may, year = {2023}, keywords = {SSRN, /unread, Review, Second Draft Report Additions, USED, OID AI, Aram Sinnreich, Ariadna Matamoros Fernandez, Elinor Carmi, Expanding the Debate about Content Moderation: Scholarly Research Agendas for the Coming Policy Debates, Patricia Aufderheide, Robert Gorwa, Sarah Myers West, Sarah T. Roberts, Tarleton Gillespie, Ysabel Gerrard}, file = {Gillespie et al. - 2023 - Expanding the Debate about Content Moderation Sch.pdf:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/SFE9ADZX/Gillespie et al. - 2023 - Expanding the Debate about Content Moderation Sch.pdf:application/pdf}, } @techreport{gillwaldDigitalInequalityParadox2024, title = {From the digital inequality paradox to marginalisation through digitalisation: {GISWatch} 2024 {Special} {Edition} reports}, url = {https://giswatch.org/sites/default/files/GW2024-Gillwald.pdf}, institution = {Association for Progressive Communications}, author = {Gillwald, Alison and Weleilakeba, Sala}, month = may, year = {2024}, keywords = {Global South, /unread, BRICS, Review, Second Draft Report Additions}, file = {Gillwald and Weleilakeba - 2024 - From the digital inequality paradox to marginalisa.pdf:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/46PA353V/Gillwald and Weleilakeba - 2024 - From the digital inequality paradox to marginalisa.pdf:application/pdf}, } @book{gitelmanRawDataOxymoron2013, title = {‘{Raw} {Data}’ is an {Oxymoron}}, publisher = {MIT Press}, editor = {Gitelman, Lisa}, year = {2013}, keywords = {/unread, Review, Second Draft Report Additions}, file = {Gitelman - 2013 - ‘Raw Data’ is an Oxymoron.pdf:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/HNE63F8Z/Gitelman - 2013 - ‘Raw Data’ is an Oxymoron.pdf:application/pdf}, } @article{goldsteinHowPersuasiveAIgenerated2024, title = {How persuasive is {AI}-generated propaganda?}, volume = {3}, issn = {2752-6542}, url = {https://doi.org/10.1093/pnasnexus/pgae034}, doi = {10.1093/pnasnexus/pgae034}, abstract = {Can large language models, a form of artificial intelligence (AI), generate persuasive propaganda? We conducted a preregistered survey experiment of US respondents to investigate the persuasiveness of news articles written by foreign propagandists compared to content generated by GPT-3 davinci (a large language model). We found that GPT-3 can create highly persuasive text as measured by participants’ agreement with propaganda theses. We further investigated whether a person fluent in English could improve propaganda persuasiveness. Editing the prompt fed to GPT-3 and/or curating GPT-3’s output made GPT-3 even more persuasive, and, under certain conditions, as persuasive as the original propaganda. Our findings suggest that propagandists could use AI to create convincing content with limited effort.}, number = {2}, urldate = {2024-07-28}, journal = {PNAS Nexus}, author = {Goldstein, Josh A and Chao, Jason and Grossman, Shelby and Stamos, Alex and Tomz, Michael}, month = feb, year = {2024}, keywords = {/unread, Second Draft Report Additions, Global North, Quant}, pages = {1--7}, file = {Full Text PDF:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/I6WWWDDV/Goldstein et al. - 2024 - How persuasive is AI-generated propaganda.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/JJTXYWCK/7610937.html:text/html}, } @article{gonzalez-bailonAsymmetricIdeologicalSegregation2023, title = {Asymmetric ideological segregation in exposure to political news on {Facebook}}, volume = {381}, url = {https://www-science-org.gate3.library.lse.ac.uk/doi/10.1126/science.ade7138}, doi = {10.1126/science.ade7138}, abstract = {Does Facebook enable ideological segregation in political news consumption? We analyzed exposure to news during the US 2020 election using aggregated data for 208 million US Facebook users. We compared the inventory of all political news that users could have seen in their feeds with the information that they saw (after algorithmic curation) and the information with which they engaged. We show that (i) ideological segregation is high and increases as we shift from potential exposure to actual exposure to engagement; (ii) there is an asymmetry between conservative and liberal audiences, with a substantial corner of the news ecosystem consumed exclusively by conservatives; and (iii) most misinformation, as identified by Meta’s Third-Party Fact-Checking Program, exists within this homogeneously conservative corner, which has no equivalent on the liberal side. Sources favored by conservative audiences were more prevalent on Facebook’s news ecosystem than those favored by liberals.}, number = {6656}, urldate = {2024-07-27}, journal = {Science}, author = {González-Bailón, Sandra and Lazer, David and Barberá, Pablo and Zhang, Meiqing and Allcott, Hunt and Brown, Taylor and Crespo-Tenorio, Adriana and Freelon, Deen and Gentzkow, Matthew and Guess, Andrew M. and Iyengar, Shanto and Kim, Young Mie and Malhotra, Neil and Moehler, Devra and Nyhan, Brendan and Pan, Jennifer and Rivera, Carlos Velasco and Settle, Jaime and Thorson, Emily and Tromble, Rebekah and Wilkins, Arjun and Wojcieszak, Magdalena and de Jonge, Chad Kiewiet and Franco, Annie and Mason, Winter and Stroud, Natalie Jomini and Tucker, Joshua A.}, month = jul, year = {2023}, note = {Publisher: American Association for the Advancement of Science}, keywords = {/unread, Second Draft Report Additions, Global North, Mixed}, pages = {392--398}, file = {Full Text PDF:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/N494WKEH/González-Bailón et al. - 2023 - Asymmetric ideological segregation in exposure to .pdf:application/pdf}, } @article{gordon-tapieroFactFrictionCase2023, title = {Fact and {Friction}: {A} {Case} {Study} in the {Fight} {Against} {False} {News}}, volume = {57}, url = {https://lawreview.law.ucdavis.edu/archives/57/1/fact-and-friction-case-study-fight-against-false-news}, number = {1}, urldate = {2024-08-07}, journal = {UC Davis Law Review}, author = {Gordon-Tapiero, Ayelet and Ohm, Paul and Ramaswami, Ashwin}, year = {2023}, keywords = {/unread, Second Draft Report Additions, Quant}, pages = {171--251}, file = {Fact and Friction A Case Study in the Fight Again.pdf:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/SRZZ9RV7/Fact and Friction A Case Study in the Fight Again.pdf:application/pdf;Fact and Friction\: A Case Study in the Fight Against False News | UC Davis Law Review:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/BP8MTI9N/fact-and-friction-case-study-fight-against-false-news.html:text/html}, } @techreport{governmentofbrazilLeiGeralProtecao2018, title = {Lei {Geral} de {Proteção} de {Dados} {Pessoais} ({LGPD})}, url = {https://www.mpf.mp.br/servicos/lgpd/o-que-e-a-lgpd}, language = {pt-br}, urldate = {2024-08-09}, author = {Government of Brazil}, year = {2018}, keywords = {Global South, /unread, BRICS, Review, Second Draft Report Additions}, file = {Snapshot:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/7T85ULCN/lgpd.html:text/html}, } @techreport{gracaInteroperatingSocialMedia2024, title = {An {Interoperating} {Social} {Media} {Environment}: {One} {Necessary} {Response} to the {Issue} of {Information} {Integrity}}, url = {https://www.i3md.net/_files/ugd/9f661c_523df56b41b54833b0422cd86a9e09b2.pdf}, abstract = {"The problem of mainstream media concentration was no stranger to pre-digital times. But social media networks have extended the reach and audiences to a global scale, deploying tools and business models that retain people's attention and introduce significant new distortions in information’s flow and consumption. While claiming not to be publishers, they undermine business models and sustainability of many media, and concentrate immense gatekeeping powers into a few corporations largely beyond the reach of regulators. This is directly relevant to the G20’s focus on information integrity"}, institution = {Article 19 Brazil and South America, Working Group on Information Integrity, Interoperability \& Media Plurality}, author = {Graça, Gabrielle}, month = jun, year = {2024}, keywords = {Global South, /unread, BRICS, Review, Second Draft Report Additions}, file = {Graça - An Interoperating Social Media Environment One Ne.pdf:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/URTR3NPG/Graça - An Interoperating Social Media Environment One Ne.pdf:application/pdf}, } @article{greenFalseComfortHuman2021, title = {The {False} {Comfort} of {Human} {Oversight} as an {Antidote} to {A}.{I}. {Harm}}, issn = {1091-2339}, url = {https://slate.com/technology/2021/06/human-oversight-artificial-intelligence-laws.html}, abstract = {Humans are being tasked with overseeing algorithms that were put in place with the promise of augmenting human deficiencies.}, language = {en-US}, urldate = {2024-09-09}, journal = {Slate}, author = {Green, Ben and Kak, Amba}, month = jun, year = {2021}, keywords = {algorithms, /unread, Review, Second Draft Report Additions, Global North, artificial-intelligence, facial-recognition}, file = {Snapshot:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/ZC8UFGSP/human-oversight-artificial-intelligence-laws.html:text/html}, } @techreport{greenEvidenceBasedMisinformationInterventions2023, title = {Evidence-{Based} {Misinformation} {Interventions}: {Challenges} and {Opportunities} for {Measurement} and {Collaboration}}, shorttitle = {Evidence-{Based} {Misinformation} {Interventions}}, url = {https://carnegieendowment.org/2023/01/09/evidence-based-misinformation-interventions-challenges-and-opportunities-for-measurement-and-collaboration-pub-88661}, abstract = {Major social media and technology companies continue to make algorithmic, user interface, and policy changes to their products to address information integrity challenges on their platforms.}, language = {en}, urldate = {2023-12-28}, institution = {Carnegie Endowment for International Peace}, author = {Green, Yasmin and Gully, Andrew and Roth, Yoel and Roy, Abhishek and Tucker, Joshua A and Wanless, Alicia}, month = jan, year = {2023}, keywords = {/unread, Review, Second Draft Report Additions, USED, OID}, file = {Green et al. - 2023 - Evidence-Based Misinformation Interventions Chall.pdf:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/82JYFC3U/Green et al. - 2023 - Evidence-Based Misinformation Interventions Chall.pdf:application/pdf}, } @article{greensteinNetNeutralityFast2016, title = {Net {Neutrality}: {A} {Fast} {Lane} to {Understanding} the {Trade}-offs}, volume = {30}, issn = {0895-3309}, shorttitle = {Net {Neutrality}}, url = {https://pubs.aeaweb.org/doi/10.1257/jep.30.2.127}, doi = {10.1257/jep.30.2.127}, abstract = {The last decade has seen a strident public debate about the principle of “net neutrality.” The economic literature has focused on two definitions of net neutrality. The most basic definition of net neutrality is to prohibit payments from content providers to internet service providers; this situation we refer to as a one-sided pricing model, in contrast with a two-sided pricing model in which such payments are permitted. Net neutrality may also be defined as prohibiting prioritization of traffic, with or without compensation. The research program then is to explore how a net neutrality rule would alter the distribution of rents and the efficiency of outcomes. After describing the features of the modern internet and introducing the key players, (internet service providers, content providers, and customers), we summarize insights from some models of the treatment of internet traffic, framing issues in terms of the positive economic factors at work. Our survey provides little support for the bold and simplistic claims of the most vociferous supporters and detractors of net neutrality. The economic consequences of such policies depend crucially on the precise policy choice and how it is implemented. The consequences further depend on how long-run economic trade-offs play out; for some of them, there is relevant experience in other industries to draw upon, but for others there is no experience and no consensus forecast.}, language = {en}, number = {2}, urldate = {2024-02-08}, journal = {Journal of Economic Perspectives}, author = {Greenstein, Shane and Peitz, Martin and Valletti, Tommaso}, month = may, year = {2016}, keywords = {/unread, Review, Second Draft Report Additions}, pages = {127--150}, file = {Greenstein et al. - 2016 - Net Neutrality A Fast Lane to Understanding the T.pdf:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/3JT866VL/Greenstein et al. - 2016 - Net Neutrality A Fast Lane to Understanding the T.pdf:application/pdf}, } @article{gritsenkoAlgorithmsContextsGovernance2022, title = {Algorithms, contexts, governance: {An} introduction to the special issue}, volume = {24}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85128616929&doi=10.1177%2f14614448221079037&partnerID=40&md5=e0d1d4981aeee7d11e5c65425065739a}, doi = {10.1177/14614448221079037}, number = {4}, journal = {New Media \& Society}, author = {Gritsenko, D. and Markham, A. and Pötzsch, H. and Wijermars, M.}, year = {2022}, keywords = {/unread, Global, Review, Second Draft Report Additions}, pages = {835--844}, file = {Gritsenko et al. - 2022 - Algorithms, contexts, governance An introduction .pdf:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/EEAS6SUU/Gritsenko et al. - 2022 - Algorithms, contexts, governance An introduction .pdf:application/pdf}, } @article{groverPlatformsTemplatesEmerging2024, title = {Platforms as templates: {Emerging} datafication dynamics in digital news outlets’ datawalls}, volume = {40}, issn = {0197-2243}, shorttitle = {Platforms as templates}, url = {https://doi.org/10.1080/01972243.2024.2350015}, doi = {10.1080/01972243.2024.2350015}, abstract = {News outlets have responded to platforms disrupting audience engagement and revenue models by pursuing more stable revenue through paywall subscriptions and membership programs. However, many outlets continue to struggle, and scholars have suggested that outlets experiment with data monetization strategies by asking readers to “pay” with their data – in other words, by implementing a “datawall.” We conducted an exploratory landscape analysis of digital news websites and interviewed digital news professionals to evaluate the extent to which datawalls actually exist in the field and to investigate the roles of platformization and datafication. We found that datawalls exist on a spectrum with a complicated relationship to paywalls and that platforms play an important role in the emergence of datawalls that calls for extending the existing conceptual model of platformization. We argue that datawalls represent attempts to adopt platform logics by accumulating audience data; thus, platforms serve as templates for digital news outlets. We discuss the implications of these findings for conceptualizing platformization and datafication.}, number = {4}, urldate = {2024-07-28}, journal = {The Information Society}, author = {Grover, Rohan and Baik, Jeeyun (Sophia)}, month = aug, year = {2024}, note = {Publisher: Routledge \_eprint: https://doi.org/10.1080/01972243.2024.2350015}, keywords = {digital news, /unread, Second Draft Report Additions, Global North, Qual, Datafication, platformization, datawall, paywall}, pages = {260--276}, file = {Full Text PDF:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/HGQ993FU/Grover and Baik - 2024 - Platforms as templates Emerging datafication dyna.pdf:application/pdf}, } @book{gunkelHandbookEthicsArtificial2024, title = {Handbook on the {Ethics} of {Artificial} {Intelligence}}, url = {https://www.e-elgar.com/shop/gbp/handbook-on-the-ethics-of-artificial-intelligence-9781803926711.html}, abstract = {This engaging Handbook identifies and critically examines the moral opportunities and challenges typically attributed to artificial intelligence. It provides a comprehensive overview and examination of the most pressing and urgent problems with this technology by drawing on a wide range of analytical methods, traditions, and approaches.}, language = {en}, urldate = {2024-07-21}, publisher = {Edward Elgar Publishing}, editor = {Gunkel, David J}, year = {2024}, keywords = {/unread, Global, Review, Second Draft Report Additions}, file = {Snapshot:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/J4JAVKP8/handbook-on-the-ethics-of-artificial-intelligence-9781803926711.html:text/html}, } @incollection{gunkelUnbearableWhitenessAI2024, title = {The ({Un})bearable {Whiteness} of {AI} {Ethics}}, url = {https://www.e-elgar.com/shop/gbp/handbook-on-the-ethics-of-artificial-intelligence-9781803926711.html}, abstract = {This engaging Handbook identifies and critically examines the moral opportunities and challenges typically attributed to artificial intelligence. It provides a comprehensive overview and examination of the most pressing and urgent problems with this technology by drawing on a wide range of analytical methods, traditions, and approaches.}, language = {en}, urldate = {2024-07-21}, booktitle = {Handbook on the {Ethics} of {Artificial} {Intelligence}}, publisher = {Edward Elgar Publishing}, editor = {Gunkel, David J and Ali, Syed Mustafa and Paragi, Beata and Daly, Angela C and Gjorgjioska, Adela and Hespanhol, Luke and Mostefaoui, Soraya Kouadri and Oyeniji, Oluyinka and Tomicic, Ana}, year = {2024}, keywords = {Global South, /unread, Review, Second Draft Report Additions}, pages = {218--231}, } @incollection{guntonImpactInternetSocial2022, address = {Cham}, title = {The {Impact} of the {Internet} and {Social} {Media} {Platforms} on {Radicalisation} to {Terrorism} and {Violent} {Extremism}}, isbn = {978-3-030-91218-5}, url = {https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-91218-5_8}, abstract = {This chapter critically discusses the evidence suggesting that the Internet and SMPs affect radicalisation to violent extremism. The chapter specifically focuses on arguments surrounding echo chambers, opportunities for women to remain anonymous and the role of identity construction for the youth. The study also critically discusses the evidence negating the notion that the Internet and SMPs can affect radicalisation to terrorism and violent extremism. The discussion focuses primarily on offline persuasion and a ‘false dichotomy’. Based on this critical analysis, the chapter argues that the Internet and SMPs play an important role in the radicalisation of youth and women based on the increased opportunities that might not otherwise be provided in the offline world despite the methodological issues around the evidence. Furthermore, it is argued that evidence does not successfully demonstrate that echo chambers on the Internet affect radicalisation to violent extremism. Whilst acknowledging that offline persuasion also plays a significant role and the evidence suggesting a ‘false dichotomy’, the chapter also argues that it would not be effective to research online and offline radicalisation as an integrated model. This is due to the fact that there still exists a lack of understanding and empirical research around online radicalisation as well as radicalisation in general.}, language = {en}, urldate = {2024-01-19}, booktitle = {Privacy, {Security} {And} {Forensics} in {The} {Internet} of {Things} ({IoT})}, publisher = {Springer International Publishing}, author = {Gunton, Kate}, editor = {Montasari, Reza and Carroll, Fiona and Mitchell, Ian and Hara, Sukhvinder and Bolton-King, Rachel}, year = {2022}, doi = {10.1007/978-3-030-91218-5_8}, keywords = {The Internet, Radicalisation, /unread, Global, Review, Second Draft Report Additions, Bitcoin, Cryptocurrency, Cyber terrorism, Social media platforms, TOR, Violent extremism}, pages = {167--177}, } @article{guoSurveyAutomatedFactChecking2022, title = {A {Survey} on {Automated} {Fact}-{Checking}}, volume = {10}, issn = {2307-387X}, url = {https://doi.org/10.1162/tacl_a_00454}, doi = {10.1162/tacl_a_00454}, abstract = {Fact-checking has become increasingly important due to the speed with which both information and misinformation can spread in the modern media ecosystem. Therefore, researchers have been exploring how fact-checking can be automated, using techniques based on natural language processing, machine learning, knowledge representation, and databases to automatically predict the veracity of claims. In this paper, we survey automated fact-checking stemming from natural language processing, and discuss its connections to related tasks and disciplines. In this process, we present an overview of existing datasets and models, aiming to unify the various definitions given and identify common concepts. Finally, we highlight challenges for future research.}, urldate = {2024-04-15}, journal = {Transactions of the Association for Computational Linguistics}, author = {Guo, Zhijiang and Schlichtkrull, Michael and Vlachos, Andreas}, month = feb, year = {2022}, keywords = {/unread, Second Draft Report Additions, Global North, Qual}, pages = {178--206}, file = {Full Text PDF:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/Q87CHNJI/Guo et al. - 2022 - A Survey on Automated Fact-Checking.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/2F45FPJB/A-Survey-on-Automated-Fact-Checking.html:text/html}, } @techreport{gurumurthyReframingAIGovernance2023, title = {Reframing {AI} {Governance} {Through} a {Political} {Economy} {Lens}}, url = {https://itforchange.net/sites/default/files/add/IT%20for%20Change_Reframing%20AI%20Governance%20through%20a%20Political%20Economy%20Lens.pdf}, institution = {IT for Change Submission to Call for Papers on Global AI Governance by UN Tech Envoy's office for the first meeting of the Multistakeholder Advisory Body on AI}, author = {Gurumurthy, Anita and Bharthur, Deepti}, month = sep, year = {2023}, keywords = {Global South, /unread, Review, Second Draft Report Additions}, file = {Gurumuthy and Bharthur - 2023 - Reframing AI Governance Through a Political Econom.pdf:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/HE5V3GVW/Gurumuthy and Bharthur - 2023 - Reframing AI Governance Through a Political Econom.pdf:application/pdf}, } @book{haiderParadoxesMediaInformation2022, title = {Paradoxes of {Media} and {Information} {Literacy}: {The} {Crisis} of {Information}}, isbn = {978-1-00-059028-9}, shorttitle = {Paradoxes of {Media} and {Information} {Literacy}}, abstract = {Paradoxes of Media and Information Literacy contributes to ongoing conversations about control of knowledge and different ways of knowing. It does so by analysing why media and information literacy (MIL) is proposed as a solution for addressing the current information crisis. Questioning why MIL is commonly believed to wield such power, the book throws into sharp relief several paradoxes that are built into common understandings of such literacies. Haider and Sundin take the reader on a journey across different fields of practice, research and policymaking, including librarianship, information studies, teaching and journalism, media and communication and the educational sciences. The authors also consider national information policy proposals and the recommendations of NGOs or international bodies, such as UNESCO and the OECD. Showing that MIL plays an active role in contemporary controversies, such as those on climate change or vaccination, Haider and Sundin argue that such controversies challenge existing notions of fact and ignorance, trust and doubt, and our understanding of information access and information control. The book thus argues for the need to unpack and understand the contradictions forming around these notions in relation to MIL, rather than attempting to arrive at a single, comprehensive definition. Paradoxes of Media and Information Literacy combines careful analytical and conceptual discussions with an in-depth understanding of information practices and of the contemporary information infrastructure. It is essential reading for scholars and students engaged in library and information studies, media and communication, journalism studies and the educational sciences.}, language = {en}, publisher = {Taylor \& Francis}, author = {Haider, Jutta and Sundin, Olof}, month = apr, year = {2022}, note = {Google-Books-ID: 5mRnEAAAQBAJ}, keywords = {Social Science / Media Studies, /unread, Global, Review, Second Draft Report Additions, Language Arts \& Disciplines / Literacy, Computers / Computer Literacy}, } @book{hallinComparingMediaSystems2012, address = {Cambridge}, title = {Comparing {Media} {Systems} {Beyond} the {Western} {World}}, abstract = {Comparing Media Systems Beyond the Western World offers a broad exploration of the conceptual foundations for comparative analysis of media and politics globally. It takes as its point of departure the widely used framework of Hallin and Mancini's Comparing Media Systems, exploring how the concepts and methods of their analysis do and do not prove useful when applied beyond the original focus of their 'most similar systems' design and the West European and North American cases it encompassed. It is intended both to use a wider range of cases to interrogate and clarify the conceptual framework of Comparing Media Systems and to propose new models, concepts and approaches that will be useful for dealing with non-Western media systems and with processes of political transition. Comparing Media Systems Beyond the Western World covers, among other cases, Brazil, China, Israel, Lebanon, Lithuania, Poland, Russia, Saudi Arabia, South Africa and Thailand.}, publisher = {Cambridge University Press}, editor = {Hallin, Daniel C. and Mancini, P}, year = {2012}, keywords = {Global South, /unread, Second Draft Report Additions, Qual}, } @article{hanVoluntarySafetyCommitments2022, title = {Voluntary safety commitments provide an escape from over-regulation in {AI} development}, volume = {68}, url = {https://www-sciencedirect-com.gate3.library.lse.ac.uk/science/article/pii/S0160791X21003183}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techsoc.2021.101843}, abstract = {With the introduction of Artificial Intelligence (AI) and related technologies in our daily lives, fear and anxiety about their misuse as well as the hidden biases in their creation have led to a demand for regulation to address such issues. Yet blindly regulating an innovation process that is not well understood, may stifle this process and reduce benefits that society may gain from the generated technology, even under the best intentions. In this paper, starting from a baseline model that captures the fundamental dynamics of a race for domain supremacy using AI technology, we demonstrate how socially unwanted outcomes may be produced when sanctioning is applied unconditionally to risk-taking, i.e. potentially unsafe, behaviours. As an alternative to resolve the detrimental effect of over-regulation, we propose a voluntary commitment approach wherein technologists have the freedom of choice between independently pursuing their course of actions or establishing binding agreements to act safely, with sanctioning of those that do not abide to what they pledged. Overall, this work reveals for the first time how voluntary commitments, with sanctions either by peers or an institution, leads to socially beneficial outcomes in all scenarios envisageable in a short-term race towards domain supremacy through AI technology. These results are directly relevant for the design of governance and regulatory policies that aim to ensure an ethical and responsible AI technology development process.}, language = {en}, number = {2022}, urldate = {2024-06-29}, journal = {Technology in Society}, author = {Han, The Anh and Lenaerts, Tom and Santos, Francisco C. and Pereira, Luis Moniz}, year = {2022}, note = {arXiv:2104.03741 [nlin]}, keywords = {Computer Science - Computers and Society, Computer Science - Artificial Intelligence, /unread, Second Draft Report Additions, Quant, Computer Science - Multiagent Systems, Nonlinear Sciences - Adaptation and Self-Organizing Systems, Nonlinear Sciences - Chaotic Dynamics}, pages = {1--14}, file = {Han et al. - 2021 - Voluntary safety commitments provide an escape fro.pdf:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/YCWK86SM/2104.pdf:application/pdf}, } @article{haoExploringCollaborativeDecisionmaking2024, title = {Exploring collaborative decision-making: {A} quasi-experimental study of human and {Generative} {AI} interaction}, volume = {78}, issn = {0160-791X}, shorttitle = {Exploring collaborative decision-making}, url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0160791X24002100}, doi = {10.1016/j.techsoc.2024.102662}, abstract = {This paper explores the effects of integrating Generative Artificial Intelligence (GAI) into decision-making processes within organizations, employing a quasi-experimental pretest-posttest design. The study examines the synergistic interaction between Human Intelligence (HI) and GAI across four group decision-making scenarios within three global organizations renowned for their cutting-edge operational techniques. The research progresses through several phases: identifying research problems, collecting baseline data on decision-making, implementing AI interventions, and evaluating the outcomes post-intervention to identify shifts in performance. The results demonstrate that GAI effectively reduces human cognitive burdens and mitigates heuristic biases by offering data-driven support and predictive analytics, grounded in System 2 reasoning. This is particularly valuable in complex situations characterized by unfamiliarity and information overload, where intuitive, System 1 thinking is less effective. However, the study also uncovers challenges related to GAI integration, such as potential over-reliance on technology, intrinsic biases particularly ‘out-of-the-box’ thinking without contextual creativity. To address these issues, this paper proposes an innovative strategic framework for HI-GAI collaboration that emphasizes transparency, accountability, and inclusiveness.}, number = {2024}, urldate = {2024-08-10}, journal = {Technology in Society}, author = {Hao, Xinyue and Demir, Emrah and Eyers, Daniel}, month = sep, year = {2024}, keywords = {Artificial intelligence, /unread, Second Draft Report Additions, Global North, ChatGPT, Decision-making, Cognitive biases, Human intuition}, pages = {1--22}, file = {Hao et al. - 2024 - Exploring collaborative decision-making A quasi-e.pdf:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/GF497HT3/Hao et al. - 2024 - Exploring collaborative decision-making A quasi-e.pdf:application/pdf;ScienceDirect Snapshot:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/74T4R5TH/S0160791X24002100.html:text/html}, } @book{hargittaiHandbookDigitalInequality2021, address = {Cheltenham}, title = {Handbook of {Digital} {Inequality}}, url = {https://www.e-elgar.com/shop/gbp/handbook-of-digital-inequality-9781788116565.html}, abstract = {‘At the dawn of the Internet age, digital inequality was a central concern. But then a combination of triumphalism (in the developed nations) and spiraling complexity (rapid proliferation of ways to go online and things to do there) led attention to shift away from this topic. As work and schooling moved online during the COVID-19 pandemic, the world rediscovered that inequality in access to digital platforms and resources remains high and is ever more central to social inequality overall. Eszter Hargittai has identified the scholars who have sustained a research focus on digital inequality and have found ways to cast empirical light on such complex issues as the impact of different ways of accessing the Internet and variation in online skills, and has produced a Handbook that will be invaluable to anyone who cares about social inequality – just when we need it the most.’ – Paul DiMaggio, Princeton University, US}, language = {en}, urldate = {2021-12-19}, publisher = {Edward Elgar Publishing}, editor = {Hargittai, Eszter}, year = {2021}, keywords = {/unread, Global, Second Draft Report Additions, Qual}, } @article{harrisThereWasAll2023, chapter = {Life and style}, title = {‘{There} was all sorts of toxic behaviour’: {Timnit} {Gebru} on her sacking by {Google}, {AI}’s dangers and big tech’s biases}, issn = {0261-3077}, shorttitle = {‘{There} was all sorts of toxic behaviour’}, url = {https://www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/2023/may/22/there-was-all-sorts-of-toxic-behaviour-timnit-gebru-on-her-sacking-by-google-ais-dangers-and-big-techs-biases}, abstract = {The Ethiopian-born computer scientist lost her job after pointing out the inequalities built into AI. But after decades working with technology companies, she knows all too much about discrimination}, language = {en-GB}, urldate = {2024-08-13}, journal = {The Guardian}, author = {Harris, John}, month = may, year = {2023}, keywords = {Internet, Technology, Google, Inequality, Race, /unread, Second Draft Report Additions, Global North, Qual, ChatGPT, Artificial intelligence (AI), Computing, Microsoft}, file = {Snapshot:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/T439N4TD/there-was-all-sorts-of-toxic-behaviour-timnit-gebru-on-her-sacking-by-google-ais-dangers-and-bi.html:text/html}, } @techreport{hatfieldMappingRecommendationsUNDP2023, title = {Mapping and {Recommendations} for {UNDP} {Efforts} to {Fight} {Against} {Mis}- and {Disinformation}}, url = {https://www.undp.org/acceleratorlabs/publications/mapping-and-recommendations-undp-efforts-fight-against-mis-and-disinformation}, abstract = {The rapid and pervasive spread of mis- and disinformation across the globe threatens to erode our information ecosystems and disrupt progress on the Sustaina}, language = {en}, urldate = {2024-01-24}, institution = {Columbia SIPA and UNDP Accelerator Labs}, author = {Hatfield, Audrey and Meghjani, Khatdija and Williams-Bellamy, Jason and Saiyid, Danial and Zhou, Jiayu}, month = aug, year = {2023}, keywords = {Global South, /unread, Second Draft Report Additions, Qual}, file = {Hatfield et al. - 2023 - Mapping and Recommendations for UNDP Efforts to Fi.pdf:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/MDSPK9UC/Hatfield et al. - 2023 - Mapping and Recommendations for UNDP Efforts to Fi.pdf:application/pdf}, } @techreport{heStateCentricDataGovernance2023, title = {State-{Centric} {Data} {Governance} in {China}}, url = {https://www.cigionline.org/publications/state-centric-data-governance-in-china/#:~:text=China%27s%20state%2Dcentric%20data%20governance,mostly%20unfettered%20access%20to%20personal}, abstract = {China’s state-centric data governance regime has evolved into a framework characterized by the pursuit of a dual goal to bolster both economic growth and national security at the expense of personal information protection, which is significantly compromised due to the government’s mostly unfettered access to personal data. This paper examines three components of data governance in China and then considers data governance institutions in the country. It describes how digital platform governance and regulation on cross-border data flows have illustrated the country’s dual goal. The paper concludes with a discussion of the global implications of China’s data governance system.}, language = {en}, institution = {Centre for International Governance Innovation, CIGI Papers No. 282}, author = {He, Alex}, month = sep, year = {2023}, keywords = {Global South, /unread, BRICS, Review, Second Draft Report Additions}, file = {He - State-Centric Data Governance in China.pdf:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/5QKXNDDV/He - State-Centric Data Governance in China.pdf:application/pdf}, } @article{helbergerPoliticalPowerPlatforms2020, title = {The {Political} {Power} of {Platforms}: {How} {Current} {Attempts} to {Regulate} {Misinformation} {Amplify} {Opinion} {Power}}, volume = {8}, issn = {2167-0811}, shorttitle = {The {Political} {Power} of {Platforms}}, url = {https://doi.org/10.1080/21670811.2020.1773888}, doi = {10.1080/21670811.2020.1773888}, abstract = {This contribution critically reviews the ongoing policy initiatives in Europe to impose greater societal responsibility on social media platforms. I discuss the current regulatory approach of treating social platforms as mere 'intermediaries' of the speech of others and propose a different perspective. Instead of perceiving platforms as intermediaries and facilitators of the speech of others, I view social media platforms as active political actors in their own right, and wielders of considerable opinion power. I will explain how taking the perspective of opinion power throws a very different, and rather alarming light on the recent regulatory initiatives.}, number = {6}, urldate = {2023-09-03}, journal = {Digital Journalism}, author = {Helberger, Natali}, month = jul, year = {2020}, note = {Publisher: Routledge \_eprint: https://doi.org/10.1080/21670811.2020.1773888}, keywords = {Europe, regulation, /unread, Review, Second Draft Report Additions, USED, OID Data Gov, pluralism, Social media platforms, opinion power}, pages = {842--854}, file = {Helberger - 2020 - The Political Power of Platforms How Current Atte.pdf:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/4KPG5QR9/Helberger - 2020 - The Political Power of Platforms How Current Atte.pdf:application/pdf}, } @article{helbergerExposureDiversityDesign2018, title = {Exposure diversity as a design principle for recommender systems}, volume = {21}, url = {https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/1369118X.2016.1271900}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1080/1369118X.2016.1271900}, number = {2}, urldate = {2022-12-11}, journal = {Infomation, Communication \& Society}, author = {Helberger, Natali and Karppinen, Kari and D'Acunto, Lucia}, year = {2018}, keywords = {/unread, Review, Second Draft Report Additions}, pages = {191--207}, file = {Full article\: Exposure diversity as a design principle for recommender systems:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/R5FVS56E/1369118X.2016.html:text/html;Helberger et al. - 2018 - Exposure diversity as a design principle for recom.pdf:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/AC98X6T8/Helberger et al. - 2018 - Exposure diversity as a design principle for recom.pdf:application/pdf}, } @article{helbergerFreedomExpressionPerspective2020, title = {A freedom of expression perspective on {AI} in the media – with a special focus on editorial decision making on social media platforms and in the news media}, volume = {11}, url = {https://ejlt.org/index.php/ejlt/article/view/752}, abstract = {AI-driven tools play an increasingly important role in the media: from smart tools that assist journalists in producing their stories to the fully automated production of news stories (robot journalism), from audience analytics that inform editorial decisions to AI-driven news recommendations. As such, AI-driven tools are more than simple tools. Within newsrooms, AI-driven tools exemplify potentially far-reaching structural changes in internal routines and divisions of responsibility between humans and machines. Within European media markets, the introduction of AI-driven tools brings with it substantial structural shifts and transformations of power. And from the perspective of users and society, AI-driven tools could result in new, smarter and more responsive ways of informing the public, but when applied wrongly, also have potentially a detrimental effect on the public sphere, on pluralism, privacy, autonomy and equal chances to communicate.}, language = {en}, number = {3}, journal = {European Journal of Law and Technology}, author = {Helberger, Natali and van Drunen, Max and Eskens, Sarah and Bastian, Mariella}, year = {2020}, keywords = {/unread, Review, Second Draft Report Additions, Global North, Bengio}, pages = {1--28}, file = {Helberger et al. - 2020 - A freedom of expression perspective on AI in the m.pdf:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/6CBE94W3/Helberger et al. - 2020 - A freedom of expression perspective on AI in the m.pdf:application/pdf}, } @book{helsperDigitalDisconnectSocial2021, title = {The {Digital} {Disconnect} : {The} {Social} {Causes} and {Consequences} of {Digital} {Inequalities}}, shorttitle = {The {Digital} {Disconnect}}, url = {https://www.torrossa.com/en/resources/an/5019480}, abstract = {Purchase online the PDF of The Digital Disconnect, Helsper, Ellen - SAGE Publications Ltd - E-book}, language = {en}, urldate = {2024-04-15}, publisher = {SAGE Publications}, author = {Helsper, Ellen J}, year = {2021}, note = {Publisher: SAGE Publications Ltd}, keywords = {/unread, Global, Review, Second Draft Report Additions}, } @article{hengUnderstandingAIEcosystems2022, title = {Understanding {AI} ecosystems in the {Global} {South}: {The} cases of {Senegal} and {Cambodia}}, volume = {64}, issn = {02684012}, shorttitle = {Understanding {AI} ecosystems in the {Global} {South}}, url = {https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S026840122100147X}, doi = {10.1016/j.ijinfomgt.2021.102454}, language = {en}, number = {2022}, urldate = {2024-01-30}, journal = {International Journal of Information Management}, author = {Heng, Samedi and Tsilionis, Konstantinos and Scharff, Christelle and Wautelet, Yves}, month = jun, year = {2022}, keywords = {Global South, /unread, Second Draft Report Additions, Qual}, pages = {1--18}, file = {Heng et al. - 2022 - Understanding AI ecosystems in the Global South T.pdf:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/QFFGH5F5/Heng et al. - 2022 - Understanding AI ecosystems in the Global South T.pdf:application/pdf}, } @article{heyderEthicalManagementHumanAI2023, title = {Ethical management of human-{AI} interaction: {Theory} development review}, volume = {32}, issn = {0963-8687}, shorttitle = {Ethical management of human-{AI} interaction}, url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0963868723000185}, doi = {10.1016/j.jsis.2023.101772}, abstract = {AI-based technologies have changed the nature of the symbiosis between humans and AI, and so strategic management of human-AI interaction in organizations requires deeper ethical considerations. Aligning AI with human values requires a systematic understanding of the ethical management of human-AI interaction. We conduct a theoretical review, from a sociotechnical perspective, and analyze ethical management of human-AI interaction through the lens of sociomateriality. Our systematic approach helps explain and clarify the interdependencies between two ethical perspectives – duty and virtue ethics – in sociotechnical systems. We also provide a theoretical framework that leads to seven avenues for future research.}, number = {3}, urldate = {2024-07-29}, journal = {The Journal of Strategic Information Systems}, author = {Heyder, Teresa and Passlack, Nina and Posegga, Oliver}, month = sep, year = {2023}, keywords = {Artificial intelligence, /unread, Review, Second Draft Report Additions, Ethics, Human-AI interaction, Sociomateriality, Theoretical review}, pages = {101772}, file = {Heyder et al. - 2023 - Ethical management of human-AI interaction Theory.pdf:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/PL876XLZ/Heyder et al. - 2023 - Ethical management of human-AI interaction Theory.pdf:application/pdf}, } @article{hindsItWouldntHappen2020, title = {“{It} wouldn't happen to me”: {Privacy} concerns and perspectives following the {Cambridge} {Analytica} scandal}, volume = {143}, issn = {1071-5819}, shorttitle = {“{It} wouldn't happen to me”}, url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1071581920301002}, doi = {10.1016/j.ijhcs.2020.102498}, abstract = {In March 2018, news of the Facebook-Cambridge Analytica scandal made headlines around the world. By inappropriately collecting data from approximately 87 million users’ Facebook profiles, the data analytics company, Cambridge Analytica, created psychographically tailored advertisements that allegedly aimed to influence people's voting preferences in the 2016 US presidential election. In the aftermath of this incident, we conducted a series of semi-structured interviews with 30 participants based at a UK university, discussing their understanding of online privacy and how they manage it in the wake of the scandal. We analysed this data using an inductive (i.e. ‘bottom-up’) thematic analysis approach. Contrary to many opinions reported in the news, the respondents in our sample did not delete their accounts, frantically change their privacy settings, or even express that much concern. As a result, individuals often consider themselves immune to psychographically tailored advertisements, and lack understanding of how automated approaches and algorithms work in relation to their (and their networks’) personal data. We discuss our findings in relation to wider related research (e.g. crisis fatigue, networked privacy, Protection Motivation Theory) and discuss directions for future research.}, number = {2020}, urldate = {2024-04-25}, journal = {International Journal of Human-Computer Studies}, author = {Hinds, Joanne and Williams, Emma J. and Joinson, Adam N.}, month = nov, year = {2020}, keywords = {Facebook, /unread, Second Draft Report Additions, Global North, Qual, Cybersecurity, Data breach, Networked privacy, Privacy fatigue, Targeted advertising}, pages = {1--55}, file = {Hinds et al. - 2020 - “It wouldn't happen to me” Privacy concerns and p.pdf:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/V58EPCDF/Hinds et al. - 2020 - “It wouldn't happen to me” Privacy concerns and p.pdf:application/pdf;ScienceDirect Snapshot:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/28HUSEEU/S1071581920301002.html:text/html}, } @incollection{hofmannDesinformationAlsSymptom2024, address = {Köln}, title = {Desinformation als {Symptom}. {Ein} Überblick}, url = {https://www.verfassungsschutz.de/SharedDocs/publikationen/DE/zaf/tagungsband-wissenschaftskonferenz-2023.html}, booktitle = {Zentrum für {Analyse}/{Forschung} am {Bundesamt} für {Verfassungsschutz} ({Hg}.): {Wissenschaftskonferenz} 2023. {Meinungsbildung} 2.0 - {Strategien} im {Ringen} um {Deutungshoheit} im digitalen {Zeitalter}}, publisher = {Bundesamt für Verfassungsschutz}, author = {Hofmann, Jeanette}, year = {2024}, keywords = {/unread, Second Draft Report Additions, Global North}, pages = {20--31}, file = {Hofmann - 2024 - Desinformation als Symptom. Ein Überblick.pdf:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/ME2PTTCL/Hofmann - 2024 - Desinformation als Symptom. Ein Überblick.pdf:application/pdf}, } @incollection{hopkinsConceptAffordancesDigital2020, address = {Wiesbaden}, title = {The {Concept} of {Affordances} in {Digital} {Media}}, isbn = {978-3-658-08357-1}, url = {https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-658-08357-1_67#citeas}, language = {english}, booktitle = {Handbuch {Soziale} {Praktiken} und {Digitale} {Alltagswelten}}, publisher = {Springer VS}, author = {Hopkins, Julian}, editor = {Friese, H and Nolden, M and Rebane, G and Schreiter, M}, year = {2020}, keywords = {/unread, Review, Second Draft Report Additions}, pages = {47--54}, } @incollection{horowitzUseArtificialIntelligence2022, title = {The {Use} of {Artificial} {Intelligence} by {Public} {Service} {Media}: {Between} {Advantages} and {Threats}}, isbn = {978-1-00-326124-7}, shorttitle = {The {Use} of {Artificial} {Intelligence} by {Public} {Service} {Media}}, url = {https://www.taylorfrancis.com/chapters/edit/10.1201/9781003261247-10/use-artificial-intelligence-public-service-media-advantages-threats-minna-horowitz-marko-milosavljevi%C4%87-hildegarde-van-den-bulck?context=ubx&refId=654fb1e8-8f4b-4f34-a763-26786c30ef84}, abstract = {The Use of Artificial Intelligence by Public Service Media: Between Advantages and Threats - 1}, booktitle = {{AI} and {Society}: {Tensions} and {Opportunities}}, publisher = {Chapman and Hall/CRC}, author = {Horowitz, Minna and Milosavljević, Marko and Bulck, Hildegarde Van den}, editor = {El Morr, Christo}, year = {2022}, note = {Num Pages: 14}, keywords = {/unread, Review, Second Draft Report Additions}, pages = {14 pages}, } @article{horstExtractionDataStrategies2024, title = {Beyond extraction: {Data} strategies from the {Global} {South}}, volume = {26}, issn = {1461-4448}, shorttitle = {Beyond extraction}, url = {https://doi.org/10.1177/14614448231201651}, doi = {10.1177/14614448231201651}, abstract = {This article draws upon a desk-based review and expert interviews with practitioners in the Global South to understand the diverse forms of data mediation that have become increasingly visible in the wake of the global coronavirus disease-19 pandemic. In contrast to accounts that frame the Global South solely as a site for the extraction of data and cheap, unskilled digital labor, we explore alternative accounts of the ways in which individuals and organizations in the Global South are asserting their role as active mediators of data who carve out spaces for value creation that are meaningful in their local and national contexts. From data collection and ?refining? to the analysis of data for local needs and markets, these forms of data mediation demonstrate some of the changing dynamics of data practices globally and reflect the necessity of more nuanced analyses of value and power within and across regions.}, number = {3}, urldate = {2024-07-22}, journal = {New Media \& Society}, author = {Horst, Heather A and Sargent, Adam and Gaspard, luke}, month = mar, year = {2024}, note = {Publisher: SAGE Publications}, keywords = {Global South, /unread, Review, Second Draft Report Additions}, pages = {1366--1383}, file = {SAGE PDF Full Text:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/HHERN67Q/Horst et al. - 2024 - Beyond extraction Data strategies from the Global.pdf:application/pdf}, } @article{hortenAlgorithmsPatrollingContent2023, title = {Algorithms patrolling content: where’s the harm?}, volume = {38}, issn = {1360-0869}, shorttitle = {Algorithms patrolling content}, url = {https://doi.org/10.1080/13600869.2023.2221823}, doi = {10.1080/13600869.2023.2221823}, abstract = {At the heart of this paper is an examination of the colloquial concept of a ‘shadow ban’. It reveals ways in which algorithms on the Facebook platform have the effect of suppressing content distribution without specifically targeting it for removal, and examines the consequential stifling of users’ speech. It reveals how the Facebook shadow ban is implemented by blocking dissemination of content in News Feed. The decision-making criteria are based on ‘behaviour’, a term that relates to activity of the page that is identifiable through patterns in the data. It’s a technique that is rooted in computer security, and raises questions about the balance between security and freedom of expression. The paper is situated in the field of responsibility of online platforms for content moderation. It studies the experience of the shadow ban on 20 UK-based Facebook Pages over the period from November 2019 to January 2021. The potential harm was evaluated using human rights standards and a comparative metric produced from Facebook Insights data. The empirical research is connected to recent legislative developments: the EU’s Digital Services Act and the UK’s Online Safety Bill. Its most salient contribution may be around ‘behaviour’ monitoring and its interpretation by legislators.}, number = {1}, urldate = {2023-12-25}, journal = {International Review of Law, Computers \& Technology}, author = {Horten, Monica}, year = {2023}, note = {Publisher: Routledge \_eprint: https://doi.org/10.1080/13600869.2023.2221823}, keywords = {/unread, Second Draft Report Additions, Global North, USED, Mixed, OID Data Gov, behaviour monitoring, digital services act, metho, Online platform accountability, online safety bill, shadow bans}, pages = {43--65}, file = {Horten - 2023 - Algorithms patrolling content where’s the harm.pdf:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/3GMH5G2I/Horten - 2023 - Algorithms patrolling content where’s the harm.pdf:application/pdf}, } @techreport{humanrightswatchMetasBrokenPromises2023, title = {Meta's {Broken} {Promises}: {Systemic} {Censorship} of {Palestine} {Content} on {Instgram} and {Facebook}}, institution = {Human Rights Watch}, author = {Human Rights Watch}, year = {2023}, keywords = {Global South, /unread, Second Draft Report Additions, Qual}, file = {_.pdf:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/YVMN43VR/_.pdf:application/pdf}, } @article{hunsakerReviewInternetUse2018, title = {A review of {Internet} use among older adults}, volume = {20}, issn = {1461-4448}, url = {https://doi.org/10.1177/1461444818787348}, doi = {10.1177/1461444818787348}, abstract = {As the world population ages and older adults comprise a growing proportion of current and potential Internet users, understanding the state of Internet use among older adults as well as the ways their use has evolved may clarify how best to support digital media use within this population. This article synthesizes the quantitative literature on Internet use among older adults, including trends in access, skills, and types of use, while exploring social inequalities in relation to each domain. We also review work on the relationship between health and Internet use, particularly relevant for older adults. We close with specific recommendations for future work, including a call for studies better representing the diversity of older adulthood and greater standardization of question design.}, language = {en}, number = {10}, urldate = {2024-07-25}, journal = {New Media \& Society}, author = {Hunsaker, Amanda and Hargittai, Eszter}, month = oct, year = {2018}, note = {Publisher: SAGE Publications}, keywords = {systematic literature review, /unread, Global, Second Draft Report Additions, Quant}, pages = {3937--3954}, file = {SAGE PDF Full Text:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/WFEV3EMI/Hunsaker and Hargittai - 2018 - A review of Internet use among older adults.pdf:application/pdf}, } @article{huszarAlgorithmicAmplificationPolitics2022, title = {Algorithmic amplification of politics on {Twitter}}, volume = {119}, url = {https://www.pnas.org/doi/epdf/10.1073/pnas.2025334119}, doi = {10.1073/pnas.2025334119}, language = {en}, number = {1}, urldate = {2024-07-27}, journal = {PNAS}, author = {Huszár, Ferenc and Ktena, Sofia Ira and O'Brien, Conor and Belli, Luca and Schlaikjer, Andrew and Hardt, Moritz}, year = {2022}, keywords = {/unread, Second Draft Report Additions, Global North, Quant}, pages = {1--6}, file = {Full Text:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/GYDR9AYY/Algorithmic amplification of politics on Twitter.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/FZE3MC5F/pnas.html:text/html}, } @techreport{innerarityArtificialIntelligenceDemocracy2024, title = {Artificial intelligence and democracy}, url = {https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000389736}, urldate = {2024-05-18}, institution = {Prepared for UNESCO, UNESCO Regional Office Montevideo and CLACSO}, author = {Innerarity, Daniel}, year = {2024}, keywords = {Global South, /unread, Second Draft Report Additions, Mixed}, file = {Artificial intelligence and democracy - UNESCO Digital Library:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/4WHHDYB7/pf0000389736.html:text/html;UNESCO - 2024 - Artificial intelligence and democracy - UNESCO Dig.pdf:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/JEI8QBU8/UNESCO - 2024 - Artificial intelligence and democracy - UNESCO Dig.pdf:application/pdf}, } @misc{zulloAddressingGenderbasedViolence2023, title = {Addressing gender-based violence in the {Central} {Sahel}}, url = {https://www.interaction.org/blog/addressing-gender-based-violence-in-the-central-sahel/}, abstract = {Analysis in English on Burkina Faso about Gender Based Violence, communities and empowerment. Not about tech or media}, language = {en}, urldate = {2024-07-24}, journal = {Burkina Faso Reliefweb Interaction}, author = {Zullo, Caroline}, month = dec, year = {2023}, keywords = {Global South, /unread, Second Draft Report Additions, Quant}, file = {2023 - Addressing gender-based violence in the Central Sa.pdf:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/I3M6VEMH/2023 - Addressing gender-based violence in the Central Sa.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/6N6ID979/addressing-gender-based-violence-central-sahel.html:text/html}, } @techreport{ipsosGlobalViewsAI2023, title = {Global {Views} on {A}.{I}. 2023: {How} people across the world feel about artificial intelligence and expect it will impact their life: {A} 31 country {Global} {Advisory} {Study}}, url = {https://www.ipsos.com/sites/default/files/ct/news/documents/2023-07/Ipsos%20Global%20AI%202023%20Report-WEB.pdf}, abstract = {SOME NICE GRAPHICS}, institution = {IPSOS}, author = {IPSOS}, year = {2023}, keywords = {/unread, Global, Second Draft Report Additions, Quant}, file = {IPSOS - 2023 - Global Views on A.I. 2023 How people across the w.pdf:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/D69YHF9S/IPSOS - 2023 - Global Views on A.I. 2023 How people across the w.pdf:application/pdf}, } @techreport{ipsosSurveyImpactOnline2023, title = {Survey on the impact of online disinformation and hate speech}, url = {https://www.unesco.org/sites/default/files/medias/fichiers/2023/11/unesco_ipsos_survey.pdf}, institution = {IPSOS and UNESCO}, author = {IPSOS and UNESCO}, month = sep, year = {2023}, keywords = {/unread, Global, Second Draft Report Additions, Qual}, file = {IPSOS and UNESCO - 2023 - Survey on the impact of online disinformation and .pdf:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/3PG27NC8/IPSOS and UNESCO - 2023 - Survey on the impact of online disinformation and .pdf:application/pdf}, } @techreport{ituICTDevelopmentIndex2024, title = {The {ICT} {Development} {Index} 2024: {Measuring} {Digital} {Development}}, url = {https://www.itu.int/itu-d/reports/statistics/idi2024/}, institution = {International Development Index}, author = {ITU}, year = {2024}, keywords = {/unread, Global, Second Draft Report Additions, Quant}, file = {ITU - 2024 - The ICT Development Index 2024 Measuring Digital .pdf:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/ACKYITDF/ITU - 2024 - The ICT Development Index 2024 Measuring Digital .pdf:application/pdf}, } @misc{jagannathaMembershipInferenceAttack2021, title = {Membership {Inference} {Attack} {Susceptibility} of {Clinical} {Language} {Models}}, url = {http://arxiv.org/abs/2104.08305}, abstract = {Deep Neural Network (DNN) models have been shown to have high empirical privacy leakages. Clinical language models (CLMs) trained on clinical data have been used to improve performance in biomedical natural language processing tasks. In this work, we investigate the risks of training-data leakage through white-box or black-box access to CLMs. We design and employ membership inference attacks to estimate the empirical privacy leaks for model architectures like BERT and GPT2. We show that membership inference attacks on CLMs lead to non-trivial privacy leakages of up to 7\%. Our results show that smaller models have lower empirical privacy leakages than larger ones, and masked LMs have lower leakages than auto-regressive LMs. We further show that differentially private CLMs can have improved model utility on clinical domain while ensuring low empirical privacy leakage. Lastly, we also study the effects of group-level membership inference and disease rarity on CLM privacy leakages.}, language = {en}, urldate = {2024-06-26}, publisher = {arXiv}, author = {Jagannatha, Abhyuday and Rawat, Bhanu Pratap Singh and Yu, Hong}, month = apr, year = {2021}, note = {arXiv:2104.08305 [cs]}, keywords = {Computer Science - Computation and Language, /unread, Second Draft Report Additions, Quant, LLMs}, file = {Jagannatha et al. - 2021 - Membership Inference Attack Susceptibility of Clin.pdf:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/659WM3D8/Jagannatha et al. - 2021 - Membership Inference Attack Susceptibility of Clin.pdf:application/pdf}, } @article{jakobssonTrustMediaArguments2023, title = {Trust and the {Media}: {Arguments} for the ({Irr})elevance of a {Concept}}, volume = {24}, issn = {1461-670X}, shorttitle = {Trust and the {Media}}, url = {https://doi.org/10.1080/1461670X.2023.2169191}, doi = {10.1080/1461670X.2023.2169191}, abstract = {This article provides a discussion of some of the recent research on media trust focusing on arguments for why media trust matters. What are the arguments for why trust is important? Are there reasons to accept these arguments? We identify three distinct arguments in the literature. First, that it is important for media organizations and for the media as an industry. Secondly, that media trust is essential for democratic citizenship and for bringing forth informed individuals with the capacity for political engagement. Lastly, that media trust is similar to other forms of (social) trust and connected to a wider existential discussion on ontological security. None of these arguments are totally convincing when inspected more closely and in light of empirical research. The article thus concludes that there is a lack of strong arguments for why falling levels of trust in the news media are legitimately described as a crisis or a problem. A supposed “trust crisis” mainly exists when viewed from what must be described as a rather narrow ideological and normative perspective.}, number = {4}, urldate = {2023-12-23}, journal = {Journalism Studies}, author = {Jakobsson, Peter and Stiernstedt, Fredrik}, month = mar, year = {2023}, note = {Publisher: Routledge \_eprint: https://doi.org/10.1080/1461670X.2023.2169191}, keywords = {democracy, political trust, /unread, Review, Second Draft Report Additions, OID Media, USED, Media trust, citizenship, media use, ontological security}, pages = {479--495}, file = {Jakobsson and Stiernstedt - 2023 - Trust and the Media Arguments for the (Irr)elevan.pdf:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/Y77YERFR/Jakobsson and Stiernstedt - 2023 - Trust and the Media Arguments for the (Irr)elevan.pdf:application/pdf}, } @misc{jamesRiggingRulesHow2022, title = {Rigging the {Rules}: {How} {Big} {Tech} {Uses} {Stealth} “{Trade}” {Agreements} and {How} {We} {Can} {Stop} {Them}}, shorttitle = {Rigging the {Rules}}, url = {https://projects.itforchange.net/state-of-big-tech/rigging-the-rules-how-big-tech-uses-stealth-trade-agreements-to-undermine-and-prevent-digitalization-in-public-interest-and-how-we-can-stop-them/}, abstract = {Big Tech has weaponized trade policy to strengthen its monopoly and hold over data. The solution is multi-dimensional data governance.}, language = {en}, urldate = {2024-05-10}, journal = {State of Big Tech}, author = {James, Deborah}, month = nov, year = {2022}, keywords = {/unread, Global, Review, Second Draft Report Additions}, file = {Snapshot:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/77CTFM4S/rigging-the-rules-how-big-tech-uses-stealth-trade-agreements-to-undermine-and-prevent-digitaliz.html:text/html}, } @book{jamiesonEchoChamberRush2008, title = {Echo {Chamber}: {Rush} {Limbaugh} and the conservative media establishment.}, publisher = {Oxford University Press}, author = {Jamieson, Kathleen Hall and Cappella, Joseph N.}, year = {2008}, keywords = {/unread, Review, Second Draft Report Additions, Global North}, } @article{jandricPostdigitalChallengeCritical2019, title = {The {Postdigital} {Challenge} of {Critical} {Media} {Literacy}}, volume = {1}, issn = {2590-0110, 2590-0102}, url = {https://brill.com/view/journals/jcml/1/1/article-p26_26.xml}, doi = {10.1163/25900110-00101002}, abstract = {This article situates contemporary critical media literacy into a postdigital context. It examines recent advances in data literacy, with an accent to Big Data literacy and data bias, and expands them with insights from critical algorithm studies and the critical posthumanist perspective to education. The article briefly outlines differences between older software technologies and artificial intelligence (AI), and introduces associated concepts such as machine learning, neural networks, deep learning, and AI bias. Finally, it explores the complex interplay between Big Data and AI and teases out three urgent challenges for postdigital critical media literacy. (1) Critical media literacy needs to reinvent existing theories and practices for the postdigital context. (2) Reinvented theories and practices need to find a new balance between the technological aspects of data and AI literacy with the political aspects of data and AI literacy, and learn how to deal with non-predictability. (3) Critical media literacy needs to embrace the posthumanist challenge; we also need to start thinking what makes AIs literate and develop ways of raising literate thinking machines. In our postdigital age, critical media literacy has a crucial role in conceptualisation, development, and understanding of new forms of intelligence we would like to live with in the future.}, language = {eng}, number = {1}, urldate = {2023-12-13}, journal = {The International Journal of Critical Media Literacy}, author = {Jandrić, Petar}, month = apr, year = {2019}, note = {Publisher: Brill}, keywords = {Artificial Intelligence, media studies, /unread, Review, Second Draft Report Additions, algorithm, critical media literacy, critical pedagogy, postdigital}, pages = {26--37}, file = {Full Text PDF:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/KB6RSPF7/Jandrić - 2019 - The Postdigital Challenge of Critical Media Litera.pdf:application/pdf}, } @book{jeppesenCapitolRiotsDigital2022, title = {The {Capitol} riots: {Digital} media, disinformation, and democracy under attack}, url = {https://www.routledge.com/The-Capitol-Riots-Digital-Media-Disinformation-and-Democracy-Under-Attack/Jeppesen-Hoechsmann-ulthiin-VanDyke-McKee/p/book/9781032160405}, abstract = {The Capitol Riots maps out the events of the January 6, 2021 insurrectionary riots at the United States Capitol building, providing context for understanding the contributing factors and ongoing implications of the uprising. This definitive text explores the rise of populism, disinformation, conspiracy theories, the alt-right, and white supremacy during the lead-up to and planning of the Stop the Steal campaign, as well as the complex interplay during the riots of political performances, costumes, objectives, communications, digital media, datafication, race, gender, and—ultimately—power. Assembling raw data from social media, selfie photos and videos, and mainstream journalism, the authors develop a timeline and data visualizations representing the events. They delve into the complex, openly shared narratives, motivations, and actions of people on the ground that day who violated the symbolic center of U.S. democracy. An analysis of visual data reveals an affective outpouring of mutually amplifying expressions of frustration, fear, hate, anger, and anomie that correspond to similar logics and counter-logics in the polarized and chaotic contemporary media environment that have only been intensified by COVID-19 lockdowns, conspiracy theories, and a call to action at the Capitol from the outgoing POTUS and his inner circle. The book will appeal to both a general audience of those curious about how and why the Capitol riots unfolded and to students and scholars of communications, political science, media studies, sociology, education, surveillance studies, digital humanities, gender studies, critical whiteness studies, and datafication studies. It will also find an audience within computer science and technology studies through its approach to big data, data visualization, AI, algorithms, data tracking, and other data sciences.}, publisher = {Routledge}, author = {Jeppesen, Sandra and Hoechsmann, Michael and Ulthiin, iowyth hezel and Van Dyke, David and McKee, Miranda}, year = {2022}, keywords = {/unread, Second Draft Report Additions, Global North, Mixed}, } @article{johnsonAreAlgorithmsValueFree2023, title = {Are {Algorithms} {Value}-{Free}?: {Feminist} {Theoretical} {Virtues} in {Machine} {Learning}}, volume = {21}, issn = {1745-5243, 1740-4681}, shorttitle = {Are {Algorithms} {Value}-{Free}?}, url = {https://brill.com/view/journals/jmp/21/1-2/article-p27_002.xml}, doi = {10.1163/17455243-20234372}, abstract = {Abstract As inductive decision-making procedures, the inferences made by machine learning programs are subject to underdetermination by evidence and bear inductive risk. One strategy for overcoming these challenges is guided by a presumption in philosophy of science that inductive inferences can and should be value-free. Applied to machine learning programs, the strategy assumes that the influence of values is restricted to data and decision outcomes, thereby omitting internal value-laden design choice points. In this paper, I apply arguments from feminist philosophy of science to machine learning programs to make the case that the resources required to respond to these inductive challenges render critical aspects of their design constitutively value-laden. I demonstrate these points specifically in the case of recidivism algorithms, arguing that contemporary debates concerning fairness in criminal justice risk-assessment programs are best understood as iterations of traditional arguments from inductive risk and demarcation, and thereby establish the value-laden nature of automated decision-making programs. Finally, in light of these points, I address opportunities for relocating the value-free ideal in machine learning and the limitations that accompany them.}, language = {eng}, number = {1-2}, urldate = {2024-04-15}, journal = {Journal of Moral Philosophy}, author = {Johnson, Gabbrielle M.}, month = nov, year = {2023}, note = {Publisher: Brill}, keywords = {/unread, Global, Review, Second Draft Report Additions, algorithmic bias, inductive risk, moral encroachment, theoretical virtues, value-free ideal, values in science}, pages = {27--61}, file = {Submitted Version:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/C5PE36PX/Johnson - 2023 - Are Algorithms Value-Free Feminist Theoretical V.pdf:application/pdf}, } @misc{jonesNewsAnalysisAll2024, title = {News analysis all tweets mentioning both "{Muslim}" \& {UK}}, url = {https://x.com/marcowenjones/status/1821881958537871568}, journal = {X}, author = {Jones, Marc Owen}, month = aug, year = {2024}, keywords = {/unread, Second Draft Report Additions, Global North, Mixed}, } @article{jones-jangCanWeBlame2024, title = {Can we blame social media for polarization? {Counter}-evidence against filter bubble claims during the {COVID}-19 pandemic}, volume = {26}, issn = {1461-4448}, shorttitle = {Can we blame social media for polarization?}, url = {https://doi.org/10.1177/14614448221099591}, doi = {10.1177/14614448221099591}, abstract = {Although collective efforts are essential to fight COVID-19, public opinion in the United States is sharply divided by partisan attitudes and health beliefs. Addressing the concern that media use facilitates polarization, this study investigated whether social and traditional media use for COVID-19 information attenuates or reinforces existing disparities. This article focuses on two important areas where the public is highly polarized: partisan affect and vaccine attitudes. Contradicting the filter bubble claim, our survey (n = 1106) revealed that social media use made people less polarized in both partisan affect and vaccine hesitancy. In contrast, traditional media use made people more polarized in partisan affect. These findings corroborate the growing evidence that social media provide diverse viewpoints and incidental learning.}, language = {en}, number = {6}, urldate = {2024-05-18}, journal = {New Media \& Society}, author = {Jones-Jang, S Mo and Chung, Myojung}, month = jun, year = {2024}, note = {Publisher: SAGE Publications}, keywords = {/unread, Second Draft Report Additions, Global North, Quant}, pages = {3370--3389}, file = {SAGE PDF Full Text:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/28M4TR8R/Jones-Jang and Chung - 2024 - Can we blame social media for polarization Counte.pdf:application/pdf}, } @article{jungSeniorCitizensFacebook2016, title = {Senior citizens on {Facebook}: {How} do they interact and why?}, volume = {61}, issn = {ISSN 0747-5632}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2016.02.080}, abstract = {This study investigated why senior citizens use Facebook and how they participate in specific activities on Facebook in order to gratify their needs. An online survey of 352 senior citizens over 60 years old revealed four primary motivations for using Facebook: social bonding, social bridging, curiosity, and responding to family member requests. The analysis of the relationship between senior citizens' motivations and their participation in activities on Facebook indicates that social bonding is a major motivation for participating in most activities on Facebook. In addition, data reveal that using message-based interactivity features on Facebook (i.e., posting on other people's wall and Facebook chatting with others) leads to greater Facebook use. The findings of this study contribute to our understanding of senior citizens' Facebook use as an emerging communication tool.}, number = {2016}, journal = {Computers in Human Behavior}, author = {Jung, Eun Hwa and Sundar, S. Shyam}, year = {2016}, keywords = {/unread, Second Draft Report Additions, Global North, Quant}, pages = {27--35}, file = {Jung and Sundar - 2016 - Senior citizens on Facebook How do they interact .pdf:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/P2YYSDXN/Jung and Sundar - 2016 - Senior citizens on Facebook How do they interact .pdf:application/pdf}, } @article{jungherrDisinformationStructuralTransformations2021, title = {Disinformation and the {Structural} {Transformations} of the {Public} {Arena}: {Addressing} the {Actual} {Challenges} to {Democracy}}, volume = {7}, url = {https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/pdf/10.1177/2056305121988928}, number = {1}, journal = {Social Media + Society}, author = {Jungherr, Andreas and Schroeder, Ralph}, year = {2021}, keywords = {/unread, Review, Second Draft Report Additions}, pages = {1--13}, file = {Jungherr and Schroeder - 2021 - Disinformation and the Structural Transformations .pdf:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/CCKXHVY2/Jungherr and Schroeder - 2021 - Disinformation and the Structural Transformations .pdf:application/pdf}, } @article{justGoverningOnlinePlatforms2018, title = {Governing {Online} {Platforms}: {Competition} {Policy} in {Times} of {Platformization}}, volume = {42}, url = {https://www-sciencedirect-com.gate3.library.lse.ac.uk/science/article/pii/S0308596117303415}, abstract = {This paper argues that a paradigmatic change in competition policy is needed and empirically under way to cope with the challenges posed by economically strong online platforms and their big-data-based business models. Competition policy needs to move further away from its traditional price-oriented emphasis and increasingly focus on non-price competition, on attention markets and zero prices, and on big user data, which has become a new asset class in digital economies.}, number = {5}, journal = {Telecommunications Policy}, author = {Just, N.}, year = {2018}, keywords = {Governance, Online platforms, Big data, /unread, Review, Second Draft Report Additions, Attention markets, Competition policy, Non-price competition, Two-sided markets, Zero prices}, pages = {386--394}, file = {Just - 2018 - Governing Online Platforms Competition Policy in .pdf:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/EVAANNGS/Just - 2018 - Governing Online Platforms Competition Policy in .pdf:application/pdf}, } @article{justParliamentGovernmentIndustry2019, title = {Parliament {Against} {Government} and {Industry}: {How} {Switzerland} {Decided} to {Implement} {Net} {Neutrality} {Against} {All} {Odds}}, volume = {13}, copyright = {The International Journal of Communication is an academic journal. As such, it is dedicated to the open exchange of information. For this reason, IJoC is freely available to individuals and institutions. Copies of this journal or articles in this journal may be distributed for research or educational purposes free of charge and without permission. However, commercial use of the IJoC website or the articles contained herein is expressly prohibited without the written consent of the editor. Authors who publish in The International Journal of Communication will release their articles under the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial No Derivatives (by-nc-nd) license . This license allows anyone to copy and distribute the article for non-commercial purposes provided that appropriate attribution is given. For details of the rights authors grants users of their work, see the "human-readable summary" of the license , with a link to the full license. (Note that "you" refers to a user, not an author, in the summary.) This journal utilizes the LOCKSS system to create a distributed archiving system among participating libraries and permits those libraries to create permanent archives of the journal for purposes of preservation and restoration. The publisher perpetually authorizes participants in the LOCKSS system to archive and restore our publication through the LOCKSS System for the benefit of all LOCKSS System participants. Specifically participating libraries may: Collect and preserve currently accessible materials; Use material consistent with original license terms; Provide copies to other LOCKSS appliances for purposes of audit and repair.   Fair Use The U.S. Copyright Act of 1976 specifies, in Section 107, the terms of the Fair Use exception: Notwithstanding the provisions of sections 106 and 106A, the fair use of a copyrighted work, including such use by reproduction in copies or phonorecords or by any other means specified by that section, for purposes such as criticism, comment, news reporting, teaching (including multiple copies for classroom use), scholarship, or research, is not an infringement of copyright. In determining whether the use made of a work in any particular case is a fair use the factors to be considered shall include: the purpose and character of the use, including whether such use is of a commercial nature or is for nonprofit educational purposes; the nature of the copyrighted work; the amount and substantiality of the portion used in relation to the copyrighted work as a whole; \& the effect of the use upon the potential market for or value of the copyrighted work. The fact that a work is unpublished shall not itself bar a finding of fair use if such finding is made upon consideration of all the above factors. In accord with these provisions, the International Journal of Communication believes in the vigorous assertion and defense of Fair Use by scholars engaged in academic research, teaching and non-commercial publishing. Thus, we view the inclusion of “quotations” from existing print, visual, audio and audio-visual texts to be appropriate examples of Fair Use, as are reproductions of visual images for the purpose of scholarly analysis. We encourage authors to obtain appropriate permissions to use materials originally produced by others, but do not require such permissions as long as the usage of such materials falls within the boundaries of Fair Use. The International Journal of Communication encourages authors to employ fair use in their scholarly publishing wherever appropriate. Fair use is the right to use unlicensed copyrighted material (whether it is text, images, audio-visual, or other) in your own work, in some circumstances. We consult the Code of Best Practices in Fair Use for Scholarly Research in Communication , created by the International Communication Association and endorsed by the National Communication Association, and you should too. If you have any questions about whether fair use applies to your uses of copyrighted material (whether it is text, images, audio-visual, or other) in your scholarship, simply include your rationale, grounded in the Best Practices, as a supplementary document with your submission.}, issn = {1932-8036}, shorttitle = {Parliament {Against} {Government} and {Industry}}, url = {https://ijoc.org/index.php/ijoc/article/view/12026}, abstract = {This article investigates the net neutrality policy-making process in Switzerland in the past decade, from first attempts to regulate net neutrality to the implementation of regulation in 2019. Based on a qualitative content analysis, the study assesses the arguments employed by various policy-making actors to advocate or prevent particular governance solutions. Results of the empirical analysis show that early attempts to regulate net neutrality failed, but discussions about its handling were continued during the revision of the Telecommunications Act. Though the government was ultimately in favor of including only transparency requirements in law, parliament stood up to government and industry and proposed a net neutrality regulation that is inspired by EU legislation.}, language = {en}, number = {2019}, urldate = {2024-02-08}, journal = {International Journal of Communication}, author = {Just, Natascha and Puppis, Manuel}, month = nov, year = {2019}, keywords = {Switzerland, /unread, Second Draft Report Additions, Global North, Qual, net neutrality, policy-making process, qualitative content analysis, small states}, pages = {5841--5869}, file = {Just and Puppis - 2019 - Parliament Against Government and Industry How Sw.pdf:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/UIL8GAFW/Just and Puppis - 2019 - Parliament Against Government and Industry How Sw.pdf:application/pdf}, } @incollection{kakkarTacklingMisinformationEmerging2023, title = {Tackling {Misinformation} in {Emerging} {Economies} and the {Global} {South}: {Exploring} {Approaches} for the {Indian} {Context}}, url = {https://ccgdelhi.s3.ap-south-1.amazonaws.com/uploads/digital-technologies-in-emerging-countries-digital-457.pdf}, language = {English}, booktitle = {Digital {Technologies} in {Emerging} {Countries}}, publisher = {Cyber Policy Centre, Freeman Spogli Institute and Stanford Law School, Stanford University}, author = {Kakkar, Jhalak M}, editor = {Fukuyama, Francis and Schaake, Marietje}, year = {2023}, keywords = {Global South, /unread, Second Draft Report Additions, Mixed}, pages = {48--62}, file = {Kakkar - 2023 - Tackling Misinformation in Emerging Economies and .pdf:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/FDX3N9PM/Kakkar - 2023 - Tackling Misinformation in Emerging Economies and .pdf:application/pdf}, } @techreport{kinzelbachAcademicFreedomIndex2024, title = {Academic {Freedom} {Index} {Update} 2024}, url = {https://academic-freedom-index.net/research/Academic_Freedom_Index_Update_2024.pdf}, institution = {AU Erlangen-Nürnberg and V-Dem Institute}, author = {Kinzelbach, Katrin and Lindberg, Staffan I and Lott, Lars}, year = {2024}, keywords = {/unread, Global, Second Draft Report Additions, Quant}, file = {_.pdf:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/FWFDU9SM/_.pdf:application/pdf}, } @article{kiraRegulatingDigitalEcosystems2021, title = {Regulating {Digital} {Ecosystems}: {Bridging} the {Gap} between {Competition} {Policy} and {Data} {Protection}}, volume = {30}, copyright = {https://doi.org/10.1093/icc/dtab053}, issn = {0960-6491}, shorttitle = {Regulating digital ecosystems}, url = {https://academic.oup.com/icc/article/30/5/1337/6356942}, abstract = {Data collection and processing are at the core of rapidly growing business models, underpinning the activities of technology companies and acting as a source of market power. The key role played by data in the competitive dynamics of digital ecosystems has brought competition policy and data protection regulation closer together and raised important questions about the substantive relationship between these two branches of law. After identifying the specific ways in which data create and power digital ecosystems and examining the effects of digital privacy (or lack thereof) on consumer welfare, we compare the legal obligations imposed by competition policy and data protection regulation. We then map the interfaces between these two branches of law and critically assess the areas of substantive overlap between them. We show that while in the majority of situations there is an alignment of these two frameworks, opposite outcomes can sometimes be reached when competition and data protection rules are applied separately. We suggest that these two legal instruments should be considered as overlapping areas in a regulatory continuum to facilitate positive synergies and neutralize potential conflicts. We show that there is a significant scope for competition policy actors and institutions to substantially incorporate data protection considerations into their decisional practice and that this integration can inform and enhance the enforcement of competition law. We propose an integrated approach to more effectively regulate digital platform ecosystems, to support innovation, and to protect consumers and the competitive process.}, number = {5}, urldate = {2022-04-05}, journal = {Industrial and Corporate Change}, author = {Kira, Beatriz and Sinha, Vikram and Srinivasan, Sharmadha}, month = oct, year = {2021}, keywords = {/unread, Review, Second Draft Report Additions}, pages = {1337--1360}, file = {Kira et al. - 2021 - Regulating Digital Ecosystems Bridging the Gap be.pdf:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/QST6EMCT/Kira et al. - 2021 - Regulating Digital Ecosystems Bridging the Gap be.pdf:application/pdf}, } @article{knightOpenAIEmployeesWarn2024, title = {{OpenAI} {Employees} {Warn} of a {Culture} of {Risk} and {Retaliation}}, issn = {1059-1028}, url = {https://www.wired.com/story/openai-right-to-warn-open-letter-ai-risk/}, abstract = {An open letter signed by former and current employees at OpenAI and other AI giants calls for whistleblower protections as the artificial intelligence rapidly evolves.}, language = {en-US}, urldate = {2024-06-07}, journal = {Wired}, author = {Knight, Will}, month = jun, year = {2024}, note = {Section: tags}, keywords = {risk, artificial intelligence, /unread, Review, Second Draft Report Additions, Global North, openai, startups}, file = {Knight - 2024 - OpenAI Employees Warn of a Culture of Risk and Ret.pdf:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/FBRGXF2W/Knight - 2024 - OpenAI Employees Warn of a Culture of Risk and Ret.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/YAI8VRSI/openai-right-to-warn-open-letter-ai-risk.html:text/html}, } @inproceedings{koeneIEEEP70xxEstablishing2018, title = {{IEEE} {P70xx}, {Establishing} {Standards} for {Ethical} {Technology}}, url = {https://www.kdd.org/kdd2018/files/project-showcase/KDD18_paper_1743.pdf}, abstract = {In recognition of the increasingly pervasive role of algorithmic decision making systems in corporate and government service, and growing public concerns regarding the black-box nature of many of these systems, the IEEE Standards Association (IEEE-SA) launched the IEEE Global Initiative on Ethics for Autonomous and Intelligence Systems in April 2016. The ‘Global Initiative’ aims to provide "an incubation space for new standards and solutions, certifications and codes of conduct, and consensus building for ethical implementation of intelligent technologies". As of early 2018 the two main pillars of the Global Initiative are: • a public discussion document "Ethically Aligned Design: A vision for Prioritizing human Well-being with Autonomous and Intelligent Systems" [2], on establishing ethical and social implementations for intelligent and autonomous systems and technology aligned with values and ethical principles that prioritize human well-being in a given cultural context; • a set of thirteen working groups to create the IEEE P70xx series ethics standards, and associated certification programs, for Intelligent and Autonomous systems.}, language = {en}, author = {Koene, Ansgar and Smith, Adam Leon and Egawa, Takashi and Mandalh, Sukanya and Hatada, Yohko}, year = {2018}, keywords = {/unread, Review, Second Draft Report Additions}, file = {Koene et al. - IEEE P70xx, Establishing Standards for Ethical Tec.pdf:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/7FYZ9YQR/Koene et al. - IEEE P70xx, Establishing Standards for Ethical Tec.pdf:application/pdf}, } @incollection{kokasBecomingCyberSovereign2022, address = {New York}, title = {Becoming a {Cyber} {Sovereign}: {China}’s {Politics} of {Data} {Governance}}, url = {https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780197620502.003.0003}, urldate = {2024-01-09}, booktitle = {Trafficking {Data}: {How} {China} {Is} {Winning} the {Battle} for {Digital} {Sovereignty}}, publisher = {Oxford Academic}, author = {Kokas, Aynne}, collaborator = {Kokas, Aynne}, month = sep, year = {2022}, keywords = {Global South, /unread, BRICS, Review, Second Draft Report Additions}, pages = {51--C3.P72}, file = {372320295?redirectedFrom=fulltext:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/65E8RKAN/372320295.html:text/html}, } @article{kokshaginaRegulateNotRegulate2023, title = {To regulate or not to regulate: unravelling institutional tussles around the regulation of algorithmic control of digital platforms}, volume = {38}, issn = {0268-3962}, shorttitle = {To regulate or not to regulate}, url = {https://doi.org/10.1177/02683962221114408}, doi = {10.1177/02683962221114408}, abstract = {Regulating how digital platforms use algorithms to determine and control content displayed to their users is both a controversial topic and an important societal challenge. Existing research acknowledges institutional tussles around regulating how digital platforms use algorithms to determine and control content. However, we lack research showing how the development of regulation unfolds. We build on data from a longitudinal discourse analysis of 410 media articles and 483 policy and industry documents to study two cases of algorithmic control regulation in Australia. The first involves algorithmic control for content display, the second for content moderation. We develop a process model of institutional work towards regulation of algorithmic control. It captures the institutional tussles between governments, digital platforms and third parties as each expresses their perspective on legitimate forms of algorithmic control and shapes the process and outcome of regulation. Building on our model, we discuss the dynamics of regulation development in light of the constellation of actors and their power position in the process. We further consider the regulatory outcome and highlight future research questions that build on our findings.}, language = {en}, number = {2}, urldate = {2024-06-28}, journal = {Journal of Information Technology}, author = {Kokshagina, Olga and Reinecke, Pauline C and Karanasios, Stan}, month = jun, year = {2023}, note = {Publisher: SAGE Publications Ltd}, keywords = {/unread, Second Draft Report Additions, Global North, Qual}, pages = {160--179}, file = {SAGE PDF Full Text:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/7969FFCQ/Kokshagina et al. - 2023 - To regulate or not to regulate unravelling instit.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/NIHAG5KQ/02683962221114408.html:text/html;Submitted Version:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/STEZAYRK/To regulate or not to regulate unravelling instit.pdf:application/pdf}, } @book{ksiezakConceptualNetworkPrivate2023, address = {Cham}, series = {Law, {Governance} and {Technology} {Series}}, title = {Toward a {Conceptual} {Network} for the {Private} {Law} of {Artificial} {Intelligence}}, volume = {51}, copyright = {https://www.springernature.com/gp/researchers/text-and-data-mining}, isbn = {978-3-031-19446-7 978-3-031-19447-4}, url = {https://link.springer.com/10.1007/978-3-031-19447-4}, language = {en}, urldate = {2024-07-29}, publisher = {Springer International Publishing}, author = {Księżak, Paweł and Wojtczak, Sylwia}, year = {2023}, doi = {10.1007/978-3-031-19447-4}, keywords = {Artificial Intelligence, AI, /unread, Review, Second Draft Report Additions, Robotics, abuse of rights, attribution and liability, causality in private law, Civil law, computer technologies, consent, fault and negligence, legal personality, legal personhood, Legal theory, Personal goods, Robots, standard of reasonable care}, } @techreport{kuleszCulturePlatformsMachines2018, title = {Culture, platforms and machines: {The} impact of {Artificial} {Intelligence} on the diversity of cultural expressions}, url = {https://www.unesco.org/creativity/en}, institution = {UNESCO Report to Intergovernmental Committee for the Protection and Promotion of the Diversity of Cultural Expressions, 12th Session, DCE/18/12.IGC/INF.4}, author = {Kulesz, M}, month = dec, year = {2018}, keywords = {/unread, Global, Review, Second Draft Report Additions}, file = {Culture, platforms and machines.pdf:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/WD5CNVVG/Culture, platforms and machines.pdf:application/pdf}, } @article{kumarMediaDigitalSovereignty2023, title = {Media, digital sovereignty and geopolitics: the case of the {TikTok} ban in {India}}, volume = {45}, issn = {0163-4437}, shorttitle = {Media, digital sovereignty and geopolitics}, url = {https://doi.org/10.1177/01634437231174351}, doi = {10.1177/01634437231174351}, abstract = {TikTok, one of the most downloaded apps in the world, has been banned in India since June 2020, following military clashes on the India-China border. This article focuses on government narratives of the TikTok ban in the Indian media and situates the issue within the broader geopolitical framework of deteriorating Sino-Indian relations and attempts for digital sovereignty. At a time of strong nationalist discourses dominating the political and social communication in India, it is perhaps unsurprising that the narratives have been seen outside India as protectionism. However, this paper argues that the digital sovereignty in the Indian context is not exclusionary but aims to create a robust digital infrastructure that is critical for economic development and self-reliance. Highlighting the lessons from India, this paper concludes the following: (i) digital sovereignty is a form of discourse which does not imply any specific policy, (ii) digital sovereignty relates to user control over their data, however, the role and limits of the State is not clearly defined and (iii) digital platforms are highly vulnerable to changing geopolitics in which their existence is not determined by user-platform interactions but by international relations.}, language = {en}, number = {8}, urldate = {2023-12-23}, journal = {Media, Culture \& Society}, author = {Kumar, Anilesh and Thussu, Daya}, month = nov, year = {2023}, note = {Publisher: SAGE Publications Ltd}, keywords = {Global South, /unread, BRICS, Second Draft Report Additions, Qual, USED, OID Data Gov}, pages = {1583--1599}, file = {Kumar and Thussu - 2023 - Media, digital sovereignty and geopolitics the ca.pdf:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/WVTNLJ35/Kumar and Thussu - 2023 - Media, digital sovereignty and geopolitics the ca.pdf:application/pdf}, } @article{langerPoliticalAgendaSetting2021, title = {Political {Agenda} {Setting} in the {Hybrid} {Media} {System}: {Why} {Legacy} {Media} {Still} {Matter} a {Great} {Deal}}, volume = {26}, issn = {1940-1612, 1940-1620}, shorttitle = {Political {Agenda} {Setting} in the {Hybrid} {Media} {System}}, url = {http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/1940161220925023}, doi = {10.1177/1940161220925023}, abstract = {This article examines the roles of the media in the process of political agenda setting. There is a long tradition of studies on this topic, but they have mostly focused on legacy news media, thus overlooking the role of other actors and the complex hybrid dynamics that characterize contemporary political communication. In contrast, through an in-depth case study using mixed-methods and multiplatform data, this article provides a detailed analysis of the roles and interactions between different types of media and how they were used by political and advocacy elites. It explores what happened in the different parts of the system, and thus the paths to attention that led to setting this issue in the political and media agendas. The analysis of the case, a partial policy reversal in the United Kingdom provoked by an immigration scandal known as the “Windrush scandal” reveals that the issue was pushed into the agenda by a campaign assemblage of investigative journalism, political and advocacy elites, and digitally enabled leaders. The legacy news media came late but were crucial. They greatly amplified the salience of the issue and, once in “storm mode,” they were key for sustaining attention and pressure, eventually compelling the government to respond. It shows that they often remain at the core of the “national conversation” and certainly in the eye of a media storm. In the contemporary context, characterized by fierce battles for attention, shortening attention spans and fractured audiences, this is key and has important implications for agenda setting and beyond.}, language = {en}, number = {2}, urldate = {2024-02-20}, journal = {The International Journal of Press/Politics}, author = {Langer, Ana Ines and Gruber, Johannes B.}, month = apr, year = {2021}, keywords = {/unread, Second Draft Report Additions, Global North, Mixed}, pages = {313--340}, file = {Langer et Gruber - 2021 - Political Agenda Setting in the Hybrid Media Syste.pdf:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/ITYU593M/Langer et Gruber - 2021 - Political Agenda Setting in the Hybrid Media Syste.pdf:application/pdf}, } @misc{larsenRegulatingGeneralpurposeAI2024, title = {Regulating general-purpose {AI}: {Areas} of convergence and divergence across the {EU} and the {US}}, shorttitle = {Regulating general-purpose {AI}}, url = {https://www.brookings.edu/articles/regulating-general-purpose-ai-areas-of-convergence-and-divergence-across-the-eu-and-the-us/}, abstract = {Benjamin Larsen and Sabrina Küspert compare the recent developments of the EU and US in regulating general-purpose AI.}, language = {en-US}, urldate = {2024-06-28}, journal = {Brookings}, author = {Larsen, Benjamin Cedric and Küspert, Sabrina}, year = {2024}, keywords = {/unread, Review, Second Draft Report Additions, Global North}, file = {Snapshot:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/9TT92UPN/regulating-general-purpose-ai-areas-of-convergence-and-divergence-across-the-eu-and-the-us.html:text/html}, } @article{lauerHowGrowTransnational2024, title = {How to grow a transnational field: {A} network analysis of the global fact-checking movement}, volume = {Online First}, issn = {1461-4448}, shorttitle = {How to grow a transnational field}, url = {https://doi.org/10.1177/14614448241227856}, doi = {10.1177/14614448241227856}, abstract = {The worldwide fact-checking movement has grown rapidly over the last decade and achieved remarkable prominence. This study investigates that global movement as a case of deliberate institution-building to consolidate a new transnational field. We use a comprehensive network analysis of the first eight years of the annual Global Fact conference to ask how fact-checkers grew their young field, examining the roles of leading practitioners as well as “meta-level” organizations like the International Fact-Checking Network (IFCN). We identify an elite tier shaping the development of the field, whose membership aligns with other markers of leadership. We show how these organizations play either internally or externally directed brokerage roles, reflecting the characteristic tension in emerging fields between maintaining community bonds and cultivating external stakeholders. And we highlight the pivotal role of the IFCN—while showing that certain fact-checking groups act like meta-level organizations, with resources dedicated to field-building and governance.}, language = {en}, urldate = {2024-02-24}, journal = {New Media \& Society}, author = {Lauer, Laurens and Graves, Lucas}, month = feb, year = {2024}, note = {Publisher: SAGE Publications}, keywords = {/unread, Global, Second Draft Report Additions, Qual}, pages = {1--19}, file = {Lauer and Graves - 2024 - How to grow a transnational field A network analy.pdf:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/DQ8KIRXB/Lauer and Graves - 2024 - How to grow a transnational field A network analy.pdf:application/pdf}, } @misc{lawrenceMajorityWorldWhats2022, title = {The {Majority} {World} – what’s in a phrase?}, url = {https://www.philanthropy.org.au/news-and-stories/the-majority-world-whats-in-a-phrase/}, abstract = {At the recent Philanthropy Australia conference, Dr Salmah Eva-Lina Lawrence used a phrase - 'Majority World' - and started a conversation.}, urldate = {2024-08-28}, journal = {Philanthropy Australia}, author = {Lawrence, Salma Eva-Lina}, month = nov, year = {2022}, keywords = {Global South, /unread, Review, Second Draft Report Additions}, } @article{lechelerNewsMediaKnowledge2017, title = {News {Media}, {Knowledge}, and {Political} {Interest}: {Evidence} of a {Dual} {Role} {From} a {Field} {Experiment}: {News} {Media}, {Knowledge}, and {Political} {Interest}}, volume = {67}, issn = {00219916}, shorttitle = {News {Media}, {Knowledge}, and {Political} {Interest}}, url = {https://academic.oup.com/joc/article/67/4/545-564/4642158}, doi = {10.1111/jcom.12314}, language = {en}, number = {4}, urldate = {2024-02-01}, journal = {Journal of Communication}, author = {Lecheler, Sophie and de Vreese, Claes H.}, month = aug, year = {2017}, keywords = {/unread, Second Draft Report Additions, Global North, Quant}, pages = {545--564}, file = {Full Text:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/ZB745MST/Lecheler and De Vreese - 2017 - News Media, Knowledge, and Political Interest Evi.pdf:application/pdf}, } @article{leeEffectsNetworkNeutrality2016, title = {The effects of network neutrality on the incentive to discriminate, invest, and innovate: a literature review}, volume = {18}, issn = {1463-6697}, shorttitle = {The effects of network neutrality on the incentive to discriminate, invest, and innovate}, url = {https://www.emerald.com/insight/content/doi/10.1108/info-12-2015-0053/full/html}, doi = {10.1108/info-12-2015-0053}, abstract = {Purpose The purpose of this study is to categorize network neutrality according to its issues under debate and assess the state of the debate based on such organization. In addition, the study discusses the reasons that network neutrality is so difficult to solve and the future research directions that would do so. Design/methodology/approach This study presents a critical review of the current network neutrality issues and summarizes the economic background of each position in the debate. The relevant literature is organized by issue to examine the reasons that the network neutrality debate is so difficult to solve and determine the further study required to solve it. Findings An analysis of the relevant literature suggests that the proponents and opponents of network neutrality disagree on the best methods of developing the Internet. Therefore, future research and regulatory and practitioners’ applications would greatly benefit from a comprehensive review of that literature. Originality/value Network neutrality regulation is receiving increased attention because the development and significant influences of the Internet are becoming more apparent.}, language = {en}, number = {3}, urldate = {2024-02-11}, journal = {info}, author = {Lee, Daeho and Shin, Dong-Hee}, month = may, year = {2016}, keywords = {systematic literature review, /unread, Second Draft Report Additions}, pages = {42--57}, file = {Lee e Shin - 2016 - The effects of network neutrality on the incentive.pdf:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/BRQ8G9GU/Lee e Shin - 2016 - The effects of network neutrality on the incentive.pdf:application/pdf}, } @article{leeCCPACPRAConsumers2024, title = {{CCPA}/{CPRA}: {Consumers} {Bear} the {Burden} as {Companies} {Bear} the {Crown}}, volume = {47}, url = {https://repository.uclawsf.edu/hastings_international_comparative_law_review/vol47/iss2/5/}, abstract = {Examining the California Consumer Privacy Act (CCPA) and the California Privacy Rights Act (CPRA) is important for understanding United States privacy law. They were pioneering legislation in that the CCPA was one of the first comprehensive state-level privacy laws in the United States when it was enacted in 2018, introducing new rights for California residents regarding their personal information and imposed obligations on businesses handling data. The CPRA, passed in 2020, builds upon CCPA and further enhances privacy protections. These laws have served as models for subsequent privacy legislation at both the state and federal levels. They embody key principles that shed insight into the fundamental concepts and values that underpin privacy regulation in the United States. However, there are some inadequacies that are lacking compared to other policies such as Europe’s General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR). This paper suggests that these shortcomings can be addressed by enhancing transparency to consumers and empowering consumers.}, language = {en}, number = {2}, journal = {Hastings International \& Comparative Law Review}, author = {Lee, Jacklin}, year = {2024}, keywords = {/unread, Review, Second Draft Report Additions, Global North}, pages = {129--152}, file = {Lee - CCPACPRA Consumers Bear the Burden as Companies .pdf:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/3EITCF4Y/Lee - CCPACPRA Consumers Bear the Burden as Companies .pdf:application/pdf}, } @article{leeSelfRighteousNotVirtuous2024, title = {A {Self}-{Righteous}, {Not} a {Virtuous}, {Circle}: {Proposing} a {New} {Framework} for {Studying} {Media} {Effects} on {Knowledge} and {Political} {Participation} in a {Social} {Media} {Environment}}, volume = {10}, issn = {2056-3051}, shorttitle = {A {Self}-{Righteous}, {Not} a {Virtuous}, {Circle}}, url = {https://doi.org/10.1177/20563051241257953}, doi = {10.1177/20563051241257953}, abstract = {To explain the participatory effects of news exposure, communication scholars have long relied upon the “virtuous circle” framework of media use and civic participation. That is, news consumption makes people more knowledgeable, and trustful toward institutions and political processes, making them active and responsible citizens, which then leads them to engage in various political activities. In a social media environment, however, the applicability of the “virtuous circle” is increasingly dubious. A mounting body of empirical research indicates that news consumption via social media does not necessarily yield actual information gains. Instead, it often fosters a false perception of being well-informed and politically competent, thereby stimulating political engagement. Furthermore, selective information consumption and interaction within like-minded networks on social media frequently exacerbate animosity toward opposing political factions, which can serve as a catalyst for political involvement. In light of these findings, we propose replacing the “virtuous circle” framework for a “self-righteous” one. In this new model, social media news users develop a heightened sense of confidence in their knowledge, regardless of its accuracy, and consequently become more inclined to engage in politics by reinforcing the perception that the opposing side is inherently wrong and that achieving victory is imperative.}, language = {en}, number = {2}, urldate = {2024-07-24}, journal = {Social Media + Society}, author = {Lee, Sangwon and Valenzuela, Sebastián}, month = apr, year = {2024}, note = {Publisher: SAGE Publications Ltd}, keywords = {/unread, Review, Second Draft Report Additions}, pages = {1--7}, file = {SAGE PDF Full Text:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/GM6U3EME/Lee and Valenzuela - 2024 - A Self-Righteous, Not a Virtuous, Circle Proposin.pdf:application/pdf}, } @article{lewkowizTakingTechnicalStandardization2024, title = {Taking {Technical} {Standardization} of {Fundamental} {Rights} {Seriously} for {Trustworthy} {Artificial} {Intelligence}}, volume = {25}, url = {https://centreperelman.be//content/uploads/2024/03/GL-RS-AI-Technical-standards-and-fundamental-rights.pdf}, journal = {La Revue des Juristes de Sciences Po}, author = {Lewkowiz, Gregory and Sarf, Ritha}, year = {2024}, keywords = {/unread, Review, Second Draft Report Additions, Global North}, pages = {42--46}, file = {Lewkowiz and Sarf - 2024 - Taking Technical Standardization of Fundamental Ri.pdf:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/FWQQTWSS/Lewkowiz and Sarf - 2024 - Taking Technical Standardization of Fundamental Ri.pdf:application/pdf}, } @techreport{linehanResponsibleGenerativeAI2024, title = {Responsible {Generative} {AI} {An} {Examination} of {Ongoing} {Efforts} to {Tame} {This} {Powerful} {Technology}}, url = {https://www.objectmanagementgroup.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/8/2024/03/JOI_20240318_Responsible_Generative_AI_standalone.pdf}, institution = {OMG and IBM}, author = {Linehan, Michael and Byers, Chuck and Brooks, Natalie N and Freeman, Luis}, year = {2024}, keywords = {/unread, Review, Second Draft Report Additions, Qual, generative AI}, file = {Linehan et al. - 2024 - Responsible Generative AI An Examination of Ongoin.pdf:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/XQK38TPW/Linehan et al. - 2024 - Responsible Generative AI An Examination of Ongoin.pdf:application/pdf}, } @misc{linvillTouchedTrollsHow2019, title = {Touched by the {Trolls}: {How} and {Why} a {Coordinated} {Information} {Operation} {Interacts} with {Outsiders}}, url = {https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/Touched-by-the-Trolls-%3A-How-and-Why-a-Coordinated-Linvill-Warren/deba83d06283496135f5284e86201039ead352d3}, abstract = {From 2015 through 2017, the Russian-government affiliated Internet Research Agency produced nearly 2.8 million English-language tweets from accounts that purported to be operated by U.S. nationals or organizations (”trolls”). Almost half of the trolls’ output were retweets of or replies to other accounts, overwhelmingly from outside the network. We analyze the characteristics of outside accounts that were targeted by the trolls in this way, and how this behavior changed over the life of the operation, in order to infer what role contacts with outsiders played in the trolls’ propaganda strategy. We document the three stage life-cycle of these externally-oriented trolls: introduction, growth, and amplification. In a quasi-experiment of the amplification stage, we estimate that in the month leading up to the 2016 U.S. Presidential election, the trolls induced about 4 million additional tweets from and 3 million additional followers for the 25,000 unique accounts they amplified, an impact that rivals the direct output of the trolls themselves over the entire three-year campaign.}, language = {en}, publisher = {Semantic Scholar}, author = {Linvill, Darren L and Warren, Patrick L}, year = {2019}, keywords = {/unread, Second Draft Report Additions, Global North, Quant}, file = {Linvill and Warren - Touched by the Trolls How and Why a Coordinated I.pdf:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/Q6XSHZX3/Linvill and Warren - Touched by the Trolls How and Why a Coordinated I.pdf:application/pdf}, } @misc{liuSoraReviewBackground2024, title = {Sora: {A} {Review} on {Background}, {Technology}, {Limitations}, and {Opportunities} of {Large} {Vision} {Models}}, shorttitle = {Sora}, url = {http://arxiv.org/abs/2402.17177}, doi = {10.48550/arXiv.2402.17177}, abstract = {Sora is a text-to-video generative AI model, released by OpenAI in February 2024. The model is trained to generate videos of realistic or imaginative scenes from text instructions and show potential in simulating the physical world. Based on public technical reports and reverse engineering, this paper presents a comprehensive review of the model's background, related technologies, applications, remaining challenges, and future directions of text-to-video AI models. We first trace Sora's development and investigate the underlying technologies used to build this "world simulator". Then, we describe in detail the applications and potential impact of Sora in multiple industries ranging from film-making and education to marketing. We discuss the main challenges and limitations that need to be addressed to widely deploy Sora, such as ensuring safe and unbiased video generation. Lastly, we discuss the future development of Sora and video generation models in general, and how advancements in the field could enable new ways of human-AI interaction, boosting productivity and creativity of video generation.}, urldate = {2024-08-03}, publisher = {arXiv}, author = {Liu, Yixin and Zhang, Kai and Li, Yuan and Yan, Zhiling and Gao, Chujie and Chen, Ruoxi and Yuan, Zhengqing and Huang, Yue and Sun, Hanchi and Gao, Jianfeng and He, Lifang and Sun, Lichao}, month = apr, year = {2024}, note = {arXiv:2402.17177 [cs]}, keywords = {Computer Science - Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition, Computer Science - Artificial Intelligence, Computer Science - Machine Learning, /unread, Review, Second Draft Report Additions, generative AI}, file = {arXiv Fulltext PDF:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/PBTT7MJX/Liu et al. - 2024 - Sora A Review on Background, Technology, Limitati.pdf:application/pdf;arXiv.org Snapshot:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/LSFT29QJ/2402.html:text/html}, } @article{liverieroEpistemicInjusticePolitical2020, title = {Epistemic {Injustice} in the {Political} {Domain}: {Powerless} {Citizens} and {Institutional} {Reform}}, volume = {23}, issn = {1572-8447}, shorttitle = {Epistemic {Injustice} in the {Political} {Domain}}, url = {https://doi.org/10.1007/s10677-020-10097-w}, doi = {10.1007/s10677-020-10097-w}, abstract = {Democratic legitimacy is often grounded in proceduralist terms, referring to the ideal of political equality that should be mirrored by fair procedures of decision-making. The paper argues (§1) that the normative commitments embedded in a non-minimalist account of procedural legitimacy are well expressed by the ideal of co-authorship. Against this background, the main goal of the paper is to argue that structural forms of epistemic injustice are detrimental to the overall legitimacy of democratic systems. In §2 I analyse Young’s notion of political powerlessness and claim that in structurally unjust social contexts members of powerless groups often are not properly acknowledged as functioning members of the polity, hence being jeopardized in their ability to develop part of their personal identity. In §III, I define gerrymandering as an example of political disempowerment that involves an epistemic harm for oppressed citizens, namely, to be prejudicially excluded from the community of epistemic trust. My thesis is that being epistemically disempowered has a negative impact on the way in which citizens understand themselves as political actors, since they suffer a lack of social recognition that may impede a proper development of their reflexive agency. In §IV, I discuss the proposal of granting epistemic privilege to members of oppressed groups, given their specific experience of social injustices. I introduce two concerns about this proposal, one morally grounded and one pragmatically oriented. Finally, in §V, I briefly sketch some institutional remedies that can be employed in order to politically fight systemic forms of epistemic injustice.}, language = {en}, number = {5}, urldate = {2024-07-24}, journal = {Ethical Theory and Moral Practice}, author = {Liveriero, Federica}, month = nov, year = {2020}, keywords = {/unread, Global, Review, Second Draft Report Additions, Epistemic injustice, Non-minimalist account of procedural legitimacy, Opacity respect, Political powerlessness, Structural reform}, pages = {797--813}, file = {Full Text PDF:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/2WQKK6XC/Liveriero - 2020 - Epistemic Injustice in the Political Domain Power.pdf:application/pdf}, } @article{livingstoneEngagingMediaMatter2008, title = {Engaging with media – a matter of literacy?}, volume = {1}, url = {https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1753-9137.2007.00006.x}, number = {1}, journal = {Communication, Culture \& Critique}, author = {Livingstone, S}, year = {2008}, keywords = {/unread, Second Draft Report Additions, Qual}, pages = {51--62}, file = {Livingstone - 2008 - Engaging with media – a matter of literacy.pdf:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/TQW3XS7U/Livingstone - 2008 - Engaging with media – a matter of literacy.pdf:application/pdf}, } @incollection{livingstoneContinuingProblemsMedia1996, address = {London, UK}, edition = {2nd edition}, title = {On the continuing problems of media effects research}, language = {en}, booktitle = {Mass {Media} and {Society}}, publisher = {Edward Arnold}, author = {Livingstone, Sonia}, editor = {Curran, J. and Gurevitch, M.}, year = {1996}, keywords = {/unread, Second Draft Report Additions, Qual}, pages = {305--324}, file = {Livingstone - On the continuing problems of media effects resear.pdf:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/4P6GQE8E/Livingstone - On the continuing problems of media effects resear.pdf:application/pdf}, } @book{mutsvairoMappingDigitalDivide2019, address = {Amsterdam}, title = {Mapping {Digital} {Divide} in {Africa}: {A} {Mediated} {Analysis}}, isbn = {978-94-6298-685-5}, shorttitle = {Mapping {Digital} {Divide} in {Africa}}, abstract = {Despite issues associated with the digital divide, mobile telephony is growing on the continent and the rise of smartphones has given citizens easy access to social networking sites. But the digital divide, which mostly reflects on one's race, gender, socioeconomic status or geographical location, stands in the way of digital progress. What opportunities are available to tame digital disparities? How are different societies in Africa handling digital problems? What innovative methods are being used to provide citizens with access to critical information that can help improve their lives? Experiences from various locations in several sub-Saharan African countries have been carefully selected in this collection with the aim of providing an updated account on the digital divide and its impact in Africa.}, language = {English}, publisher = {Amsterdam University Press}, editor = {Mutsvairo, Bruce and Ragnedda, Massimo}, month = may, year = {2019}, keywords = {Global South, /unread, First Draft Report Cited, Mixed, RM Book}, } @techreport{myersAreDonorsTaking2024, title = {Are {Donors} {Taking} the {Journalism} {Crisis} {Seriously}? {An} {Analysis} of {Official} {Aid} to {Media} 2010–2019}, shorttitle = {Are {Donors} {Taking} the {Journalism} {Crisis} {Seriously}?}, url = {https://www.cima.ned.org/publication/are-donors-taking-the-journalism-crisis-seriously/}, abstract = {To secure the future of independent journalism, international aid is critical. And yet, the international assistance community is not meeting the needs of a sector in danger of extinction.}, language = {en-US}, urldate = {2024-04-10}, institution = {Center for International Media Assistance, National Endowment for Democracy, US}, author = {Myers, Mary and Gilberds, Heather}, month = feb, year = {2024}, keywords = {/unread, Global, First Draft Report Cited, Mixed}, file = {Myers and Gilberds - 2024 - Are Donors Taking the Journalism Crisis Seriously.pdf:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/LKRMK5EX/Myers and Gilberds - 2024 - Are Donors Taking the Journalism Crisis Seriously.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/PLIWMNVT/are-donors-taking-the-journalism-crisis-seriously.html:text/html}, } @article{naeemExplorationHowFake2021, title = {An exploration of how fake news is taking over social media and putting public health at risk}, volume = {38}, issn = {1471-1842}, url = {https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/hir.12320}, doi = {10.1111/hir.12320}, abstract = {Recent statistics show that almost 1/4 of a million people have died and four million people are affected either with mild or serious health problems caused by coronavirus (COVID-19). These numbers are rapidly increasing (World Health Organization, May 3, 2020c). There is much concern during this pandemic about the spread of misleading or inaccurate information. This article reports on a small study which attempted to identify the types and sources of COVID-19 misinformation. The authors identified and analysed 1225 pieces of COVID-19 fake news stories taken from fact-checkers, myth-busters and COVID-19 dashboards. The study is significant given the concern raised by the WHO Director-General that ‘we are not just fighting the pandemic, we are also fighting infodemic’. The study concludes that the COVID-19 infodemic is full of false claims, half backed conspiracy theories and pseudoscientific therapies, regarding the diagnosis, treatment, prevention, origin and spread of the virus. Fake news is pervasive in social media, putting public health at risk. The scale of the crisis and ubiquity of the misleading information require that scientists, health information professionals and journalists exercise their professional responsibility to help the general public identify fake news stories. They should ensure that accurate information is published and disseminated.J.M.}, language = {en}, number = {2}, urldate = {2024-04-15}, journal = {Health Information \& Libraries Journal}, author = {Naeem, Salman Bin and Bhatti, Rubina and Khan, Aqsa}, year = {2021}, note = {\_eprint: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1111/hir.12320}, keywords = {social media, public health, /unread, First Draft Report Cited, Global North, Qual, global health, information sources}, pages = {143--149}, file = {Full Text:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/EGI3ZHGP/Naeem et al. - 2021 - An exploration of how fake news is taking over soc.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/P97ZGMB2/hir.html:text/html}, } @article{nagarajWatchIndianCity2020, chapter = {World}, title = {Under watch: {Indian} city workers protest digital surveillance}, shorttitle = {Under watch}, url = {https://www.reuters.com/article/idUSKBN21404S/}, abstract = {Every evening at the end of his shift, Anil Sharma heads to a rally ground in the Indian city of Chandigarh to join hundreds of colleagues protesting a new initiative that lets the local administration keep track of city workers using GPS watches.}, language = {en-US}, urldate = {2024-05-14}, journal = {Reuters}, author = {Nagaraj, Anuradha}, month = mar, year = {2020}, keywords = {Global South, /unread, BRICS, First Draft Report Cited, Qual}, file = {Snapshot:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/NWZJDV4S/idUSKBN21404S.html:text/html}, } @article{nahmiasOversightContentModeration2021, title = {The oversight of content moderation by {AI}: {Impact} {Assessments} and {Their} {Limitations}}, volume = {58}, url = {https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3565025}, number = {1}, journal = {Harvard Journal on Legislation}, author = {Nahmias, Yifat and Perel, Maayan}, year = {2021}, keywords = {/unread, Review, First Draft Report Cited, Global North}, pages = {145--194}, file = {The oversight of content moderation by AI.pdf:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/ZN3SJG88/The oversight of content moderation by AI.pdf:application/pdf}, } @book{napoliAudienceEconomicsMedia2003, title = {Audience {Economics}: {Media} {Institutions} and the {Audience} {Marketplace}}, isbn = {978-0-231-12652-6}, shorttitle = {Audience {Economics}}, abstract = {Focusing on the electronic media--television, radio, and the Internet--Audience Economics bridges a substantial gap in the literature by providing an integrated framework for understanding the various businesses involved in generating and selling audiences to advertisers. Philip M. Napoli presents original research in order to answer several key questions: * How are audiences manufactured, valued, and sold? * How do advertisers and media firms predict the behavior of audiences? * How has the process of measuring audiences evolved over time? * How and why do advertisers assign different values to segments of the media audience? * How does audience economics shape media content? Examining the relationship between the four principal actors in the audience marketplace--advertisers, media firms, consumers, and audience measurement firms--Napoli explains the ways in which they interact with and mutually depend on each other. He also analyzes recent developments, such as the introduction of local people meters by Nielsen Media Research and the establishment and evolution of audience measurement systems for the Internet. A valuable resource for academics, students, policymakers, and media professionals, Audience Economics keeps pace with the rapid changes in media and audience-measurement technologies in order to provide a thorough understanding of the unique dynamics of the audience marketplace today.}, language = {en}, publisher = {Columbia University Press}, author = {Napoli, Philip M.}, year = {2003}, note = {Google-Books-ID: IX5W0Qq7uP0C}, keywords = {Business \& Economics / Economics / General, Business \& Economics / General, Political Science / General, Social Science / Media Studies, /unread, Review, First Draft Report Cited, Social Science / Sociology / General, Business \& Economics / Advertising \& Promotion}, } @article{ncubeDigitalMediaFake2019, title = {Digital {Media}, {Fake} {News} and {Pro}-{Movement} for {Democratic} {Change} ({MDC}) {Alliance} {Cyber}-{Propaganda} during the 2018 {Zimbabwe} {Election}}, volume = {40}, issn = {2374-3670}, url = {https://doi.org/10.1080/23743670.2019.1670225}, doi = {10.1080/23743670.2019.1670225}, abstract = {Fake news and cyber-propaganda were ubiquitous in the mainstream and social media during the 30 July 2018 Zimbabwe election. Both the ruling Zimbabwe African National Union Patriotic Front (ZANU PF) party under Emmerson Mnangagwa and their nemesis the Movement for Democratic Change (MDC) Alliance under Nelson Chamisa resorted to “fake news” and cyber-propaganda warfare. However, there is a dearth of studies systematically engaging the subject. This article is qualitative. It utilises an interpretive approach to discuss thematic issues raised in purposively selected pro-MDC Alliance fake news and cyber-propaganda circulated on WhatsApp during the period under study and how these issues were articulated. The study demonstrates that the MDC’s humorous cyber-propaganda largely focused on the Zimbabwe Electoral Commission (ZEC) and ZANU PF’s alleged electoral shenanigans aimed at manipulating the “people’s will”. The intention was to delegitimise the electoral process, insinuating that any result announced by the ZEC not confirming a Nelson Chamisa victory would not be a true reflection of the people’s will. This cyber-propaganda thrived largely because the ZEC and the Zimbabwe Broadcasting Corporation (ZBC) created an information vacuum by failing to give the nation regular updates after the voting process.}, number = {4}, urldate = {2024-04-15}, journal = {African Journalism Studies}, author = {Ncube, Lyton}, month = oct, year = {2019}, note = {Publisher: Routledge \_eprint: https://doi.org/10.1080/23743670.2019.1670225}, keywords = {Social media, elections, Global South, /unread, First Draft Report Cited, Qual, Zimbabwe, cyber-propaganda, Movement for Democratic Change (MDC)}, pages = {44--61}, file = {Ncube - 2019 - Digital Media, Fake News and Pro-Movement for Demo.pdf:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/WAKF8NM8/Ncube - 2019 - Digital Media, Fake News and Pro-Movement for Demo.pdf:application/pdf}, } @misc{ndiMitigatingOnlineMisleading2023, title = {Mitigating {Online} {Misleading} {Information} and {Polarization} in {Conflict}-{Sensitive} {Contexts}: {Experimental} {Evidence} from {Côte} d’{Ivoire}}, shorttitle = {Mitigating {Online} {Misleading} {Information} and {Polarization} in {Conflict}-{Sensitive} {Contexts}}, url = {https://www.ndi.org/publications/mitigating-online-misleading-information-and-polarization-conflict-sensitive-contexts}, abstract = {As misinformation and polarization increase, NDI faces new challenges in its support for electoral integrity, party development, democratic governance, and citizen participation. Our Global Design, Monitoring, Evaluation, and Learning (G-DMEL) team, in partnership with NDI’s Côte d'Ivoire program, aimed to answer the following question: What kinds of democracy interventions - separately or in combination – can impact online misinformation uptake and dissemination among youth, and reduce affective polarizations across partisan divides?}, language = {en}, urldate = {2024-01-27}, journal = {National Democratic Institute}, author = {NDI}, month = aug, year = {2023}, keywords = {Global South, /unread, First Draft Report Cited, Quant}, file = {NDI - 2023 - Mitigating Online Misleading Information and Polar.pdf:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/7FQNNFE9/NDI - 2023 - Mitigating Online Misleading Information and Polar.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/Y4HWRW7X/mitigating-online-misleading-information-and-polarization-conflict-sensitive-contexts.html:text/html}, } @article{nechushtaiCouldDigitalPlatforms2018, title = {Could digital platforms capture the media through infrastructure?}, volume = {19}, issn = {1464-8849, 1741-3001}, url = {http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/1464884917725163}, doi = {10.1177/1464884917725163}, abstract = {This article examines the relationship between the news industry and digital platforms, most notably Facebook and Google, through a political economy framework. The theory of regulatory capture suggests that regulators are prone to become captured by the businesses they oversee, whether through financial incentives (such as money transfers and revolving doors) or cognitive/cultural influence (such as advocacy and shared values). The theory was further expanded to suggest that businesses also attempt to capture non-governmental institutions tasked with scrutinizing them, such as the media. This article suggests that Google and Facebook are rapidly expanding their potential capability to do so. Alongside the forms of capture described in the literature, the most crucial element in Google and Facebook’s relationships with news organizations is the fact that they have come to provide the majority of audience for online news and are significant sources of potential growth in viewership. In addition, they equip news organizations with tools for news production, provide them with data on the reach of stories, and offer tools for analytics and insight. All this potentially amounts to a new form of capture that can be called infrastructural capture: circumstances in which a scrutinizing body is incapable of operating sustainably without the physical or digital resources and services provided by the businesses it oversees and is therefore dependent on them. This new category of capture, rooted in the dynamics of contemporary digital news markets, could pose serious challenges to the ability of news organizations to scrutinize the corporations that direct most of the traffic to their sites. Aside from potentially affecting the content of news, another important effect of compromising infrastructural autonomy to non-journalistic third-party actors might be a weakening of the legal protections that journalism benefits from.}, language = {en}, number = {8}, urldate = {2023-09-13}, journal = {Journalism}, author = {Nechushtai, Efrat}, month = aug, year = {2018}, keywords = {/unread, Review, First Draft Report Cited}, pages = {1043--1058}, file = {Nechushtai - 2018 - Could digital platforms capture the media through .pdf:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/RWGGMYYL/Nechushtai - 2018 - Could digital platforms capture the media through .pdf:application/pdf}, } @article{nechushtaiResistingIndividualizationRisk2023, title = {Resisting the {Individualization} of {Risk}: {Strategies} of {Engagement} and {Caution} in {Journalists}’ {Responses} to {Online} {Mobs} in the {United} {States} and {Germany}}, volume = {11}, issn = {2167-0811}, shorttitle = {Resisting the {Individualization} of {Risk}}, url = {https://doi.org/10.1080/21670811.2022.2153710}, doi = {10.1080/21670811.2022.2153710}, abstract = {Increasing levels of toxicity, harassment, trolling, and doxxing targeting journalists are a global problem that adversely affects journalism and democratic life. This study offers a comparative analysis of journalistic responses to online violence in the United States and Germany, based on 87 interviews and multiple newsroom observations. U.S. journalists typically discussed the problem in individualized terms, with the onus largely perceived to be placed on journalists to protect themselves while maintaining visibility and accessibility. In Germany, journalists typically discussed the problem as a systemic one, with the onus largely perceived to be placed on media organizations to protect staffers. Journalists in Germany thus considered legitimate a variety of obfuscation and avoidance strategies online and offline, while U.S. journalists felt a greater personal responsibility to advocate for the profession. These findings show the contribution of comparative perspectives in studying the global challenge of anti-press violence. They also demonstrate the complexity of defining and measuring journalistic autonomy, posing theoretical questions that illuminate some of the intrinsic tensions and tradeoffs of autonomy.}, number = {10}, urldate = {2023-12-25}, journal = {Digital Journalism}, author = {Nechushtai, Efrat}, month = nov, year = {2023}, note = {Publisher: Routledge \_eprint: https://doi.org/10.1080/21670811.2022.2153710}, keywords = {harassment, comparative media studies, Journalism, /unread, First Draft Report Cited, Global North, OID Media, Qual, USED, field theory, media system, autonomy, anti-press violence, online violence}, pages = {1906--1923}, file = {Nechushtai - 2023 - Resisting the Individualization of Risk Strategie.pdf:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/4YWX5ENH/Nechushtai - 2023 - Resisting the Individualization of Risk Strategie.pdf:application/pdf}, } @techreport{nenadicStructuralIndicatorsAssess2023, title = {Structural indicators to assess effectiveness of the {EU}’s {Code} of {Practice} on {Disinformation}}, copyright = {http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/}, url = {https://cadmus.eui.eu/handle/1814/75558}, abstract = {The key instrument of the European Union’s policy against disinformation – the Code of Practice on Disinformation - in its improved version seeks to adopt structural indicators to examine the disinformation phenomenon and gauge effectiveness of the Code in suppressing it both in individual EU member states and in the EU as a whole. The paper outlines the process and the proposal for an initial set of approaches and metrics towards building such structural indicators. This initial proposal is a pioneering attempt placed in a policy framework of the self-regulatory Code, and with consideration that empirical research on online disinformation in Europe is limited and there are no systematic and cross-country comparable insights on how the problem evolves in its various dimensions. The proposal described in this paper should thus be seen as a minimum and first step in what should be a wider and more systematic attempt to monitor disinformation and related policy effectiveness in Europe.}, language = {en}, urldate = {2024-04-20}, institution = {European University Institute RSC Working Paper 2023/34}, author = {Nenadić, Iva and Brogi, Elda and Bleyer-Simon, Konrad}, year = {2023}, note = {Accepted: 2023-05-08T13:02:37Z ISSN: 1028-3625}, keywords = {/unread, Review, First Draft Report Cited, Global North}, file = {Full Text PDF:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/8PE77F9M/Nenadic et al. - 2023 - Structural indicators to assess effectiveness of t.pdf:application/pdf}, } @misc{nettlePoliticalEconomyScientific2023, title = {The political economy of scientific publishing, and the promise of diamond open access}, url = {https://www.danielnettle.org.uk/2023/06/14/the-political-economy-of-scientific-publishing-and-the-promise-of-diamond-open-access/}, abstract = {The claim that scientific publishing is broken is not even surprising any more. There are a number of different problems. Some of these are epistemic: a large number of bad or totally meaningless a…}, language = {en-GB}, urldate = {2024-05-16}, journal = {Daniel Nettle}, author = {Nettle, Daniel}, month = jun, year = {2023}, keywords = {/unread, Review, First Draft Report Cited}, file = {Snapshot:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/JYVGJGPK/the-political-economy-of-scientific-publishing-and-the-promise-of-diamond-open-access.html:text/html}, } @techreport{newmanBiasBullshitLies2017, title = {Bias, {Bullshit} and {Lies}: {Audience} {Perspectives} on {Low} {Trust} in the {Media}: {Digital} {News} {Project} 2017}, shorttitle = {Bias, {Bullshit} and {Lies}}, url = {https://reutersinstitute.politics.ox.ac.uk/our-research/bias-bullshit-and-lies-audience-perspectives-low-trust-media}, language = {en}, urldate = {2024-05-14}, institution = {Reuters Institute for the Study of Journalism, University of Oxford}, author = {Newman, Nic and Fletcher, Richard}, year = {2017}, keywords = {/unread, Global, First Draft Report Cited, Quant}, file = {Newman and Fletcher - 2017 - Bias, Bullshit and Lies Audience Perspectives on .pdf:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/V8YHA37V/Newman and Fletcher - 2017 - Bias, Bullshit and Lies Audience Perspectives on .pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/U6S8EI3T/bias-bullshit-and-lies-audience-perspectives-low-trust-media.html:text/html}, } @techreport{newmanReutersInstituteDigital2021, address = {Oxford, UK}, title = {Reuters {Institute} {Digital} {News} {Report} 2021}, url = {https://reutersinstitute.politics.ox.ac.uk/sites/default/files/2021-06/Digital_News_Report_2021_FINAL.pdf}, institution = {Reuters Institute for the Study of Journalism, University of Oxford}, author = {Newman, Nic and Fletcher, Richard and Schulz, Anne and Andi, Simge and Robertson, Craig T. and Nielsen, R. K.}, year = {2021}, keywords = {/unread, Global, First Draft Report Cited, Quant}, file = {Newman et al. - 2021 - Reuters Institute Digital News Report 2021.pdf:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/UX48QRIR/Newman et al. - 2021 - Reuters Institute Digital News Report 2021.pdf:application/pdf}, } @techreport{newmanReutersInstituteDigital2024, title = {Reuters {Institute} {Digital} {News} {Report} 2024}, url = {https://reutersinstitute.politics.ox.ac.uk/digital-news-report/2024}, language = {en}, urldate = {2024-06-17}, institution = {Reuters Institute for the Study of Journalism, University of Oxford}, author = {Newman, Nic and Fletcher, Richard and Craig, T. Robertson and Ross Arguedas, Amy and Nielsen, Rasmus Kleis}, month = jun, year = {2024}, keywords = {/unread, Global, First Draft Report Cited, Quant}, file = {Newman et al. - 2024 - Digital News Report 2024.pdf:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/XXSJ8EJN/Newman et al. - 2024 - Digital News Report 2024.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/ZSGZCPFD/2024.html:text/html}, } @techreport{newmanReutersInstituteDigital2023, title = {Reuters {Institute} {Digital} {News} {Report} 2023}, copyright = {Creative Commons Attribution 2.0 Generic}, url = {https://reutersinstitute.politics.ox.ac.uk/digital-news-report/2023}, abstract = {The twelfth Digital News Report from the Reuters Institute for the Study of Journalism at the University of Oxford reveals new insights about digital news consumption based on a YouGov survey of over 93,000 online news consumers in 46 media markets The report provides evidence that news audiences are becoming more dependent on digital and social platforms, putting further pressure on both ad-based and subscription business models of news organisations at a time when both household and company spending is being squeezed. The report documents how video-based content, distributed via networks such as TikTok, Instagram and YouTube are becoming more important for news, especially in parts of the Global South, while legacy platforms such as Facebook are losing influence. Both interest and trust in news continue to fall in many countries as the connection between journalism and much of the public continues to fray}, language = {en}, urldate = {2024-04-21}, institution = {Reuters Institute for the Study of Journalism, University of Oxford}, author = {Newman, Nic and Fletcher, Richard and Eddy, Kirsten and Robinson, Craig T and Nielsen, Rasmus Kleis}, year = {2023}, doi = {10.60625/RISJ-P6ES-HB13}, keywords = {/unread, Global, First Draft Report Cited, Quant}, file = {Newman et al. - 2023 - Reuters Institute digital news report 2023.pdf:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/PR8RL46U/Newman et al. - 2023 - Reuters Institute digital news report 2023.pdf:application/pdf}, } @techreport{newmanReutersInstituteDigital2022, address = {Oxford, UK}, title = {Reuters {Institute} {Digital} {News} {Report} 2022}, url = {https://reutersinstitute.politics.ox.ac.uk/digital-news-report/2022}, institution = {Reuters Institute for the Study of Journalism, University of Oxford}, author = {Newman, Nic and Fletcher, Richard and Robertson, Craig T. and Kirsten, Eddy and Nielsen, Rasmus Kleis}, year = {2022}, keywords = {/unread, Global, First Draft Report Cited, Quant}, file = {Newman et al. - 2022 - Reuters Institute Digital News Report 2022.pdf:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/8FHZWXG2/Newman et al. - 2022 - Reuters Institute Digital News Report 2022.pdf:application/pdf}, } @article{ngConceptualizingAILiteracy2021, title = {Conceptualizing {AI} literacy: {An} exploratory review}, volume = {2}, url = {https://www-sciencedirect-com.gate3.library.lse.ac.uk/science/article/pii/S2666920X21000357}, number = {2021}, journal = {Computers and Education: Artificial Intelligence}, author = {Ng, Davy Tsz Kit and Leung, Jac Ka Lok and Chu, Samuel Kai Wah and Qiao, Maggie Shen}, year = {2021}, keywords = {Systematic literature review, Global South, /unread, First Draft Report Cited, AI literacy, AI ethics, AI in education, AI learning and teaching, AI literacy questionnaire}, pages = {2--11}, file = {Conceptualizing AI literacy An exploratory review.pdf:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/7EMUHUQB/Conceptualizing AI literacy An exploratory review.pdf:application/pdf}, } @techreport{nicholasLostTranslationLarge2023, title = {Lost in {Translation}: {Large} {Language} {Models} in {Non}-{English} {Content} {Analysis}}, url = {https://cdt.org/insights/lost-in-translation-large-language-models-in-non-english-content-analysis/}, language = {en}, institution = {Center for Democracy \& Technology}, author = {Nicholas, Gabriel and Bhatia, Aliya}, month = may, year = {2023}, keywords = {/unread, Review, First Draft Report Cited}, file = {Lost in Translation Large Language Models in Non-.pdf:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/72LWPKRB/Lost in Translation Large Language Models in Non-.pdf:application/pdf}, } @article{nieborgPlatformizationCulturalProduction2018, title = {The platformization of cultural production: {Theorizing} the contingent cultural commodity}, volume = {20}, issn = {1461-4448}, shorttitle = {The platformization of cultural production}, url = {https://doi.org/10.1177/1461444818769694}, doi = {10.1177/1461444818769694}, abstract = {This article explores how the political economy of the cultural industries changes through platformization: the penetration of economic and infrastructural extensions of online platforms into the web, affecting the production, distribution, and circulation of cultural content. It pursues this investigation in critical dialogue with current research in business studies, political economy, and software studies. Focusing on the production of news and games, the analysis shows that in economic terms platformization entails the replacement of two-sided market structures with complex multisided platform configurations, dominated by big platform corporations. Cultural content producers have to continuously grapple with seemingly serendipitous changes in platform governance, ranging from content curation to pricing strategies. Simultaneously, these producers are enticed by new platform services and infrastructural changes. In the process, cultural commodities become fundamentally “contingent,” that is increasingly modular in design and continuously reworked and repackaged, informed by datafied user feedback.}, language = {en}, number = {11}, urldate = {2024-04-15}, journal = {New Media \& Society}, author = {Nieborg, David B and Poell, Thomas}, month = nov, year = {2018}, note = {Publisher: SAGE Publications}, keywords = {/unread, Review, First Draft Report Cited, Global North}, pages = {4275--4292}, file = {Full Text:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/M4N2I7GS/Nieborg and Poell - 2018 - The platformization of cultural production Theori.pdf:application/pdf}, } @book{nielsenPowerPlatformsShaping2022, address = {New York, NY}, series = {Oxford studies in digital politics}, title = {The power of platforms: shaping media and society}, isbn = {978-0-19-090886-7 978-0-19-090885-0}, shorttitle = {The power of platforms}, abstract = {"This chapter focuses on how the rise of platforms is changing our media environment, where publishers still control the production of news content, but platform companies increasingly control the channels through which people access it. It identifies the new, distinct, generative and relational forms of power that platforms including Facebook, Google, and Twitter exercise and examines how news publishers have responded. It argues that previously powerful and relatively independent institutions like the news media are increasingly in a position akin to that of ordinary users-they are simultaneously increasingly empowered by and dependent upon a small number of powerful platforms"--}, publisher = {Oxford University Press}, author = {Nielsen, Rasmus Kleis and Ganter, Sarah Anne}, year = {2022}, keywords = {Technology, Information technology, Social aspects, /unread, Global, First Draft Report Cited, Qual, Psychological aspects, Social media and society, Sociological aspects}, file = {(Oxford Studies in Digital Politics) Rasmus Kleis Nielsen, Sarah Anne Ganter - The Power of Platforms_ Shaping Media and Society-Oxford University Press (2022).pdf:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/5BDSPBZP/(Oxford Studies in Digital Politics) Rasmus Kleis Nielsen, Sarah Anne Ganter - The Power of Platforms_ Shaping Media and Society-Oxford University Press (2022).pdf:application/pdf}, } @incollection{nieminenWhyWeNeed2024, address = {Cham}, series = {Global {Transformations} in {Media} and {Communication} {Research} - {A} {Palgrave} and {IAMCR} {Series}}, title = {Why {We} {Need} {Epistemic} {Rights}}, isbn = {978-3-031-45976-4}, url = {https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-45976-4_6}, abstract = {By engaging with both theoretical concerns and concrete experiences—of regulatory arrangements, social mobilisations, and resistance to knowledge hierarchies and economic hegemonies—it contributes to clarifying epistemic rights both as a concept and in relation to different actors’ responsibilities in different locales, thus, making clear that the promotion of epistemic rights requires the commitment of many institutions, including but not limited to the media.}, language = {en}, urldate = {2024-01-10}, booktitle = {Epistemic {Rights} in the {Era} of {Digital} {Disruption}}, publisher = {Springer International Publishing}, author = {Nieminen, Hannu}, editor = {Horowitz, Minna Aslama and Nieminen, Hannu and Lehtisaari, Katja and D'Arma, Alessandro}, year = {2024}, doi = {10.1007/978-3-031-45976-4_6}, keywords = {/unread, Review, First Draft Report Cited}, pages = {11--28}, file = {Full text:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/XVPMXMLU/Nieminen - 2024 - Why We Need Epistemic Rights.pdf:application/pdf}, } @article{nissenbaumContextualApproachPrivacy2011, title = {A {Contextual} {Approach} to {Privacy} {Online}}, volume = {140}, url = {https://direct.mit.edu/daed/article/140/4/32/26914/A-Contextual-Approach-to-Privacy-Online}, number = {4}, journal = {Daedalus}, author = {Nissenbaum, H}, year = {2011}, keywords = {/unread, Review, First Draft Report Cited}, pages = {32--48}, file = {Nissenbaum - 2011 - A Contextual Approach to Privacy Online.pdf:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/H2UBNPLA/Nissenbaum - 2011 - A Contextual Approach to Privacy Online.pdf:application/pdf}, } @book{nobleAlgorithmsOppressionHow2018, address = {New York}, edition = {Illustrated edition}, title = {Algorithms of {Oppression}: {How} {Search} {Engines} {Reinforce} {Racism}}, isbn = {978-1-4798-3724-3}, shorttitle = {Algorithms of {Oppression}}, abstract = {As seen in Wired and Time  A revealing look at how negative biases against women of color are embedded in search engine results and algorithms  Run a Google search for “black girls”―what will you find? “Big Booty” and other sexually explicit terms are likely to come up as top search terms. But, if you type in “white girls,” the results are radically different. The suggested porn sites and un-moderated discussions about “why black women are so sassy” or “why black women are so angry” presents a disturbing portrait of black womanhood in modern society. In Algorithms of Oppression, Safiya Umoja Noble challenges the idea that search engines like Google offer an equal playing field for all forms of ideas, identities, and activities. Data discrimination is a real social problem; Noble argues that the combination of private interests in promoting certain sites, along with the monopoly status of a relatively small number of Internet search engines, leads to a biased set of search algorithms that privilege whiteness and discriminate against people of color, specifically women of color. Through an analysis of textual and media searches as well as extensive research on paid online advertising, Noble exposes a culture of racism and sexism in the way discoverability is created online. As search engines and their related companies grow in importance―operating as a source for email, a major vehicle for primary and secondary school learning, and beyond―understanding and reversing these disquieting trends and discriminatory practices is of utmost importance. An original, surprising and, at times, disturbing account of bias on the internet, Algorithms of Oppression contributes to our understanding of how racism is created, maintained, and disseminated in the 21st century. Safiya Noble discusses search engine bias in an interview with USC Annenberg School for Communication and Journalism}, language = {English}, publisher = {NYU Press}, author = {Noble, Safiya Umoja}, month = feb, year = {2018}, keywords = {Global South, /unread, First Draft Report Cited, Mixed, OID AI}, } @techreport{nordiccouncilofministerssecretariatNordicApproachDemocratic2023, title = {A {Nordic} approach to democratic debate in the age of {Big} {Tech} : {Recommendations} from the {Nordic} {Think} {Tank} for {Tech} and {Democracy}}, shorttitle = {A {Nordic} approach to democratic debate in the age of {Big} {Tech}}, url = {https://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:norden:org:diva-12818}, abstract = {Social media platforms have become integral democratic infrastructure. However, such online platforms and their algorithmic functions may cause serious harm to our democracies and public debate. Ha ...}, language = {eng}, urldate = {2023-11-15}, institution = {Nordisk Ministerråd}, author = {Nordic Council of Ministers Secretariat}, year = {2023}, keywords = {/unread, First Draft Report Cited, Global North, Qual}, file = {Full Text PDF:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/SB4XMPRC/2023 - A Nordic approach to democratic debate in the age .pdf:application/pdf}, } @article{novetMicrosofts$13Billion2023, title = {Microsoft's \$13 billion bet on {OpenAI} carries huge potential along with plenty of uncertainty}, url = {https://www.cnbc.com/2023/04/08/microsofts-complex-bet-on-openai-brings-potential-and-uncertainty.html}, abstract = {Microsoft's partnership with OpenAI could mean billions of dollars a year in new revenue, but the investment structure is complicated.}, language = {en}, urldate = {2024-04-19}, journal = {CNBC}, author = {Novet, Jordan}, month = apr, year = {2023}, keywords = {/unread, Review, First Draft Report Cited}, file = {Snapshot:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/MKTXFCRN/microsofts-complex-bet-on-openai-brings-potential-and-uncertainty.html:text/html}, } @inproceedings{nyaleteyBlockIPFSBlockchainenabledInterplanetary2019, title = {{BlockIPFS} - {Blockchain}-enabled interplanetary file system for forensic and trusted data traceability}, copyright = {© Copyright IBM Corp. 2021}, isbn = {978-1-72814-693-5}, url = {https://research.ibm.com/publications/blockipfs-blockchain-enabled-interplanetary-file-system-for-forensic-and-trusted-data-traceability}, doi = {10.1109/Blockchain.2019.00012}, abstract = {BlockIPFS - Blockchain-enabled interplanetary file system for forensic and trusted data traceability for Blockchain 2019 by Emmanuel Nyaletey et al.}, language = {en-US}, urldate = {2024-05-16}, publisher = {Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Inc.}, author = {Nyaletey, Emmanuel and Parizi, Reza M. and Zhang, Qi and Choo, Kim Kwang Raymond}, month = jul, year = {2019}, keywords = {/unread, Review, First Draft Report Cited}, file = {Nyaletey et al. - 2019 - BlockIPFS - Blockchain-enabled interplanetary file.pdf:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/8V4J93U4/Nyaletey et al. - 2019 - BlockIPFS - Blockchain-enabled interplanetary file.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/6V5MR4ZA/blockipfs-blockchain-enabled-interplanetary-file-system-for-forensic-and-trusted-data-traceabil.html:text/html}, } @article{nyhanMindedSourcesFacebook2023, title = {Like-minded sources on {Facebook} are prevalent but not polarizing}, volume = {620}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-023-06297-w}, abstract = {Many critics raise concerns about the prevalence of ‘echo chambers’ on social media and their potential role in increasing political polarization. However, the lack of available data and the challenges of conducting large-scale field experiments have made it difficult to assess the scope of the problem1,2. Here we present data from 2020 for the entire population of active adult Facebook users in the USA showing that content from ‘like-minded’ sources constitutes the majority of what people see on the platform, although political information and news represent only a small fraction of these exposures. To evaluate a potential response to concerns about the effects of echo chambers, we conducted a multi-wave field experiment on Facebook among 23,377 users for whom we reduced exposure to content from like-minded sources during the 2020 US presidential election by about one-third. We found that the intervention increased their exposure to content from cross-cutting sources and decreased exposure to uncivil language, but had no measurable effects on eight preregistered attitudinal measures such as affective polarization, ideological extremity, candidate evaluations and belief in false claims. These precisely estimated results suggest that although exposure to content from like-minded sources on social media is common, reducing its prevalence during the 2020 US presidential election did not correspondingly reduce polarization in beliefs or attitudes.}, journal = {Nature}, author = {Nyhan, Brendan and Settle, Jaime and Thorson, Emily and Wojcieszak, Magdalena and Barbera, Pablo and Chen, Annie Y and Allcott, Hunt and Brown, Taylor and Crespo-Tenorio, Adriana and Dimmery, Drew and Freelon, Deen and Gentzkow, Matthew and Gonzalez-Bailon, Sandra and Guess, Andrew M and Kennedy, Edward and Kim, Young Mie and Lazer, David and Malhotra, Neil and Moehler, Devra and Pan, Jennifer and Thomas, Daniel Robert and Tromble, Rebekah and Velasco Rivera, Carlos and Wilkins, Arjun and Tucker, Joshua A}, month = aug, year = {2023}, keywords = {/unread, First Draft Report Cited, Global North, Quant}, pages = {137--144}, file = {Nyhan et al. - 2023 - Like-minded sources on Facebook are prevalent but .pdf:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/LSZEIRAQ/Nyhan et al. - 2023 - Like-minded sources on Facebook are prevalent but .pdf:application/pdf}, } @article{ofathaighPerilsLegallyDefining2021, title = {The perils of legally defining disinformation}, volume = {10}, issn = {2197-6775}, url = {https://policyreview.info/articles/analysis/perils-legally-defining-disinformation}, abstract = {This article discusses national legislation applicable to disinformation, and the implications for EU policy and fundamental rights.}, number = {4}, urldate = {2021-12-19}, journal = {Internet Policy Review}, author = {Ó Fathaigh, Ronan and Helberger, Natali and Appelman, Naomi}, month = nov, year = {2021}, keywords = {/unread, Review, First Draft Report Cited, Global North, OID Mis/Disinfo}, pages = {1--25}, file = {Fathaigh et al. - 2021 - The perils of legally defining disinformation.pdf:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/XRMEYTYS/Fathaigh et al. - 2021 - The perils of legally defining disinformation.pdf:application/pdf}, } @article{obrienTechCompaniesSign2024, title = {Tech companies sign accord to combat {AI}-generated election trickery}, url = {https://apnews.com/article/ai-generated-election-deepfakes-munich-accord-meta-google-microsoft-tiktok-x-c40924ffc68c94fac74fa994c520fc06}, journal = {ABC News}, author = {O'Brien, Matt and Swenson, Ali}, month = feb, year = {2024}, keywords = {/unread, Review, First Draft Report Cited}, file = {O'Brien and Swenson - 2024 - Tech companies sign accord to combat AI-generated .pdf:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/WCR985N2/O'Brien and Swenson - 2024 - Tech companies sign accord to combat AI-generated .pdf:application/pdf}, } @misc{oconnorPropagandaRussiaStateControlled2022, title = {\#{Propaganda}: {Russia} {State}-{Controlled} {Media} {Flood} {TikTok} {With} {Ukraine} {Disinformation}}, shorttitle = {\#{Propaganda}}, url = {https://www.isdglobal.org/digital_dispatches/propaganda-russia-state-controlled-media-flood-tiktok-with-ukraine-disinformation/}, abstract = {Ciaran O'Connor explores how Russian state-controlled or affiliated news organisations are using TikTok to push Kremlin disinformation narratives.}, language = {en-GB}, urldate = {2024-02-22}, journal = {ISD Digital Dispatches}, author = {O'Connor, Ciarán}, month = mar, year = {2022}, keywords = {/unread, BRICS, First Draft Report Cited, Global North, Mixed}, file = {Snapshot:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/T2JQ7ZCX/propaganda-russia-state-controlled-media-flood-tiktok-with-ukraine-disinformation.html:text/html}, } @book{oneilWeaponsMathDestruction2016, address = {Cambridge, MA}, title = {Weapons of {Math} {Destruction}: {How} {Big} {Data} {Increases} {Inequality} and {Threatens} {Democracy}}, url = {https://www.amazon.co.uk/Weapons-Math-Destruction-Increases-Inequality/dp/0241296811}, publisher = {Harvard University Press}, author = {O'Neil, C}, year = {2016}, keywords = {/unread, Review, First Draft Report Cited, OID AI}, } @article{obrejaMappingPoliticalLandscape2023, title = {Mapping the {Political} {Landscape} on {Social} {Media} {Using} {Bibliometrics}: {A} {Longitudinal} {Co}-{Word} {Analysis} on {Twitter} and {Facebook} {Publications} {Published} {Between} 2012 and 2021}, volume = {41}, issn = {0894-4393}, shorttitle = {Mapping the {Political} {Landscape} on {Social} {Media} {Using} {Bibliometrics}}, url = {https://doi.org/10.1177/08944393221117749}, doi = {10.1177/08944393221117749}, abstract = {Topics such as disinformation, misinformation, political polarization, and populism are frequently discussed in the social media literature. The purpose of this article is to investigate how the political emphasis on social media has evolved in the academic publications published in the last decade. Thus, using co-word analysis of the social science articles published between 2012 and 2021, which discuss politically about Facebook or Twitter (N = 3389), this article investigates whether certain major and unexpected political events—such as Donald Trump’s presidential victory and the Brexit referendum—have influenced in any way the knowledge field related to social media publications. Thus, the 2017–2021 map brings new and popular words, such as “Covid-19,” which is associated in similar clusters with words such as disinformation, fake news, and infodemic. Furthermore, the emergence of the word “Russia” places it in a common cluster with words such as bots, elections, and agenda-setting. Also, the Twitter map, unlike the Facebook one, brings a particular emphasis on Donald Trump’s activity, which appears in clusters that are similar to topics that brought him popularity on Twitter, such as: meme, migration, and refugees. Such bibliometric associations should increase policymakers’ attention to the potential use of social media as a political tool, along with designing the solutions to limit such intrusions into future political events.}, language = {en}, number = {5}, urldate = {2023-12-23}, journal = {Social Science Computer Review}, author = {Obreja, Dragoș M.}, month = oct, year = {2023}, note = {Publisher: SAGE Publications Inc}, keywords = {/unread, First Draft Report Cited, Global North, USED, OID Mis/Disinfo, Mixed}, pages = {1712--1728}, file = {Obreja - 2023 - Mapping the Political Landscape on Social Media Us.pdf:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/4CE5KUEM/Obreja - 2023 - Mapping the Political Landscape on Social Media Us.pdf:application/pdf}, } @techreport{oecdRecommendationCouncilArtificial2022, title = {Recommendation of the {Council} on {Artificial} {Intelligence}}, url = {https://oecd.ai/en/ai-principles}, abstract = {The OECD AI Principles promote innovative and trustworthy Artificial Intelligence that respects human rights and democratic values. They establish practical and flexible AI standards.}, language = {en}, urldate = {2022-12-24}, institution = {OECD/LEGAL/0449 Paris}, author = {OECD}, year = {2022}, keywords = {/unread, Global, Review, First Draft Report Cited, USED, OID AI}, file = {OECD - 2022 - Recommendation of the Council on Artificial Intell.pdf:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/LH2CHADR/OECD - 2022 - Recommendation of the Council on Artificial Intell.pdf:application/pdf}, } @misc{oecdCatalogueToolsMetrics2023, title = {Catalogue of {Tools} \& {Metrics} for {Trustworthy} {AI}}, url = {https://oecd.ai/en/catalogue}, abstract = {An interactive collection of the latest tools and resources to help AI actors be accountable and ensure that AI systems and applications respect human rights and are fair, transparent, explainable, robust, secure and safe.}, language = {en}, urldate = {2023-12-22}, author = {OECD}, year = {2023}, keywords = {/unread, Review, First Draft Report Cited, USED, OID AI}, file = {en.html:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/ZL9CYSLB/en.html:text/html;OECD - 2023 - Catalogue of Tools & Metrics for Trustworthy AI.pdf:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/9HA53VZK/OECD - 2023 - Catalogue of Tools & Metrics for Trustworthy AI.pdf:application/pdf}, } @techreport{oecdFactsNotFakes2024, title = {Facts not {Fakes}: {Tackling} {Disinformation}, {Strengthening} {Information} {Integrity}}, shorttitle = {Facts not {Fakes}}, url = {https://www.oecd.org/governance/facts-not-fakes-tackling-disinformation-strengthening-information-integrity-d909ff7a-en.htm}, abstract = {Rising disinformation has far-reaching consequences in many policy areas ranging from public health to national security. It can cast doubt on factual evidence, jeopardise the implementation of public policies and undermine people's trust in the...}, urldate = {2024-03-05}, institution = {OECD}, author = {OECD}, year = {2024}, keywords = {/unread, First Draft Report Cited, Mixed}, file = {Facts not Fakes Tackling Disinformation, Strength.pdf:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/DRQTAFJ5/Facts not Fakes Tackling Disinformation, Strength.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/ITBEMCNA/facts-not-fakes-tackling-disinformation-strengthening-information-integrity-d909ff7a-en.html:text/html}, } @misc{ofcomGenuineArticleOne2022, title = {The genuine article? {One} in three internet users fail to question misinformation}, shorttitle = {The genuine article?}, url = {https://www.ofcom.org.uk/news-centre/2022/one-in-three-internet-users-fail-to-question-misinformation}, abstract = {More than a third of internet users are unaware that online content might be false or biased, according to new Ofcom research.}, language = {en}, urldate = {2024-04-21}, journal = {Ofcom}, author = {Ofcom}, month = sep, year = {2022}, keywords = {/unread, First Draft Report Cited, Global North, USED, Quant, OID Mis/Disinfo}, file = {one-in-three-internet-users-fail-to-question-misinformation.html:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/8B6W95H8/one-in-three-internet-users-fail-to-question-misinformation.html:text/html;Snapshot:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/5H7IWVXT/one-in-three-internet-users-fail-to-question-misinformation.html:text/html}, } @techreport{ofcomAdultsMediaUse2023, title = {Adults' {Media} {Use} and {Attitudes} {Report} 2023}, url = {https://www.ofcom.org.uk/__data/assets/pdf_file/0028/255844/adults-media-use-and-attitudes-report-2023.pdf}, institution = {Ofcom}, author = {Ofcom}, month = mar, year = {2023}, keywords = {/unread, First Draft Report Cited, Global North, Quant}, file = {Ofcom - 2023 - Adults' Media Use and Attitudes Report 2023.pdf:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/9ZWLKLUZ/Ofcom - 2023 - Adults' Media Use and Attitudes Report 2023.pdf:application/pdf}, } @techreport{ofcomChildrenParentsMedia2023, title = {Children and {Parents}: {Media} {Use} and {Attitudes}}, url = {https://www.ofcom.org.uk/__data/assets/pdf_file/0027/255852/childrens-media-use-and-attitudes-report-2023.pdf}, institution = {Ofcom}, author = {Ofcom}, month = mar, year = {2023}, keywords = {/unread, First Draft Report Cited, Global North, Quant}, file = {Ofcom - 2023 - Children and Parents Media Use and Attitudes.pdf:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/YSW9BFRW/Ofcom - 2023 - Children and Parents Media Use and Attitudes.pdf:application/pdf}, } @article{ohNewsRepertoiresPolitical2021, title = {News {Repertoires} and {Political} {Information} {Efficacy}: {Focusing} on the {Mediating} {Role} of {Perceived} {News} {Overload}}, volume = {11}, issn = {2158-2440, 2158-2440}, shorttitle = {News {Repertoires} and {Political} {Information} {Efficacy}}, url = {http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/2158244020988685}, doi = {10.1177/2158244020988685}, abstract = {In an era of news abundance, people increasingly feel uncertain as to whether they possess adequate information to participate in politics. However, previous research has not paid attention to the issue of such efficacy. To fill the gap, this study examines (a) how different types of news repertoire are associated with political information efficacy and (b) how perceived news overload mediates the relationship. The findings show that people have three distinct types of news repertoires, such as commentary-oriented, TV, and social media news repertoires, and those who consume news via a commentary-oriented news repertoire tend to have a higher level of political information efficacy, while the use of TV and social media news repertoires does not show significant effects on political information efficacy. In addition to that, the perceived news overload negatively mediates the link between all three types of news repertoires and political information efficacy. Two-wave original survey data were used for analyses.}, language = {en}, number = {1}, urldate = {2024-04-05}, journal = {SAGE Open}, author = {Oh, Hae Jung and Lor, Zhieh and Choi, Jihyang}, month = jan, year = {2021}, keywords = {/unread, BRICS, First Draft Report Cited, Global North, Quant}, pages = {1--9}, file = {Available Version (via Google Scholar):/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/A8SEFMEB/2158244020988685.html:text/html;Texte intégral:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/IFA76VDP/Oh et al. - 2021 - News Repertoires and Political Information Efficac.pdf:application/pdf}, } @techreport{ofcomOnlineNation20232023, title = {Online {Nation} 2023 {Report}}, url = {https://www.ofcom.org.uk/__data/assets/pdf_file/0029/272288/online-nation-2023-report.pdf}, institution = {Ofcom}, author = {Ofcom}, month = nov, year = {2023}, keywords = {/unread, First Draft Report Cited, Global North, USED, OID Mis/Disinfo, Mixed}, file = {Ofcom - 2023 - Online Nation 2023 Report.pdf:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/5RCT6LK9/Ofcom - 2023 - Online Nation 2023 Report.pdf:application/pdf}, } @techreport{ofcomMediaLiteracyDesign2023, title = {Media {Literacy} by {Design}: {Best} practice principles for on-platform interventions to promote media literacy - {Call} for input}, url = {https://www.ofcom.org.uk/__data/assets/pdf_file/0018/270414/cfi-best-practice-principles-media-literacy.pdf}, language = {en}, institution = {Ofcom}, author = {Ofcom}, month = dec, year = {2023}, keywords = {/unread, First Draft Report Cited, Global North, Qual}, file = {Best practice principles for on-platform intervent.pdf:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/98BLI8MS/Best practice principles for on-platform intervent.pdf:application/pdf}, } @article{ohmeDigitalTraceData2023, title = {Digital {Trace} {Data} {Collection} for {Social} {Media} {Effects} {Research}: {APIs}, {Data} {Donation}, and ({Screen}) {Tracking}}, volume = {18}, url = {https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/19312458.2023.2181319}, number = {2}, urldate = {2024-04-15}, journal = {Communication Methods and Measures}, author = {Ohme, Jakob and Araujo, Theo and Boeschoten, Laura and Freelon, Deen and Ram, Nilam and Reeves, Byron B and Robinson, Thomas N}, year = {2023}, keywords = {/unread, Review, First Draft Report Cited}, pages = {124--141}, file = {Full article\: Digital Trace Data Collection for Social Media Effects Research\: APIs, Data Donation, and (Screen) Tracking:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/2T28U2GS/19312458.2023.html:text/html;Ohme et al. - 2023 - Digital Trace Data Collection for Social Media Eff.pdf:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/LG7RSWQ5/Ohme et al. - 2023 - Digital Trace Data Collection for Social Media Eff.pdf:application/pdf}, } @misc{okoloAIGlobalSouth2023, title = {{AI} in the {Global} {South}: {Opportunities} and challenges towards more inclusive governance}, shorttitle = {{AI} in the {Global} {South}}, url = {https://www.brookings.edu/articles/ai-in-the-global-south-opportunities-and-challenges-towards-more-inclusive-governance/}, abstract = {The advent of AI presents opportunities for progress in critical areas, along with unique challenges, for countries in the Global South.}, language = {en-US}, urldate = {2024-01-14}, journal = {Brookings}, author = {Okolo, Chinasa T}, month = nov, year = {2023}, keywords = {Global South, /unread, Review, First Draft Report Cited}, file = {Snapshot:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/XVA98W2G/AI in the Global South Opportunities and challeng.html:text/html}, } @article{okunlayaArtificialIntelligenceAI2022, title = {Artificial intelligence ({AI}) library services innovative conceptual framework for the digital transformation of university education}, volume = {40}, issn = {0737-8831}, url = {https://doi.org/10.1108/LHT-07-2021-0242}, doi = {10.1108/LHT-07-2021-0242}, abstract = {Purpose Artificial intelligence (AI) is one of the latest digital transformation (DT) technological trends the university library can use to provide library users with alternative educational services. AI can foster intelligent decisions for retrieving and sharing information for learning and research. However, extant literature confirms a low adoption rate by the university libraries in using AI to provide innovative alternative services, as this is missing in their strategic plan. The research develops (AI-LSICF) an artificial intelligence library services innovative conceptual framework to provide new insight into how AI technology can be used to deliver value-added innovative library services to achieve digital transformation. It will also encourage library and information professionals to adopt AI to complement effective service delivery. Design/methodology/approach This study adopts a qualitative content analysis to investigate extant literature on how AI adoption fosters innovative services in various organisations. The study also used content analysis to generate possible solutions to aid AI service innovation and delivery in university libraries. Findings This study uses its findings to develop an Artificial Intelligence Library Services Innovative Conceptual Framework (AI-LSICF) by integrating AI applications and functions into the digital transformation framework elements and discussed using a service innovation framework. Research limitations/implications In research, AI-LSICF helps increase an understanding of AI by presenting new insights into how the university library can leverage technology to actualise innovation in service provision to foster DT. This trail will be valuable to scholars and academics interested in addressing the application pathways of AI library service innovation, which is still under-explored in digital transformation. Practical implications In practice, AI-LSICF could reform the information industry from its traditional brands into a more applied and resolutely customer-driven organisation. This reformation will awaken awareness of how librarians and information professionals can leverage technology to catch up with digital transformation in this age of the fourth industrial revolution. Social implications The enlightenment of AI-LSICF will motivate library professionals to take advantage of AI's potential to enhance their current business model and achieve a unique competitive advantage within their community. Originality/value AI-LSICF development serves as a revelation, motivating university libraries and information professionals to consider AI in their strategic plan to enable technology to support university education. This act will enable alternative service delivery in the face of unforeseen circumstances like technological disruption and the present global COVID-19 pandemic that requires non-physical interaction.}, number = {6}, urldate = {2024-04-15}, journal = {Library Hi Tech}, author = {Okunlaya, Rifqah Olufunmilayo and Syed Abdullah, Norris and Alias, Rose Alinda}, month = jan, year = {2022}, note = {Publisher: Emerald Publishing Limited}, keywords = {Artificial intelligence, Global South, /unread, First Draft Report Cited, Qual, Digital transformation, COVID-19 pandemic, Digital transformation framework, Digital transformation technology, Fourth industrial revolution (4IR), Service innovation framework, University library services transformation}, pages = {1869--1892}, file = {Okunlaya et al. - 2022 - Artificial intelligence (AI) library services inno.pdf:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/4ZTNHBRL/Okunlaya et al. - 2022 - Artificial intelligence (AI) library services inno.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/INIEAD7T/html.html:text/html}, } @techreport{oladapoNigeriaDigitalRights2021, title = {Nigeria {Digital} {Rights} {Landscape} {Report}}, url = {https://opendocs.ids.ac.uk/opendocs/bitstream/handle/20.500.12413/15964/Nigeria_Report.pdf}, institution = {Institute for Development Studies, Sussex}, author = {Oladapo, Oyewole and Ojebode, Ayo}, year = {2021}, keywords = {Global South, /unread, First Draft Report Cited, Qual}, file = {Oladapo and Ojebode - 2021 - Nigeria Digital Rights Landscape Report.pdf:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/KD653IRN/Oladapo and Ojebode - 2021 - Nigeria Digital Rights Landscape Report.pdf:application/pdf}, } @article{oliverBlackProtestsUnited2022, title = {Black {Protests} in the {United} {States}, 1994 to 2010}, volume = {9}, issn = {23306696}, url = {https://sociologicalscience.com/articles-v9-12-275/}, doi = {10.15195/v9.a12}, abstract = {Using novel data, we provide the first panoramic view of U.S. Black movement protest events as reported in U.S. newswires between 1994 and 2010 and put our quantitative data into dialogue with qualitative accounts. Struggles during these years presaged the Black Lives protest waves of 2014 to 2016 and 2020. Protests increased after the 1995 Million Man March into 2001 but dropped abruptly after the 9/11 attacks. Collective action increased again at the end of the 2000s. Protests in response to police violence and other criminal-legal issues were major arenas of struggle and news coverage. Also common were issues of national identity including celebrations of Black history and Black solidarity, protests about Confederate symbols, and protests about White hate groups and hate crimes. Although Black people protested about a wide variety of issues, newswires focused disproportionately on incidents of police violence and perceived threats of Black violence. There is substantial continuity in issues, organizations, and activism between this earlier period and the Black Lives Movement of 2014 to 2020.}, language = {en}, urldate = {2024-04-25}, journal = {Sociological Science}, author = {Oliver, Pamela and Lim, Chaeyoon and Matthews, Morgan and Hanna, Alex}, year = {2022}, keywords = {Systematic literature review, /unread, First Draft Report Cited, Global North}, pages = {275--312}, file = {Oliver et al. - 2022 - Black Protests in the United States, 1994 to 2010.pdf:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/RDSCEI2T/Oliver et al. - 2022 - Black Protests in the United States, 1994 to 2010.pdf:application/pdf}, } @article{olorunjuAfricanDataTrusts2024, title = {African data trusts: new tools towards collective data governance?}, volume = {33}, issn = {1360-0834}, shorttitle = {African data trusts}, url = {https://doi.org/10.1080/13600834.2023.2260678}, doi = {10.1080/13600834.2023.2260678}, abstract = {New tools are being explored to provide collective and participatory means of governing data to promote the management of data in ways that benefit those from whom data is collected. This paper discusses whether data trusts are feasible structures in an African context by outlining specific considerations that should be prioritised in the development of bottom-up and collective models of data governance on the continent. Making use of international instruments, principles and established values like Ubuntu, the paper analyses the importance of collective decision-making through collective and participatory governance, women’s empowerment, and capacity-building, and how the alignment of data trusts to African contexts could help balance historical power differentials, and emphasise heterogeneity as the starting point of all discussions in the digital age.}, number = {1}, urldate = {2024-05-19}, journal = {Information \& Communications Technology Law}, author = {Olorunju, Nokuthula and Adams, Rachel}, month = jan, year = {2024}, note = {Publisher: Routledge \_eprint: https://doi.org/10.1080/13600834.2023.2260678}, keywords = {Africa, Data, Global South, /unread, Review, First Draft Report Cited, data governance, data justice, collective decision-making, data trusts, fundamental rights}, pages = {85--98}, file = {Full Text PDF:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/IXV8G2WG/Olorunju and Adams - 2024 - African data trusts new tools towards collective .pdf:application/pdf}, } @misc{omarDataAIElections2023, title = {Data, {AI} and elections in {Africa}: working towards a collaborative {African} response}, shorttitle = {Data, {AI} and elections in {Africa}}, url = {https://researchictafrica.net/2023/11/22/data-ai-and-elections-in-africa-working-towards-a-collaborative-african-response/}, abstract = {Artificial intelligence (AI) and other digital technology tools are increasingly being deployed to influence African politics. Civil society, government, the media, and other stakeholders must work together to understand how}, language = {en-ZA}, urldate = {2024-01-27}, journal = {Research ICT Africa}, author = {Omar, Nawal}, month = nov, year = {2023}, note = {Section: Spotlight}, keywords = {Global South, /unread, First Draft Report Cited, Qual}, file = {Omar - 2023 - Data, AI and elections in Africa working towards .pdf:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/9WRSL9AH/Omar - 2023 - Data, AI and elections in Africa working towards .pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/Y92SCB79/data-ai-and-elections-in-africa-working-towards-a-collaborative-african-response.html:text/html}, } @article{ongDemystifyingDisinformationShadow2022, title = {Demystifying disinformation shadow economies: fake news work models in {Indonesia} and the {Philippines}}, volume = {32}, issn = {0129-2986}, shorttitle = {Demystifying disinformation shadow economies}, url = {https://doi.org/10.1080/01292986.2021.1971270}, doi = {10.1080/01292986.2021.1971270}, abstract = {Engaging with the special issue theme of media freedom ‘from below,’ this article contributes ethnographically grounded and comparative research of two democratic Southeast Asian countries dealing with urgent threats to media freedom and democracy: Indonesia and the Philippines. Our research identifies the main disinformation work models in Southeast Asia, most notably through the use of buzzers (Indonesia) and trolls (the Philippines). Our research examines the increasingly gray area between trolls, buzzers and disinformation, and their increasing relationship to political elites. By explaining recent practices of political disinformation campaigns and journalist harassment, we aim to deepen understanding as to how these campaigns are organized in order to prevent them in the future. This article ultimately calls for a critical collaboration with diverse stakeholders in countering 'fake news' by examining four dominant disinformation work models.}, number = {3}, urldate = {2023-12-25}, journal = {Asian Journal of Communication}, author = {Ong, Jonathan Corpus and Tapsell, Ross}, month = may, year = {2022}, note = {Publisher: Routledge \_eprint: https://doi.org/10.1080/01292986.2021.1971270}, keywords = {Global South, /unread, First Draft Report Cited, Qual, USED, OID Mis/Disinfo, Indonesia, digital politics, disinformation-for-hire, online trolls, political economy of disinformation}, pages = {251--267}, file = {Ong and Tapsell - 2022 - Demystifying disinformation shadow economies fake.pdf:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/VZUAVA7V/Ong and Tapsell - 2022 - Demystifying disinformation shadow economies fake.pdf:application/pdf}, } @article{ozanneShallAIModerators2022, title = {Shall {AI} moderators be made visible? {Perception} of accountability and trust in moderation systems on social media platforms}, volume = {9}, issn = {2053-9517, 2053-9517}, shorttitle = {Shall {AI} moderators be made visible?}, url = {http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/20539517221115666}, doi = {10.1177/20539517221115666}, abstract = {This study examines how visibility of a content moderator and ambiguity of moderated content influence perception of the moderation system in a social media environment. In the course of a two-day pre-registered experiment conducted in a realistic social media simulation, participants encountered moderated comments that were either unequivocally harsh or ambiguously worded, and the source of moderation was either unidentified, or attributed to other users or an automated system (AI). The results show that when comments were moderated by an AI versus other users, users perceived less accountability in the moderation system and had less trust in the moderation decision, especially for ambiguously worded harassments, as opposed to clear harassment cases. However, no differences emerged in the perceived moderation fairness, objectivity, and participants confidence in their understanding of the moderation process. Overall, our study demonstrates that users tend to question the moderation decision and system more when an AI moderator is visible, which highlights the complexity of effectively managing the visibility of automatic content moderation in the social media environment.}, language = {en}, number = {2}, urldate = {2024-01-30}, journal = {Big Data \& Society}, author = {Ozanne, Marie and Bhandari, Aparajita and Bazarova, Natalya N and DiFranzo, Dominic}, month = jul, year = {2022}, keywords = {/unread, First Draft Report Cited, Global North, Quant}, pages = {1--13}, file = {Ozanne et al. - 2022 - Shall AI moderators be made visible Perception of.pdf:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/SMIPWDUU/Ozanne et al. - 2022 - Shall AI moderators be made visible Perception of.pdf:application/pdf}, } @article{paalCurrentIssuesRecent2017, title = {Current issues and recent developments on media concentration in the context of competition law and media law}, volume = {12}, url = {https://academic.oup.com/jiplp/article-abstract/12/7/610/3916940}, number = {7}, journal = {Journal of Intellectual Property Law and Practice}, author = {Paal, Boris}, year = {2017}, keywords = {/unread, Review, First Draft Report Cited, Global North, EMFA}, pages = {610--616}, file = {BorisPaal_Media Concentration.pdf:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/UIB8FZX5/BorisPaal_Media Concentration.pdf:application/pdf}, } @misc{pageDistributedGovernancePrincipalAgent2023, title = {Distributed {Governance}: a {Principal}-{Agent} {Approach} to {Data} {Governance} -- {Part} 1 {Background} \& {Core} {Definitions}}, shorttitle = {Distributed {Governance}}, url = {http://arxiv.org/abs/2308.07280}, abstract = {To address the need for regulating digital technologies without hampering innovation or pre-digital transformation regulatory frameworks, we provide a model to evolve Data governance toward Information governance and precise the relation between these two terms. This model bridges digital and non-digital information exchange.}, language = {en}, urldate = {2024-05-12}, publisher = {arXiv}, author = {Page, Philippe and Knowles, Paul and Mitwicki, Robert}, month = aug, year = {2023}, note = {arXiv:2308.07280 [cs]}, keywords = {Regulation, Computer Science - Computers and Society, /unread, First Draft Report Cited, Global North}, file = {Page et al. - 2023 - Distributed Governance a Principal-Agent Approach.pdf:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/DMVW6HJE/Page et al. - 2023 - Distributed Governance a Principal-Agent Approach.pdf:application/pdf}, } @incollection{palfreyMisinformationDisinformation2024, title = {Misinformation and {Disinformation}}, url = {https://www.britannica.com/topic/misinformation-and-disinformation}, abstract = {Misinformation is false information spread inadvertently without the intent to harm. Unlike misinformation, disinformation is false information that is designed to mislead others and is deliberately spread with the intent to manipulate truth and facts. The spread of mis- and disinformation creates challenges for society, including for democracy.}, language = {en}, urldate = {2024-04-09}, booktitle = {Encyclopeadia {Britannica}}, publisher = {Britannica}, author = {Palfrey, John}, editor = {Britannica Fact Checked}, month = mar, year = {2024}, keywords = {/unread, Review, First Draft Report Cited}, pages = {np}, file = {Snapshot:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/ZESM4NEC/misinformation-and-disinformation.html:text/html}, } @book{palleyVarietiesCapitalismSecondGeneration2023, address = {Northampton}, title = {Varieties of {Capitalism}: {Second}-{Generation} {Perspectives}}, isbn = {978-1-03-531274-0}, shorttitle = {Varieties of {Capitalism}}, abstract = {Over the past twenty years there has emerged a compelling new discourse on varieties of capitalism. That discourse has an appealing common sense which challenges the view there is no alternative to free market capitalism. The initial view had a microeconomic focus that made firms the fulcrum of analysis. It distinguished between liberal market and coordinated market economies. Subsequently, there has emerged a second-generation literature which adopts a macroeconomic perspective that emphasizes differences in drivers of growth. This book provides a collection of essays that engage those second-generation concerns and questions.The new view emphasizes income distribution, which leads to a focus on institutional structures that are shaped by policy and power. A related feature is an emphasis on politics, which is the process by which policies are made. Furthermore, it asks whether economies should be understood as the product of national choices versus global capitalist system forces. That connects with the long-standing center-periphery distinction in development economics.Economists, researchers, and students will find this volume an enlightening look at an important subject.}, language = {English}, publisher = {Edward Elgar Publishing Ltd}, editor = {Palley, Thomas and Caldentey, Esteban Pérez and Vernengo, Matías}, month = jan, year = {2023}, keywords = {/unread, Review, First Draft Report Cited, Global North}, } @techreport{pammentEUCodePractice2020, title = {{EU} {Code} of {Practice} on {Disinformation}: {Briefing} {Note} for the {New} {European} {Commission}}, shorttitle = {{EU} {Code} of {Practice} on {Disinformation}}, url = {https://policycommons.net/artifacts/430367/eu-code-of-practice-on-disinformation/1401417/}, abstract = {The EU Code of Practice on Disinformation was an important experiment that has now come to an end. But what should follow? Without a renewed focus on stakeholder engagement, efforts could stall, putting everyone at risk of disinformation attacks.}, language = {en}, urldate = {2024-05-09}, institution = {Carnegie Endowment for International Peace Working Paper}, author = {Pamment, James}, month = mar, year = {2020}, note = {Publisher: {\textless}bound method Organization.get\_name\_with\_acronym of {\textless}Organization: Carnegie Endowment for International Peace{\textgreater}{\textgreater}}, keywords = {/unread, Review, First Draft Report Cited, Global North}, file = {Snapshot:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/2BE3L5YU/1401417.html:text/html}, } @article{papaevangelouFundingIntermediariesGoogle2023, title = {Funding {Intermediaries}: {Google} and {Facebook}’s {Strategy} to {Capture} {Journalism}}, volume = {12}, issn = {2167-0811}, shorttitle = {Funding {Intermediaries}}, url = {https://doi.org/10.1080/21670811.2022.2155206}, doi = {10.1080/21670811.2022.2155206}, abstract = {With more and more governments around the world considering or having already passed laws aiming to regulate the relationship between news publishers and online platforms, primarily, by ensuring a form of remuneration of the former from the latter, we ought to understand the current situation. This article seeks to inquire who platforms fund, how and why. We created a dataset of organizations that have participated in Google News Initiative or Facebook Journalism Project by gathering data from communicative and informative material found on the websites of platforms and beneficiaries. Through our analysis, we identified stakeholders that play a crucial role in the realization of platforms’ funding programs, whom we call funding intermediaries. Therefore, this article contends that the platforms’ strategic decision has not only been to distribute money through a complicated governance structure, but also to target parts of the industry that have been hurt by an ongoing crisis, aggravated by the platforms’ dominance of the advertising industry. However, funding journalism ensures neither media capture, i.e., positive or lack of critical coverage, nor regulatory capture, i.e., avoiding or adjusting regulation. As a result, we ultimately propose to approach capture as a political-economic concept to study platform power.}, number = {2}, urldate = {2024-02-23}, journal = {Digital Journalism}, author = {Papaevangelou, Charis}, year = {2023}, note = {Publisher: Routledge \_eprint: https://doi.org/10.1080/21670811.2022.2155206}, keywords = {platform governance, /unread, First Draft Report Cited, Global North, Mixed, platform power, platformization, Facebook Journalism Project, Google News Initiative, infrastructural capture, media capture, platform funding}, pages = {234--255}, file = {Submitted Version:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/H3UBZADZ/Papaevangelou - 2023 - Funding Intermediaries Google and Facebook’s Stra.pdf:application/pdf}, } @article{parkDoesTooMuch2019, title = {Does {Too} {Much} {News} on {Social} {Media} {Discourage} {News} {Seeking}? {Mediating} {Role} of {News} {Efficacy} {Between} {Perceived} {News} {Overload} and {News} {Avoidance} on {Social} {Media}}, volume = {5}, url = {https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/epub/10.1177/2056305119872956}, number = {3}, journal = {Social Media + Society}, author = {Park, Chang Sup}, year = {2019}, keywords = {/unread, First Draft Report Cited, Global North, Quant}, pages = {1--12}, file = {Park-2019-does-too-much-news-on-social-media-discourage-news-seeking-mediating-role-of-news-efficacy-between-perceived.pdf:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/FXJ72RQP/Park-2019-does-too-much-news-on-social-media-discourage-news-seeking-mediating-role-of-news-efficacy-between-perceived.pdf:application/pdf;park-2019-does-too-much-news-on-social-media-discourage-news-seeking-mediating-role-of-news-efficacy-between-perceived.pdf:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/AHQVBZHK/park-2019-does-too-much-news-on-social-media-discourage-news-seeking-mediating-role-of-news-efficacy-between-perceived.pdf:application/pdf}, } @article{parkDecomposingKoreanNews2006, title = {Decomposing {Korean} news media credibility in the {Internet} age}, volume = {18}, url = {https://academic.oup.com/ijpor/article-abstract/18/2/238/674430}, number = {2}, urldate = {2024-04-04}, journal = {International Journal of Public Opinion Research}, author = {Park, Cheong-Yi}, year = {2006}, note = {Publisher: Oxford University Press}, keywords = {Global South, /unread, BRICS, First Draft Report Cited, Quant}, pages = {238--245}, file = {Park - 2006 - Decomposing Korean news media credibility in the I.pdf:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/YUKXDA35/Park - 2006 - Decomposing Korean news media credibility in the I.pdf:application/pdf}, } @article{parkChangingWindData2020, title = {The {Changing} {Wind} of {Data} {Privacy} {Law}: {A} {Comparative} {Study} of the {European} {Union}’s {General} {Data} {Protection} {Regulation} and the 2018 {California} {Consumer} {Privacy} {Act}}, volume = {10}, url = {https://scholarship.law.uci.edu/ucilr/vol10/iss4/11/}, language = {en}, number = {4}, journal = {UC Irvine Law Review}, author = {Park, Grace}, year = {2020}, keywords = {/unread, First Draft Report Cited, Global North}, pages = {1455--1489}, file = {Park - The Changing Wind of Data Privacy Law A Comparati.pdf:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/GQQEZAIM/Park - The Changing Wind of Data Privacy Law A Comparati.pdf:application/pdf}, } @article{pasekSchoolsIncubatorsDemocratic2008, title = {Schools as {Incubators} of {Democratic} {Participation}: {Building} {Long}-{Term} {Political} {Efficacy} with {Civic} {Education}}, volume = {12}, issn = {1088-8691}, shorttitle = {Schools as {Incubators} of {Democratic} {Participation}}, url = {https://doi.org/10.1080/10888690801910526}, doi = {10.1080/10888690801910526}, abstract = {Despite a growing consensus that civic education is an important aspect of political socialization, little research has prospectively examined how gains made during civics courses are maintained after high school. This study used a quasi-experimental design to examine longer-term effects of the Student Voices program, which was originally evaluated in Philadelphia public high schools during the 2002–2003 school year. Following the 2004 presidential election, researchers recontacted students who had participated in the program for one or two semesters and students who had been in control civics classrooms. A structural equation model indicated that students who experienced two semesters of the program reported greater self-efficacy for political participation and that this effect carried over to increased political attentiveness as well as to knowledge of candidate positions. In addition, political attentiveness increased knowledge and voting in the election. However, neither knowledge nor efficacy had direct effects on voting once attentiveness was controlled. The results suggest that a supplementary civics education program such as Student Voices can increase subsequent participation in politics by building long-term gains in political self-efficacy and skills in using the news media to follow government and political affairs.}, number = {1}, urldate = {2024-04-20}, journal = {Applied Developmental Science}, author = {Pasek, Josh and Feldman, Lauren and Romer, Daniel and Jamieson, Kathleen Hall}, month = mar, year = {2008}, note = {Publisher: Routledge \_eprint: https://doi.org/10.1080/10888690801910526}, keywords = {/unread, First Draft Report Cited, Global North, Quant}, pages = {26--37}, file = {Pasek et al. - 2008 - Schools as Incubators of Democratic Participation.pdf:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/VN2SBZRE/Pasek et al. - 2008 - Schools as Incubators of Democratic Participation.pdf:application/pdf}, } @article{pennycookFightingCOVID19Misinformation2020, title = {Fighting {COVID}-19 {Misinformation} on {Social} {Media}: {Experimental} {Evidence} for a {Scalable} {Accuracy}-{Nudge} {Intervention}}, volume = {31}, issn = {0956-7976}, shorttitle = {Fighting {COVID}-19 {Misinformation} on {Social} {Media}}, url = {https://doi.org/10.1177/0956797620939054}, doi = {10.1177/0956797620939054}, abstract = {Across two studies with more than 1,700 U.S. adults recruited online, we present evidence that people share false claims about COVID-19 partly because they simply fail to think sufficiently about whether or not the content is accurate when deciding what to share. In Study 1, participants were far worse at discerning between true and false content when deciding what they would share on social media relative to when they were asked directly about accuracy. Furthermore, greater cognitive reflection and science knowledge were associated with stronger discernment. In Study 2, we found that a simple accuracy reminder at the beginning of the study (i.e., judging the accuracy of a non-COVID-19-related headline) nearly tripled the level of truth discernment in participants’ subsequent sharing intentions. Our results, which mirror those found previously for political fake news, suggest that nudging people to think about accuracy is a simple way to improve choices about what to share on social media.}, language = {en}, number = {7}, urldate = {2024-04-19}, journal = {Psychological Science}, author = {Pennycook, Gordon and McPhetres, Jonathon and Zhang, Yunhao and Lu, Jackson G. and Rand, David G.}, month = jul, year = {2020}, note = {Publisher: SAGE Publications Inc}, keywords = {/unread, First Draft Report Cited, Global North, Quant}, pages = {770--780}, file = {SAGE PDF Full Text:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/LQDEEHJ6/Pennycook et al. - 2020 - Fighting COVID-19 Misinformation on Social Media .pdf:application/pdf}, } @techreport{peoplespanelonaiConnectedDataInvolving2024, address = {London}, title = {Connected by data: {Involving} the {Public} in {AI} {Policy} {Making}, {Experience} from the {People}'s {Panel} on {AI}}, url = {https://connectedbydata.org/projects/2023-peoples-panel-on-ai}, language = {en}, urldate = {2024-02-23}, institution = {Connected by Data}, author = {People's Panel on AI}, month = feb, year = {2024}, keywords = {/unread, First Draft Report Cited, Global North, Qual}, file = {People's Panel on AI - 2024 - Connected by data Involving the Public in AI Poli.pdf:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/P5SIRWRB/People's Panel on AI - 2024 - Connected by data Involving the Public in AI Poli.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/JRINJJCJ/2023-peoples-panel-on-ai.html:text/html}, } @article{pequenoTwitterStartsPaying2023, title = {Twitter {Starts} {Paying} {Creators} {Tens} {Of} {Thousands} — {Amid} {Intensifying} {Competition} {With} {Threads}}, url = {https://www.forbes.com/sites/antoniopequenoiv/2023/07/13/twitter-starts-paying-creators-tens-of-thousands---amid-intensifying-competition-with-threads/?sh=11b24b09698e}, journal = {Forbes}, author = {Pequeno, Antonio}, month = jul, year = {2023}, keywords = {/unread, Review, First Draft Report Cited}, } @article{perez-curielImpactTrumpsDigital2021, title = {Impact of {Trump}’s {Digital} {Rhetoric} on the {US} {Elections}: {A} {View} from {Worldwide} {Far}-{Right} {Populism}}, volume = {10}, copyright = {http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/}, issn = {2076-0760}, shorttitle = {Impact of {Trump}’s {Digital} {Rhetoric} on the {US} {Elections}}, url = {https://www.mdpi.com/2076-0760/10/5/152}, doi = {10.3390/socsci10050152}, abstract = {A time of turmoil and uncertainty is invading the public sphere. Under the framework of the 2020 US elections, populist leaders around the world supported Trump’s speech on Twitter, sharing a common ideology and language. This study examines which issues (issue frame), and strategies (game frame) framed the messages of populism on Twitter by analyzing the equivalences through Trump’s storytelling and checking the bias of the media in the coverage of the US elections. We selected a sample of tweets (n = 1497) and digital front pages of global newspapers (n = 112) from the date of the Trump/Biden face-to-face debate (29 September 2020) until the Democratic party candidate was proclaimed the winner of the elections by the media (7 November 2020). Using a content analysis method based on triangulation (quantitative and qualitative-discursive), we analyzed the Twitter accounts of five leaders (@realDonalTrump, @MLP\_officiel, @matteosalvinimi, @Santi\_ABASCAL, and @Jairbolsonaro) and five digital front pages (The New York Times, O Globo, Le Monde, La Repubblica, and El País). The results show that populist politicians reproduced the discourse of fraud and conspiracy typical of Trump’s politics on Twitter. The negative bias of the media was also confirmed, giving prominence to a rhetoric of disinformation that overlaps with the theory of populism.}, language = {en}, number = {5}, urldate = {2024-04-15}, journal = {Social Sciences}, author = {Pérez-Curiel, Concha and Rivas-de-Roca, Rubén and García-Gordillo, Mar}, month = may, year = {2021}, note = {Number: 5 Publisher: Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute}, keywords = {Twitter, disinformation, elections, polarization, United States, legacy media, Trump, voters, /unread, First Draft Report Cited, Mixed, political populism}, pages = {1--17}, file = {Full Text PDF:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/KD2WYVLY/Pérez-Curiel et al. - 2021 - Impact of Trump’s Digital Rhetoric on the US Elect.pdf:application/pdf}, } @article{perloffThreeDecadeRetrospectiveHostile2015, title = {A {Three}-{Decade} {Retrospective} on the {Hostile} {Media} {Effect}}, volume = {18}, issn = {1520-5436}, url = {https://doi.org/10.1080/15205436.2015.1051234}, doi = {10.1080/15205436.2015.1051234}, abstract = {Some 30 years ago, Vallone, Ross, and Lepper (1985) conducted a pioneering study of the hostile media effect in which they demonstrated that partisans perceive media coverage as unfairly biased against their side. Over the ensuing decades, scores of experiments and surveys have extended their findings, demonstrating hostile media effects in a variety of domains. Taking the measure of the research more than 30 years later by systematically reviewing the many studies conducted in different locales, this article summarizes the knowledge base on the hostile media effect. The article integrates findings, clarifies conceptual issues, and presents two research-based models of the effect. Future scholarly pathways are suggested, with a focus on how hostile media biases may change—or continue—in an era vastly different than the mass communication-dominated age in which the concept was pioneered.}, number = {6}, urldate = {2024-05-13}, journal = {Mass Communication and Society}, author = {Perloff, Richard M.}, month = nov, year = {2015}, note = {Publisher: Routledge \_eprint: https://doi.org/10.1080/15205436.2015.1051234}, keywords = {/unread, Review, First Draft Report Cited}, pages = {701--729}, file = {Perloff - 2015 - A Three-Decade Retrospective on the Hostile Media .pdf:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/9P79NL5X/Perloff - 2015 - A Three-Decade Retrospective on the Hostile Media .pdf:application/pdf}, } @article{perrigoExclusiveOpenAILobbied2023, title = {Exclusive: {OpenAI} {Lobbied} {E}.{U}. to {Water} {Down} {AI} {Regulation}}, shorttitle = {Exclusive}, url = {https://time.com/6288245/openai-eu-lobbying-ai-act/}, abstract = {In public, OpenAI is calling for stronger AI guardrails. But documents show the company lobbied to weaken EU regulation}, language = {en}, urldate = {2024-04-23}, journal = {TIME}, author = {Perrigo, Billy}, month = jun, year = {2023}, keywords = {/unread, Review, First Draft Report Cited, Global North}, file = {Snapshot:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/W9ACAH3B/openai-eu-lobbying-ai-act.html:text/html}, } @article{petersWhyItExpensive2016, title = {Why {Is} {It} {So} {Expensive} to {Read} {Academic} {Research}?}, issn = {1091-2339}, url = {https://slate.com/technology/2016/04/the-lawsuit-against-sci-hub-begs-the-question-why-are-academic-journals-so-expensive-anyway.html}, abstract = {Content piracy may be illegal, but price gouging is at least as despicable.}, language = {en-US}, urldate = {2024-05-16}, journal = {Slate}, author = {Peters, Justin}, month = apr, year = {2016}, note = {Section: Science}, keywords = {/unread, Review, First Draft Report Cited}, file = {Snapshot:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/FPAKTTZM/the-lawsuit-against-sci-hub-begs-the-question-why-are-academic-journals-so-expensive-anyway.html:text/html}, } @misc{petrosyanInternetSocialMedia2024, title = {Internet and social media users in the world 2024}, url = {https://www.statista.com/statistics/617136/digital-population-worldwide/}, abstract = {How many people use the internet in 2023? Several billion individuals who have access to the internet are social media users too.}, language = {en}, urldate = {2024-05-15}, journal = {Statista}, author = {Petrosyan, Ani}, month = may, year = {2024}, keywords = {/unread, Global, First Draft Report Cited, Quant}, file = {Snapshot:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/PLLCFIE7/digital-population-worldwide.html:text/html}, } @article{pfeifferAlgorithmicFairnessAI2023, title = {Algorithmic {Fairness} in {AI}}, volume = {65}, issn = {1867-0202}, url = {https://doi.org/10.1007/s12599-023-00787-x}, doi = {10.1007/s12599-023-00787-x}, language = {en}, number = {2}, urldate = {2024-04-15}, journal = {Business \& Information Systems Engineering}, author = {Pfeiffer, Jella and Gutschow, Julia and Haas, Christian and Möslein, Florian and Maspfuhl, Oliver and Borgers, Frederik and Alpsancar, Suzana}, month = apr, year = {2023}, keywords = {/unread, Review, First Draft Report Cited, Global North}, pages = {209--222}, file = {Algorithmic Fairness in AI | Business & Information Systems Engineering:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/QJQTSZE3/s12599-023-00787-x.html:text/html;Full Text PDF:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/AJ6ZJQ48/Pfeiffer et al. - 2023 - Algorithmic Fairness in AI.pdf:application/pdf;Pfeiffer et al. - 2023 - Algorithmic Fairness in AI Business & Informatio.pdf:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/CQPK4SP7/Pfeiffer et al. - 2023 - Algorithmic Fairness in AI Business & Informatio.pdf:application/pdf}, } @book{pickardDemocracyJournalismConfronting2020, address = {New York}, title = {Democracy {Without} {Journalism}: {Confronting} the {Misinformation} {Society}}, url = {https://academic.oup.com/book/35132}, publisher = {Oxford University Press}, author = {Pickard, V}, year = {2020}, keywords = {/unread, Review, First Draft Report Cited, Global North, OID Media}, } @book{pickardAmericasBattleMedia2014, address = {Cambridge}, series = {Communication, {Society} and {Politics}}, title = {America's {Battle} for {Media} {Democracy}: {The} {Triumph} of {Corporate} {Libertarianism} and the {Future} of {Media} {Reform}}, isbn = {978-1-107-03833-2}, shorttitle = {America's {Battle} for {Media} {Democracy}}, url = {https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/americas-battle-for-media-democracy/0D802B5AECBF7BA06189B26FECA9F574}, abstract = {How did the American media system become what it is today? Why do American media have so few public interest regulations compared with other democratic nations? How did the system become dominated by a few corporations, and why are structural problems like market failures routinely avoided in media policy discourse? By tracing the answers to many of these questions back to media policy battles in the 1940s, this book explains how this happened and why it matters today. Drawing from extensive archival research, the book uncovers the American media system's historical roots and normative foundations. It charts the rise and fall of a forgotten media reform movement to recover alternatives and paths not taken. As much about the present and future as it is about the past, the book proposes policies for remaking media based on democratic values for the digital age.}, urldate = {2024-04-25}, publisher = {Cambridge University Press}, author = {Pickard, Victor}, year = {2014}, doi = {10.1017/CBO9781139814799}, keywords = {/unread, Review, First Draft Report Cited, Global North}, file = {Snapshot:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/L8Q2PNB8/0D802B5AECBF7BA06189B26FECA9F574.html:text/html}, } @article{pickardRestructuringDemocraticInfrastructures2020, title = {Restructuring {Democratic} {Infrastructures}: {A} {Policy} {Approach} to the {Journalism} {Crisis}}, volume = {8}, url = {https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/21670811.2020.1733433}, number = {6}, journal = {Digital Journalism}, author = {Pickard, Victor}, year = {2020}, keywords = {/unread, Review, First Draft Report Cited, Global North}, pages = {704--719}, file = {21670811.2020.1733433.pdf:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/SJQFXI5F/21670811.2020.1733433.pdf:application/pdf}, } @incollection{pickardMonopolyControlDigital2020, address = {Oxford}, title = {Monopoly {Control} over {Digital} {Infrastructures}}, isbn = {978-0-19-094675-3 978-0-19-094679-1}, url = {https://academic.oup.com/book/35132/chapter/299308100}, abstract = {Chapter 4 brings into focus various structural threats to journalism, including monopoly control over media infrastructures, the loss of public interest protections, digital divides, and the “Facebook problem.” It examines how monopolies—from platforms to traditional conglomerates and broadband cartels—threaten the entire news media system. The chapter goes on to provide an overview of why media policy matters for journalism and how different ownership structures affect media content. It then concludes with an in-depth discussion of Facebook’s relationship to journalism and the different schools of thought on how we should rein in monopolies.}, language = {en}, urldate = {2023-12-01}, booktitle = {Democracy without {Journalism}?}, publisher = {Oxford University Press}, author = {Pickard, Victor}, collaborator = {Pickard, Victor}, month = feb, year = {2020}, doi = {10.1093/oso/9780190946753.003.0005}, keywords = {/unread, Review, First Draft Report Cited, Global North}, pages = {104--135}, } @incollection{pickardCanJournalismSurvive2022, address = {London}, title = {Can {Journalism} {Survive} in the {Age} of {Platform} {Monopolies}? {Confronting} {Facebook}’s {Negative} {Externalities}}, isbn = {030-95220-4 (eBook) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-95220-4}, url = {https://library.oapen.org/bitstream/handle/20.500.12657/56979/1/978-3-030-95220-4.pdf#page=38}, booktitle = {Digital {Platform} {Regulation}: {Global} {Perspectives} on {Internet} {Governance}}, publisher = {Palgrave Macmillan}, author = {Pickard, Victor}, editor = {Flew, Terry and Martin, Fiona R.}, year = {2022}, keywords = {/unread, Global, Review, First Draft Report Cited}, pages = {23--42}, file = {Pickard - 2022 - Can Journalism Survive in the Age of Platform Mono.pdf:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/UJ3GJSY6/Pickard - 2022 - Can Journalism Survive in the Age of Platform Mono.pdf:application/pdf}, } @article{pickardDemocratizingPlatformsPromises2022, title = {Democratizing the platforms: {Promises} and perils of public utility regulation}, volume = {68}, url = {https://www.asc.upenn.edu/sites/default/files/2022-10/Democratizing%20the%20platforms%20-%20Victor%20Pickard.pdf}, number = {3}, journal = {Media Development}, author = {Pickard, Victor}, year = {2022}, keywords = {/unread, Review, First Draft Report Cited, Global North}, pages = {6--10}, file = {Pickard - 2022 - Democratizing the platforms Promises and perils o.pdf:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/H7EIL3A3/Pickard - 2022 - Democratizing the platforms Promises and perils o.pdf:application/pdf}, } @book{pickardNetNeutralityNew2019, address = {New Haven}, edition = {Illustrated edition}, title = {After {Net} {Neutrality}: {A} {New} {Deal} for the {Digital} {Age}}, isbn = {978-0-300-24140-2}, shorttitle = {After {Net} {Neutrality}}, abstract = {A provocative analysis of net neutrality and a call to democratize online communication   This short book is both a primer that explains the history and politics of net neutrality and an argument for a more equitable framework for regulating access to the internet. Pickard and Berman argue that we should not see internet service as a commodity but as a public good necessary for sustaining democratic society in the twenty-first century. They aim to reframe the threat to net neutrality as more than a conflict between digital leviathans like Google and internet service providers like Comcast but as part of a much wider project to commercialize the public sphere and undermine the free speech essential for democracy. Readers will come away with a better understanding of the key concepts underpinning the net neutrality battle and rallying points for future action to democratize online communication.}, language = {English}, publisher = {Yale University Press}, author = {Pickard, Victor and Berman, David Elliot}, month = nov, year = {2019}, keywords = {/unread, Review, First Draft Report Cited}, } @article{pielemeierDisentanglingDisinformationWhat2020, title = {Disentangling {Disinformation}: {What} {Makes} {Regulating} {Disinformation} {So} {Difficult}? {Symposium}: {News}, {Disinformation}, and {Social} {Media} {Responsibility}}, volume = {2020}, shorttitle = {Disentangling {Disinformation}}, url = {https://heinonline.org/HOL/P?h=hein.journals/utahlr2020&i=957}, language = {eng}, number = {4}, urldate = {2023-11-29}, journal = {Utah Law Review}, author = {Pielemeier, Jason}, year = {2020}, keywords = {/unread, Review, First Draft Report Cited, Global North}, pages = {917--940}, file = {Pielemeier - 2020 - Disentangling Disinformation What Makes Regulatin.pdf:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/3WBSCZIJ/Pielemeier - 2020 - Disentangling Disinformation What Makes Regulatin.pdf:application/pdf}, } @article{pinkletonPerceptionsNewsMedia2012, title = {Perceptions of {News} {Media}, {External} {Efficacy}, and {Public} {Affairs} {Apathy} in {Political} {Decision} {Making} and {Disaffection}}, volume = {89}, issn = {1077-6990, 2161-430X}, url = {http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/1077699011428586}, doi = {10.1177/1077699011428586}, abstract = {A telephone survey of 416 randomly selected registered voters examined the distinctive contributions of cynicism and skepticism to citizens’ media satisfaction, external political efficacy, and apathy. Results suggest that cynicism and skepticism reflect dissatisfaction with media coverage, but have opposite effects on external efficacy. Cynicism has no relationship with apathy, while skepticism decreases it. Satisfaction with news media increases efficacy and apathy. Although cynicism’s relationship to efficacy is of concern, these findings undercut the argument frequently made that dissatisfaction with media coverage is responsible for cynicism and political apathy.}, language = {en}, number = {1}, urldate = {2024-04-03}, journal = {Journalism \& Mass Communication Quarterly}, author = {Pinkleton, Bruce E. and Austin, Erica Weintraub and Zhou, Yushu and Willoughby, Jessica Fitts and Reiser, Megan}, month = mar, year = {2012}, keywords = {/unread, First Draft Report Cited, Global North, Quant}, pages = {23--39}, file = {Available Version (via Google Scholar):/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/55C2USTS/1077699011428586.html:text/html;Pinkleton et al. - 2012 - Perceptions of News Media, External Efficacy, and .pdf:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/C7MUNIKH/Pinkleton et al. - 2012 - Perceptions of News Media, External Efficacy, and .pdf:application/pdf}, } @article{pintakMissionArabJournalism2008, title = {The {Mission} of {Arab} {Journalism}: {Creating} {Change} in a {Time} of {Turmoil}}, volume = {13}, copyright = {http://journals.sagepub.com/page/policies/text-and-data-mining-license}, issn = {1940-1612, 1940-1620}, shorttitle = {The {Mission} of {Arab} {Journalism}}, url = {http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/1940161208317142}, doi = {10.1177/1940161208317142}, abstract = {In the years after 9/11, the Bush administration repeatedly charged that the Arab media are biased against the United States. A cross-border survey of 601 Arab journalists found that much of the conventional wisdom that has shaped U.S. public diplomacy policy toward the region lacks substance.Arab journalists see their mission as that of driving political and social reform in the Middle East and North Africa. Iraq and Palestine fall well below such internal Arab issues as political reform, human rights, poverty, and education as priority concerns.They draw a clear distinction between U.S. policy and the American people; criticize the U.S. for failing to live up to its ideals, which they largely share; and exhibit skepticism about the role of the clergy. Politically, half call themselves “democrats,” and they most closely identify with the pan-Arab region and the broader Muslim world, not with an individual nation-state.}, language = {en}, number = {3}, urldate = {2024-03-28}, journal = {The International Journal of Press/Politics}, author = {Pintak, Lawrence and Ginges, Jeremy}, month = jul, year = {2008}, keywords = {Global South, /unread, First Draft Report Cited, Quant}, pages = {193--227}, file = {Pintak et Ginges - 2008 - The Mission of Arab Journalism Creating Change in.pdf:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/VT2GZPME/Pintak et Ginges - 2008 - The Mission of Arab Journalism Creating Change in.pdf:application/pdf}, } @article{pintakPakistaniJournalismCrossroads2013, title = {Pakistani journalism: at the crossroads of {Muslim} identity, national priorities and journalistic culture}, volume = {35}, issn = {0163-4437, 1460-3675}, shorttitle = {Pakistani journalism}, url = {http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/0163443713483654}, doi = {10.1177/0163443713483654}, abstract = {A loosening of controls on the Pakistani media in recent years has meant the influence of Pakistani journalists is increasingly being felt in country’s tumultuous internal politics and its relations with the West. That has sparked a backlash, which has made Pakistan among the most dangerous places in the world for journalists. Given the country’s key strategic role, both in terms of South Asian regional geo-politics and in the broader global struggle against radical Islamist militancy, it is important to better understand the evolution of media culture in Pakistani society. A nationwide survey, replicating recent studies of Arab and Indonesian journalists, found that nationalism, religious identity and a growing sense of professionalism shape the worldview of Pakistani journalists, whose overarching goals include defending national sovereignty and facilitating societal development.}, language = {en}, number = {5}, urldate = {2024-03-28}, journal = {Media, Culture \& Society}, author = {Pintak, Lawrence and Nazir, Syed Javed}, month = jul, year = {2013}, keywords = {Global South, /unread, First Draft Report Cited, Quant}, pages = {640--665}, file = {Pintak et Nazir - 2013 - Pakistani journalism at the crossroads of Muslim .pdf:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/XHJQTFX8/Pintak et Nazir - 2013 - Pakistani journalism at the crossroads of Muslim .pdf:application/pdf}, } @article{plantinInfrastructureStudiesMeet2018, title = {Infrastructure studies meet platform studies in the age of {Google} and {Facebook}}, volume = {20}, issn = {1461-4448}, url = {https://doi.org/10.1177/1461444816661553}, doi = {10.1177/1461444816661553}, abstract = {Two theoretical approaches have recently emerged to characterize new digital objects of study in the media landscape: infrastructure studies and platform studies. Despite their separate origins and different features, we demonstrate in this article how the cross-articulation of these two perspectives improves our understanding of current digital media. We use case studies of the Open Web, Facebook, and Google to demonstrate that infrastructure studies provides a valuable approach to the evolution of shared, widely accessible systems and services of the type often provided or regulated by governments in the public interest. On the other hand, platform studies captures how communication and expression are both enabled and constrained by new digital systems and new media. In these environments, platform-based services acquire characteristics of infrastructure, while both new and existing infrastructures are built or reorganized on the logic of platforms. We conclude by underlining the potential of this combined framework for future case studies.}, language = {en}, number = {1}, urldate = {2024-04-15}, journal = {New Media \& Society}, author = {Plantin, Jean-Christophe and Lagoze, Carl and Edwards, Paul N and Sandvig, Christian}, month = jan, year = {2018}, note = {Publisher: SAGE Publications}, keywords = {/unread, Review, First Draft Report Cited}, pages = {293--310}, file = {Accepted Version:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/NT2ZFALB/Plantin et al. - 2018 - Infrastructure studies meet platform studies in th.pdf:application/pdf}, } @techreport{pocinoAlgorithmsNewsroomsChallenges2021, title = {Algorithms in the {Newsrooms}: {Challenges} and {Recommendations} for {Artificial} {Intelligence} with the {Ethical} {Values} of {Journalism}}, url = {https://fcic.periodistes.cat/wp-content/uploads/2022/03/venglishDIGITAL_ALGORITMES-A-LES-REDACCIONS_ENG-1.pdf}, institution = {Catalan Press Council}, author = {Pocino, Patrícia Ventura}, year = {2021}, keywords = {/unread, First Draft Report Cited, Global North, OID Media, USED, Quant}, file = {Pocino - 2021 - Algorithms in the Newsrooms Challenges and Recomm.pdf:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/Z3AQFNIU/Pocino - 2021 - Algorithms in the Newsrooms Challenges and Recomm.pdf:application/pdf}, } @article{poellSpacesNegotiationAnalyzing2023, title = {Spaces of {Negotiation}: {Analyzing} {Platform} {Power} in the {News} {Industry}}, volume = {11}, issn = {2167-0811}, shorttitle = {Spaces of {Negotiation}}, url = {https://doi.org/10.1080/21670811.2022.2103011}, doi = {10.1080/21670811.2022.2103011}, abstract = {This article develops an analytical framework to examine the contingent power relations between news organizations and platforms. Eschewing one-sided, monolithic perspectives on platform dominance, we instead theorize power as relational. From this perspective, we observe important variations in news organizations’ degree of platform in/dependence. Examining these variations, we propose the concept of spaces of negotiation, which refers to the opportunities available to news organizations to determine how they produce, distribute, and monetize content vis-à-vis platforms. Building on research in journalism studies, platform studies, and related disciplines, we identify three key variables that shape these spaces of negotiation: (1) platform evolution, (2) stage of production, and (3) type of news organization. A systematic analysis of these variables, we contend, allows for a more nuanced, less deterministic understanding of the role of platform companies in transforming the news landscape.}, number = {8}, urldate = {2023-12-25}, journal = {Digital Journalism}, author = {Poell, Thomas and Nieborg, David B. and Duffy, Brooke Erin}, month = sep, year = {2023}, note = {Publisher: Routledge \_eprint: https://doi.org/10.1080/21670811.2022.2103011}, keywords = {platforms, journalism studies, power, platform studies, /unread, Review, First Draft Report Cited, Global North, USED, OID Data Gov, business models, metrics, negotiations, News publishers}, pages = {1391--1409}, file = {Poell et al. - 2023 - Spaces of Negotiation Analyzing Platform Power in.pdf:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/HXJAGYSV/Poell et al. - 2023 - Spaces of Negotiation Analyzing Platform Power in.pdf:application/pdf}, } @article{poellPlatformisation2019, title = {Platformisation}, volume = {8}, issn = {2197-6775}, url = {https://policyreview.info/concepts/platformisation}, abstract = {What is platformisation? This article contextualises, defines, and operationalises the concept. Drawing insights from different scholarly perspectives on platforms it develops a comprehensive approach to this process.}, number = {4}, urldate = {2024-05-14}, journal = {Internet Policy Review}, author = {Poell, Thomas and Nieborg, David and Dijck, José van}, month = nov, year = {2019}, keywords = {/unread, Review, First Draft Report Cited}, pages = {1--13}, file = {Full Text PDF:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/2A64BIBD/Poell et al. - 2019 - Platformisation.pdf:application/pdf}, } @article{pollicinoConstitutionalDemocracyPlatform2022, title = {Constitutional {Democracy}, {Platform} {Powers} and {Digital} {Populism}}, volume = {8}, url = {https://constitutionalstudies.wisc.edu/index.php/cs/article/view/87}, number = {1}, journal = {Constitutional Studies}, author = {Pollicino, Oreste and De Gregorio, Giovanni}, year = {2022}, keywords = {/unread, Review, First Draft Report Cited}, pages = {11--34}, file = {UW-CS8-03_Pollicino_WEB.pdf:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/M62RKBCK/UW-CS8-03_Pollicino_WEB.pdf:application/pdf}, } @incollection{polyakMediaHungaryThree2019, title = {Media in {Hungary}: {Three} {Pillars} of an {Illiberal} {Democracy}.}, url = {https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-02710-0_13}, booktitle = {Public {Service} {Broadcasting} and {Media} {Systems} in {Troubled} {European} {Democracies}}, publisher = {Palgrave Macmillan}, author = {Polyák, G}, editor = {Połońska, E and Beckett, Charlie}, year = {2019}, keywords = {/unread, Review, First Draft Report Cited, Global North}, pages = {279--303}, } @article{popielTechLobbyTracing2018, title = {The {Tech} {Lobby}: {Tracing} the {Contours} of {New} {Media} {Elite} {Lobbying} {Power}}, volume = {11}, copyright = {https://academic.oup.com/journals/pages/open\_access/funder\_policies/chorus/standard\_publication\_model}, issn = {1753-9129, 1753-9137}, shorttitle = {The {Tech} {Lobby}}, url = {https://academic.oup.com/ccc/article/11/4/566/5145020}, doi = {10.1093/ccc/tcy027}, abstract = {This article traces the contours of media elite power via tech industry lobbying of the U.S. government. Tech companies wield considerable influence over digital communications, and the success of their lobbies in accomplishing policy goals reflects their ability to maintain and expand that power. The analysis reveals the depth and pervasiveness of their political influence; a proxy for media elite power. Exploring the ideological framing of the issues on which these companies lobby offers insights into how this power operates, subsuming the public interest under corporate priorities. Finally, analyzing tensions between state and lobby interests reveals both the implications of their political activity and the contours of lobbying as an instrument of media elite power.}, language = {en}, number = {4}, urldate = {2024-04-23}, journal = {Communication, Culture and Critique}, author = {Popiel, Pawel}, month = dec, year = {2018}, keywords = {/unread, Review, First Draft Report Cited, Global North}, pages = {566--585}, file = {Popiel - 2018 - The Tech Lobby Tracing the Contours of New Media .pdf:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/DXKDU4DN/Popiel - 2018 - The Tech Lobby Tracing the Contours of New Media .pdf:application/pdf}, } @article{porterGlobalEffectivenessFactchecking2021, title = {The global effectiveness of fact-checking: {Evidence} from simultaneous experiments in {Argentina}, {Nigeria}, {South} {Africa}, and the {United} {Kingdom}}, volume = {118}, shorttitle = {The global effectiveness of fact-checking}, url = {https://www.pnas.org/doi/10.1073/pnas.2104235118}, doi = {10.1073/pnas.2104235118}, abstract = {The spread of misinformation is a global phenomenon, with implications for elections, state-sanctioned violence, and health outcomes. Yet, even though scholars have investigated the capacity of fact-checking to reduce belief in misinformation, little evidence exists on the global effectiveness of this approach. We describe fact-checking experiments conducted simultaneously in Argentina, Nigeria, South Africa, and the United Kingdom, in which we studied whether fact-checking can durably reduce belief in misinformation. In total, we evaluated 22 fact-checks, including two that were tested in all four countries. Fact-checking reduced belief in misinformation, with most effects still apparent more than 2 wk later. A meta-analytic procedure indicates that fact-checks reduced belief in misinformation by at least 0.59 points on a 5-point scale. Exposure to misinformation, however, only increased false beliefs by less than 0.07 points on the same scale. Across continents, fact-checks reduce belief in misinformation, often durably so.}, number = {37}, urldate = {2023-12-28}, journal = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences}, author = {Porter, Ethan and Wood, Thomas J.}, month = sep, year = {2021}, note = {Publisher: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences}, keywords = {Global South, /unread, First Draft Report Cited, USED, Quant, OID Mis/Disinfo}, pages = {1--7}, file = {Porter and Wood - 2021 - The global effectiveness of fact-checking Evidenc.pdf:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/HVZGQRQW/Porter and Wood - 2021 - The global effectiveness of fact-checking Evidenc.pdf:application/pdf}, } @techreport{posettiDisinfodemicDecipheringCOVID192020, title = {Disinfodemic: deciphering {COVID}-19 disinformation}, url = {https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000374416.locale=en}, institution = {UNESCO Policy Brief 1}, author = {Posetti, Julie and Bontcheva, Kalina}, year = {2020}, keywords = {Systematic literature review, /unread, Global, First Draft Report Cited}, file = {Posetti, Julie and Bontcheva, Kalina - Disinfodemic deciphering COVID-19 disinformation.pdf:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/8P5XJTH4/Posetti, Julie and Bontcheva, Kalina - Disinfodemic deciphering COVID-19 disinformation.pdf:application/pdf}, } @techreport{posettiChillingGlobalStudy2022, address = {Washington, DC}, type = {Project {Report}.}, title = {The {Chilling}: {A} {Global} {Study} of {Online} {Violence} {Against} {Women} {Journalists}}, url = {https://www.icfj.org/our-work/chilling-global-study-online-violence-against-women-journalists}, institution = {International Center for Journalists (ICFJ), UNESCO}, author = {Posetti, Julie and Shabbir, Nabeelah and Douglas, Omega and Gardiner, Becky}, year = {2022}, keywords = {/unread, Global, First Draft Report Cited, Mixed}, file = {Posetti et al. - 2022 - The Chilling A Global Study of Online Violence Ag.pdf:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/JSJKT59L/Posetti et al. - 2022 - The Chilling A Global Study of Online Violence Ag.pdf:application/pdf}, } @article{pospiesznaBuildingActiveYouth2023, title = {Building active youth in post-{Soviet} countries through civic education programmes: evidence from {Poland}}, volume = {39}, issn = {2159-9165}, shorttitle = {Building active youth in post-{Soviet} countries through civic education programmes}, url = {https://doi.org/10.1080/21599165.2022.2102608}, doi = {10.1080/21599165.2022.2102608}, abstract = {This study examines democracy promotion efforts that target young people in post-Soviet countries. Specifically we assess the effectiveness of a civic education programme in Poland in improving attitudes toward democracy and self-perceptions of political efficacy. The analysis of quasi-experimental data reveals that young citizens from post-Soviet states (Belarus, Moldova, Russia, and Ukraine) were more likely to show greater support of democratic institutions, hold democratic attitudes, and perceive themselves as having political efficacy. However, we interpret the results with caution as changes in the attitudes were not substantial. This may be attributed to the fact that democracy education programmes attract already politically and socially active young people.}, number = {2}, urldate = {2024-05-08}, journal = {East European Politics}, author = {Pospieszna, Paulina and Lown, Patrick and Dietrich, Simone}, month = apr, year = {2023}, note = {Publisher: Routledge \_eprint: https://doi.org/10.1080/21599165.2022.2102608}, keywords = {youth, /unread, First Draft Report Cited, Global North, Qual, Quant, civic education, Democracy assistance, evaluation, NGOs, social experiment}, pages = {321--344}, file = {Full Text PDF:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/76I7EWM4/Pospieszna et al. - 2023 - Building active youth in post-Soviet countries thr.pdf:application/pdf}, } @incollection{postHateSpeech2009, title = {Hate {Speech}}, url = {https://academic.oup.com/book/32953}, booktitle = {Extreme {Speech} and {Democracy}}, publisher = {Oxford University Press}, author = {Post, Robert}, editor = {Hare, Ivan and Weinstein, James}, year = {2009}, keywords = {/unread, Review, First Draft Report Cited}, pages = {123--138}, file = {Post - 2009 - Hate Speech.pdf:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/T7BGV3F3/Post - 2009 - Hate Speech.pdf:application/pdf}, } @article{powellOpenCultureInnovation2015, title = {Open culture and innovation: integrating knowledge across boundaries}, volume = {37}, issn = {0163-4437}, shorttitle = {Open culture and innovation}, url = {https://doi.org/10.1177/0163443714567169}, doi = {10.1177/0163443714567169}, abstract = {What does open source mean for culture? For knowledge? As cultural production has come to be characterized by contribution as well as consumption and as alternative modes of intellectual property transfer challenge the ‘dominant paradigm’ that knowledge and information should be protected and monetized, the logic of ‘open sourcing’ has extended into many cultural spheres. This article positions ‘openness’ as a value that intermediates between re-usable software code, institutional transparency, and expanded opportunities for participation in knowledge production cultures. By observing and analyzing the expansion of ‘openness’ from computer software to electronics hardware, we can develop a framework that identifies the tensions between socio-cultural visions of knowledge commons and the realities of governing those commons. This research focuses in particular on the knowledge related to electronics hardware and other material objects governed by open hardware licenses. The insights in this article are valuable for anyone studying open source and peer production processes and the knowledge claims surrounding them.}, language = {en}, number = {3}, urldate = {2020-09-18}, journal = {Media, Culture \& Society}, author = {Powell, Alison B}, month = apr, year = {2015}, note = {Publisher: SAGE Publications Ltd}, keywords = {/unread, First Draft Report Cited, Global North, Qual}, pages = {376--393}, file = {Powell - 2015 - Open culture and innovation integrating knowledge.pdf:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/LGVV3QT5/Powell - 2015 - Open culture and innovation integrating knowledge.pdf:application/pdf}, } @article{pradhanCombatingOnlineMisinformation2021, title = {Combating {Online} {Misinformation}: {Diverging} {Approaches} in the {United} {States} and {European} {Union}}, shorttitle = {Combating {Online} {Misinformation}}, url = {https://www.jtl.columbia.edu/bulletin-blog/combating-online-misinfo}, abstract = {As Big Tech gets more scrutiny for its role in spreading misinformation via online platforms, the United States and European Union pursue different paths.}, language = {en-US}, urldate = {2023-12-23}, journal = {Columbia Journal of Transnational Law Bulletin}, author = {Pradhan, Saaket}, month = apr, year = {2021}, keywords = {/unread, Review, First Draft Report Cited, Global North, USED, OID Mis/Disinfo}, pages = {np}, } @article{prasadAscendantIndiaDigital2018, title = {Ascendant {India}, digital {India}: how net neutrality advocates defeated {Facebook}’s {Free} {Basics}}, volume = {40}, issn = {0163-4437, 1460-3675}, shorttitle = {Ascendant {India}, digital {India}}, url = {http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/0163443717736117}, doi = {10.1177/0163443717736117}, abstract = {This article analyzes the 2015 campaign by net neutrality advocates against Facebook’s Free Basics service in India, and argues that their victory can be best understood by analyzing their privileged place in an India that imagines itself high tech and global. The advocates, predominantly tech workers, loosely organized under the banner of Save the Internet (STI) echoing the net neutrality debate in the United States. The article assesses the competing claims and modes of contention of both Facebook and STI, and examines how STI’s appeals were able to mobilize public opinion in record numbers. I argue that STI formed a ‘recursive public’, which practiced a technopolitics that resonated within the broader narrative of technocultural nationalism championed by the current ruling party. I trace the historical origins of this dominant discourse that eventually led the regulator to ban all zero-ratings plans, including Free Basics.}, language = {en}, number = {3}, urldate = {2024-02-11}, journal = {Media, Culture \& Society}, author = {Prasad, Revati}, month = apr, year = {2018}, keywords = {Global South, /unread, BRICS, First Draft Report Cited, Qual}, pages = {415--431}, file = {Prasad - 2018 - Ascendant India, digital India how net neutrality.pdf:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/QR4EP2H8/Prasad - 2018 - Ascendant India, digital India how net neutrality.pdf:application/pdf}, } @article{priorNewsVsEntertainment2005, title = {News vs. {Entertainment}: {How} {Increasing} {Media} {Choice} {Widens} {Gaps} in {Political} {Knowledge} and {Turnout}}, volume = {49}, issn = {0092-5853, 1540-5907}, shorttitle = {News vs. {Entertainment}}, url = {https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1540-5907.2005.00143.x}, doi = {10.1111/j.1540-5907.2005.00143.x}, abstract = {Despite dramatic increases in available political information through cable television and the Internet, political knowledge and turnout have not changed noticeably. To explain this seeming paradox, I argue that greater media choice makes it easier for people to find their preferred content. People who like news take advantage of abundant political information to become more knowledgeable and more likely to turn out. In contrast, people who prefer entertainment abandon the news and become less likely to learn about politics and go to the polls. To test this proposition, I develop a measure of people's media content preference and include it in a representative opinion survey of 2,358 U.S. residents. Results show that content preference indeed becomes a better predictor of political knowledge and turnout as media choice increases. Cable TV and the Internet increase gaps in knowledge and turnout between people who prefer news and people who prefer entertainment.}, language = {en}, number = {3}, urldate = {2024-04-05}, journal = {American Journal of Political Science}, author = {Prior, Markus}, month = jul, year = {2005}, keywords = {/unread, First Draft Report Cited, Global North, Quant}, pages = {577--592}, file = {Prior - 2005 - News vs. Entertainment How Increasing Media Choic.pdf:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/CNG2TLNK/Prior - 2005 - News vs. Entertainment How Increasing Media Choic.pdf:application/pdf}, } @article{prochazkaHowMeasureGeneralized2019, title = {How to {Measure} {Generalized} {Trust} in {News} {Media}? {An} {Adaptation} and {Test} of {Scales}}, volume = {13}, issn = {1931-2458, 1931-2466}, shorttitle = {How to {Measure} {Generalized} {Trust} in {News} {Media}?}, url = {https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/19312458.2018.1506021}, doi = {10.1080/19312458.2018.1506021}, language = {en}, number = {1}, urldate = {2024-04-02}, journal = {Communication Methods and Measures}, author = {Prochazka, Fabian and Schweiger, Wolfgang}, month = jan, year = {2019}, keywords = {/unread, First Draft Report Cited, Global North, Quant}, pages = {26--42}, file = {Prochazka and Schweiger - 2019 - How to Measure Generalized Trust in News Media An.pdf:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/RGMDGU23/Prochazka and Schweiger - 2019 - How to Measure Generalized Trust in News Media An.pdf:application/pdf}, } @misc{procterObservationsFactCheckingWork2023, title = {Some {Observations} on {Fact}-{Checking} {Work} with {Implications} for {Computational} {Support}}, url = {http://arxiv.org/abs/2305.02224}, abstract = {Social media and user-generated content (UGC) have become increasingly important features of journalistic work in a number of different ways. However, the growth of misinformation means that news organisations have had devote more and more resources to determining its veracity and to publishing corrections if it is found to be misleading. In this work, we present the results of interviews with eight members of fact-checking teams from two organisations. Team members described their fact-checking processes and the challenges they currently face in completing a fact-check in a robust and timely way. The former reveals, inter alia, significant differences in fact-checking practices and the role played by collaboration between team members. We conclude with a discussion of the implications for the development and application of computational tools, including where computational tool support is currently lacking and the importance of being able to accommodate different fact-checking practices.}, urldate = {2024-04-18}, publisher = {arXiv}, author = {Procter, Rob and Arana-Catania, Miguel and He, Yulan and Liakata, Maria and Zubiaga, Arkaitz and Kochkina, Elena and Zhao, Runcong}, month = jul, year = {2023}, note = {arXiv:2305.02224 [cs]}, keywords = {/unread, First Draft Report Cited, Global North, Qual, Computer Science - Human-Computer Interaction, H.1.2, H.5.2}, file = {arXiv.org Snapshot:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/5DBRE2I8/2305.html:text/html;Full Text PDF:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/8NFWTKGJ/Procter et al. - 2023 - Some Observations on Fact-Checking Work with Impli.pdf:application/pdf}, } @misc{procterStudyCyberHate2019, title = {A {Study} of {Cyber} {Hate} on {Twitter} with {Implications} for {Social} {Media} {Governance} {Strategies}}, url = {http://arxiv.org/abs/1908.11732}, abstract = {This paper explores ways in which the harmful effects of cyber hate may be mitigated through mechanisms for enhancing the self governance of new digital spaces. We report findings from a mixed methods study of responses to cyber hate posts, which aimed to: (i) understand how people interact in this context by undertaking qualitative interaction analysis and developing a statistical model to explain the volume of responses to cyber hate posted to Twitter, and (ii) explore use of machine learning techniques to assist in identifying cyber hate counter-speech.}, urldate = {2024-04-17}, publisher = {arXiv}, author = {Procter, Rob and Webb, Helena and Jirotka, Marina and Burnap, Pete and Housley, William and Edwards, Adam and Williams, Matt}, month = aug, year = {2019}, note = {arXiv:1908.11732 [cs]}, keywords = {Computer Science - Computers and Society, Computer Science - Social and Information Networks, /unread, First Draft Report Cited, Global North, Qual}, file = {arXiv.org Snapshot:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/ECAUWRPB/1908.html:text/html;Full Text PDF:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/GYXK7CXB/Procter et al. - 2019 - A Study of Cyber Hate on Twitter with Implications.pdf:application/pdf}, } @article{solomunPlatformResponsibilityRegulation2021, title = {Platform {Responsibility} and {Regulation} in {Canada}: {Considerations} on {Transparency}, {Legislative} {Clarity}, and {Design}}, volume = {34}, shorttitle = {Platform {Responsibility} and {Regulation} in {Canada}}, url = {https://jolt.law.harvard.edu/digest/platform-responsibility-and-regulation-in-canada-considerations-on-transparency-legislative-clarity-and-design}, abstract = {View PDF Sonja Solomun is the Research Director at the Centre for Media, Technology, and Democracy at the Max Bell School of Public Policy, McGill University, a PhD Candidate at...}, language = {en}, number = {Digest Spring}, urldate = {2024-05-09}, journal = {Harvard Journal of Law \& Technology}, author = {Solomun, Sonja and Polataiko, Maryna and Hayes, Helen A.}, month = feb, year = {2021}, keywords = {/unread, Review, First Draft Report Cited, Global North}, pages = {1--18}, file = {Snapshot:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/K2BZP3JC/platform-responsibility-and-regulation-in-canada-considerations-on-transparency-legislative-cla.html:text/html;Solomun et al. - 2021 - Platform Responsibility and Regulation in Canada .pdf:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/C6CCN9QF/Solomun et al. - 2021 - Platform Responsibility and Regulation in Canada .pdf:application/pdf}, } @article{spitaleAIModelGPT32023, title = {{AI} model {GPT}-3 (dis)informs us better than humans}, volume = {9}, issn = {2375-2548}, url = {https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/sciadv.adh1850}, doi = {10.1126/sciadv.adh1850}, abstract = {Artificial intelligence (AI) is changing the way we create and evaluate information, and this is happening during an infodemic, which has been having marked effects on global health. Here, we evaluate whether recruited individuals can distinguish disinformation from accurate information, structured in the form of tweets, and determine whether a tweet is organic or synthetic, i.e., whether it has been written by a Twitter user or by the AI model GPT-3. The results of our preregistered study, including 697 participants, show that GPT-3 is a double-edge sword: In comparison with humans, it can produce accurate information that is easier to understand, but it can also produce more compelling disinformation. We also show that humans cannot distinguish between tweets generated by GPT-3 and written by real Twitter users. Starting from our results, we reflect on the dangers of AI for disinformation and on how information campaigns can be improved to benefit global health. , GPT-3’s accurate information and disinformation are both recognized as accurate more often than humans’.}, language = {en}, number = {26}, urldate = {2024-01-30}, journal = {Science Advances}, author = {Spitale, Giovanni and Biller-Andorno, Nikola and Germani, Federico}, month = jun, year = {2023}, keywords = {/unread, First Draft Report Cited, Global North, Quant}, pages = {1--9}, file = {Spitale et al. - 2023 - AI model GPT-3 (dis)informs us better than humans.pdf:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/HM4YDY7V/Spitale et al. - 2023 - AI model GPT-3 (dis)informs us better than humans.pdf:application/pdf}, } @book{splichalDataficationPublicOpinion2022, title = {Datafication of {Public} {Opinion} and the {Public} {Sphere}: {How} {Extraction} {Replaced} {Expression} of {Opinion}}, url = {https://anthempress.com/politics-and-international-relations/datafication-of-public-opinion-and-the-public-sphere-hb}, abstract = {The book, anchored in stimulating debates about the enlightenment ideas of publicness, analyses historical changes in the core phenomena of publicness: possibilities, conditions and obstacles to developing a public sphere in which publics create, articulate and express public opinion by means of reflexive publicity within an established democratic public culture.}, language = {en}, urldate = {2023-09-22}, publisher = {Anthem Press}, author = {Splichal, S}, year = {2022}, keywords = {/unread, First Draft Report Cited, OID Media, Mixed}, file = {Splichal - 2022 - Datafication of Public Opinion and the Public Sphe.pdf:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/FEN69ITF/Splichal - 2022 - Datafication of Public Opinion and the Public Sphe.pdf:application/pdf}, } @misc{ssd.eff.orgSurveillanceSelfDefensend, title = {Surveillance {Self}-{Defense}}, url = {https://ssd.eff.org/}, abstract = {We’re the Electronic Frontier Foundation, an independent non-profit working to protect online privacy for over thirty years. This is Surveillance Self-Defense: our expert guide to protecting you and your friends from online spying. Read the BASICS to find out how online surveillance works. Dive into our TOOL GUIDES for instructions...}, urldate = {2024-04-25}, author = {SSD.EFF.ORG}, keywords = {/unread, Review, First Draft Report Cited}, file = {Snapshot:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/K9A5UPTS/ssd.eff.org.html:text/html}, } @article{starStepsEcologyInfrastructure1996, title = {Steps {Toward} an {Ecology} of {Infrastructure}: {Design} and {Access} for {Large} {Information} {Spaces}}, volume = {7}, issn = {1047-7047}, shorttitle = {Steps {Toward} an {Ecology} of {Infrastructure}}, url = {https://www.jstor.org/stable/23010792}, abstract = {We analyze a large-scale custom software effort, the Worm Community System (WCS), a collaborative system designed for a geographically dispersed community of geneticists. There were complex challenges in creating this infrastructural tool, ranging from simple lack of resources to complex organizational and intellectual communication failures and tradeoffs. Despite high user satisfaction with the system and interface, and extensive user needs assessment, feedback, and analysis, many users experienced difficulties in signing on and use. The study was conducted during a time of unprecedented growth in the Internet and its utilities (1991— 1994), and many respondents turned to the World Wide Web for their information exchange. Using Bateson's model of levels of learning, we analyze the levels of infrastructural complexity involved in system access and designer-user communication. We analyze the connection between systems development aimed at supporting specific forms of collaborative knowledge work, local organizational transformation, and large-scale infrastructural change.}, number = {1}, urldate = {2024-04-13}, journal = {Information Systems Research}, author = {Star, Susan Leigh and Ruhleder, Karen}, year = {1996}, note = {Publisher: INFORMS}, keywords = {/unread, Review, First Draft Report Cited}, pages = {111--134}, file = {Full Text PDF:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/453ZE72G/Star and Ruhleder - 1996 - Steps Toward an Ecology of Infrastructure Design .pdf:application/pdf}, } @article{steensenWhatDoesDigital2019, title = {What {Does} {Digital} {Journalism} {Studies} {Look} {Like}?}, volume = {7}, issn = {2167-0811}, url = {https://doi.org/10.1080/21670811.2019.1581071}, doi = {10.1080/21670811.2019.1581071}, abstract = {This article analyses the characteristics of digital journalism studies through an empirical investigation of all articles published in the journal Digital Journalism, from its launch in 2013 to issue 6, 2018. The aim of the analysis is to identify dominant themes and degrees of diversity and interdisciplinary in digital journalism studies, and to identify biases and blind spots. The article is based on analysis of keywords, abstracts and references used in all articles published in the journal. The findings suggest that while the research published in Digital Journalism is firmly situated within journalism studies, it has a stronger emphasis on technology, platforms, audience and the present. The article also finds that digital journalism studies, as seen in Digital Journalism, is dominated by perspectives from the social sciences, while largely ignoring digital journalism as a meaning-making system, and that the field of research could benefit from the application of theories and perspectives from the humanities and to some extent from theoretical computer science and informatics. Finally, the article argues that digital journalism studies suffers from a lack of connections between empirical research and the many conceptual discussions that dominate the (sub)field.}, number = {3}, urldate = {2024-04-15}, journal = {Digital Journalism}, author = {Steensen, Steen and Grøndahl Larsen, Anna M. and Hågvar, Yngve Benestad and Fonn, Birgitte Kjos}, month = mar, year = {2019}, note = {Publisher: Routledge \_eprint: https://doi.org/10.1080/21670811.2019.1581071}, keywords = {journalism studies, Systematic literature review, /unread, Global, First Draft Report Cited, digital journalism, digital journalism research, Digital journalism studies, interdisciplinarity, journalistic metadiscourse}, pages = {320--342}, file = {Submitted Version:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/9GW8DNEM/Steensen et al. - 2019 - What Does Digital Journalism Studies Look Like.pdf:application/pdf}, } @article{stefanijaAlgorithmicGovernmentalityDigital2023, title = {Algorithmic {Governmentality}, {Digital} {Sovereignty}, and {Agency} {Affordances}: {Extending} the {Possible} {Fields} of {Action}}, volume = {3}, copyright = {Copyright (c) 2023 Ana Pop Stefanija, Jo Pierson (Author)}, issn = {2748-5625}, shorttitle = {Algorithmic {Governmentality}, {Digital} {Sovereignty}, and {Agency} {Affordances}}, url = {https://ojs.weizenbaum-institut.de/index.php/wjds/article/view/87}, doi = {10.34669/WI.WJDS/3.2.2}, abstract = {In today’s socio-technical constellations, our daily online and offline lives are increasingly governed by what can be termed algorithmic governmentality. Understood as the governing of the social based on the algorithmic processing of big data, algorithmic governmentality significantly limits human agency and individuals’ abilities to control data inputs and algorithmic outputs. An antidote and a solution to governance of this kind require assembling conditions for enabling digital sovereignty. Seen as a counter-conduct to governmentality, sovereignty concerns agency, control, autonomy, authority, self-reflection, and self-determination. Foregrounded on empirical research that relates specifically to platform algorithms, this article discusses the requirements for the digital sovereignty of individuals and the socio-technical conditions that should enable that sovereignty. By introducing and conceptualizing the notion of agency affordances, the article provides several illustrative examples of how this sovereignty can be inscribed through the technical and unfold via the societal.}, language = {en}, number = {2}, urldate = {2024-04-09}, journal = {Weizenbaum Journal of the Digital Society}, author = {Stefanija, Ana Pop and Pierson, Jo}, month = sep, year = {2023}, note = {Number: 2}, keywords = {/unread, First Draft Report Cited, Global North, Qual, digital sovereignty, agency affordances, algorithmic governmentality}, pages = {1--30}, file = {Stefanija and Pierson - 2023 - Algorithmic Governmentality, Digital Sovereignty, .pdf:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/3NJU6RPI/Stefanija and Pierson - 2023 - Algorithmic Governmentality, Digital Sovereignty, .pdf:application/pdf}, } @article{stiefelPrefaceGovernanceInfrastructure2024, title = {Preface: {Governance} by {Infrastructure}}, volume = {29}, url = {https://firstmonday.org/ojs/index.php/fm/article/view/13559/11406}, number = {2}, journal = {First Monday}, author = {Stiefel, Lea and Currie, Morgan and Musiani, Francesca and Sandoz, Alain and Silvast, Antti and Williams, Robin}, month = feb, year = {2024}, keywords = {/unread, First Draft Report Cited, Global North, Mixed}, pages = {1--4}, file = {Stiefel et al. - 2024 - Governance by Infrastructure.pdf:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/TAP7B8CQ/Stiefel et al. - 2024 - Governance by Infrastructure.pdf:application/pdf}, } @article{strombackDynamicsPoliticalInterest2013, title = {The dynamics of political interest and news media consumption: {A} longitudinal perspective}, volume = {25}, shorttitle = {The dynamics of political interest and news media consumption}, url = {https://academic.oup.com/ijpor/article-abstract/25/4/414/727364}, number = {4}, urldate = {2024-04-08}, journal = {International journal of public opinion research}, author = {Strömbäck, Jesper and Djerf-Pierre, Monika and Shehata, Adam}, year = {2013}, note = {Publisher: Oxford University Press}, keywords = {/unread, First Draft Report Cited, Global North, Quant}, pages = {414--435}, file = {Available Version (via Google Scholar):/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/5F5FFVQP/727364.html:text/html;Strömbäck et al. - 2013 - The dynamics of political interest and news media .pdf:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/GC4KINF3/Strömbäck et al. - 2013 - The dynamics of political interest and news media .pdf:application/pdf}, } @article{strombackMixMediaUse2018, title = {The {Mix} of {Media} {Use} {Matters}: {Investigating} the {Effects} of {Individual} {News} {Repertoires} on {Offline} and {Online} {Political} {Participation}}, volume = {35}, issn = {1058-4609}, shorttitle = {The {Mix} of {Media} {Use} {Matters}}, url = {https://doi.org/10.1080/10584609.2017.1385549}, doi = {10.1080/10584609.2017.1385549}, abstract = {In contemporary high-choice media environments, people increasingly mix and combine their use of various news media into personal news repertoires. Despite this, there is still limited research on how people compose their individual news repertoires and the effects of these news repertoires. To address this and further our understanding of how media use influences political participation, this study investigates (a) how people combine the use of offline and online media into personal news repertoires and (b) the effects of different news repertoires on both offline and online political participation. Based on a two-wave panel study covering the 2014 Swedish national election, this study identifies five news repertoires, labeled minimalists, public news consumers, local news consumers, social media news consumers, and popular online news consumers. Among other things, the results show that social media news consumers are more likely to participate in politics both offline and online.}, number = {3}, urldate = {2024-01-07}, journal = {Political Communication}, author = {Strömbäck, Jesper and Falasca, Kajsa and Kruikemeier, Sanne}, month = jul, year = {2018}, keywords = {political participation, news consumption, media effects, /unread, First Draft Report Cited, Global North, Quant}, pages = {413--432}, file = {The Mix of Media Use Matters Investigating the Effects of Individual News Repertoires on Offline and Online Political Participation.pdf:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/K5BSVDF8/The Mix of Media Use Matters Investigating the Effects of Individual News Repertoires on Offline and Online Political Participation.pdf:application/pdf}, } @article{strombackReciprocalEffectsPolitical2019, title = {The {Reciprocal} {Effects} {Between} {Political} {Interest} and {TV} {News} {Revisited}: {Evidence} {From} {Four} {Panel} {Surveys}}, volume = {96}, issn = {1077-6990, 2161-430X}, shorttitle = {The {Reciprocal} {Effects} {Between} {Political} {Interest} and {TV} {News} {Revisited}}, url = {http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/1077699018793998}, doi = {10.1177/1077699018793998}, abstract = {Although research shows that there is a correlation between political interest and news media use, whether there are reciprocal effects between political interest and news media use remain unsettled. To remedy this and go beyond previous research, this study seeks to investigate the reciprocal relationship between political interest and TV news use (a) across elections, (b) across election periods and a nonelection period, and (c) comparing public service and commercial TV news. Using four representative panel surveys, findings show that there is a reciprocal relationship between political interest and watching public service but not commercial TV news.}, language = {en}, number = {2}, urldate = {2022-12-20}, journal = {Journalism \& Mass Communication Quarterly}, author = {Strömbäck, Jesper and Shehata, Adam}, month = jun, year = {2019}, keywords = {/unread, First Draft Report Cited, Global North, Quant}, pages = {473--496}, file = {Strömbäck et Shehata - 2019 - The Reciprocal Effects Between Political Interest .pdf:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/RBAI58LD/Strömbäck et Shehata - 2019 - The Reciprocal Effects Between Political Interest .pdf:application/pdf}, } @article{strombackNewsMediaTrust2020, title = {News media trust and its impact on media use: toward a framework for future research}, volume = {44}, issn = {2380-8985, 2380-8977}, shorttitle = {News media trust and its impact on media use}, url = {https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/23808985.2020.1755338}, doi = {10.1080/23808985.2020.1755338}, language = {en}, number = {2}, urldate = {2024-02-01}, journal = {Annals of the International Communication Association}, author = {Strömbäck, Jesper and Tsfati, Yariv and Boomgaarden, Hajo and Damstra, Alyt and Lindgren, Elina and Vliegenthart, Rens and Lindholm, Torun}, month = apr, year = {2020}, keywords = {Systematic literature review, /unread, First Draft Report Cited}, pages = {139--156}, file = {Full Text:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/WAF56YSY/Strömbäck et al. - 2020 - News media trust and its impact on media use towa.pdf:application/pdf}, } @incollection{stroudSelectiveExposureTheories2017, title = {Selective {Exposure} {Theories}}, isbn = {978-0-19-979347-1}, url = {https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199793471.013.009_update_001}, abstract = {This chapter provides an overview of the theory of selective exposure, the idea that people purposefully select messages matching their beliefs. After reviewing several psychological explanations for why the phenomenon occurs, the chapter turns to describing various forms of selective exposure. Selective exposure can be studied in terms of whether people select news or entertainment, the issues about which people seek information, which medium is selected in obtaining information, and the extent to which like-minded information is preferred. Numerous moderators of the links between citizens’ beliefs and their information selection are presented. Next, the chapter details four different methodological techniques that have been used to study selective exposure. Finally, the chapter outlines a host of unanswered questions about selective exposure for future researchers to tackle.}, urldate = {2024-04-05}, booktitle = {The {Oxford} {Handbook} of {Political} {Communication}}, publisher = {Oxford University Press}, author = {Stroud, Natalie Jomini}, editor = {Kenski, Kate and Jamieson, Kathleen Hall}, month = aug, year = {2017}, doi = {10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199793471.013.009_update_001}, keywords = {/unread, Review, First Draft Report Cited}, pages = {531--548}, file = {Full Text PDF:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/3YLPKR36/Stroud - 2017 - Selective Exposure Theories.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/XQBFFKNZ/294951323.html:text/html}, } @article{stroudPerceptionsCableNews2013, title = {Perceptions of {Cable} {News} {Credibility}}, volume = {16}, issn = {1520-5436, 1532-7825}, url = {http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/15205436.2011.646449}, doi = {10.1080/15205436.2011.646449}, language = {en}, number = {1}, urldate = {2024-04-03}, journal = {Mass Communication and Society}, author = {Stroud, Natalie Jomini and Lee, Jae Kook}, month = jan, year = {2013}, keywords = {/unread, First Draft Report Cited, Global North, Quant}, pages = {67--88}, file = {Stroud and Lee - 2013 - Perceptions of Cable News Credibility.pdf:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/3DP2ZV2Z/Stroud and Lee - 2013 - Perceptions of Cable News Credibility.pdf:application/pdf}, } @book{suberOpenAccess2012, title = {Open {Access}}, url = {https://openaccesseks.mitpress.mit.edu/}, language = {en}, urldate = {2024-05-07}, publisher = {MIT Press}, author = {Suber, Peter}, year = {2012}, keywords = {/unread, Review, First Draft Report Cited}, file = {Snapshot:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/BUIZ5QB9/openaccesseks.mitpress.mit.edu.html:text/html;Suber - 2012 - Open Access.pdf:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/9RHM95QZ/Suber - 2012 - Open Access.pdf:application/pdf}, } @article{suchmanUncontroversialThingnessAI2023, title = {The uncontroversial ‘thingness’ of {AI}}, volume = {10}, issn = {2053-9517}, url = {https://doi.org/10.1177/20539517231206794}, doi = {10.1177/20539517231206794}, abstract = {This commentary starts with the question ‘How is it that AI has come to be figured uncontroversially as a thing, however many controversies “it” may engender?’ Addressing this question takes us to knowledge practices that philosopher of science Helen Verran has named a ‘hardening of the categories’, processes that not only characterise the onto-epistemology of AI but also are central to its constituent techniques and technologies. In a context where the stabilization of AI as a figure enables further investments in associated techniques and technologies, AI's status as controversial works to reiterate both its ontological status and its agency. It follows that interventions into the field of AI controversies that fail to trouble and destabilise the figure of AI risk contributing to its uncontroversial reproduction. This is not to deny the proliferating data and compute-intensive techniques and technologies that travel under the sign of AI but rather to call for a keener focus on their locations, politics, material-semiotic specificity, and effects, including their ongoing enactment as a singular and controversial object.}, language = {en}, number = {2}, urldate = {2024-01-02}, journal = {Big Data \& Society}, author = {Suchman, Lucy}, month = jul, year = {2023}, keywords = {/unread, Review, First Draft Report Cited}, pages = {1--5}, file = {SAGE PDF Full Text:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/S5ZP5ZTA/Suchman - 2023 - The uncontroversial ‘thingness’ of AI.pdf:application/pdf}, } @article{suiterPolarizationPartisanshipKey2020, title = {Polarization and partisanship: {Key} drivers of distrust in media old and new?}, volume = {35}, issn = {0267-3231, 1460-3705}, shorttitle = {Polarization and partisanship}, url = {http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/0267323120903685}, doi = {10.1177/0267323120903685}, abstract = {Some worry that increased partisanship is lowering trust in the news media, as people increasingly come into contact with cross-cutting news coverage. We use multilevel analysis of online survey data from 35 countries and find that left-right partisans (1) have slightly less trust in the news media in general, (2) slightly higher levels of trust in the news they consume and (3) perceive a larger ‘trust gap’ between the news they use and the rest of the news available within their country. However, we do not find evidence to support the idea that people in more politically polarized countries have less trust in the news, or that the association between partisanship and trust is strengthened in polarized political environments. Although in most cases the relationship between partisanship and trust is weak, it is noticeably stronger in the United States. However, the United States is home to a unique media system, and our analysis highlights the problems of assuming that the processes at work in one relatively well-understood country are playing out in the same way globally.}, language = {en}, number = {5}, urldate = {2024-02-29}, journal = {European Journal of Communication}, author = {Suiter, Jane and Fletcher, Richard}, month = oct, year = {2020}, keywords = {/unread, Global, First Draft Report Cited, Quant}, pages = {484--501}, file = {Suiter et Fletcher - 2020 - Polarization and partisanship Key drivers of dist.pdf:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/WPKFZRBN/Suiter et Fletcher - 2020 - Polarization and partisanship Key drivers of dist.pdf:application/pdf}, } @misc{sultanescuFakeNewsWhat2023, title = {Fake news! {But} what does it mean?}, url = {https://www.sc.edu/study/colleges_schools/cic/initiatives/social_media_insights_lab/reports/2023/what_does_fake_news_mean.php}, abstract = {Dan Sultanescu, visiting Fulbright Scholar at the University of South Carolina, shares the result of his research on the evolution of the global conversation on misinformation, disinformation and fake news.}, language = {en}, urldate = {2024-04-13}, journal = {South Carolina Social Media Insights Lab, College of Information and Communications, University of Southern California}, author = {Sultanescu, Dan}, month = feb, year = {2023}, keywords = {/unread, Global, First Draft Report Cited, Quant}, file = {Snapshot:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/IYZJ2GHV/what_does_fake_news_mean.html:text/html}, } @techreport{szakacsImpactDisinformationCampaigns2021, title = {The impact of disinformation campaigns about migrants and minority groups in the {EU}}, url = {https://www.europarl.europa.eu/thinktank/en/document/EXPO_IDA(2021)653641}, abstract = {The impact of disinformation campaigns about migrants and minority groups in the EU}, language = {en}, urldate = {2024-04-15}, institution = {Prepared for European Parliament, Directorate General for External Policies of the Union, EXPO\_IDA(2021)653641}, author = {Szakacs, Judith and Bognar, Éva}, month = jun, year = {2021}, keywords = {/unread, First Draft Report Cited, Global North, Qual}, file = {Snapshot:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/52EDG5H2/EXPO_IDA(2021)653641.html:text/html;Szakacs and Bognar - 2021 - The impact of disinformation campaigns about migra.pdf:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/NXYYNP7T/Szakacs and Bognar - 2021 - The impact of disinformation campaigns about migra.pdf:application/pdf}, } @article{szczepkowskiAdwareOneForm2021, title = {Adware as one form of disinformation}, volume = {1}, issn = {2543-6961}, url = {https://www.ceeol.com/search/article-detail?id=1004222}, abstract = {Human existence has allowed a dynamic development of technology, particularly in cyberspace. One of these technologies is the internet, which has become an inseparable part of man\&\#39;s everyday life. This state of affairs increasingly blurs the boundary between real and virtual life. It is evident in the current pandemic situation, where society has been forced to live in confinement for fear of health. This has resulted in increased activity and the use of cyberspace, creating greater opportunities for cybercriminals. One of these threats is disinformation on the internet, especially in social networks. The following article outlines the threat of disinformation and its methods of spreading it through adware modules.}, language = {English}, number = {10}, urldate = {2024-04-15}, journal = {Studia Administracji i Bezpieczeństwa}, author = {Szczepkowski, Dominik and Szczepkowski, Patryk}, year = {2021}, note = {Publisher: Wydawnictwo Naukowe Akademii im. Jakuba z Paradyża}, keywords = {disinformation, /unread, Review, First Draft Report Cited, adware}, pages = {197--208}, } @article{tanCuriousCaseRegulating2022, title = {The curious case of regulating false news on {Google}}, volume = {46}, url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0267364922000814}, number = {2022}, urldate = {2024-05-08}, journal = {Computer Law \& Security Review}, author = {Tan, Corinne}, year = {2022}, note = {Publisher: Elsevier}, keywords = {/unread, Review, First Draft Report Cited, Global North}, pages = {1--14}, file = {Available Version (via Google Scholar):/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/64LMLDQT/S0267364922000814.html:text/html;Tan - 2022 - The curious case of regulating false news on Googl.pdf:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/M8TPISMY/Tan - 2022 - The curious case of regulating false news on Googl.pdf:application/pdf}, } @article{tandocDigitizationHarassmentWomen2023, title = {The {Digitization} of {Harassment}: {Women} {Journalists}’ {Experiences} with {Online} {Harassment} in the {Philippines}}, volume = {17}, issn = {1751-2786}, shorttitle = {The {Digitization} of {Harassment}}, url = {https://doi.org/10.1080/17512786.2021.1981774}, doi = {10.1080/17512786.2021.1981774}, abstract = {Through interviews with women journalists in the Philippines, this study documents and examines their experiences with online harassment. Three main themes stand out. First, we find that online harassment against journalists follows a systematic process that starts from the top, is followed through by a network of social media personalities and an army of trolls, and then completed by ordinary social media users. Second, cases of harassment impact journalists across multiple levels: individually, interpersonally and professionally. Finally, the participants referred to different ways of coping with what they experienced and identified three sources of support: their peers, their organizations and the public. Harassment against journalists has always been gendered, with women journalists finding themselves at the receiving end more often than do their male counterparts, and this has spilled over into digital platforms.}, number = {6}, urldate = {2024-04-15}, journal = {Journalism Practice}, author = {Tandoc, Edson C. and Sagun, Karryl Kim and Alvarez, Katrina Paola}, month = jul, year = {2023}, note = {Publisher: Routledge \_eprint: https://doi.org/10.1080/17512786.2021.1981774}, keywords = {social media, online harassment, Global South, /unread, First Draft Report Cited, Qual, Philippines, digital journalism‌, trolls, Women journalists}, pages = {1198--1213}, file = {Tandoc et al. - 2023 - The Digitization of Harassment Women Journalists’.pdf:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/IBBJQSKH/Tandoc et al. - 2023 - The Digitization of Harassment Women Journalists’.pdf:application/pdf}, } @article{tandocJournalistMarketingNews2016, title = {The {Journalist} is {Marketing} the {News}: {Social} {Media} in the {Gatekeeping} {Process}}, volume = {10}, issn = {1751-2786, 1751-2794}, shorttitle = {{THE} {JOURNALIST} {IS} {MARKETING} {THE} {NEWS}}, url = {https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/17512786.2015.1087811}, doi = {10.1080/17512786.2015.1087811}, language = {en}, number = {8}, urldate = {2024-03-27}, journal = {Journalism Practice}, author = {Tandoc, Edson C. and Vos, Tim P.}, month = nov, year = {2016}, keywords = {/unread, First Draft Report Cited, Global North, Qual}, pages = {950--966}, file = {Tandoc and Vos - 2016 - The Journalist is Marketing the News Social Media.pdf:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/J9K8KXRC/Tandoc and Vos - 2016 - The Journalist is Marketing the News Social Media.pdf:application/pdf}, } @article{tanejaMediaConsumptionPlatforms2012, title = {Media consumption across platforms: {Identifying} user-defined repertoires}, volume = {14}, issn = {1461-4448, 1461-7315}, shorttitle = {Media consumption across platforms}, url = {http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/1461444811436146}, doi = {10.1177/1461444811436146}, abstract = {New media have made available a wide range of platforms and content choices. However, audiences cope with abundant choices by using more narrowly defined repertoires. Unfortunately, we know little of how users create repertoires across media platforms. This study uses factor analysis to identify user-defined repertoires from data obtained by following 495 users throughout an entire day. Results indicate the presence of four repertoires that are powerfully tied to the rhythms of people’s daily lives. These were in turn explained by a combination of factors such as audience availability and individual demographics.}, language = {en}, number = {6}, urldate = {2024-04-05}, journal = {New Media \& Society}, author = {Taneja, Harsh and Webster, James G. and Malthouse, Edward C. and Ksiazek, Thomas B.}, month = sep, year = {2012}, keywords = {/unread, First Draft Report Cited, Global North}, pages = {951--968}, file = {Available Version (via Google Scholar):/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/V7ECXGWV/Taneja et al. - 2012 - Media consumption across platforms Identifying us.pdf:application/pdf}, } @article{tangFakeNewsInformation2021, title = {Fake news, information overload, and the third-person effect in {China}}, volume = {6}, issn = {2059-4364}, url = {https://doi.org/10.1177/20594364211047369}, doi = {10.1177/20594364211047369}, abstract = {Based on a national survey of 1111 Chinese citizens, this study analyzes how exposure to fake news and perceptions of information overload are associated with the third-person effect. The findings indicate that fake news exposure correlates with perceived information overload and third-person perceptions of fake news. Respondents with higher levels of perceived information overload also report stronger third-person perceptions. In addition, Chinese respondents who believe that fake news affects others more than themselves are less likely to support stricter controls of fake news.}, language = {en}, number = {4}, urldate = {2024-04-19}, journal = {Global Media and China}, author = {Tang, Shuo and Willnat, Lars and Zhang, Hongzhong}, month = dec, year = {2021}, note = {Publisher: SAGE Publications Ltd}, keywords = {Global South, /unread, BRICS, First Draft Report Cited, Quant}, pages = {492--507}, file = {SAGE PDF Full Text:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/46K6ZRQ8/Tang et al. - 2021 - Fake news, information overload, and the third-per.pdf:application/pdf}, } @article{tarrantBigTechLobbying2022, title = {Big {Tech} {Lobbying} in the {EU}: {Political} {Quarterly}}, volume = {93}, issn = {00323179}, shorttitle = {Big {Tech} {Lobbying} in the {EU}}, url = {http://proxy.library.georgetown.edu/login?url=https://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&AuthType=ip,uid&db=aph&AN=157235950&site=ehost-live&scope=site}, doi = {10.1111/1467-923X.13127}, abstract = {This article investigates lobbying by US digital platforms, the so‐called Big Tech, with regard to the Digital Markets Act (currently under consideration by the European Commission in Brussels) and analyses whether lobbying on the Digital Markets Act fits with academic analysis of the general properties of corporate lobbying in the EU. The article suggests that the case illustrates the importance of domestic European political economies in driving approaches in the Council and Parliament and thus collective legislative outcomes. Contrary to some commentary, the article argues that despite significant expenditure on lobbying in Brussels, Big Tech has been unsuccessful in its efforts and that a significant impediment has been because Big Tech companies only have status as major employers and investors in a handful of small EU Member States. The article suggests that one measure that could be adopted to indicate whether lobbying has been successful would be the content of legislation defining triggers for regulatory intervention. The EU now looks certain to adopt an approach that makes it easier for regulators to impose regulatory constraints on Big Tech compared to traditional competition law. It is also likely that the legislative process is likely to conclude with a strengthening of the possible sanctions contained in the draft proposal, rather than any watering down.}, number = {2}, urldate = {2024-04-23}, journal = {Political Quarterly}, author = {Tarrant, Andy and Cowen, Tim}, month = apr, year = {2022}, note = {Publisher: Wiley-Blackwell}, keywords = {competition, European Union, regulation, digital, /unread, Review, First Draft Report Cited, Global North, ANTITRUST law, BRUSSELS (Belgium), DIGITAL technology, EUROPEAN Commission, EUROPEAN Union, INDIVIDUAL investors, INTERNET marketing, lobbying, LOBBYING}, pages = {218--226}, file = {EBSCO Full Text:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/GW6AJVGK/Tarrant and Cowen - 2022 - Big Tech Lobbying in the EU Political Quarterly.pdf:application/pdf}, } @article{teachoutMarketStructurePolitical2014, title = {Market {Structure} and {Political} {Law}: {A} {Taxonomy} of {Power}}, volume = {9}, issn = {1556-5068}, shorttitle = {Market {Structure} and {Political} {Law}}, url = {http://www.ssrn.com/abstract=2490525}, doi = {10.2139/ssrn.2490525}, language = {en}, urldate = {2024-04-25}, journal = {Duke Journal of Constitutional Law \& Public Policy}, author = {Teachout, Zephyr and Khan, Lina}, year = {2014}, keywords = {/unread, First Draft Report Cited}, pages = {37--74}, file = {Teachout and Khan - 2014 - Market Structure and Political Law A Taxonomy of .pdf:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/9X8N4V8E/Teachout and Khan - 2014 - Market Structure and Political Law A Taxonomy of .pdf:application/pdf}, } @article{tenoveProtectingDemocracyDisinformation2020, title = {Protecting {Democracy} from {Disinformation}: {Normative} {Threats} and {Policy} {Responses}}, volume = {25}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1177/19401612209187}, abstract = {Following public revelations of interference in the United States 2016 election, there has been widespread concern that online disinformation poses a serious threat to democracy. Governments have responded with a wide range of policies. However, there is little clarity in elite policy debates or academic literature about what it actually means for disinformation to endanger democracy, and how different policies might protect it. This article proposes that policies to address disinformation seek to defend three important normative goods of democratic systems: self-determination, accountable representation, and public deliberation. Policy responses to protect these goods tend to fall in three corresponding governance sectors: self-determination is the focus of international and national security policies; accountable representation is addressed through electoral regulation; and threats to the quality of public debate and deliberation are countered by media regulation. The article also reveals some of the challenges and risks in these policy sectors, which can be seen in both innovative and failed policy designs.}, number = {3}, journal = {The International Journal of Press/Politics}, author = {Tenove, Chris}, year = {2020}, keywords = {/unread, First Draft Report Cited, Global North, Qual}, pages = {517--537}, file = {Tenove - 2020 - Protecting Democracy from Disinformation Normativ.pdf:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/29UPZY5P/Tenove - 2020 - Protecting Democracy from Disinformation Normativ.pdf:application/pdf}, } @techreport{thakurUnrepresentativeDemocracyHow2022, title = {An {Unrepresentative} {Democracy}: {How} {Disinformation} and {Online} {Abuse} {Hinder} {Women} of {Color} {Political} {Candidates} in the {United} {States}}, shorttitle = {An {Unrepresentative} {Democracy}}, url = {https://cdt.org/insights/an-unrepresentative-democracy-how-disinformation-and-online-abuse-hinder-women-of-color-political-candidates-in-the-united-states/}, abstract = {Executive Summary  In a press interview, former Vermont state house representative Kiah Morris said she reported at least 26 incidents to the local police where she and her family felt threatened between 2016 and 2018. The severity of the targeted abuse both on and offline ultimately led Rep. Morris to a premature resignation three months […]}, language = {en-US}, urldate = {2024-02-23}, institution = {Center for Democracy \& Technology}, author = {Thakur, Dhanaraj and Madrigal, DeVan Hankerson}, month = oct, year = {2022}, keywords = {/unread, First Draft Report Cited, Global North, Qual}, file = {Snapshot:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/T3PLA2TY/an-unrepresentative-democracy-how-disinformation-and-online-abuse-hinder-women-of-color-politic.html:text/html;Thakur and Madrigal - 2022 - An Unrepresentative Democracy How Disinformation .pdf:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/KXRMMM22/Thakur and Madrigal - 2022 - An Unrepresentative Democracy How Disinformation .pdf:application/pdf}, } @article{thakurtaWhatFutureMedia2014, title = {What future for the media in {India}? {Reliance} takeover of {Network18}}, volume = {49}, shorttitle = {What future for the media in {India}?}, url = {https://www-jstor-org.gate3.library.lse.ac.uk/stable/24479667}, number = {25}, urldate = {2024-04-11}, journal = {Economic and Political Weekly}, author = {Thakurta, Paranjoy Guha}, year = {2014}, note = {Publisher: JSTOR}, keywords = {Global South, /unread, First Draft Report Cited, Qual}, pages = {12--14}, file = {Thakurta - 2014 - What future for the media in India Reliance takeo.pdf:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/Q4XXPHZF/Thakurta - 2014 - What future for the media in India Reliance takeo.pdf:application/pdf}, } @article{thekoreatimesAIDigitalTextbooks2023, chapter = {National}, title = {{AI} digital textbooks to be introduced in schools from 2025}, url = {https://www.koreatimes.co.kr/www/nation/2024/05/281_352599.html}, abstract = {Artificial intelligence (AI)-powered digital textbooks will be introduced in local elementary and secondary schools, beginning in 2025, in response to the growing need for varied learning content, the Ministry of Education said Thursday.}, language = {en}, urldate = {2024-05-12}, journal = {The KoreaTimes}, author = {The KoreaTimes}, month = jun, year = {2023}, keywords = {/unread, BRICS, First Draft Report Cited}, file = {Snapshot:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/CIEH66XX/113_352599.html:text/html}, } @book{thetierracomunnetworkResistingDataColonialism2023, title = {Resisting {Data} {Colonialism}: {A} {Practical} {Intervention}}, url = {https://networkcultures.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/12/ResistingDataColonialism_INC2023_TOD50.pdf}, publisher = {Institute of Network Cultures, Amsterdam University}, editor = {The Tierra Comun Network}, year = {2023}, keywords = {Global South, /unread, First Draft Report Cited, USED, Quant, OID Data Gov}, file = {The Tierra Comun Network - 2023 - Resisting Data Colonialism A Practical Interventi.pdf:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/XBPTV8X2/The Tierra Comun Network - 2023 - Resisting Data Colonialism A Practical Interventi.pdf:application/pdf}, } @techreport{thomasConspiracyClickbaitThis2022, title = {Conspiracy {Clickbait}: {This} {One} {Weird} {Trick} {Will} {Undermine} {Democracy}}, shorttitle = {Conspiracy {Clickbait}}, url = {https://www.isdglobal.org/digital_dispatches/conspiracy-clickbait/}, abstract = {This report series explores how networks linked to individuals in Vietnam are using QAnon conspiracy theories and US political disinformation to generate revenue.}, language = {en-GB}, urldate = {2024-02-22}, institution = {ISD Institute for Strategic Studies}, author = {Thomas, Elise}, month = jan, year = {2022}, keywords = {Global South, /unread, First Draft Report Cited, Mixed}, file = {Snapshot:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/Z2VQ38T5/conspiracy-clickbait.html:text/html;Thomas - 2022 - Conspiracy Clickbait This One Weird Trick Will Un.pdf:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/9I7LRJ2C/Thomas - 2022 - Conspiracy Clickbait This One Weird Trick Will Un.pdf:application/pdf}, } @techreport{timckeHowMightAI2024, title = {How {Might} {AI} {Reshape} {Democracy} on the {African} {Continent}?}, url = {https://researchictafrica.net/2024/02/05/how-might-ai-reshape-democracy-on-the-african-continent/}, abstract = {Artificial intelligence (AI) presents both opportunities and challenges for African democracies. According to a new RIA report, the democratisation impacts of AI will depend significantly on how it is governed}, language = {en-ZA}, urldate = {2024-02-13}, institution = {Research ICT Africa}, author = {Timcke, Scott and Hlomani, Hanani}, month = feb, year = {2024}, note = {Section: Publications}, keywords = {Global South, /unread, First Draft Report Cited, Qual}, file = {Snapshot:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/87MV7CP3/how-might-ai-reshape-democracy-on-the-african-continent.html:text/html;Timcke and Hlomani - 2024 - How Might AI Reshape Democracy on the African Cont.pdf:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/6KSSZQ47/Timcke and Hlomani - 2024 - How Might AI Reshape Democracy on the African Cont.pdf:application/pdf}, } @techreport{toffOvercomingIndifferenceWhat2021, title = {Overcoming indifference: what attitudes towards news tell us about building trust}, shorttitle = {Overcoming indifference}, url = {https://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:ae2a4f80-62a3-45a5-947b-9ef638a8dc64}, abstract = {This report details findings from an original survey of news audiences in Brazil, India, the United Kingdom, and the United States. It examines attitudes towards media in each country, ideas about how journalists conduct themselves, and views about which sources of information can be trusted online and offline. The report focuses especially on people with minimal trust and finds some patterns across countries: the least trusting are not necessarily the most vocal critics who are often selectively trusting towards particular providers. Instead, the untrusting tend to be the least knowledgeable about journalism, most disengaged from how it is practised, and least interested in the editorial choices publishers make daily when producing the news. The primary challenge news media and journalists face from this part of the public is not hostility, but indifference. Earning their trust calls for a different approach than that required for other segments of the public.}, language = {English}, urldate = {2024-01-07}, institution = {Reuters Institute for the Study of Journalism, University of Oxford}, author = {Toff, B. and Badrinathan, S. and Mont'Alverne, C. and Ross Arguedas, A. and Fletcher, R. and Nielsen, R.}, year = {2021}, keywords = {/unread, BRICS, First Draft Report Cited, Global North, Mixed}, file = {Full Text PDF:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/MDBJTVKG/Toff et al. - 2021 - Overcoming indifference what attitudes towards ne.pdf:application/pdf}, } @techreport{toffListeningWhatTrust2021, title = {Listening to what trust in news means to users: qualitative evidence from four countries}, shorttitle = {Listening to what trust in news means to users}, url = {https://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:f11227fa-45fd-48c9-80e5-64807691f80e}, abstract = {This report details findings from an inductive, qualitative study of news audiences across four countries, examining varying ways people define the construct of trust in news, how they differentiate between sources, and the role played by digital platforms in how news outlets get evaluated in daily life. Drawing on both focus group discussions and one-on-one in-depth interviews with 132 individuals in Brazil, India, the United Kingdom, and the United States, the report argues that many people focus surprisingly little on the specific journalistic practices employed by news organisations when assessing trustworthiness. Instead, many news consumers fall back on shortcuts involving impressions of brands\&\#x2019; reputations and stylistic differences in the way news gets presented. For those lacking strong trusting relationships to particular news outlets, the experience of navigating information online often reinforced tendencies toward generalised scepticism toward all news\&\#x2014;making it that much more challenging for news organizations to build trust with digital audiences.}, language = {English}, urldate = {2024-01-07}, institution = {Reuters Institute for the Study of Journalism, University of Oxford}, author = {Toff, B. and Badrinathan, S. and Mont’Alverne, C. and Ross Arguedas, A. and Fletcher, R. and Nielsen, R.}, year = {2021}, keywords = {/unread, BRICS, First Draft Report Cited, Global North, Qual}, file = {Toff et al. - 2021 - Listening to what trust in news means to users qu.pdf:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/L462C3H4/Toff et al. - 2021 - Listening to what trust in news means to users qu.pdf:application/pdf}, } @article{toffAllNewsThats2020, title = {All the {News} {That}’s {Fit} to {Ignore}: {How} the {Information} {Environment} {Does} and {Does} {Not} {Shape} {News} {Avoidance}}, volume = {84}, issn = {0033-362X, 1537-5331}, url = {https://academic.oup.com/poq/article/84/S1/366/5869633}, doi = {10.1093/poq/nfaa016}, abstract = {In a fragmented digital media environment where news is increasingly encountered passively in social media feeds and via automated mobile alerts, active avoidance of news, rather than deliberate consumption, takes on outsized importance in shaping what it means to be an informed citizen. This article systematically evaluates the factors that predict news avoidance behaviors, considering both individual- and country-level explanations. Using a large-scale quantitative, comparative approach, we examine more than 67,000 survey respondents across 35 countries worldwide and find consistent evidence for how factors including demographics, political attitudes, and news genre preferences shape avoidance consistently across information environments. But we also show how country-level contextual factors, what we call “cultures of news consumption,” influence behaviors beyond that which is explained by respondent-level differences. Specifically, levels of press freedom and political freedom and stability are shown to negatively predict rates of news avoidance. These findings suggest that many people’s news use practices depend not only on personal characteristics and preferences but quite sensibly on the news available to them, which they may have good reason to view as deficient or untrustworthy, as well as culturally specific norms around its value and utility.}, language = {en}, number = {S1}, urldate = {2022-12-20}, journal = {Public Opinion Quarterly}, author = {Toff, Benjamin and Kalogeropoulos, Antonis}, month = aug, year = {2020}, keywords = {/unread, Global, First Draft Report Cited, Quant}, pages = {366--390}, file = {Toff et Kalogeropoulos - 2020 - All the News That’s Fit to Ignore.pdf:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/QRZT9XXI/Toff et Kalogeropoulos - 2020 - All the News That’s Fit to Ignore.pdf:application/pdf}, } @article{toffJustGoogleIt2018, title = {“{I} {Just} {Google} {It}”: {Folk} {Theories} of {Distributed} {Discovery}}, volume = {68}, issn = {0021-9916}, shorttitle = {“{I} {Just} {Google} {It}”}, url = {https://doi.org/10.1093/joc/jqy009}, doi = {10.1093/joc/jqy009}, abstract = {A significant minority of people do not follow news regularly, and a growing number rely on distributed discovery (especially social media and search engines) to stay informed. Here, we analyze folk theories of news consumption. On the basis of an inductive analysis of 43 in-depth interviews with infrequent users of conventional news, we identify three complementary folk theories (“news finds me,” “the information is out there,” and “I don’t know what to believe”) that consumers draw on when making sense of their information environment. We show that the notion of folk theories help unpack the different, complementary, sometimes contradictory cultural resources people rely on as they navigate digital media and public affairs, and we argue that studying those who rarely engage directly with news media but do access information via social media and search provides a critical case study of the dynamics of an environment increasingly defined by platforms.}, number = {3}, urldate = {2024-05-13}, journal = {Journal of Communication}, author = {Toff, Benjamin and Nielsen, Rasmus Kleis}, month = jun, year = {2018}, keywords = {/unread, First Draft Report Cited, Global North, Qual}, pages = {636--657}, file = {Toff and Nielsen - 2018 - “I Just Google It” Folk Theories of Distributed D.pdf:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/EILUT4QL/Toff and Nielsen - 2018 - “I Just Google It” Folk Theories of Distributed D.pdf:application/pdf}, } @article{toffExplainingGenderGap2019, title = {Explaining the {Gender} {Gap} in {News} {Avoidance}: “{News}-{Is}-for-{Men}” {Perceptions} and the {Burdens} of {Caretaking}}, volume = {20}, issn = {1461-670X, 1469-9699}, shorttitle = {Explaining the {Gender} {Gap} in {News} {Avoidance}}, url = {https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/1461670X.2018.1528882}, doi = {10.1080/1461670X.2018.1528882}, abstract = {Even in wealthy post-industrial countries where equity between men and women has improved in recent years, women are still significantly more likely than men to say they avoid the news, a gender gap that has important implications for political participation. This article employs a qualitative, inductive approach to examine the how and why behind the gender gap in news consumption. Using in-depth interviews with 43 workingand middle-class individuals in the United Kingdom who say they rarely or never access conventional news sources, we find that decisions around when and whether to engage with news are (1) often viewed through a gendered lens, which we call “news-is-formen” perceptions, and (2) subject to structural inequalities that shape people’s everyday media consumption habits. These include both gender-based divisions of labor in the consumption of news within households and the physical and emotional burdens of caretaking responsibilities, which fall predominantly on women and can interfere with staying up-to-date with news. We argue that efforts to close the gender gap that fail to address both of these entrenched underlying causes are unlikely to succeed.}, language = {en}, number = {11}, urldate = {2022-12-20}, journal = {Journalism Studies}, author = {Toff, Benjamin and Palmer, Ruth A.}, month = aug, year = {2019}, keywords = {/unread, First Draft Report Cited, Global North, Qual}, pages = {1563--1579}, file = {Toff et Palmer - 2019 - Explaining the Gender Gap in News Avoidance “News.pdf:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/DREQCH62/Toff et Palmer - 2019 - Explaining the Gender Gap in News Avoidance “News.pdf:application/pdf}, } @article{tongFakeNewsAnything2020, title = {"{Fake} {News} {Is} {Anything} {They} {Say}!" — {Conceptualization} and {Weaponization} of {Fake} {News} among the {American} {Public}}, volume = {23}, issn = {15205436}, url = {https://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&AuthType=ip,shib&db=cms&AN=145199698&authtype=shib&site=ehost-live&scope=site&custid=s1089299}, doi = {10.1080/15205436.2020.1789661}, abstract = {This study examines the articulation of public opinion about so-called fake news using a national survey (N = 510) of U.S. adults conducted in 2018. We coded respondents' open-ended answers about what is "fake news" and found that while some respondents adopted a politically neutral, descriptive definition, others provided a partisan, accusatory answer. Specifically, the weaponization of fake news was evident in the way respondents used the term to blame adversarial political and media targets. Perceptions of fake news prevalence, partisanship strength, and political interest were associated with a higher likelihood of providing a politicized and accusatory response about fake news. Accusations were polarized as a function of partisan identity and positively correlated with affective polarization. Results are discussed in light of the linguistic distinction of the term and what it means in the context of news media distrust and polarization.}, number = {5}, urldate = {2023-12-19}, journal = {Mass Communication \& Society}, author = {Tong, Chau and Gill, Hyungjin and Li, Jianing and Valenzuela, Sebastián and Rojas, Hernando}, year = {2020}, note = {Publisher: Taylor \& Francis Ltd}, keywords = {Fake news, Partisanship, Public opinion, /unread, First Draft Report Cited, Global North, Mixed, Press, Definitions}, pages = {755--778}, file = {EBSCO Full Text:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/CMDRV4M2/Tong et al. - 2020 - Fake News Is Anything They Say! — Conceptualizat.pdf:application/pdf}, } @book{trappelDigitalMediaInequalities2019, title = {Digital {Media} {Inequalities}: {Policies} {Against} {Divides}, {Distrust} and {Discrimination}}, url = {https://norden.diva-portal.org/smash/get/diva2:1299036/FULLTEXT02.pdf}, publisher = {Nordicom}, editor = {Trappel, Josef}, year = {2019}, keywords = {/unread, First Draft Report Cited, Global North, Mixed}, file = {Digital Media Inequalities | Nordicom:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/D24F3F9F/digital-media-inequalities.html:text/html;Trappel - 2019 - Digital Media Inequalities Policies against divid.pdf:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/H823UV56/Trappel - 2019 - Digital Media Inequalities Policies against divid.pdf:application/pdf}, } @article{trillingSkippingCurrentAffairs2013, title = {Skipping current affairs: {The} non-users of online and offline news}, volume = {28}, issn = {0267-3231, 1460-3705}, shorttitle = {Skipping current affairs}, url = {http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/0267323112453671}, doi = {10.1177/0267323112453671}, abstract = {In an information-rich environment with ample choice, do citizens still get exposed to what is going on around them in society? Or do they become ‘information hermits’, only interested in their personal hobbies? In contrast to widespread fears, the results of a large-scale survey, representative for the population of the Netherlands, suggest that most citizens still get an overview of what is going on in the world, and that television news is still the most popular source for that information. In addition, news on the Internet reaches those who are unlikely to seek news offline and wish to be entertained instead of informed. In detail, the study examines (1) which factors influence total news-overview avoidance, but also (2) what determines the amount of news exposure for those who do not skip the news.}, language = {en}, number = {1}, urldate = {2024-04-08}, journal = {European Journal of Communication}, author = {Trilling, Damian and Schoenbach, Klaus}, month = feb, year = {2013}, keywords = {/unread, First Draft Report Cited, Global North, Quant}, pages = {35--51}, file = {Available Version (via Google Scholar):/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/EPW4RFPR/0267323112453671.html:text/html;Texte intégral:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/S348MK3C/Trilling et Schoenbach - 2013 - Skipping current affairs The non-users of online .pdf:application/pdf}, } @article{tsanniHowSatelliteImages2024, title = {How satellite images and {AI} could help fight spatial apartheid in {South} {Africa}}, url = {https://www.technologyreview.com/2024/01/19/1086837/satellite-images-ai-spatial-apartheid-south-africa/}, urldate = {2024-04-25}, journal = {MIT Technology Review}, author = {Tsanni, Abdullah}, month = jan, year = {2024}, keywords = {Global South, /unread, BRICS, Review, First Draft Report Cited}, file = {How satellite images and AI could help fight spatial apartheid in South Africa   | MIT Technology Review:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/QF6NR4H6/satellite-images-ai-spatial-apartheid-south-africa.html:text/html}, } @article{tsfatiIndividualContextualCorrelates2014, title = {Individual and {Contextual} {Correlates} of {Trust} in {Media} {Across} 44 {Countries}}, volume = {41}, issn = {0093-6502, 1552-3810}, url = {http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/0093650213485972}, doi = {10.1177/0093650213485972}, abstract = {Media research demonstrates that audience trust in the news media is a highly consequential factor, shaping audience selection of and response to media, and potentially impacting citizens’ perceptions of the political system at large. Still, our knowledge about the correlates of trust in media is limited. Only a few studies have utilized a correlational design to explore the associations between trust in media and other factors, and almost all of these studies originate in the U.S. context. The current investigation utilizes data from 44 diverse countries ( n = 57,847), collected as part of the World Values Survey, to broaden our understanding of trust in media. The aim is two-fold—to learn about individual-level correlates across contexts and to demonstrate that macro-level factors play a part in shaping such trust. Our findings indicate that levels of political interest, interpersonal trust, and exposure to television news and newspapers are positively correlated with trust in media, while education and exposure to news on the Internet are negatively associated. On the macro level, postmaterialism emerged as a consistent predictor of trust in media. State ownership of the media industry did not have a main effect on trust in media after controlling for other factors. However, an interaction was found between state ownership and level of democracy: state ownership of television is positively associated with media trust in democratic societies and negatively associated with trust in media in nondemocratic societies.}, language = {en}, number = {6}, urldate = {2024-01-11}, journal = {Communication Research}, author = {Tsfati, Yariv and Ariely, Gal}, month = aug, year = {2014}, keywords = {/unread, First Draft Report Cited, Mixed}, pages = {760--782}, file = {Tsfati and Ariely - 2014 - Individual and Contextual Correlates of Trust in M.pdf:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/YSEZXH8C/Tsfati and Ariely - 2014 - Individual and Contextual Correlates of Trust in M.pdf:application/pdf}, } @article{tsfatiPeopleWatchWhat2003, title = {Do {People} {Watch} what they {Do} {Not} {Trust}?: {Exploring} the {Association} between {News} {Media} {Skepticism} and {Exposure}}, volume = {30}, issn = {0093-6502, 1552-3810}, shorttitle = {Do {People} {Watch} what they {Do} {Not} {Trust}?}, url = {http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/0093650203253371}, doi = {10.1177/0093650203253371}, abstract = {This article explores a possible association between skepticism toward the media and audience exposure patterns. Hypotheses predicting a relationship between media skepticism and news media consumption are tested on four large sample data sets. Findings show that media skepticism is negatively associated with mainstream news exposure but positively associated with nonmainstream news exposure.}, language = {en}, number = {5}, urldate = {2023-05-08}, journal = {Communication Research}, author = {Tsfati, Yariv and Cappella, Joseph N.}, month = oct, year = {2003}, keywords = {/unread, First Draft Report Cited, Global North, Mixed}, pages = {504--529}, file = {Tsfati et Cappella - 2003 - Do People Watch what they Do Not Trust Exploring.pdf:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/Z9RLUUTK/Tsfati et Cappella - 2003 - Do People Watch what they Do Not Trust Exploring.pdf:application/pdf}, } @article{tuchmanObjectivityStrategicRitual1972, title = {Objectivity as {Strategic} {Ritual}: {An} {Examination} of {Newsmen}'s {Notions} of {Objectivity}}, volume = {77}, issn = {0002-9602, 1537-5390}, shorttitle = {Objectivity as {Strategic} {Ritual}}, url = {https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/10.1086/225193}, doi = {10.1086/225193}, language = {en}, number = {4}, urldate = {2023-08-02}, journal = {American Journal of Sociology}, author = {Tuchman, Gaye}, month = jan, year = {1972}, keywords = {/unread, First Draft Report Cited, Global North, Qual}, pages = {660--679}, file = {Tuchman - 1972 - Objectivity as Strategic Ritual An Examination of.pdf:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/FDLTW3KV/Tuchman - 1972 - Objectivity as Strategic Ritual An Examination of.pdf:application/pdf}, } @article{tuckerOurFutureFifth2023, title = {Our {Future} {Inside} the {Fifth} {Column}- {Or}, {What} {Chatbots} {Are} {Really} {For}}, url = {https://techpolicy.press/our-future-inside-the-fifth-column-or-what-chatbots-are-really-for}, abstract = {The frightful rhetoric accompanying the chatbot parade is a come-on to powerful corporate and institutional actors, says Emily Tucker.}, language = {en}, urldate = {2024-05-06}, journal = {Tech Policy Press}, author = {Tucker, Emily}, month = jun, year = {2023}, keywords = {/unread, Review, First Draft Report Cited, Global North}, file = {Snapshot:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/FRXW6SD8/our-future-inside-the-fifth-column-or-what-chatbots-are-really-for.html:text/html;Tucker - 2023 - Our Future Inside The Fifth Column- Or, What Chatb.pdf:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/35IU94RK/Tucker - 2023 - Our Future Inside The Fifth Column- Or, What Chatb.pdf:application/pdf}, } @techreport{tuckerSocialMediaPolitical2018, title = {Social {Media}, {Political} {Polarization}, and {Political} {Disinformation}: {A} {Review} of the {Literature}}, url = {https://cristianvaccari.com/2018/03/20/what-do-we-know-about-social-media-political-polarization-and-political-disinformation/}, institution = {Prepared for Hewlett Foundation, US}, author = {Tucker, J A and Guess, A and Barbera, P and Vaccari, C and Siegel, A and Sanovich, S and Stukal, D and Nyhan, B}, year = {2018}, keywords = {Systematic literature review, /unread, First Draft Report Cited, OID Media}, file = {Tucker et al. - 2018 - Social Media, Political Polarization, and Politica.pdf:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/22FK394K/Tucker et al. - 2018 - Social Media, Political Polarization, and Politica.pdf:application/pdf}, } @article{tullyWhoResponsibleStopping2022, title = {Who is {Responsible} for {Stopping} the {Spread} of {Misinformation}? {Examining} {Audience} {Perceptions} of {Responsibilities} and {Responses} in {Six} {Sub}-{Saharan} {African} {Countries}}, volume = {10}, issn = {2167-0811}, shorttitle = {Who is {Responsible} for {Stopping} the {Spread} of {Misinformation}?}, url = {https://doi.org/10.1080/21670811.2021.1965491}, doi = {10.1080/21670811.2021.1965491}, abstract = {While research on misinformation in Africa has increased in recent years, and despite a growing body of theoretical and empirical work that considers the role of governments, platforms, and users in stopping misinformation globally, there is still a lack of empirical research addressing ways to curb its spread on the continent. Research has coalesced around the idea that no single approach will work in all contexts, and effective strategies need to include media literacy, fact-checking, changes in how news is produced and circulated, government oversight, and regulations as well as responses that take local contexts into account. Using data from 36 focus groups in six sub-Saharan African countries, we examine audiences’ experiences with misinformation and perceptions of institutional and personal roles and responsibility for both preventing and intervening in the spread of misinformation. First, we examine perceptions of misinformation with a particular focus on whether misinformation is perceived as “a problem.” Second, we examine perceived responsibility for addressing misinformation and possible solutions to the problem. Findings suggest that participants perceive misinformation as a problem if it has real or potential negative consequences and express a sense of shared responsibility among individuals and institutions for stopping the spread of misinformation.}, number = {5}, urldate = {2023-12-25}, journal = {Digital Journalism}, author = {Tully, Melissa and Madrid-Morales, Dani and Wasserman, Herman and Gondwe, Gregory and Ireri, Kioko}, month = may, year = {2022}, note = {Publisher: Routledge \_eprint: https://doi.org/10.1080/21670811.2021.1965491}, keywords = {Africa, Misinformation, focus groups, Global South, /unread, First Draft Report Cited, Qual, USED, OID Mis/Disinfo, majority world, responses, responsibility}, pages = {679--697}, file = {Tully et al. - 2022 - Who is Responsible for Stopping the Spread of Misi.pdf:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/3IGYPZYR/Tully et al. - 2022 - Who is Responsible for Stopping the Spread of Misi.pdf:application/pdf}, } @article{turillazziDigitalServicesAct2023, title = {The {Digital} {Services} {Act}: an analysis of its ethical, legal, and social implications}, volume = {15}, issn = {1757-9961}, shorttitle = {The digital services act}, url = {https://doi.org/10.1080/17579961.2023.2184136}, doi = {10.1080/17579961.2023.2184136}, abstract = {In December 2020, the European Commission issued the Digital Services Act (DSA), a legislative proposal for a single market of digital services, focusing on fundamental rights, data privacy, and the protection of stakeholders. The DSA seeks to promote European digital sovereignty, among other goals. This article reviews the literature and related documents on the DSA to map and evaluate its ethical, legal, and social implications. It examines four macro-areas of interest regarding the digital services offered by online platforms. The analysis concludes that, so far, the DSA has led to contrasting interpretations, ranging from stakeholders expecting it to be more challenging for gatekeepers, to others objecting that the proposed obligations are unjustified. The article contributes to this debate by arguing that a more robust framework for the benefit of all stakeholders should be defined.}, number = {1}, urldate = {2024-05-16}, journal = {Law, Innovation and Technology}, author = {Turillazzi, Aina and Taddeo, Mariarosaria and Floridi, Luciano and Casolari, Federico}, month = jan, year = {2023}, note = {Publisher: Routledge \_eprint: https://doi.org/10.1080/17579961.2023.2184136}, keywords = {Online platforms, /unread, Review, First Draft Report Cited, Global North, Ethics, Digital Services Act, European Commission, Competition law, Fundamental rights}, pages = {83--106}, file = {Full Text PDF:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/377XNWUS/Turillazzi et al. - 2023 - The digital services act an analysis of its ethic.pdf:application/pdf}, } @book{turowVoiceCatchersHow2021, address = {New Haven}, title = {The {Voice} {Catchers}: {How} {Marketers} {Listen} {In} to {Exploit} {Your} {Feelings}, {Your} {Privacy}, and {Your} {Wallet}}, isbn = {978-0-300-24803-6}, shorttitle = {The {Voice} {Catchers}}, abstract = {Your voice provides biometric data. How are marketers using it to manipulate you?“[Dr. Turow ] is encouraging policymakers and the public to do something I wish we did more often: Be careful and considerate about how we use a powerful technology before it might be used for consequential decisions.”―Shira Ovide, New York Times Only three decades ago, it was inconceivable that virtually entire populations would be carrying around wireless phones wherever they went, or that peoples’ exact locations could be tracked by those devices. We now take both for granted. Even just a decade ago the idea that individuals’ voices could be used to identify and draw inferences about them as they shopped or interacted with retailers seemed like something out of a science fiction novel. Yet a new business sector is emerging to do exactly that.   The first in-depth examination of the voice intelligence industry, The Voice Catchers exposes how artificial intelligence is enabling personalized marketing and discrimination through voice analysis. Amazon and Google have numerous patents pertaining to voice profiling, and even now their smart speakers are extracting and using voiceprints for identification and more. Customer service centers are already approaching every caller based on what they conclude a caller’s voice reveals about that person’s emotions, sentiments, and personality, often in real time. In fact, many scientists believe that a person’s weight, height, age, and race, not to mention any illnesses they may have, can also be identified from the sound of that individual’s voice. Ultimately, not just marketers, but also politicians and governments, may use voice profiling to infer personal characteristics for selfish interests and not for the benefit of a citizen or society as a whole.   Leading communications scholar Joseph Turow places the voice intelligence industry in historical perspective, explores its contemporary developments, and offers a clarion call for regulating this rising surveillance regime.}, language = {English}, publisher = {Yale University Press}, author = {Turow, Joseph}, month = jun, year = {2021}, keywords = {/unread, First Draft Report Cited, Global North, Mixed}, } @article{turowJournalismVoiceIntelligence2021, title = {Journalism and the {Voice} {Intelligence} {Industry}}, volume = {9}, issn = {2167-0811}, url = {https://doi.org/10.1080/21670811.2020.1829979}, doi = {10.1080/21670811.2020.1829979}, abstract = {The voice intelligence industry is an emerging sector of society that involves smart speakers, car information systems, customer service calls to contact centers, and “connected-home” devices such as thermostats, home-security alarms and other tools. Linked to it are advanced machine learning and deep neural network programs that can discriminate prejudicially among individuals in ways that benefit the firms using their voice. This commentary explores the implications of these activities for journalism. For example, combining inferences about an individual’s voice with a raft other information collected about that person might lead to a rearranging of the agendas of news articles, news videos, commercial messages, and even discounts differently for different people on the fly. The rise of voice will likely reshape programmatic advertising marketplaces as well as the more private ways journalism organizations work with a variety of branding engines to identify and persuade prospects. As these pieces of the new environment move into place, it is important for people who care about the future of journalism to consider how an era centering on voice-profiling might shape news agendas individuals receive, commercial messages that come with them, and interrelationships between journalism and commerce.}, number = {7}, urldate = {2023-12-25}, journal = {Digital Journalism}, author = {Turow, Joseph}, month = sep, year = {2021}, note = {Publisher: Routledge \_eprint: https://doi.org/10.1080/21670811.2020.1829979}, keywords = {Internet, privacy, surveillance, /unread, Review, First Draft Report Cited, Global North, OID Media, USED, bio-profiling, marketing}, pages = {1000--1006}, file = {Turow - 2021 - Journalism and the Voice Intelligence Industry.pdf:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/9ZCLY8X9/Turow - 2021 - Journalism and the Voice Intelligence Industry.pdf:application/pdf}, } @article{turowMediaDataExtraction2018, title = {Media as {Data} {Extraction}: {Towards} a {New} {Map} of a {Transformed} {Communications} {Field}}, volume = {68}, issn = {0021-9916}, shorttitle = {Media as {Data} {Extraction}}, url = {http://academic.oup.com/joc/article/68/2/415/4958951}, doi = {10.1093/joc/jqx011}, abstract = {Abstract. The communications field must challenge traditional understandings of media in the face of a transformation in the dynamics of capitalism that priori}, language = {en}, number = {2}, urldate = {2020-08-06}, journal = {Journal of Communication}, author = {Turow, Joseph and Couldry, Nick}, month = apr, year = {2018}, note = {Publisher: Oxford Academic}, keywords = {/unread, Global, Review, First Draft Report Cited}, pages = {415--423}, file = {Turow and Couldry - 2018 - Media as Data Extraction Towards a New Map of a T.pdf:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/RFTWTAYJ/Turow and Couldry - 2018 - Media as Data Extraction Towards a New Map of a T.pdf:application/pdf}, } @techreport{turowAmericansCantConsent2023, title = {Americans {Can}'t {Consent} to {Companies}' {Use} of {Their} {Data}: {They} {Admit} {They} {Don}'t {Understand} {It}, {Say} {They}'re {Helpless} to {Control} {It}, and {Believe} {They}'re {Harmed} {When} {Firms} {Use} {Their} {Data}--{Making} {What} {Companies} {Do} {Illegitimate}}, shorttitle = {Americans {Can}'t {Consent} to {Companies}' {Use} of {Their} {Data}}, url = {https://www.ssrn.com/abstract=4391134}, language = {en}, urldate = {2024-04-17}, institution = {Annenberg School for Communications, University of Pennsylvania}, author = {Turow, Joseph and Lelkes, Yphtach and Draper, Nora and Waldman, Ari Ezra}, year = {2023}, keywords = {/unread, First Draft Report Cited, Global North, Quant}, file = {Turow et al. - 2023 - Americans Can't Consent to Companies' Use of Their.pdf:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/TAFVV42Z/Turow et al. - 2023 - Americans Can't Consent to Companies' Use of Their.pdf:application/pdf}, } @article{tutersTheyRuleMemetic2020, title = {((({They}))) rule: {Memetic} antagonism and nebulous othering on 4chan}, volume = {22}, issn = {1461-4448}, shorttitle = {((({They}))) rule}, url = {https://doi.org/10.1177/1461444819888746}, doi = {10.1177/1461444819888746}, abstract = {Previously theorised as vehicles for expressing progressive dissent, this article considers how political memes have become entangled in the recent reactionary turn of Web subcultures. Drawing on Chantal Mouffe’s work on political affect, this article examines how online anonymous communities use memetic literacy, memetic abstraction, and memetic antagonism to constitute themselves as political collectives. Specifically, it focuses on how the subcultural and highly reactionary milieu of 4chan’s /pol/ board does so through an anti-Semitic meme called triple parentheses. In aggregating the contents of this peculiar meme from a large dataset of /pol/ comments, the article finds that /pol/ users, or anons, tend to use the meme to formulate a nebulous out-group resonant with populist demagoguery.}, language = {en}, number = {12}, urldate = {2024-04-16}, journal = {New Media \& Society}, author = {Tuters, Marc and Hagen, Sal}, month = dec, year = {2020}, note = {Publisher: SAGE Publications}, keywords = {/unread, First Draft Report Cited, Global North, Quant}, pages = {2218--2237}, file = {SAGE PDF Full Text:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/I55I2WKZ/Tuters and Hagen - 2020 - (((They))) rule Memetic antagonism and nebulous o.pdf:application/pdf}, } @article{twomeyDeepfakeVideosUndermine2023, title = {Do deepfake videos undermine our epistemic trust? {A} thematic analysis of tweets that discuss deepfakes in the {Russian} invasion of {Ukraine}}, volume = {18}, issn = {1932-6203}, shorttitle = {Do deepfake videos undermine our epistemic trust?}, url = {https://dx.plos.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0291668}, doi = {10.1371/journal.pone.0291668}, abstract = {Deepfakes are a form of multi-modal media generated using deep-learning technology. Many academics have expressed fears that deepfakes present a severe threat to the veracity of news and political communication, and an epistemic crisis for video evidence. These commentaries have often been hypothetical, with few real-world cases of deepfake’s political and epistemological harm. The Russo-Ukrainian war presents the first real-life example of deepfakes being used in warfare, with a number of incidents involving deepfakes of Russian and Ukrainian government officials being used for misinformation and entertainment.}, language = {en}, number = {10}, urldate = {2024-02-21}, journal = {PLoS ONE}, author = {Twomey, John and Ching, Didier and Aylett, Matthew Peter and Quayle, Michael and Linehan, Conor and Murphy, Gillian}, editor = {Mehmood, Rashid}, month = oct, year = {2023}, keywords = {/unread, First Draft Report Cited, Global North, Qual}, pages = {1--22}, file = {Twomey et al. - 2023 - Do deepfake videos undermine our epistemic trust .pdf:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/X4ZYNCXT/Twomey et al. - 2023 - Do deepfake videos undermine our epistemic trust .pdf:application/pdf}, } @techreport{ukdsitBletchleyDeclarationCountries2023, title = {The {Bletchley} {Declaration} by {Countries} {Attending} the {AI} {Safety} {Summit}, 1-2 {November} 2023}, url = {https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/ai-safety-summit-2023-the-bletchley-declaration/the-bletchley-declaration-by-countries-attending-the-ai-safety-summit-1-2-november-2023}, language = {en}, urldate = {2023-12-22}, institution = {UK Dept for Science, Innovation \& Technology}, author = {UK DSIT}, month = nov, year = {2023}, keywords = {/unread, First Draft Report Cited, Global North, USED, OID AI}, file = {UK Government - 2023 - The Bletchley Declaration by Countries Attending t.pdf:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/SRG5EUAR/UK Government - 2023 - The Bletchley Declaration by Countries Attending t.pdf:application/pdf}, } @techreport{unescoRecommendationEthicsArtificial2022, title = {Recommendation on the {Ethics} of {Artificial} {Intelligence}}, url = {https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000381137}, institution = {UNESCO SHS/BIO/PI/2021/1}, author = {UNESCO}, year = {2022}, keywords = {/unread, Global, First Draft Report Cited}, file = {UNESCO - 2022 - Recommendation on the Ethics of Artificial Intelli.pdf:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/ZE4IHCQ2/UNESCO - 2022 - Recommendation on the Ethics of Artificial Intelli.pdf:application/pdf}, } @techreport{unescoWorldTrendsFreedom2022, title = {World {Trends} in {Freedom} of {Expression} and {Media} {Development}: {Global} {Report} 2021/22}, url = {https://www.unesco.org/en/world-media-trends}, abstract = {-}, language = {en}, urldate = {2024-01-27}, institution = {UNESCO}, author = {UNESCO}, year = {2022}, keywords = {/unread, Global, First Draft Report Cited}, file = {Snapshot:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/QTKTKAXK/world-media-trends.html:text/html;UNESCO - 2022 - World Trends in Freedom of Expression and Media De.pdf:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/RJAS2LIH/UNESCO - 2022 - World Trends in Freedom of Expression and Media De.pdf:application/pdf}, } @techreport{unescoAddressingHateSpeech2023, title = {Addressing {Hate} {Speech} {Through} {Education}: {A} {Guide} for {Policy} {Makers}}, url = {https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000384872}, institution = {UNESCO}, author = {UNESCO}, year = {2023}, keywords = {/unread, Global, Review, First Draft Report Cited}, file = {UNESCO - 2023 - Addressing Hate Sppech Through Education A Guide .pdf:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/E9PZPHLL/UNESCO - 2023 - Addressing Hate Sppech Through Education A Guide .pdf:application/pdf}, } @techreport{unescoGuidelinesGovernanceDigital2023, title = {Guidelines for the {Governance} of {Digital} {Platforms}: safeguarding freedom of expression and access to information through a multi-stakeholder approach}, url = {https://www.unesco.org/en/internet-trust/guidelines}, abstract = {The Guidelines aim is safeguarding freedom of expression and access to information online... The Guidelines outline a set of duties, responsibilities and roles for States, digital platforms, intergovernmental organizations, civil society, media, academia, the technical community and other stakeholders to enable the environment where freedom of expression and information are in the core of digital platforms governance processes. The Guidelines were produced through a multi-stakeholder consultation that gathered more than 10,000 comments from 134 countries. These global-scale consultations fostered inclusive participation, ensuring a diversity of voices to be heard, including those from groups in situation of marginalization and vulnerability.}, language = {en}, urldate = {2023-12-22}, institution = {UNESCO}, author = {UNESCO}, year = {2023}, keywords = {/unread, Global, Review, First Draft Report Cited, USED, OID Data Gov}, file = {UNESCO - 2023 - Guidelines for the Governance of Digital Platforms.pdf:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/KVYU6F76/UNESCO - 2023 - Guidelines for the Governance of Digital Platforms.pdf:application/pdf}, } @misc{unescoAICompetencyFrameworks2024, title = {{AI} competency frameworks for school students and teachers}, url = {https://www.unesco.org/sites/default/files/medias/fichiers/2024/04/UNESCO-Draft-AI-competency-frameworks-for-teachers-and-school-students.pdf}, abstract = {AI competency frameworks for school students and teachers}, language = {en}, urldate = {2024-05-12}, author = {UNESCO}, month = apr, year = {2024}, keywords = {/unread, Global, Review, First Draft Report Cited}, file = {Full text:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/MU85T4K5/UNESCO - 2024 - AI competency frameworks for school students and t.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/FLHR3UF6/competency-frameworks.html:text/html}, } @techreport{unhcrFactorsThatImpede2014, title = {Factors that impede equal political participation and steps to overcome those challenges: {Report} of the {Office} of the {United} {Nations} {High} {Commissioner} for {Human} {Rights}}, url = {https://digitallibrary.un.org/record/777756?v=pdf}, institution = {United Nations Office of the Commissioner for Human Rights}, author = {UNHCR}, month = jun, year = {2014}, keywords = {/unread, Global, First Draft Report Cited}, file = {UNHCR - 2014 - Factors that impede equal political participation .pdf:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/FCQ2JMRM/UNHCR - 2014 - Factors that impede equal political participation .pdf:application/pdf}, } @techreport{unhcrDisinformationFreedomOpinion2021, type = {Report of the {Special} {Rapporteur} on the promotion and protection of the right to freedom of opinion and expression, {Irene} {Khan}}, title = {Disinformation and freedom of opinion and expression}, url = {https://documents-dds-ny.un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/G21/085/64/PDF/G2108564.pdf?OpenElement}, abstract = {In the present report, the Special Rapporteur on the promotion and protection of the right to freedom of opinion and expression examines the threats posed by disinformation to human rights, democratic institutions and development processes. While acknowledging the complexities and challenges posed by disinformation in the digital age, the Special Rapporteur finds that the responses by States and companies have been problematic, inadequate and detrimental to human rights. She calls for multidimensional and multistakeholder responses that are well grounded in the international human rights framework and urges companies to review their business model and States to recalibrate their responses to disinformation, enhancing the role of free, independent and diverse media, investing in media and digital literacy, empowering individuals and rebuilding public trust.}, language = {en}, number = {A/HRC/47/25}, urldate = {2023-12-13}, institution = {UN Human Rights Council}, author = {UNHCR}, month = apr, year = {2021}, keywords = {/unread, Global, First Draft Report Cited}, file = {2021 - Disinformation and freedom of opinion and expressi.pdf:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/EQ6FHNCK/2021 - Disinformation and freedom of opinion and expressi.pdf:application/pdf}, } @techreport{unitednationsUniversalDeclarationHuman1948, title = {Universal {Declaration} of {Human} {Rights}}, url = {https://www.un.org/en/about-us/universal-declaration-of-human-rights}, abstract = {A milestone document in the history of human rights, the Universal Declaration of Human Rights set out, for the first time, fundamental human rights to be universally protected. It has been translated into over 500 languages.}, language = {en}, urldate = {2024-03-27}, institution = {United Nations}, author = {United Nations}, year = {1948}, note = {Publisher: United Nations}, keywords = {/unread, Global, First Draft Report Cited}, file = {Snapshot:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/NYRVMHU4/universal-declaration-of-human-rights.html:text/html;United Nations - 2024 - Universal Declaration of Human Rights.pdf:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/3234QB3N/United Nations - 2024 - Universal Declaration of Human Rights.pdf:application/pdf}, } @techreport{unitednationsInternationalCovenantCivil1966, title = {International {Covenant} on {Civil} and {Political} {Rights}}, url = {https://www.ohchr.org/en/instruments-mechanisms/instruments/international-covenant-civil-and-political-rights}, abstract = {Entry into force 23 March 1976}, institution = {United Nations General Assembly 2200A (XXI)}, author = {United Nations}, year = {1966}, keywords = {/unread, Global, First Draft Report Cited}, file = {United Nations - 1996 - International Covenent on Civil and Political Righ.pdf:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/7D7Y32GW/United Nations - 1996 - International Covenent on Civil and Political Righ.pdf:application/pdf}, } @techreport{unitednationsViennaDeclarationProgramme1993, title = {Vienna {Declaration} and {Programme} of {Action}}, url = {https://www.ohchr.org/en/instruments-mechanisms/instruments/vienna-declaration-and-programme-action}, abstract = {The World Conference on Human Rights , Considering that the promotion and protection of human rights is a matter of priority for the international community, and that the Conference affords a unique opportunity to carry out a comprehensive analysis of the international human rights system and of the machinery for the protection of human rights, in order to enhance and thus promote a fuller observance of those rights, in a just and balanced manner,}, language = {en}, urldate = {2024-05-06}, institution = {UN Human Rights Office of the High Commissioner}, author = {United Nations}, month = jun, year = {1993}, keywords = {/unread, Global, First Draft Report Cited}, file = {Snapshot:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/VCB8B89Z/vienna-declaration-and-programme-action.html:text/html;United Nations - 1993 - Vienna Declaration and Programme of Action.pdf:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/IIL4QWSS/United Nations - 1993 - Vienna Declaration and Programme of Action.pdf:application/pdf}, } @techreport{unitednationsPromotingDigitalPublic2020, title = {Promoting {Digital} {Public} {Goods}}, url = {https://www.un.org/techenvoy/sites/www.un.org.techenvoy/files/general/Digital_Public_Goods_Summary_PDF.pdf}, institution = {United Nations Office of the Secretary General's Envoy on Technology}, author = {United Nations}, year = {2020}, keywords = {/unread, Global, First Draft Report Cited}, file = {United Nations - Promoting Digital Public Goods.pdf:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/Q5RJKTLA/United Nations - Promoting Digital Public Goods.pdf:application/pdf}, } @techreport{unitednationsOurCommonAgenda2021, title = {Our {Common} {Agenda}: {Report} of the {Secretary} {General}}, url = {https://www.un.org/en/content/common-agenda-report/assets/pdf/Common_Agenda_Report_English.pdf}, institution = {United Nations}, author = {United Nations}, year = {2021}, keywords = {/unread, Global, First Draft Report Cited}, file = {United Nations - 2021 - Our Common Agenda Report of the Secretary General.pdf:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/P6IU7E99/United Nations - 2021 - Our Common Agenda Report of the Secretary General.pdf:application/pdf}, } @techreport{unitednationsCounteringDisinformationPromotion2022, title = {Countering disinformation for the promotion and protection of human rights and fundamental freedoms {Report} of the {Secretary}-{General}}, url = {https://documents-dds-ny.un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/N22/459/24/PDF/N2245924.pdf?OpenElement}, institution = {United Nations General Assembly A/77/287}, author = {United Nations}, month = aug, year = {2022}, keywords = {/unread, Global, First Draft Report Cited, USED, OID Mis/Disinfo}, file = {United Nations - 2022 - Countering disinformation for the promotion and pr.pdf:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/ZIXEW5J6/United Nations - 2022 - Countering disinformation for the promotion and pr.pdf:application/pdf}, } @techreport{unitednationsOurCommonAgenda2023a, title = {Our {Common} {Agenda} {Policy} {Brief} 8: {Information} {Integrity} on {Digital} {Platforms}}, url = {https://indonesia.un.org/en/236014-our-common-agenda-policy-brief-8-information-integrity-digital-platforms#:~:text=The%20recommendations%20aim%20to%20help,Policy%20Brief%20proposes%20several%20measures.}, institution = {United Nations Secretary General's Office}, author = {United Nations}, year = {2023}, keywords = {/unread, Global, First Draft Report Cited, Quant}, file = {UNIC - 2023 - Our Common Agenda Policy Brief 8 Information Inte.pdf:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/57LMVE4X/UNIC - 2023 - Our Common Agenda Policy Brief 8 Information Inte.pdf:application/pdf}, } @techreport{unitednationsPlanActionSafety2023, title = {{UN} {Plan} of {Action} on the {Safety} of {Journalists} and the {Issue} of {Impunity}}, url = {https://www.ohchr.org/sites/default/files/documents/issues/journalists/2023-01-31/un-plan-on-safety-journalists_en.pdf}, institution = {United Nations CI-12/CONF.202.6}, author = {United Nations}, year = {2023}, keywords = {/unread, Global, First Draft Report Cited}, file = {United Nations - 2023 - UN Plan of Action on the Safety of Journalists and.pdf:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/CCKEIFNY/United Nations - 2023 - UN Plan of Action on the Safety of Journalists and.pdf:application/pdf}, } @techreport{unitednationsInformationIntegrityDigital2023, title = {Information {Integrity} on {Digital} {Platforms}}, url = {https://www.un.org/sites/un2.un.org/files/our-common-agenda-policy-brief-information-integrity-en.pdf}, institution = {UN Our Common Agenda Policy Brief 8}, author = {United Nations}, month = jun, year = {2023}, keywords = {/unread, Global, First Draft Report Cited, USED, Quant, OID Mis/Disinfo}, file = {United Nations - 2023 - Information Integrity on Digital Platforms.pdf:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/NJB2IQCC/United Nations - 2023 - Information Integrity on Digital Platforms.pdf:application/pdf}, } @techreport{unitednationsInterimReportGoverning2023, title = {Interim {Report}: {Governing} {AI} for {Humanity}}, url = {https://www.un.org/sites/un2.un.org/files/ai_advisory_body_interim_report.pdf}, institution = {United Nations AI Advisory Board}, author = {United Nations}, month = dec, year = {2023}, keywords = {/unread, Global, Review, First Draft Report Cited, OID Data Gov}, file = {UN AI Advisory Board - 2023 - Interim Report Governing AI for Humanity.pdf:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/3R6TFIG4/UN AI Advisory Board - 2023 - Interim Report Governing AI for Humanity.pdf:application/pdf}, } @techreport{unitednationsSeizingOpportunitiesSafe2024, title = {Seizing the {Opportunities} of {Safe}, {Secure} and {Trustworthy} {Artificial} {Intelligence} {Systems} for {Sustainable} {Development}}, url = {https://digitallibrary.un.org/record/4040897?ln=en&v=pdf}, institution = {United Nations General Assembly A/78/L.49}, author = {United Nations}, month = mar, year = {2024}, keywords = {/unread, Global, First Draft Report Cited}, file = {United Nations - 2024 - Seizing the Opportunities of Safe, Secure and Trus.pdf:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/2REFSF4U/United Nations - 2024 - Seizing the Opportunities of Safe, Secure and Trus.pdf:application/pdf}, } @misc{urmanSilenceLLMsCrossLingual2024, title = {The {Silence} of the {LLMs}: {Cross}-{Lingual} {Analysis} of {Political} {Bias} and {False} {Information} {Prevalence} in {ChatGPT}, {Google} {Bard}, and {Bing} {Chat}}, shorttitle = {The {Silence} of the {LLMs}}, url = {https://osf.io/q9v8f}, doi = {10.31219/osf.io/q9v8f}, abstract = {This article presents a comparative analysis of political bias in the outputs of three Large Language Model (LLM)-based chatbots - ChatGPT, Bing Chat, and Bard - in response to political queries concerning the authoritarian regime in Russia. We investigate whether safeguards implemented in these chatbots contribute to the censorship of information that is viewed as harmful by the regime, in particular information about Vladimir Putin and the Russian war against Ukraine, and whether these safeguards enable the generation of false claims, in particular in relation to the regime's internal and external opponents. To detect whether LLM safeguards reiterate political bias, the article compares the outputs of prompts focusing on Putin's regime and the ones dealing with the Russian opposition and the US and Ukrainian politicians. It also examines whether the degree of bias varies depending on the language of the prompt and compares outputs concerning political personalities and issues across three languages: Russian, Ukrainian, and English. The results reveal significant disparities in how individual chatbots withhold politics-related information or produce false claims in relation to it. Notably, Bard consistently refused to respond to queries about Vladimir Putin in Russian, even when the relevant information was accessible via Google Search, and generally followed the censorship guidelines that, according to Yandex-related data leaks, were issued by the Russian authorities. In terms of false claims, we find substantial variation across languages with Ukrainian and Russian prompts generating false information more often and Bard being more prone to produce false claims in relation to Russian regime opponents (e.g., Navalny or Zelenskyy) than other chatbots. This research aims to stimulate further dialogue and research on developing safeguards against the misuse of LLMs outside of democratic environments.}, language = {en-us}, urldate = {2024-01-03}, publisher = {OSF Preprints}, author = {Urman, Aleksandra and Makhortykh, Mykola}, month = jan, year = {2024}, keywords = {/unread, First Draft Report Cited, Global North, Mixed}, file = {Snapshot:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/57RIF6QU/Urman and Makhortykh - 2024 - The Silence of the LLMs Cross-Lingual Analysis of.html:text/html;Urman and Makhortykh - 2024 - The Silence of the LLMs Cross-Lingual Analysis of.pdf:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/A4IMLG2V/Urman and Makhortykh - 2024 - The Silence of the LLMs Cross-Lingual Analysis of.pdf:application/pdf}, } @techreport{uscongressGenerativeAICopyright2024, title = {Generative {AI} {Copyright} {Disclosure} {Act} of 2024}, url = {https://www.congress.gov/bill/118th-congress/house-bill/7913?overview=closed}, institution = {United States Congress, H. R. 7913, 118th Congress (2023-2024) Referred to the House Committee on the Judiciary, 9 April 2024}, author = {US Congress}, month = apr, year = {2024}, keywords = {/unread, First Draft Report Cited, Global North, Policy}, } @techreport{usexecutiveorderExecutiveOrderSafe2023, title = {Executive {Order} on the {Safe}, {Secure}, and {Trustworthy} {Development} and {Use} of {Artificial} {Intelligence}}, url = {https://www.whitehouse.gov/briefing-room/presidential-actions/2023/10/30/executive-order-on-the-safe-secure-and-trustworthy-development-and-use-of-artificial-intelligence/}, institution = {United States, White House Executive Order}, author = {US Executive Order}, month = oct, year = {2023}, keywords = {/unread, First Draft Report Cited, Global North, Policy}, } @techreport{usstateofcaliforniaCaliforniaConsumerPrivacy2018, title = {California {Consumer} {Privacy} {Act} ({CCPA})}, url = {https://oag.ca.gov/privacy/ccpa}, abstract = {The California Consumer Privacy Act 2018}, language = {en}, urldate = {2022-12-31}, institution = {State of California Department of Justice}, author = {US State of California}, month = oct, year = {2018}, keywords = {/unread, Review, First Draft Report Cited, Global North}, } @article{vaccariDeepfakesDisinformationExploring2020, title = {Deepfakes and {Disinformation}: {Exploring} the {Impact} of {Synthetic} {Political} {Video} on {Deception}, {Uncertainty}, and {Trust} in {News}}, volume = {6}, issn = {2056-3051}, shorttitle = {Deepfakes and {Disinformation}}, url = {https://doi.org/10.1177/2056305120903408}, doi = {10.1177/2056305120903408}, abstract = {Artificial Intelligence (AI) now enables the mass creation of what have become known as “deepfakes”: synthetic videos that closely resemble real videos. Integrating theories about the power of visual communication and the role played by uncertainty in undermining trust in public discourse, we explain the likely contribution of deepfakes to online disinformation. Administering novel experimental treatments to a large representative sample of the United Kingdom population allowed us to compare people’s evaluations of deepfakes. We find that people are more likely to feel uncertain than to be misled by deepfakes, but this resulting uncertainty, in turn, reduces trust in news on social media. We conclude that deepfakes may contribute toward generalized indeterminacy and cynicism, further intensifying recent challenges to online civic culture in democratic societies.}, language = {en}, number = {1}, urldate = {2023-12-13}, journal = {Social Media + Society}, author = {Vaccari, Cristian and Chadwick, Andrew}, month = jan, year = {2020}, note = {Publisher: SAGE Publications Ltd}, keywords = {/unread, First Draft Report Cited, Global North, Quant}, pages = {1--13}, file = {SAGE PDF Full Text:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/V2YX5NDN/Vaccari and Chadwick - 2020 - Deepfakes and Disinformation Exploring the Impact.pdf:application/pdf}, } @article{valenzuelaPoliticsMediaJournalism2023, title = {Politics and {Media} in {Journalism} \& {Mass} {Communication} {Quarterly}: {A} {Centennial} {Research} {Retrospective}}, volume = {100}, issn = {1077-6990, 2161-430X}, shorttitle = {Politics and {Media} in \textit{{Journalism} \& {Mass} {Communication} {Quarterly}}}, url = {http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/10776990231203542}, doi = {10.1177/10776990231203542}, abstract = {Based on computerized and manual content analyses, we examined the theories, methods, topics, and authors’ backgrounds of the empirical articles revolving around politics and media published by Journalism \& Mass Communication Quarterly (JMCQ) in its 100 years ( N = 424). The most common theories are agenda-setting, framing, and selective exposure, and quantitative methods prevail with single-country studies being more prevalent than comparative analyses. A considerable portion of research has focused on political news, particularly during campaigns. Male, U.S.-based authors dominate, but female-authored work has increased in the past decade. Challenges remain to make the research on politics and media in JMCQ more generalizable globally.}, language = {en}, number = {4}, urldate = {2024-01-08}, journal = {Journalism \& Mass Communication Quarterly}, author = {Valenzuela, Sebastián and Bachmann, Ingrid and Lawrence, Regina G. and Gil De Zúñiga, Homero}, month = dec, year = {2023}, keywords = {Global South, /unread, Review, First Draft Report Cited}, pages = {808--825}, file = {valenzuela-et-al-2023-politics-and-media-in-journalism-mass-communication-quarterly-a-centennial-research-retrospective.pdf:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/SBW3J2P2/valenzuela-et-al-2023-politics-and-media-in-journalism-mass-communication-quarterly-a-centennial-research-retrospective.pdf:application/pdf}, } @article{valenzuelaDownwardSpiralPanel2022, title = {A {Downward} {Spiral}? {A} {Panel} {Study} of {Misinformation} and {Media} {Trust} in {Chile}}, volume = {27}, issn = {1940-1612}, shorttitle = {A {Downward} {Spiral}?}, url = {https://doi.org/10.1177/19401612211025238}, doi = {10.1177/19401612211025238}, abstract = {Despite widespread concern, research on the consequences of misinformation on people's attitudes is surprisingly scant. To fill in this gap, the current study examines the long-term relationship between misinformation and trust in the news media. Based on the reinforcing spirals model, we analyzed data from a three-wave panel survey collected in Chile between 2017 and 2019. We found a weak, over-time relationship between misinformation and media skepticism. Specifically, initial beliefs on factually dubious information were negatively correlated with subsequent levels of trust in the news media. Lower trust in the media, in turn, was related over time to higher levels of misinformation. However, we found no evidence of a reverse, parallel process where media trust shielded users against misinformation, further reinforcing trust in the news media. The lack of evidence of a downward spiral suggests that the corrosive effects of misinformation on attitudes toward the news media are less serious than originally suggested. We close with a discussion of directions for future research.}, language = {en}, number = {2}, urldate = {2023-12-23}, journal = {The International Journal of Press/Politics}, author = {Valenzuela, Sebastián and Halpern, Daniel and Araneda, Felipe}, month = apr, year = {2022}, note = {Publisher: SAGE Publications Inc}, keywords = {Global South, /unread, First Draft Report Cited, USED, Quant, OID Mis/Disinfo}, pages = {353--373}, file = {Valenzuela et al. - 2022 - A Downward Spiral A Panel Study of Misinformation.pdf:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/BEJAQD2T/Valenzuela et al. - 2022 - A Downward Spiral A Panel Study of Misinformation.pdf:application/pdf}, } @article{valenzuelaSocialMediaBelief2024, title = {Social {Media} and {Belief} in {Misinformation} in {Mexico}: {A} {Case} of {Maximal} {Panic}, {Minimal} {Effects}?}, volume = {29}, issn = {1940-1612}, shorttitle = {Social {Media} and {Belief} in {Misinformation} in {Mexico}}, url = {https://doi.org/10.1177/19401612221088988}, doi = {10.1177/19401612221088988}, abstract = {Contrary to popular narratives, it is not clear whether using social media for news increases belief in political misinformation. Several of the most methodologically sound studies find small to nonexistent effects. However, extant research is limited by focusing on few platforms (usually Facebook, Twitter or YouTube) and is heavily U.S. centered. This leaves open the possibility that other platforms, such as those that rely on visual communication (e.g., Instagram) or are tailored to strong-tie network communication (e.g., WhatsApp), are more influential. Furthermore, the few studies conducted in other countries suggest that social media use increases political misperceptions. Still, these works use cross-sectional designs, which are ill suited to dealing with omitted variable bias and temporal ordering of processes. Using a two-wave survey fielded in Mexico during the 2021 midterm elections (N = 596), we estimate the relationship between frequency of news exposure on Facebook, Twitter, YouTube, Instagram and WhatsApp, and belief in political misinformation, while controlling for both time-invariant and time-dependent individual differences. In contrast to political discussion, information literacy and digital skills, none of the social platforms analyzed exhibits a significant association with misinformed beliefs. We also tested for possible indirect, moderated, and reciprocal relationships, but none of these analyses yielded a statistically significant result. We conclude that the study is consistent with the “minimal media effects” paradigm, which suggests that efforts to address misinformation need to go beyond social platforms.}, language = {en}, number = {3}, urldate = {2023-12-23}, journal = {The International Journal of Press/Politics}, author = {Valenzuela, Sebastián and Muñiz, Carlos and Santos, Marcelo}, year = {2024}, note = {Publisher: SAGE Publications Inc}, keywords = {Global South, /unread, First Draft Report Cited, USED, Quant, OID Mis/Disinfo}, pages = {646--666}, file = {Valenzuela et al. - 2022 - Social Media and Belief in Misinformation in Mexic.pdf:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/GW7M2PMZ/Valenzuela et al. - 2022 - Social Media and Belief in Misinformation in Mexic.pdf:application/pdf}, } @book{vanderlindenFoolproofWhyWe2023, title = {Foolproof: {Why} {We} {Fall} for {Misinformation} and {How} to {Build} {Immunity}}, isbn = {978-0-00-846671-8}, shorttitle = {Foolproof}, abstract = {Winner of British Psychological Society Best Book Prize (Popular Science) 2023Nature’s Top 10 Books of 2023A Financial Times Book of the Year 2023A Waterstones Book of the Year for Politics 2023One of the world’s top experts on fighting misinformation reveals the psychology behind its power – and how we can protect ourselves.From fake news to conspiracy theories, from pandemics to politics, misinformation may be the defining problem of our era. Like a virus, misinformation infects our minds – altering our beliefs and replicating at astonishing rates. Once the virus takes hold, our primary strategies of fact-checking and debunking are an insufficient cure.In Foolproof Sander van der Linden describes how to inoculate yourself and others against the spread of misinformation, discern fact from fiction and push back against methods of mass persuasion.Everyone is susceptible to fake news. There are polarising narratives in society, conspiracy theories are rife, fake experts dole out misleading advice and accuracy is often lost in favour of sensationalist headlines. So how and why does misinformation spread if we’re all aware of its existence? And, more importantly, what can we do about it?Sander van der Linden takes us through the psychology of conspiratorial thinking and equips us with the eleven antigens needed to help stop the spread of misinformation once and for all.}, language = {English}, publisher = {Fourth Estate}, author = {van der Linden, Sander}, month = feb, year = {2023}, keywords = {/unread, Review, First Draft Report Cited, Global North}, } @article{vandijckUnderstandingSocialMedia2013, title = {Understanding {Social} {Media} {Logic}}, volume = {1}, doi = {10.12924/mac2013.01010002}, number = {1}, journal = {Media and Communication}, author = {Van Dijck, José and Poell, Thomas}, year = {2013}, keywords = {/unread, Review, First Draft Report Cited, Global North}, pages = {2--14}, file = {Van Dijck and Poell - 2013 - Understanding Social Media Logic.pdf:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/9KSNWKWT/Van Dijck and Poell - 2013 - Understanding Social Media Logic.pdf:application/pdf}, } @incollection{vandijckNews2018, address = {Oxford}, title = {News}, volume = {1}, url = {https://academic.oup.com/book/12378/chapter/161974568}, abstract = {This chapter examines how the advent of data-driven publishers, such as BuzzFeed and the Huffington Post, as well as the rise of the Big Five platforms, have shaken the news sector’s economic, technical, and social foundations. The proliferation of online audience metrics and algorithmic filtering, promoting the personalization of news and advertisements, has fundamentally transformed how news is produced, circulated, and monetized. The triangular content–audiences–advertising configuration that constituted the legacy news industry is unbundled and rebundled through online platforms. As a consequence, the professional practices and institutional standards once set by legacy news organizations are seriously challenged. Key public values, such as journalistic independence and the trustworthiness of news, have come under scrutiny as new online players in this sector reconfigure the conditions of production and distribution.}, language = {en}, urldate = {2023-12-01}, booktitle = {The {Platform} {Society}: {Public} {Values} in a {Connective} {World}}, publisher = {Oxford University Press}, author = {van Dijck, José and Poell, Thomas and de Waal, Martijn}, collaborator = {van Dijck, José and Poell, Thomas and de Waal, Martijn}, month = oct, year = {2018}, doi = {10.1093/oso/9780190889760.003.0004}, keywords = {/unread, Review, First Draft Report Cited}, pages = {49--72}, file = {José van Dijck_ Thomas Poell_ Martijn de Waal - The Platform Society_ Public Values in a Connective World-Oxford University Press, USA (2018).pdf:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/3IH6NMVN/José van Dijck_ Thomas Poell_ Martijn de Waal - The Platform Society_ Public Values in a Connective World-Oxford University Press, USA (2018).pdf:application/pdf}, } @article{vaneijckMediaOrientationMedia2000, title = {Media {Orientation} and {Media} {Use}: {Television} {Viewing} {Behavior} of {Specific} {Reader} {Types} {From} 1975 to 1995}, volume = {27}, copyright = {http://journals.sagepub.com/page/policies/text-and-data-mining-license}, issn = {0093-6502, 1552-3810}, shorttitle = {Media {Orientation} and {Media} {Use}}, url = {http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/009365000027005002}, doi = {10.1177/009365000027005002}, abstract = {Data from the 1975 and 1995 Dutch surveys were used to analyze the relationship between television viewing and reading behavior and the changes in this relationship over time. The central question of the article is, How do specific reader types differ in their television viewing behavior? This question is answered by using latent class analysis to identify the set of mutually exclusive latent classes of readers and by estimating the probability that each reader type will display a specific kind of content-related television viewing behavior. Kinds of print media and television programs are differentiated by referring to the extent to which they each focus on kinds of information or entertainment or both. Five reader types were identified according to how each specifically combines various reading items. Analysis of their television viewing behavior shows the existence of five audience segments with distinct background characteristics. The results give empirical substance to the notions of media orientation and audience segmentation; they document the overall decline in reading.}, language = {en}, number = {5}, urldate = {2024-04-05}, journal = {Communication Research}, author = {Van Eijck, Koen and Van Rees, Kees}, month = oct, year = {2000}, keywords = {/unread, First Draft Report Cited, Global North, Quant}, pages = {574--616}, file = {Available Version (via Google Scholar):/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/G8BH2D4Q/Van Eijck et Van Rees - 2000 - Media Orientation and Media Use Television Viewin.pdf:application/pdf}, } @inproceedings{vannattaInvestigatingImpactsYouTubes2023, title = {Investigating the {Impacts} of {YouTube}'s {Content} {Policies} on {Journalism} and {Political} {Discourse}}, url = {https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3579499}, abstract = {Social media has become a primary mode of journalism and political discourse as evidenced by recent online political movements. Platforms like YouTube, by monetizing content through advertising revenue, have fostered a new group of online political professionals, including journalists and commentators. Recently, to limit the spread of misinformation and hateful content, these platforms have begun revising their content monetization, recommendation, and removal policies. To explore the impact on creators, we present an interview based study of journalists and political commentators on YouTube. Our participants report that these policies' implementations are inadequate technically and impacting their ability to survive financially. In their view, these policies may result in the suppression of legitimate reporting and discourse that dissents from mainstream consensus. We identify potential systemic effects of these polices and develop implications for the future design of online media.}, urldate = {2023-12-23}, booktitle = {Proceedings of the {ACM} on {Human}-{Computer} {Interaction} 7, {CSCW1}}, publisher = {ACM}, author = {Van Natta, Jared and Masadeh, Saleem and Hamilton, Bill}, month = apr, year = {2023}, keywords = {social media, politics, YouTube, journalism, policy, /unread, First Draft Report Cited, Global North, OID Media, Qual, USED}, pages = {1--28}, file = {Van Natta et al. - 2023 - Investigating the Impacts of YouTube's Content Pol.pdf:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/LSQK5LJ7/Van Natta et al. - 2023 - Investigating the Impacts of YouTube's Content Pol.pdf:application/pdf}, } @article{vandenplasMediaGreatEmancipators2021, title = {Media as the great emancipators? {Exploring} relations between media repertoires and cultural participation in {Flanders}}, volume = {27}, issn = {1354-8565, 1748-7382}, shorttitle = {Media as the great emancipators?}, url = {http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/1354856521990246}, doi = {10.1177/1354856521990246}, abstract = {Media convergence has afforded users an increasing amount of options regarding the media they consume, available at the click of a button. This has led some to clamor about the potential for media to bridge previously existing inequalities and decrease social stratification not just in media use, but in other realms of society as well. Skeptics have argued that while the convergence of media has given users more options in their own media repertoire, social stratification persists. Moreover, if media do increase a user’s possibilities to participate in other realms of society, the persisting stratification of media use risks enacting a Matthew effect whereby the rich get richer and the poor get poorer. Using data from the Flemish participation survey, this article seeks to contribute to this discussion by exploring Flemish media use by constructing media repertoires using latent class analysis and exploring their sociodemographic profiles. Following this analysis, we compare the cultural participation patterns of the six Flemish media repertoires using negative binomial regression analysis. We find that social stratification of media use persists in Flanders, with broad and ‘highbrow’ repertoires predominantly restricted to higher status groups. Moreover, we find a structural homology between the structure of media repertoires and cultural participation, whereby broad repertoires exhibit a similar openness to cultural practices, and repertoires tailored to highbrow media exhibit a similar preference for highbrow cultural activities. As a result, we find that social stratification persists in media use and cultural participation but argues that media repertoires offer a potential entrypoint.}, language = {en}, number = {5}, urldate = {2024-02-09}, journal = {Convergence: The International Journal of Research into New Media Technologies}, author = {Vandenplas, Ruben and Picone, Ike}, month = oct, year = {2021}, keywords = {/unread, First Draft Report Cited, Global North, Quant}, pages = {1439--1461}, file = {Vandenplas et Picone - 2021 - Media as the great emancipators Exploring relatio.pdf:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/F8E529JS/Vandenplas et Picone - 2021 - Media as the great emancipators Exploring relatio.pdf:application/pdf}, } @article{vayadandeEmpoweringDataSovereignty2024, title = {Empowering {Data} {Sovereignty}: {Decentralized} {Image} {Sharing} through {Blockchain} and {Interplanetary} {File} {System}}, volume = {12}, url = {https://ijisae.org/index.php/IJISAE/article/view/4660}, abstract = {The current digital environment poses challenges because of the widespread dependence on centralized systems, which create a single weak point and expose data to risks. The need for a central authority to manage data raises questions about data access, protection, and confidentiality. To address these challenges, our research presents an innovative paradigm—a meticulously architected decentralized image-sharing platform leveraging blockchain technology and the Interplanetary File System (IPFS). We use the IPFS protocol, backed by the reliable Pinata IPFS gateway, to ensure the integrity and availability of data and to store files securely and wisely. Our system is based on removing the need for a central authority to control content sharing and giving users full sovereignty over their data. Every transaction on the platform creates a unique hash, which is carefully stored in the blockchain’s smart contract. Our research decentralizes the existing image-sharing model and leverages blockchain and IPFS features to enhance security, transparency, and privacy. This decentralized image-sharing platform marks a new era of content distribution and management, strengthening data protection and privacy and empowering users. The amalgamation of blockchain technology and IPFS imparts an avant-garde character to the platform, serving as an efficacious solution to exigent issues related to centralized data management, upholding sacrosanct principles of user privacy and data ownership.}, language = {en}, number = {14S}, journal = {International Journal of Intelligent Systems and Applications in Engineering}, author = {Vayadande, Kuldeep and Singh, Viomesh and Sultanpure, Kavita and Deshpande, Deepali and Patil, Harshwardhan and Patil, Aditya and Pathak, Ameya and Pareek, Shyam and Patil, Darshan}, year = {2024}, keywords = {Systematic literature review, Global South, /unread, First Draft Report Cited}, pages = {223--235}, file = {Vayadande et al. - Empowering Data Sovereignty Decentralized Image S.pdf:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/2EDEXZ8C/Vayadande et al. - Empowering Data Sovereignty Decentralized Image S.pdf:application/pdf}, } @article{vealeAIGlobalGovernance2023, title = {{AI} and {Global} {Governance}: {Modalities}, {Rationales}, {Tensions}}, volume = {19}, copyright = {open}, issn = {1550-3585}, shorttitle = {{AI} and {Global} {Governance}}, url = {https://www.annualreviews.org/loi/lawsocsci}, abstract = {Artificial intelligence (AI) is a salient but polarizing issue of recent times. Actors around the world are engaged in building a governance regime around it. What exactly the “it” is that is being governed, how, by who, and why—these are all less clear. In this review, we attempt to shine some light on those questions, considering literature on AI, the governance of computing, and regulation and governance more broadly. We take critical stock of the different modalities of the global governance of AI that have been emerging, such as ethical councils, industry governance, contracts and licensing, standards, international agreements, and domestic legislation with extraterritorial impact. Considering these, we examine selected rationales and tensions that underpin them, drawing attention to the interests and ideas driving these different modalities. As these regimes become clearer and more stable, we urge those engaging with or studying the global governance of AI to constantly ask the important question of all global governance regimes: Who benefits?}, language = {eng}, urldate = {2023-06-14}, journal = {Annual Review of Law and Social Science}, author = {Veale, Michael and Matus, Kira and Gorwa, Robert}, month = oct, year = {2023}, note = {Publisher: Annual Reviews Inc.}, keywords = {/unread, Global, Review, First Draft Report Cited, OID AI}, pages = {255--275}, file = {Veale et al. - 2023 - AI and Global Governance Modalities, Rationales, .pdf:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/RI58E9JI/Veale et al. - 2023 - AI and Global Governance Modalities, Rationales, .pdf:application/pdf}, } @article{veigaConceptualFrameworkQuality2017, title = {A conceptual framework for quality assessment and management of biodiversity data}, volume = {12}, issn = {1932-6203}, url = {https://dx.plos.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0178731}, doi = {10.1371/journal.pone.0178731}, language = {en}, number = {6}, urldate = {2024-05-11}, journal = {PLOS ONE}, author = {Veiga, Allan Koch and Saraiva, Antonio Mauro and Chapman, Arthur David and Morris, Paul John and Gendreau, Christian and Schigel, Dmitry and Robertson, Tim James}, editor = {Melcher, Ulrich}, month = jun, year = {2017}, keywords = {/unread, Review, First Draft Report Cited, Global North}, pages = {e0178731}, file = {Veiga et al. - 2017 - A conceptual framework for quality assessment and .pdf:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/825XCPCW/Veiga et al. - 2017 - A conceptual framework for quality assessment and .pdf:application/pdf}, } @book{velizPrivacyPowerWhy2021, title = {Privacy is {Power}: {Why} and {How} {You} {Should} {Take} {Back} {Control} of {Your} {Data}}, url = {https://www.penguin.co.uk/books/442343/privacy-is-power-by-carissa-veliz/9780552177719}, publisher = {Penguin}, author = {Véliz, Carissa}, year = {2021}, keywords = {/unread, Review, First Draft Report Cited}, } @misc{velkovaDismantlingPublicValues2024, title = {Dismantling {Public} {Values}, {One} {Data} {Center} at the {Time}}, url = {https://nordmedianetwork.org/latest/news/dismantling-public-values-one-data-center-at-the-time/}, abstract = {“Nordic states are letting go of values and infrastructure resources that are dear to the welfare state", writes Julia Velkova, adding: "Rather than bending to Big Tech values and modes of operation, we should have them bend to comply with our Nordic, public values, if they are to operate in the region".}, language = {en}, urldate = {2024-03-01}, journal = {NordMedia Network}, author = {Velkova, Julia}, month = feb, year = {2024}, keywords = {/unread, Review, First Draft Report Cited, Global North}, file = {Snapshot:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/FD4JNEEM/dismantling-public-values-one-data-center-at-the-time.html:text/html}, } @article{vermaDemographicFactorsTrust2018, title = {Demographic factors and trust in different news sources}, volume = {55}, copyright = {Copyright © 2018 by Association for Information Science and Technology}, issn = {2373-9231}, url = {https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/pra2.2018.14505501057}, doi = {10.1002/pra2.2018.14505501057}, abstract = {What factors influence trust in different news sources? The goal of this study is to examine the role of various demographic factors: gender, age, educational attainment, political leaning, and frequency of social media use. This paper reports relevant results from a crowdsourced experimental study focusing on reporting of science news online. Significant findings include that conservatives place higher trust in fake news than moderates (p {\textless} 0.05), liberals place higher trust in mainstream media than moderates (p {\textless} 0.05), liberals place higher trust in scientific journals than conservatives (p {\textless} 0.01) and moderates (p {\textless} 0.05), and less frequent users of social media place higher trust in fake news than do more frequent users of social media (p {\textless} 0.05). Based on these results, political leaning and frequency of social media use influence trust in fake news, while political leaning also influences trust in mainstream media and scientific journals. These findings shed new light on the important issue of trust in news sources, illustrating the importance of considering political leaning and frequency of social media use in assessing trust in different news sources. These results further underscore the current degree of polarization present in the American public's perceptions of different online science news sources.}, language = {en}, number = {1}, urldate = {2024-05-13}, journal = {Proceedings of the Association for Information Science and Technology}, author = {Verma, Nitin and Fleischmann, Kenneth R. and Koltai, Kolina S.}, year = {2018}, note = {\_eprint: https://asistdl.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1002/pra2.2018.14505501057}, keywords = {gender, fake news, mainstream media, Trust, /unread, First Draft Report Cited, Global North, Quant, age, educational attainment, frequency of social media use, political leaning, scientific journals}, pages = {524--533}, file = {Full Text PDF:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/D3ITLW79/Verma et al. - 2018 - Demographic factors and trust in different news so.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/R3ZWVRPT/pra2.2018.html:text/html}, } @article{viljoenRelationalTheoryData2021, title = {A {Relational} {Theory} of {Data} {Governance}}, volume = {131}, url = {https://www.yalelawjournal.org/feature/a-relational-theory-of-data-governance}, language = {en}, number = {2}, journal = {Yale Law Journal}, author = {Viljoen, Salomé}, year = {2021}, keywords = {/unread, Review, First Draft Report Cited}, pages = {573--654}, file = {Viljoen - A RELATIONAL THEORY OF DATA GOVERNANCE.pdf:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/9FZXQ4ZT/Viljoen - A RELATIONAL THEORY OF DATA GOVERNANCE.pdf:application/pdf}, } @article{villiTakingBreakNews2022, title = {Taking a {Break} from {News}: {A} {Five}-nation {Study} of {News} {Avoidance} in the {Digital} {Era}}, volume = {10}, url = {https://doi.org/10.1080/21670811.2021.1904266}, doi = {10.1080/21670811.2021.1904266}, number = {1}, journal = {Digital Journalism}, author = {Villi, Mikko and Aharoni, Tali and Tenenboim-Weinblatt, Keren and Boczkowski, Pablo J and Hayashi, Kaori and Mitchelstein, Eugenia and Tanaka, Akira and Kligler-Velenchik, Neta}, year = {2022}, keywords = {journalism, audiences, news consumption, /unread, First Draft Report Cited, Global North, OID Media, Qual, USED, News avoidance, cross-national research, qualitative research}, pages = {148--164}, file = {Taking a Break from News A Five-nation Study of News Avoidance in the Digital Era.pdf:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/IE3PMIH4/Taking a Break from News A Five-nation Study of News Avoidance in the Digital Era.pdf:application/pdf}, } @article{vinhasFactCheckingMisinformationEight2022, title = {Fact-{Checking} {Misinformation}: {Eight} {Notes} on {Consensus} {Reality}}, volume = {23}, issn = {1461-670X}, shorttitle = {Fact-{Checking} {Misinformation}}, url = {https://doi.org/10.1080/1461670X.2022.2031259}, doi = {10.1080/1461670X.2022.2031259}, abstract = {In this study we review the literature on fact-checking and the empirical evidence contending that it can correct prior knowledge and successfully debunk misinformation. We caution against the oversized expectation of policymakers that fact-checks can ward off misinformation and outline eight fundamental problems revolving around epistemology, implementation, bias, efficacy, ambiguity, objectivity, ephemerality, and criticism. We discuss these shortcomings in relation to the reorganization of the fact-checking industry as the linchpin in the fight against misinformation in the United Kingdom, United States, Malaysia, Turkey, and Brazil. The article concludes with a discussion on the extent to which fact-checking may be effective in countering the current misinformation landscape in a context where consensus reality has been super-imposed by individual reality.}, number = {4}, urldate = {2023-12-23}, journal = {Journalism Studies}, author = {Vinhas, Otávio and Bastos, Marco}, month = mar, year = {2022}, note = {Publisher: Routledge \_eprint: https://doi.org/10.1080/1461670X.2022.2031259}, keywords = {social media, disinformation, trust, Fact-checking, Global South, /unread, BRICS, Review, First Draft Report Cited, Global North, USED, OID Mis/Disinfo, bias, uncertainty}, pages = {448--468}, file = {Vinhas and Bastos - 2022 - Fact-Checking Misinformation Eight Notes on Conse.pdf:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/5PKRZBLK/Vinhas and Bastos - 2022 - Fact-Checking Misinformation Eight Notes on Conse.pdf:application/pdf}, } @article{vivoNeointermediationLargeLine2023, title = {The “neo-intermediation” of large on-line platforms: {Perspectives} of analysis of the “state of health” of the digital information ecosystem}, volume = {48}, copyright = {De Gruyter expressly reserves the right to use all content for commercial text and data mining within the meaning of Section 44b of the German Copyright Act.}, issn = {1613-4087}, shorttitle = {The “neo-intermediation” of large on-line platforms}, url = {https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.1515/commun-2022-0102/html}, doi = {10.1515/commun-2022-0102}, abstract = {The key role played by online platforms in the neo-intermediation of the public debate requires a review of current tools for mapping the digital information ecosystem, highlighting the political nature of such an analysis: Starting from a synoptic overview of the main models of platform governance, we try to understand whether the ongoing European shift towards the Limited Government Regulation (LGR) model will be able to counterbalance the “systemic opinion power” of the giant platforms and restore the “health” of the digital information ecosystem. A close analysis of the European Digital Services Act (DSA) has highlighted some limitations in achieving its goals, because of the features of the LGR on the one hand, and the disruptive features of the algorithmic neo-intermediation phenomenon on the other. Thus, we suggest a tripartite regulatory model, that can be defined as “neo-editorial accountability.” However, increasing users’ critical algorithmic awareness is an essential prerequisite for implementing the suggested template, and mitigating an outstanding effect of the LGR model: the normalization of the ideological assumptions underlying informational capitalism.}, language = {en}, number = {3}, urldate = {2024-01-30}, journal = {Communications}, author = {Vivo, Isabella de}, month = aug, year = {2023}, keywords = {/unread, Review, First Draft Report Cited, Global North, opinion power, data relations, European regulatory landscape, online platform accountability, online platforms’ neo-intermediation}, pages = {420--439}, file = {Vivo - 2023 - The “neo-intermediation” of large on-line platform.pdf:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/RF39SSJ3/Vivo - 2023 - The “neo-intermediation” of large on-line platform.pdf:application/pdf}, } @article{vosoughiSpreadTrueFalse2018, title = {The spread of true and false news online}, volume = {359}, url = {https://www.science.org/doi/full/10.1126/science.aap9559}, doi = {10.1126/science.aap9559}, abstract = {We investigated the differential diffusion of all of the verified true and false news stories distributed on Twitter from 2006 to 2017. The data comprise {\textasciitilde}126,000 stories tweeted by {\textasciitilde}3 million people more than 4.5 million times. We classified news as true or false using information from six independent fact-checking organizations that exhibited 95 to 98\% agreement on the classifications. Falsehood diffused significantly farther, faster, deeper, and more broadly than the truth in all categories of information, and the effects were more pronounced for false political news than for false news about terrorism, natural disasters, science, urban legends, or financial information. We found that false news was more novel than true news, which suggests that people were more likely to share novel information. Whereas false stories inspired fear, disgust, and surprise in replies, true stories inspired anticipation, sadness, joy, and trust. Contrary to conventional wisdom, robots accelerated the spread of true and false news at the same rate, implying that false news spreads more than the truth because humans, not robots, are more likely to spread it.}, number = {6380}, urldate = {2024-04-19}, journal = {Science}, author = {Vosoughi, Soroush and Roy, Deb and Aral, Sinan}, month = mar, year = {2018}, note = {Publisher: American Association for the Advancement of Science}, keywords = {/unread, First Draft Report Cited, Global North, Quant}, pages = {1146--1151}, file = {Full Text PDF:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/MK6MC733/Vosoughi et al. - 2018 - The spread of true and false news online.pdf:application/pdf}, } @article{puehringerPoliticalEconomyAcademic2021, title = {The {Political} {Economy} of {Academic} {Publishing}}, volume = {16}, url = {https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article/file?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0253226&type=printable}, number = {6}, journal = {PLOS ONE}, author = {Puehringer, Stephan and Rath, Johanna and Griesebner, Teresa}, year = {2021}, keywords = {/unread, Review, First Draft Report Cited, Global North}, pages = {1--21}, file = {Puehringer et al. - 2021 - The Political Economy of Academic Publishing.pdf:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/IMU6HIBP/Puehringer et al. - 2021 - The Political Economy of Academic Publishing.pdf:application/pdf}, } @article{purtovaDataEconomicGood2024, title = {Data as an economic good, data as a commons, and data governance}, volume = {16}, issn = {1757-9961, 1757-997X}, url = {https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/17579961.2023.2265270}, doi = {10.1080/17579961.2023.2265270}, abstract = {This paper provides a systematic and critical review of the economics literature on data as an economic good and draws lessons for data governance. We conclude that focusing on data as an economic good in governance efforts is hardwired to only result in more data production and cannot deliver other societal goals contrary to what is often claimed in the literature and policy. Data governance is often a red herring which distracts from other digital problems. The governance of digital society cannot rely exclusively on datacentric economic models. We review the literatures and the underlying empirical and political claims concerning data commons. While commons thinking is useful to frame digital problems in terms of ecologies, it has important limitations. We propose a political-ecological approach to governing the digital society, defined by ecological thinking about governance problems and the awareness of the political nature of framing the problems and mapping their ecological makeup.}, language = {en}, number = {1}, urldate = {2024-05-12}, journal = {Law, Innovation and Technology}, author = {Purtova, Nadya and Van Maanen, Gijs}, month = jan, year = {2024}, keywords = {/unread, Review, First Draft Report Cited}, pages = {1--42}, file = {Purtova and Van Maanen - 2024 - Data as an economic good, data as a commons, and d.pdf:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/CDSZ3DSR/Purtova and Van Maanen - 2024 - Data as an economic good, data as a commons, and d.pdf:application/pdf}, } @article{pyoDifferentStakesDifferent2022, title = {Different stakes, different struggles, and different practices to survive: {News} organizations and the spectrum of platform dependency}, volume = {26}, issn = {1461-4448, 1461-7315}, shorttitle = {Different stakes, different struggles, and different practices to survive}, url = {http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/14614448221123279}, doi = {10.1177/14614448221123279}, abstract = {As people access news via digital platforms, existing literature provides foundations for institutional approaches to news organizations’ platform dependency. Yet, platform dependency also exists on a spectrum: size, business model, and market position impact how each news organization strategizes its reliance on digital platforms. I draw on in-depth interviews with 22 South Korean news professionals to delve into different survival strategies in dealing with South Korea’s biggest search portal and news aggregator, Naver. Findings reveal that contrary to the common belief, journalists in legacy news organizations experience more pressure and compromise journalistic values with clickbait headlines. They deem their relationship with the platform more in hierarchical and inevitable terms while journalists from new, emerging organizations are relatively freer from the competition for clicks and strive for more quality journalism. However, the difference stems from the Naver platform’s news organization ranking system and its tiered visibility structure that systematically creates the difference in audience reach and news distribution.}, language = {en}, number = {8}, urldate = {2023-12-05}, journal = {New Media \& Society}, author = {Pyo, Jane Yeahin}, month = sep, year = {2022}, keywords = {Global South, /unread, BRICS, First Draft Report Cited, Qual}, pages = {4572--4588}, file = {Pyo - 2022 - Different stakes, different struggles, and differe.pdf:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/9YIZW5HN/Pyo - 2022 - Different stakes, different struggles, and differe.pdf:application/pdf}, } @article{quellePerilsPromisesFactchecking2024, title = {The perils and promises of fact-checking with large language models}, volume = {7}, issn = {2624-8212}, url = {https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/frai.2024.1341697}, doi = {10.3389/frai.2024.1341697}, abstract = {Automated fact-checking, using machine learning to verify claims, has grown vital as misinformation spreads beyond human fact-checking capacity. Large Language Models (LLMs) like GPT-4 are increasingly trusted to write academic papers, lawsuits, and news articles and to verify information, emphasizing their role in discerning truth from falsehood and the importance of being able to verify their outputs. Understanding the capacities and limitations of LLMs in fact-checking tasks is therefore essential for ensuring the health of our information ecosystem.Here, we evaluate the use of LLM agents in fact-checking by having them phrase queries, retrieve contextual data, and make decisions. Importantly, in our framework, agents explain their reasoning and cite the relevant sources from the retrieved context. Our results show the enhanced prowess of LLMs when equipped with contextual information. GPT-4 outperforms GPT-3, but accuracy varies based on query language and claim veracity. While LLMs show promise in fact-checking, caution is essential due to inconsistent accuracy. Our investigation calls for further research, fostering a deeper comprehension of when agents succeed and when they fail.}, language = {English}, number = {1341697}, urldate = {2024-04-18}, journal = {Frontiers in Artificial Intelligence}, author = {Quelle, Dorian and Bovet, Alexandre}, month = feb, year = {2024}, note = {Publisher: Frontiers}, keywords = {misinformation, fact-checking, /unread, First Draft Report Cited, Quant, Large language models, Natural Language Processing, human computer interaction, low resource languages}, pages = {1--14}, file = {Full Text PDF:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/6NJD2Z5N/Quelle and Bovet - 2024 - The perils and promises of fact-checking with larg.pdf:application/pdf}, } @book{radley-gardnerFundamentalTextsEuropean2016, title = {Fundamental {Texts} {On} {European} {Private} {Law}}, isbn = {978-1-78225-864-3 978-1-78225-865-0 978-1-78225-866-7 978-1-78225-867-4}, url = {http://www.bloomsburycollections.com/book/fundamental-texts-on-european-private-law-1}, abstract = {REGULATION (EU) 2016/679 OF THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT AND OF THE COUNCIL of 27 April 2016 on the protection of natural persons with regard to the processing of personal data and on the free movement of such data, and repealing Directive 95/46/EC (General Data Protection Regulation)}, language = {en}, urldate = {2024-05-15}, publisher = {Hart Publishing}, editor = {Radley-Gardner, Oliver and Beale, Hugh and Zimmermann, Reinhard}, year = {2016}, doi = {10.5040/9781782258674}, keywords = {Regulation, /unread, First Draft Report Cited, Global North}, file = {Radley-Gardner et al. - 2016 - Fundamental Texts On European Private Law.pdf:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/82SZSLDC/Radley-Gardner et al. - 2016 - Fundamental Texts On European Private Law.pdf:application/pdf}, } @misc{radschWhatMakesHealthy2023, type = {Tai {Collaborative}}, title = {What makes for a healthy information ecosystem? {New} visual tool}, shorttitle = {What makes for a healthy information ecosystem?}, url = {https://taicollaborative.org/what-makes-for-a-healthy-information-ecosystem-new-visual-tool}, abstract = {TAI has partnered with Dr. Courtney Radsch to map out a vision of what makes for a healthy information ecosystem. This visual and supporting explanation is an analytical tool that shows multidimensional aspects of an information ecosystem that can be used at various levels of analysis.}, language = {en}, urldate = {2024-01-19}, author = {Radsch, C C}, month = jun, year = {2023}, keywords = {/unread, Review, First Draft Report Cited}, file = {Radsch - What makes for a healthy information ecosystem Ne.pdf:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/K8UVD74Z/Radsch - What makes for a healthy information ecosystem Ne.pdf:application/pdf}, } @techreport{radschAIDisinformationStateAligned2022, title = {{AI} and {Disinformation}: {State}-{Aligned} {Information} {Operations} and the {Distortion} of the {Public} {Sphere}}, url = {https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=4192038}, institution = {OSCE}, author = {Radsch, Courtney C}, month = jul, year = {2022}, keywords = {/unread, Review, First Draft Report Cited}, pages = {29}, file = {SSRN-id4192038.pdf:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/6W76P5RN/SSRN-id4192038.pdf:application/pdf}, } @techreport{radschMakingBigTech2022, title = {Making {Big} {Tech} {Pay} for the {News} {They} {Use}}, url = {https://www.cima.ned.org/publication/making-big-tech-pay-for-the-news-they-use/}, abstract = {As policymakers around the world consider how to rebalance the relationship between Big Tech and the news industry, it is imperative that they take a global view and consider the implications for…}, language = {en-US}, urldate = {2022-11-07}, institution = {Center for International Media Assistance}, author = {Radsch, Courtney C}, month = jul, year = {2022}, keywords = {/unread, Review, First Draft Report Cited, Global North}, file = {Radsch - 2022 - Making Big Tech Pay for the News They Use.pdf:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/W3J2JS5C/Radsch - 2022 - Making Big Tech Pay for the News They Use.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/GG74JGHP/making-big-tech-pay-for-the-news-they-use.html:text/html}, } @article{radschPlatformizationMediaCapture2023, title = {Platformization and {Media} {Capture}: {A} {Framework} for {Regulatory} {Analysis} of {Media}-{Related} {Platform} {Regulations}}, volume = {28}, url = {https://uclajolt.com/platformatization-and-media-capture-a-framework-for-regulatory-analysis-of-media-related-platform-regulations/}, abstract = {This article analyses the challenges of regulating the digital technology sector to support journalism in the era of platformatization. It examines the interdependence between three categories of policy interventions proposed by regulators worldwide to rebalance the dynamics between journalism and online platforms: taxation and subsidies, copyright and licensing, and competition and anti-trust. By examining the theory of change driving each intervention, the benefits to publishers, and the potential for government intervention, this paper explores the risks of capture inherent in different approaches. It analyses the potential for media capture in each regulatory approach and with respect to further tying the future of journalism to the infrastructure provided by tech platforms. Capture through platformatization is not well understood or considered by policymakers, and many debates over regulation rightly focus on the potential for political influence, but they fail to consider the broader implications of specific policy interventions on infrastructure capture. This article argues that policymakers must establish a transparency framework to provide better data and understanding of the relationship between online platforms and news media. Without it, interventions will be ineffective, and dependency ensured. It concludes with a discussion on the importance of defining the objectives of new laws and crafting them in ways that minimize threats to media independence and sustainability. This article provides a theoretical contribution to the broader emerging discourse on platformatization and media capture and offers practical recommendations for policymakers based on comparative analysis and an assessment of evidence and impact.}, language = {en}, number = {2}, journal = {UCLA Journal of Law \& Technology}, author = {Radsch, Courtney C}, year = {2023}, keywords = {/unread, Review, First Draft Report Cited}, pages = {175--223}, file = {Radsch - Special Issue Platforms and the Press.pdf:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/KWSP8KIK/Radsch - Special Issue Platforms and the Press.pdf:application/pdf}, } @techreport{radschURGENTUnderstandingResponding2023, title = {{URGENT}: {Understanding} and responding to global emerging news threats}, url = {https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=4406895}, institution = {Internews}, author = {Radsch, Courtney C}, month = mar, year = {2023}, keywords = {/unread, Review, First Draft Report Cited}, pages = {109}, file = {Radsch - 2023 - URGENT Understanding and responding to global eme.pdf:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/ZJDWPY8A/Radsch - 2023 - URGENT Understanding and responding to global eme.pdf:application/pdf}, } @misc{radschEnvisioningHealthyInformation2023, title = {Envisioning a {Healthy} {Information} {Ecosystem}}, shorttitle = {Envisioning a {Healthy} {Information} {Ecosystem}}, url = {https://cdt.org/insights/from-our-fellows-envisioning-a-healthy-information-ecosystem/}, abstract = {By Courtney C. Radsch, Ph.D., Postdoctoral Research Fellow, UCLA School of Law and CDT Non-Residential Fellow Disclaimer: The views expressed by CDT’s Non-Resident Fellows and any coauthors are their own and do not necessarily reflect the policy, position, or views of CDT.  Fighting disinformation has become one of the leading concerns of governments and donors, […]}, language = {en-US}, urldate = {2024-04-20}, journal = {Center for Democracy and Technology}, author = {Radsch, Courtney C}, month = jun, year = {2023}, keywords = {/unread, Review, First Draft Report Cited}, file = {Snapshot:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/Z7H6VYDY/from-our-fellows-envisioning-a-healthy-information-ecosystem.html:text/html}, } @article{rahmanDisinformationMisinformationResearch2020, title = {Disinformation and {Misinformation} {Research}: {Trends} in the {Past} and {Ways} for the {Future}}, volume = {9}, url = {https://cjrjournal.in/Uploads/Files/CJR%202020%20DECEMBER.pdf}, number = {2}, journal = {Communication \& Journalism Research}, author = {Rahman, Habeeb and Nelliyullathil, Muhammadali}, year = {2020}, keywords = {Global South, /unread, First Draft Report Cited, USED, OID Mis/Disinfo, Mixed}, pages = {19--29}, file = {Rahman and Nelliyullathil - 2020 - Disinformation and Misinformation Research Trends.pdf:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/7EVJGHUE/Rahman and Nelliyullathil - 2020 - Disinformation and Misinformation Research Trends.pdf:application/pdf}, } @article{rajagopalViewHistoryMedia2019, title = {A {View} on the {History} of {Media} {Theory} from the {Global} {South}}, volume = {26}, issn = {1318-3222}, url = {https://doi.org/10.1080/13183222.2019.1633607}, doi = {10.1080/13183222.2019.1633607}, abstract = {The generalisation of “media” as a term for all forms of communication technologies occurred in part as a result of Cold War history. The implication was that every medium was in some abstract sense equivalent, whether it was print, radio or television for example. Media acquired emancipatory connotations, as if their growth would bring progress in its wake. Alongside, however, paradigms for research on media proliferated, and became increasingly hard to bridge; one outcome was the increasing marginalisation of media and communication studies from the social sciences and humanities in general, even as media scholars grew in number. This marginalization reflected a historical problem, but, interestingly, the remedies sought for it are often theoretical, drawing for example on science studies or on critical race theory. It is as if the Global South and North that have been set adrift from each other, with scholarly sanction from the academy. But for understanding the forms of contemporary globalisation, an account of Cold War media theory’s historical formation is indispensable.}, number = {4}, urldate = {2024-05-25}, journal = {Javnost - The Public}, author = {Rajagopal, Arvind}, month = oct, year = {2019}, note = {Publisher: Routledge \_eprint: https://doi.org/10.1080/13183222.2019.1633607}, keywords = {Global South, /unread, Review, First Draft Report Cited, Cold War, media theory}, pages = {407--419}, file = {Full Text PDF:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/SDHG9IFW/Rajagopal - 2019 - A View on the History of Media Theory from the Glo.pdf:application/pdf}, } @techreport{rajkumarResponseDraftAmendment2023, title = {Response to {Draft} {Amendment} to the {IT} ({Intermediary} {Guidelines} {And} {Digital} {Media} {Ethics} {Code}) {Rules}, 2021}, url = {https://itforchange.net/response-to-draft-amendment-to-it-intermediary-guidelines-and-digital-media-ethics-code-rules-2021}, abstract = {This is a submission made to the Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology of India in response to the draft Amendments to the Information Technology (Intermediary Guidelines and Digital Media Ethics Code) Rules, 2021 . Among many things, the Amendment required internet intermediaries to prevent its users from posting any information that is identified as ‘fake’ or ‘false’ by the fact check unit at the Press Information Bureau (PIB) of the Ministry of Information and Broadcasting or other agencies or departments authorized by the Central Government for this purpose. In our comments to the Ministry, we raised doubt about the effectiveness of fact-checking to solve the problem of online fake news without also addressing the attention economy logic of social media platforms and their affordances of virality and algorithmic amplification of false and misleading content. We also recommended that the fact-checking system should have clear, transparent procedures, including publication of decision of the fact-checking body, the opportunity to be heard for the affected parties, and judicial review, in order to steer clear of over-regulation of online content by the State.}, urldate = {2024-02-22}, institution = {IT for Change}, author = {Rajkumar, Malavika and Ashraf, Merrin Muhammed}, month = mar, year = {2023}, keywords = {Global South, /unread, Review, First Draft Report Cited}, file = {Rajkumar and Ashraf - 2023 - Response to Draft Amendment to the IT (Intermediar.pdf:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/MMKTXIG5/Rajkumar and Ashraf - 2023 - Response to Draft Amendment to the IT (Intermediar.pdf:application/pdf;Response to Draft Amendment to the IT (Intermediary Guidelines And Digital Media Ethics Code) Rules, 2021 | IT for Change:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/8JJI4IQ9/response-to-draft-amendment-to-it-intermediary-guidelines-and-digital-media-ethics-code-rules-2.html:text/html}, } @techreport{rajkumarResponseITChange2023, title = {Response from {IT} for {Change} to the '{UNESCO} {Guidance} for {Regulating} {Digital} {Platforms}: {A} {Multistakeholder} {Approach}'}, url = {https://itforchange.net/response-from-it-for-change-to-unesco-guidance-for-regulating-digital-platforms-a-multistakeholder}, institution = {IT for Change}, author = {Rajkumar, Malavika and Ashraf, Merrin Muhammed and Gurumurthy, Anita}, month = jan, year = {2023}, keywords = {Global South, /unread, Review, First Draft Report Cited}, file = {Rajkumar et al. - 2023 - Response from IT for Change to the 'UNESCO Guidanc.pdf:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/S26YJVC6/Rajkumar et al. - 2023 - Response from IT for Change to the 'UNESCO Guidanc.pdf:application/pdf}, } @techreport{ranaivosonMediaPluralismEU2022, type = {Policy {Brief} {No}. 64}, title = {Media pluralism in the {EU}: {A} prospective look at the {European} {Media} {Freedom} {Act}}, url = {https://www.researchgate.net/publication/369799716_Policy_Brief_64_Media_pluralism_in_the_EU_A_prospective_look_at_the_European_Media_Freedom_Act}, language = {en}, institution = {Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Studies in Media Innovation Technology Research Group}, author = {Ranaivoson, Heritiana and Afilipoaie, Adelaida and Domazetovikj, Nino}, year = {2022}, keywords = {/unread, Review, First Draft Report Cited, Global North}, file = {Ranaivoson et al. - Media pluralism in the EU A prospective look at t.pdf:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/E9DWZRNW/Ranaivoson et al. - Media pluralism in the EU A prospective look at t.pdf:application/pdf}, } @inproceedings{ravishankarProvableDetectionPropagating2023, title = {Provable {Detection} of {Propagating} {Sampling} {Bias} in {Prediction} {Models}}, volume = {37}, copyright = {Copyright (c) 2023 Association for the Advancement of Artificial Intelligence}, url = {https://ojs.aaai.org/index.php/AAAI/article/view/26144}, doi = {10.1609/aaai.v37i8.26144}, abstract = {With an increased focus on incorporating fairness in machine learning models, it becomes imperative not only to assess and mitigate bias at each stage of the machine learning pipeline but also to understand the downstream impacts of bias across stages. Here we consider a general, but realistic, scenario in which a predictive model is learned from (potentially biased) training data, and model predictions are assessed post-hoc for fairness by some auditing method. We provide a theoretical analysis of how a specific form of data bias, differential sampling bias, propagates from the data stage to the prediction stage. Unlike prior work, we evaluate the downstream impacts of data biases quantitatively rather than qualitatively and prove theoretical guarantees for detection. Under reasonable assumptions, we quantify how the amount of bias in the model predictions varies as a function of the amount of differential sampling bias in the data, and at what point this bias becomes provably detectable by the auditor. Through experiments on two criminal justice datasets-- the well-known COMPAS dataset and historical data from NYPD's stop and frisk policy-- we demonstrate that the theoretical results hold in practice even when our assumptions are relaxed.}, language = {en}, urldate = {2024-05-03}, booktitle = {Proceedings of the {AAAI} {Conference} on {Artificial} {Intelligence}}, author = {Ravishankar, Pavan and Mo, Qingyu and Iii, Edward McFowland and Neill, Daniel B.}, month = jun, year = {2023}, note = {Number: 8}, keywords = {/unread, Review, First Draft Report Cited, PEAI: Societal Impact of AI}, pages = {9562--9569}, file = {Full Text PDF:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/XA2M3B9D/Ravishankar et al. - 2023 - Provable Detection of Propagating Sampling Bias in.pdf:application/pdf}, } @inproceedings{recabarrenStrategiesVulnerabilitiesParticipants2023, title = {Strategies and {Vulnerabilities} of {Participants} in {Venezuelan} {Influence} {Operations}}, isbn = {978-1-939133-37-3}, url = {https://www.usenix.org/conference/usenixsecurity23/presentation/recabarren}, language = {en}, urldate = {2024-01-03}, author = {Recabarren, Ruben and Carbunar, Bogdan and Hernandez, Nestor and Shafin, Ashfaq Ali}, year = {2023}, keywords = {Global South, /unread, First Draft Report Cited, Qual}, pages = {6683--6700}, file = {Full Text PDF:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/DEWX7TD6/Recabarren et al. - 2023 - Strategies and Vulnerabilities of Participants in .pdf:application/pdf}, } @incollection{recueroHyperpartisanshipDisinformationPolitical2020, title = {Hyperpartisanship, {Disinformation} and {Political} {Conversations} on {Twitter}: {The} {Brazilian} {Presidential} {Election} of 2018}, volume = {14}, copyright = {Copyright (c) 2020 Association for the Advancement of Artificial Intelligence}, shorttitle = {Hyperpartisanship, {Disinformation} and {Political} {Conversations} on {Twitter}}, url = {https://ojs.aaai.org/index.php/ICWSM/article/view/7324}, abstract = {This paper examines the role of hyperpartisanship and polarization on Twitter during the 2018 Brazilian Presidential Election. Based on a mixed-methods approach, we collected and analyzed a dataset of over 8 million tweets about Jair Bolsonaro, a far-right candidate from the Social Liberty Party. Our results show that there is a strong connection between polarization, hyperpartisanship and disinformation. As the centrality of hyperpartisan outlets on Twitter grew, more traditional media outlets became less central and conversations became more polarized. We also confirmed that hyperpartisan outlets often shared disinformation or biased information, presented as a “truth-telling” alternative to journalistic outlets. And while disinformation was more frequently observed in the far-right group, it was also present in the anti-Bolsonaro cluster, especially towards the runoff period.}, language = {en}, urldate = {2024-04-15}, booktitle = {Proceedings of the {International} {AAAI} {Conference} on {Web} and {Social} {Media}}, publisher = {The Association for the Advancement of Artificial Intelligence}, author = {Recuero, Raquel and Soares, Felipe Bonow and Gruzd, Anatoliy}, editor = {AAAI}, month = may, year = {2020}, keywords = {Global South, /unread, BRICS, First Draft Report Cited, Quant}, pages = {569--578}, file = {Full Text PDF:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/YP4YIN7F/Recuero et al. - 2020 - Hyperpartisanship, Disinformation and Political Co.pdf:application/pdf}, } @article{recueroBolsonaroFarRight2022, title = {Bolsonaro and the {Far} {Right}: {How} {Disinformation} {About} {COVID}-19 {Circulates} on {Facebook} in {Brazil}}, volume = {16}, copyright = {The International Journal of Communication is an academic journal. As such, it is dedicated to the open exchange of information. For this reason, IJoC is freely available to individuals and institutions. Copies of this journal or articles in this journal may be distributed for research or educational purposes free of charge and without permission. However, commercial use of the IJoC website or the articles contained herein is expressly prohibited without the written consent of the editor. Authors who publish in The International Journal of Communication will release their articles under the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial No Derivatives (by-nc-nd) license . This license allows anyone to copy and distribute the article for non-commercial purposes provided that appropriate attribution is given. For details of the rights authors grants users of their work, see the "human-readable summary" of the license , with a link to the full license. (Note that "you" refers to a user, not an author, in the summary.) This journal utilizes the LOCKSS system to create a distributed archiving system among participating libraries and permits those libraries to create permanent archives of the journal for purposes of preservation and restoration. The publisher perpetually authorizes participants in the LOCKSS system to archive and restore our publication through the LOCKSS System for the benefit of all LOCKSS System participants. Specifically participating libraries may: Collect and preserve currently accessible materials; Use material consistent with original license terms; Provide copies to other LOCKSS appliances for purposes of audit and repair.   Fair Use The U.S. Copyright Act of 1976 specifies, in Section 107, the terms of the Fair Use exception: Notwithstanding the provisions of sections 106 and 106A, the fair use of a copyrighted work, including such use by reproduction in copies or phonorecords or by any other means specified by that section, for purposes such as criticism, comment, news reporting, teaching (including multiple copies for classroom use), scholarship, or research, is not an infringement of copyright. In determining whether the use made of a work in any particular case is a fair use the factors to be considered shall include: the purpose and character of the use, including whether such use is of a commercial nature or is for nonprofit educational purposes; the nature of the copyrighted work; the amount and substantiality of the portion used in relation to the copyrighted work as a whole; \& the effect of the use upon the potential market for or value of the copyrighted work. The fact that a work is unpublished shall not itself bar a finding of fair use if such finding is made upon consideration of all the above factors. In accord with these provisions, the International Journal of Communication believes in the vigorous assertion and defense of Fair Use by scholars engaged in academic research, teaching and non-commercial publishing. Thus, we view the inclusion of “quotations” from existing print, visual, audio and audio-visual texts to be appropriate examples of Fair Use, as are reproductions of visual images for the purpose of scholarly analysis. We encourage authors to obtain appropriate permissions to use materials originally produced by others, but do not require such permissions as long as the usage of such materials falls within the boundaries of Fair Use. The International Journal of Communication encourages authors to employ fair use in their scholarly publishing wherever appropriate. Fair use is the right to use unlicensed copyrighted material (whether it is text, images, audio-visual, or other) in your own work, in some circumstances. We consult the Code of Best Practices in Fair Use for Scholarly Research in Communication , created by the International Communication Association and endorsed by the National Communication Association, and you should too. If you have any questions about whether fair use applies to your uses of copyrighted material (whether it is text, images, audio-visual, or other) in your scholarship, simply include your rationale, grounded in the Best Practices, as a supplementary document with your submission.}, issn = {1932-8036}, shorttitle = {Bolsonaro and the {Far} {Right}}, url = {https://ijoc.org/index.php/ijoc/article/view/17724}, abstract = {This article tackles the circulation of disinformation and compares it to fact-checking links about COVID-19 on Facebook in Brazil. Through a mixed-methods approach, we use disinformation and fact-checking links provided by the International Fact-Checking Network/Poynter, which we looked for in CrowdTangle. Using this data set, we explore (1) which types of public groups/pages spread disinformation and fact-checking content on Facebook; (2) the role of political ideology in this process; and (3) the network dynamics of how disinformation and fact-checking circulate on Facebook. Our results show that disinformation tend to circulate more on political pages/groups aligned with the far right and Brazilian President Jair Bolsonaro, on religious and conspiracy theory pages/groups and alternative (hyperpartisan) media. On the other hand, fact-checking circulates more on leftists’ pages/groups. This implicates that the discussion about COVID-19 in Brazil is influenced by a structure of asymmetric polarization, as disinformation spread is fueled by radicalized far-right groups.}, language = {en}, number = {2022}, urldate = {2024-04-15}, journal = {International Journal of Communication}, author = {Recuero, Raquel and Soares, Felipe Bonow and Vinhas, Otávio and Volcan, Taiane and Hüttner, Luís Ricardo Goulart and Silva, Victória}, month = jan, year = {2022}, note = {Number: 0}, keywords = {Facebook, disinformation, fact-checking, COVID-19, Global South, /unread, BRICS, First Draft Report Cited, Quant}, pages = {148--171}, file = {Full Text PDF:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/6W4BTN6Z/Recuero et al. - 2022 - Bolsonaro and the Far Right How Disinformation Ab.pdf:application/pdf}, } @article{reddiIdentityPropagandaRacial2023, title = {Identity propaganda: {Racial} narratives and disinformation}, volume = {25}, issn = {1461-4448}, shorttitle = {Identity propaganda}, url = {https://doi.org/10.1177/14614448211029293}, doi = {10.1177/14614448211029293}, abstract = {This article develops the concept of “identity propaganda,” or narratives that strategically target and exploit identity-based differences in accord with pre-existing power structures to maintain hegemonic social orders. In proposing and developing the concept of identity propaganda, we especially aim to help researchers find new insights into their data on misinformation, disinformation, and propaganda by outlining a framework for unpacking layers of historical power relations embedded in the content they analyze. We focus on three forms of identity propaganda: othering narratives that alienate and marginalize non-white or non-dominant groups; essentializing narratives that create generalizing tropes of marginalized groups; and authenticating narratives that call upon people to prove or undermine their claims to be part of certain groups. We demonstrate the utility of this framework through our analysis of identity propaganda around Vice President Kamala Harris during the 2020 US presidential election.}, language = {en}, number = {8}, urldate = {2023-12-22}, journal = {New Media \& Society}, author = {Reddi, Madhavi and Kuo, Rachel and Kreiss, Daniel}, month = aug, year = {2023}, note = {Publisher: SAGE Publications}, keywords = {/unread, First Draft Report Cited, Global North, Qual, USED, OID Mis/Disinfo}, pages = {2201--2218}, file = {Reddi et al. - 2023 - Identity propaganda Racial narratives and disinfo.pdf:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/IN8AND3Y/Reddi et al. - 2023 - Identity propaganda Racial narratives and disinfo.pdf:application/pdf}, } @article{reinemannHardSoftNews2012, title = {Hard and soft news: {A} review of concepts, operationalizations and key findings}, volume = {13}, shorttitle = {Hard and soft news}, number = {2}, journal = {Journalism}, author = {Reinemann, Carsten and Stanyer, James and Scherr, Sebastian and Legnante, Guido}, year = {2012}, note = {Publisher: Sage Publications Sage UK: London, England}, keywords = {/unread, First Draft Report Cited, Global North, Qual}, pages = {221--239}, file = {Full Text:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/L9P2ZXZD/1464884911427803.html:text/html;Reinemann et al. - 2012 - Hard and soft news A review of concepts, operatio.pdf:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/EH5FDHD4/Reinemann et al. - 2012 - Hard and soft news A review of concepts, operatio.pdf:application/pdf}, } @article{reisachResponsibilitySocialMedia2021, title = {The responsibility of social media in times of societal and political manipulation}, volume = {291}, issn = {0377-2217}, url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0377221720308249}, doi = {10.1016/j.ejor.2020.09.020}, abstract = {The way electorates were influenced to vote for the Brexit referendum, and in presidential elections both in Brazil and the USA, has accelerated a debate about whether and how machine learning techniques can influence citizens’ decisions. The access to balanced information is endangered if digital political manipulation can influence voters. The techniques of profiling and targeting on social media platforms can be used for advertising as well as for propaganda: Through tracking of a person's online behaviour, algorithms of social media platforms can create profiles of users. These can be used for the provision of recommendations or pieces of information to specific target groups. As a result, propaganda and disinformation can influence the opinions and (election) decisions of voters much more powerfully than previously. In order to counter disinformation and societal polarization, the paper proposes a responsibility-based approach for social media platforms in diverse political contexts. Based on the implementation requirements of the “Ethics Guidelines for Trustworthy Artificial Intelligence” of the European Commission, the ethical principles will be operationalized, as far as they are directly relevant for the safeguarding of democratic societies. The resulting suggestions show how the social media platform providers can minimize risks for societies through responsible action in the fields of human rights, education and transparency of algorithmic decisions.}, number = {3}, urldate = {2024-04-15}, journal = {European Journal of Operational Research}, author = {Reisach, Ulrike}, month = jun, year = {2021}, keywords = {Artificial intelligence, Education, /unread, Global, First Draft Report Cited, Qual, Decision-making, Behavioural OR, Ethics in OR}, pages = {906--917}, file = {Full Text:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/7H86U8LZ/Reisach - 2021 - The responsibility of social media in times of soc.pdf:application/pdf}, } @article{reiterCorrectivesMainstreamMedia2023, title = {Correctives of the {Mainstream} {Media}? {A} {Panel} {Study} on {Mainstream} {Media} {Use}, {Alternative} {Digital} {Media} {Use}, and the {Erosion} of {Political} {Interest} as {Well} as {Political} {Knowledge}}, volume = {11}, issn = {2167-0811}, shorttitle = {Correctives of the {Mainstream} {Media}?}, url = {https://doi.org/10.1080/21670811.2021.1974916}, doi = {10.1080/21670811.2021.1974916}, abstract = {Alternative digital media typically provide a counter-public sphere by opposing the contents generated by the mainstream media as well as political elites. While previous research has mainly explained the usage of alternative digital media, we particularly lack research on its association with key political outcomes relevant to democracy. Using two-wave panel data (N = 524), we looked at over-time relationships of alternative digital media as well as mainstream media use on political interest and political knowledge. Furthermore, we also examined the interplay of alternative digital media and mainstream media use. We found that alternative digital media use is positively related to political interest over time, confirming the mobilizing nature of alternative digital media. More importantly, our findings suggest that alternative digital media use erodes political interest in mainstream media users. Therefore, mainstream media audiences may gradually become disinterested in politics when they are heavily exposed to alternative digital media. Both alternative digital media and mainstream media use were unrelated to political knowledge, yet political interest was positively related to political knowledge over time. Implications are discussed.}, number = {5}, urldate = {2023-12-25}, journal = {Digital Journalism}, author = {Reiter, Franz and Matthes, Jörg}, month = may, year = {2023}, note = {Publisher: Routledge \_eprint: https://doi.org/10.1080/21670811.2021.1974916}, keywords = {political attitudes, political knowledge, political interest, /unread, First Draft Report Cited, Global North, OID Media, USED, Quant, Alternative digital media use, mainstream media use, panel study}, pages = {813--832}, file = {Reiter and Matthes - 2023 - Correctives of the Mainstream Media A Panel Study.pdf:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/JV6LUPWK/Reiter and Matthes - 2023 - Correctives of the Mainstream Media A Panel Study.pdf:application/pdf}, } @article{relmasiraFosteringAILiteracy2023, title = {Fostering {AI} {Literacy} in {Elementary} {Science}, {Technology}, {Engineering}, {Art}, and {Mathematics} ({STEAM}) {Education} in the {Age} of {Generative} {AI}}, volume = {15}, url = {https://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/15/18/13595}, number = {18}, urldate = {2024-05-08}, journal = {Sustainability}, author = {Relmasira, Stefanus Christian and Lai, Yiu Chi and Donaldson, Jonan Phillip}, year = {2023}, note = {Publisher: MDPI}, keywords = {Systematic literature review, Global South, /unread, First Draft Report Cited}, pages = {1--25}, file = {Available Version (via Google Scholar):/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/XZ6KBC5T/13595.html:text/html;Relmasira et al. - 2023 - Fostering AI Literacy in Elementary Science, Techn.pdf:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/2YWPNEL9/Relmasira et al. - 2023 - Fostering AI Literacy in Elementary Science, Techn.pdf:application/pdf}, } @article{repnikovaChinasLessonsFighting2018, title = {China’s {Lessons} for {Fighting} {Fake} {News}}, url = {https://foreignpolicy.com/2018/09/06/chinas-lessons-for-fighting-fake-news/}, abstract = {What Washington should—and shouldn’t—learn from Beijing’s example.}, language = {en-US}, urldate = {2024-04-20}, journal = {Foreign Policy}, author = {Repnikova, Maria}, month = sep, year = {2018}, keywords = {Global South, /unread, BRICS, Review, First Draft Report Cited}, file = {Snapshot:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/IEW7Z4VG/chinas-lessons-for-fighting-fake-news.html:text/html}, } @misc{reporterswithoutborders2024WorldPress2024, title = {2024 {World} {Press} {Freedom} {Index} – journalism threatened by fake content industry}, url = {https://rsf.org/en/index?year=2024}, abstract = {The 21st edition of the World Press Freedom Index, compiled annually by Reporters Without Borders (RSF), sheds light on major and often radical changes linked to political, social and technological upheavals.}, language = {en}, urldate = {2024-04-11}, journal = {Reporters Without Borders}, author = {Reporters Without Borders}, year = {2024}, keywords = {Global South, /unread, First Draft Report Cited, Quant}, file = {Snapshot:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/WCNF5J8A/2023-world-press-freedom-index-journalism-threatened-fake-content-industry.html:text/html}, } @techreport{researchictafricaDataDemocracyAction2023, title = {Data for {Democracy} {Action}: {Countering} disinformation in {African} elections through open access to data and journalism as a public good}, url = {https://researchictafrica.net/wp/wp-content/uploads/2023/12/Datafordemocracyaction.pdf}, institution = {Research ICT Africa Workshop Outcome Report}, author = {Research ICT Africa}, month = nov, year = {2023}, keywords = {Global South, /unread, BRICS, First Draft Report Cited, OID Media, Qual, USED}, file = {Research ICT Africa - 2023 - Data for Democracy Action Countering disinformati.pdf:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/2PDBRB4U/Research ICT Africa - 2023 - Data for Democracy Action Countering disinformati.pdf:application/pdf}, } @techreport{researchictafricaRIAInputUnited2023, title = {{RIA} input on {United} {Nations} {Policy} {Brief} 8: {Information} {Integrity} on {Digital} {Platforms}}, shorttitle = {{RIA} input on {United} {Nations} {Policy} {Brief} 8}, url = {https://researchictafrica.net/2023/12/20/ria-input-on-united-nations-policy-brief-8-information-integrity-on-digital-platforms/}, abstract = {In June 2023 the UN Secretary General, Antonio Guterres, launched a new policy brief under 'Our Common Agenda', highlighting the critical issue of 'Information Integrity on Digital Platforms'. The rapid}, language = {en-ZA}, urldate = {2024-02-24}, institution = {Research ICT Africa, led by G. Berger}, author = {Research ICT Africa}, month = dec, year = {2023}, note = {Section: Submissions}, keywords = {Global South, /unread, Review, First Draft Report Cited}, file = {Omar - 2023 - RIA input on United Nations Policy Brief 8 Inform.pdf:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/I76NUEV9/Omar - 2023 - RIA input on United Nations Policy Brief 8 Inform.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/Q7ADGRMP/ria-input-on-united-nations-policy-brief-8-information-integrity-on-digital-platforms.html:text/html}, } @article{reutersChinaSeeksRoot2019, chapter = {Technology}, title = {China seeks to root out fake news and deepfakes with new online content rules}, url = {https://www.reuters.com/article/idUSKBN1Y30VT/}, abstract = {Chinese regulators have announced new rules governing video and audio content online, including a ban on the publishing and distribution of "fake news" created with technologies such as artificial intelligence and virtual reality.}, language = {en-US}, urldate = {2024-04-20}, journal = {Reuters}, author = {Reuters}, month = nov, year = {2019}, keywords = {Global South, /unread, BRICS, First Draft Report Cited, Qual}, file = {Snapshot:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/E8C6B5Q3/idUSKBN1Y30VT.html:text/html}, } @article{rexhepiContentModerationHow2023, title = {Content {Moderation}: {How} the {EU} and the {U}.{S}. {Approach} {Striking} a {Balance} between {Protecting} {Free} {Speech} and {Protecting} {Public} {Interest}}, volume = {5}, url = {https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=4433201}, number = {1}, urldate = {2024-04-18}, journal = {Trento Student Law Review}, author = {Rexhepi, Rita}, year = {2023}, keywords = {/unread, Review, First Draft Report Cited, Global North}, pages = {67--97}, file = {delivery.pdf:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/6ESLNU4T/delivery.pdf:application/pdf}, } @article{reynaDMADSAEffective2024, title = {{DMA} and {DSA} {Effective} {Enforcement}—{Key} to {Success}}, volume = {12}, issn = {2050-0696}, url = {https://doi.org/10.1093/jaenfo/jnae018}, doi = {10.1093/jaenfo/jnae018}, number = {2}, urldate = {2024-05-09}, journal = {Journal of Antitrust Enforcement}, author = {Reyna, Agustín}, month = apr, year = {2024}, keywords = {/unread, Review, First Draft Report Cited, Global North}, pages = {320--324}, file = {Reyna - 2024 - DMA and DSA Effective Enforcement—Key to Success.pdf:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/UUV6W9NP/Reyna - 2024 - DMA and DSA Effective Enforcement—Key to Success.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/WYCBBAJV/7654034.html:text/html}, } @article{ricaurteDataEpistemologiesColoniality2019, title = {Data {Epistemologies}, {The} {Coloniality} of {Power}, and {Resistance}}, volume = {20}, issn = {1527-4764}, url = {https://doi.org/10.1177/1527476419831640}, doi = {10.1177/1527476419831640}, abstract = {Data assemblages amplify historical forms of colonization through a complex arrangement of practices, materialities, territories, bodies, and subjectivities. Data-centric epistemologies should be understood as an expression of the coloniality of power manifested as the violent imposition of ways of being, thinking, and feeling that leads to the expulsion of human beings from the social order, denies the existence of alternative worlds and epistemologies, and threatens life on Earth. This article develops a theoretical model to analyze the coloniality of power through data and explores the multiple dimensions of coloniality as a framework for identifying ways of resisting data colonization. Finally, this article suggests possible alternative data epistemologies that are respectful of populations, cultural diversity, and environments.}, language = {en}, number = {4}, urldate = {2022-07-30}, journal = {Television \& New Media}, author = {Ricaurte, Paola}, month = may, year = {2019}, note = {Publisher: SAGE Publications}, keywords = {capitalism, colonialism, datafication, Global South, /unread, Review, First Draft Report Cited, data activism, digital colonialism, decoloniality}, pages = {350--365}, file = {Ricaurte - 2019 - Data Epistemologies, The Coloniality of Power, and.pdf:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/ETSKTXJZ/Ricaurte - 2019 - Data Epistemologies, The Coloniality of Power, and.pdf:application/pdf}, } @article{ricaurteEthicsMajorityWorld2022, title = {Ethics for the majority world: {AI} and the question of violence at scale}, volume = {44}, issn = {0163-4437}, shorttitle = {Ethics for the majority world}, url = {https://doi.org/10.1177/01634437221099612}, doi = {10.1177/01634437221099612}, abstract = {In this work, I argue that hegemonic AI is becoming a more powerful force capable of perpetrating global violence through three epistemic processes: datafication (extraction and dispossession), algorithmisation (mediation and governmentality) and automation (violence, inequality and displacement of responsibility). These articulated epistemic mechanisms lead to global classification orders and epistemic, economic, social, cultural and environmental inequality. Hegemonic AI can be thought of as a bio-necro-technopolitical machine that serves to maintain the capitalist, colonialist and patriarchal order of the world. To make this point, the proposed approach bridges the macro and micropolitical, building on Suely Rolnik’s call for understanding the effects of the macropolitical in the micropolitical, as well as what feminist black scholar Patricia Hill Collins made visible about oppressive systems operating at the structural, institutional and individual levels. A critical AI ethics is one that is concerned with the preservation of life and the coresponsibility of AI harms to the majority of the planet.}, language = {en}, number = {4}, urldate = {2023-08-10}, journal = {Media, Culture \& Society}, author = {Ricaurte, Paola}, month = may, year = {2022}, note = {Publisher: SAGE Publications Ltd}, keywords = {Global South, /unread, Review, First Draft Report Cited, USED, OID AI}, pages = {726--745}, file = {Ricaurte - 2022 - Ethics for the majority world AI and the question.pdf:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/PFD7RU43/Ricaurte - 2022 - Ethics for the majority world AI and the question.pdf:application/pdf}, } @article{richardsPathologiesDigitalConsent2019, title = {The {Pathologies} of {Digital} {Consent}}, volume = {96}, url = {https://openscholarship.wustl.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=6460&context=law_lawreview}, journal = {Washington University Law Review}, author = {Richards, Neil and Hartzog, Woodrow}, year = {2019}, keywords = {/unread, Review, First Draft Report Cited, Global North}, pages = {1461--1503}, file = {Richards and Hartzog - 2019 - The Pathologies of Digital Consent.pdf:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/W4DRL9IU/Richards and Hartzog - 2019 - The Pathologies of Digital Consent.pdf:application/pdf}, } @techreport{richterDisinformationMediaRussian2019, title = {Disinformation in the media under {Russian} law}, url = {https://rm.coe.int/disinformation-in-the-media-under-russian-law/1680967369}, language = {English}, institution = {Prepared for European Audiovisual Observatory}, author = {Richter, Andrei}, year = {2019}, keywords = {Global South, /unread, First Draft Report Cited, Qual}, file = {Richter - 2019 - Disinformation in the media under Russian law.pdf:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/XW3Y9ECY/Richter - 2019 - Disinformation in the media under Russian law.pdf:application/pdf}, } @article{richterInternationalLegalResponses2024, title = {International {Legal} {Responses} to "{Propaganda} for {War}" in {Modern} {Warfare}}, volume = {10}, url = {https://www.swlaw.edu/curriculum/law-review-journals/journal-international-media-entertainment-law}, abstract = {This essay examines international political and legal responses and remedies for propaganda for war in the context of the current armed conflict in Ukraine, reviews the scope of the prohibition of such propaganda through the context of the modern understanding of war, and discusses the current capabilities of propaganda. Disinformation is considered here as an instrument of propaganda rather than “an evil” in itself.}, language = {en}, number = {1}, urldate = {2024-01-12}, journal = {Journal of International Media \& Entertainment Law}, author = {Richter, Andrei}, year = {2024}, keywords = {Global South, /unread, Review, First Draft Report Cited}, pages = {54--80}, file = {Richter - 2024 - International Legal Responses to Propaganda for W.pdf:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/ELTIKYVK/Richter - 2024 - International Legal Responses to Propaganda for W.pdf:application/pdf}, } @article{riedlAntecedentsSupportSocial2022, title = {Antecedents of support for social media content moderation and platform regulation: the role of presumed effects on self and others}, volume = {25}, issn = {1369-118X, 1468-4462}, shorttitle = {Antecedents of support for social media content moderation and platform regulation}, url = {https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/1369118X.2021.1874040}, doi = {10.1080/1369118X.2021.1874040}, language = {en}, number = {11}, urldate = {2024-04-17}, journal = {Information, Communication \& Society}, author = {Riedl, Martin J. and Whipple, Kelsey N. and Wallace, Ryan}, month = aug, year = {2022}, keywords = {/unread, First Draft Report Cited, Global North, Quant}, pages = {1632--1649}, file = {Full Text PDF:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/PQ9L37TA/Riedl et al. - 2022 - Antecedents of support for social media content mo.pdf:application/pdf}, } @article{riniDeepfakesDeepHarms2022, title = {Deepfakes, {Deep} {Harms}}, volume = {22}, url = {https://heinonline.org/HOL/Page?handle=hein.journals/jetshy22&id=150&div=&collection=}, number = {2}, journal = {Journal of Ethics and Social Philosophy}, author = {Rini, Regina and Cohen, Leah}, year = {2022}, keywords = {/unread, Review, First Draft Report Cited}, pages = {143--161}, file = {Deepfakes, Deep Harms 22 Journal of Ethics and Social Philosophy 2022:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/2BKHVUQU/LandingPage.html:text/html;Rini and Cohen - 2022 - Deepfakes, Deep Harms.pdf:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/FG9NUXRV/Rini and Cohen - 2022 - Deepfakes, Deep Harms.pdf:application/pdf}, } @misc{robbinsCounteringRussianDisinformation2020, title = {Countering {Russian} {Disinformation}}, url = {https://www.csis.org/blogs/post-soviet-post/countering-russian-disinformation}, journal = {CSIS Center for Strategic and International Studies}, author = {Robbins, Joseph W.}, year = {2020}, keywords = {Global South, /unread, Review, First Draft Report Cited, Global North}, } @article{robertsArtificialIntelligenceRegulation2023, title = {Artificial intelligence regulation in the {United} {Kingdom}: a path to good governance and global leadership?}, volume = {12}, issn = {2197-6775}, shorttitle = {Artificial intelligence regulation in the {United} {Kingdom}}, url = {https://policyreview.info/articles/analysis/artificial-intelligence-regulation-united-kingdom-path-good-governance}, abstract = {Introduction Globally, there are now over 800 AI policy initiatives, from the governments of at least 60 countries, with most being introduced after 2016.}, number = {2}, urldate = {2023-05-30}, journal = {Internet Policy Review}, author = {Roberts, Huw and Babuta, Alexander and Morley, Jessica and Thomas, Christopher and Taddeo, Mariarosaria and Floridi, Luciano}, month = may, year = {2023}, keywords = {/unread, Review, First Draft Report Cited, Global North, OID AI}, pages = {1--31}, file = {Roberts et al. - 2023 - Artificial intelligence regulation in the United K.pdf:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/UMACR6VN/Roberts et al. - 2023 - Artificial intelligence regulation in the United K.pdf:application/pdf}, } @techreport{robertsOpeningClosingOnline2021, title = {Opening and {Closing} {Online} {Civic} {Space} in {Africa}: {An} {Introduction} to the {Ten} {Digital} {Rights} {Landscape} {Reports}}, url = {https://opendocs.ids.ac.uk/opendocs/bitstream/handle/20.500.12413/15964/Introduction.pdf?sequence=5&isAllowed=y}, institution = {Institute for Development Studies, Sussex}, author = {Roberts, Tony and Ali, Abrar Mohamed}, year = {2021}, keywords = {Global South, /unread, First Draft Report Cited, Qual}, file = {Roberts and Ali - 2021 - Opening and Closing Online Civic Space in Africa .pdf:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/75A2E2F2/Roberts and Ali - 2021 - Opening and Closing Online Civic Space in Africa .pdf:application/pdf}, } @techreport{robertsMappingSupplySurveillance2023, title = {Mapping the {Supply} of {Surveillance} {Technologies} to {Africa}: {Case} {Studies} from {Nigeria}, {Ghana}, {Morocco}, {Malawi}, and {Zambia}}, url = {https://opendocs.ids.ac.uk/opendocs/bitstream/handle/20.500.12413/18120/ADRN_Surveillance_Supply_Chain_Report.pdf?sequence=26&isAllowed=y}, institution = {Institute for Development Studies, Sussex}, author = {Roberts, Tony and Gitahi, Judy and Allam, Patrick and Oboh, Lawrence and Oladapo, Oyewole Adekunle and Appiah-Adjei, Gifty and Galal, Amira and Kainja, Jimmy and Phiri, Sam and Abraham, Kiss and Skelton, Sebatian Klovig and Sheombar, Anand}, month = sep, year = {2023}, keywords = {Global South, /unread, First Draft Report Cited, Qual}, file = {Roberts et al. - 2023 - Mapping the Supply of Surveillance Technologies to.pdf:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/TTZW7HBA/Roberts et al. - 2023 - Mapping the Supply of Surveillance Technologies to.pdf:application/pdf}, } @book{robertsDigitalDisinformationAfrica2024, title = {Digital {Disinformation} in {Africa}: {Hashtag} {Politics}, {Power} and {Propaganda}}, publisher = {Zed Books}, editor = {Roberts, Tony and Karekwaivanane, George Hamandishe}, year = {2024}, keywords = {Global South, /unread, First Draft Report Cited, Mixed}, file = {Roberts and Karekwaivanane - 2024 - Digital Disinformation in Africa Hashtag Politics.pdf:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/X79LYP8L/Roberts and Karekwaivanane - 2024 - Digital Disinformation in Africa Hashtag Politics.pdf:application/pdf}, } @article{rocheEthicsDiversityArtificial2023, title = {Ethics and diversity in artificial intelligence policies, strategies and initiatives}, volume = {3}, issn = {2730-5961}, url = {https://doi.org/10.1007/s43681-022-00218-9}, doi = {10.1007/s43681-022-00218-9}, abstract = {A burgeoning of Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies in recent years has led to increased discussion about its potential to address many issues considered otherwise intractable, including those highlighted by the United Nations 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development and associated Sustainable Development Goals. In tandem with this growth in AI is an expanding body of documentation regarding how such advanced technologies should be governed and managed. Issued by a variety of sources and comprising frameworks, policies and guidelines, this body of work encompasses the legal, social, ethical and policy issues around AI. With at least 470 such documents identified, as of May 2021, in the Council of Europe’s tracker of AI initiatives, questions are emerging around the diversity of views expressed, especially regarding the influence of the Global North or Euro-American perspectives. Our previous analysis of a corpus of largely grey literature discovered blind spots regarding both gender representation and perspectives from the Global South. Expanding on that work, this paper examines a significantly extended corpus, with a focus on the role of underrepresented groups in the wider AI discourse. We find that voices from the Global South and consideration of alternative ethical approaches are largely absent from the conversation. In light of the prominence of social, cultural and ethical perspectives from the Global North, this paper explores implications for the development of standards for ethical AI. Concluding by offering approaches to incorporate more diverse ethical viewpoints and beliefs, we call for increased consideration of power structures when developing AI ethics policies and standards within these alternative socio-cultural and socio-economic contexts.}, language = {en}, number = {4}, urldate = {2024-01-14}, journal = {AI and Ethics}, author = {Roche, Cathy and Wall, P. J. and Lewis, Dave}, month = nov, year = {2023}, keywords = {Power, Artificial intelligence, Intersectionality, Systematic literature review, /unread, Global, First Draft Report Cited, AI ethics, Diversity}, pages = {1095--1115}, file = {s43681-022-00218-9.pdf:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/CRML2G6F/s43681-022-00218-9.pdf:application/pdf}, } @article{rogersDigitalTracesContext2018, title = {Digital {Traces} in {Context}{\textbar} {Otherwise} {Engaged}: {Social} {Media} from {Vanity} {Metrics} to {Critical} {Analytics}}, volume = {12}, copyright = {The International Journal of Communication is an academic journal. As such, it is dedicated to the open exchange of information. For this reason, IJoC is freely available to individuals and institutions. Copies of this journal or articles in this journal may be distributed for research or educational purposes free of charge and without permission. However, commercial use of the IJoC website or the articles contained herein is expressly prohibited without the written consent of the editor. Authors who publish in The International Journal of Communication will release their articles under the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial No Derivatives (by-nc-nd) license . This license allows anyone to copy and distribute the article for non-commercial purposes provided that appropriate attribution is given. For details of the rights authors grants users of their work, see the "human-readable summary" of the license , with a link to the full license. (Note that "you" refers to a user, not an author, in the summary.) This journal utilizes the LOCKSS system to create a distributed archiving system among participating libraries and permits those libraries to create permanent archives of the journal for purposes of preservation and restoration. The publisher perpetually authorizes participants in the LOCKSS system to archive and restore our publication through the LOCKSS System for the benefit of all LOCKSS System participants. Specifically participating libraries may: Collect and preserve currently accessible materials; Use material consistent with original license terms; Provide copies to other LOCKSS appliances for purposes of audit and repair.   Fair Use The U.S. Copyright Act of 1976 specifies, in Section 107, the terms of the Fair Use exception: Notwithstanding the provisions of sections 106 and 106A, the fair use of a copyrighted work, including such use by reproduction in copies or phonorecords or by any other means specified by that section, for purposes such as criticism, comment, news reporting, teaching (including multiple copies for classroom use), scholarship, or research, is not an infringement of copyright. In determining whether the use made of a work in any particular case is a fair use the factors to be considered shall include: the purpose and character of the use, including whether such use is of a commercial nature or is for nonprofit educational purposes; the nature of the copyrighted work; the amount and substantiality of the portion used in relation to the copyrighted work as a whole; \& the effect of the use upon the potential market for or value of the copyrighted work. The fact that a work is unpublished shall not itself bar a finding of fair use if such finding is made upon consideration of all the above factors. In accord with these provisions, the International Journal of Communication believes in the vigorous assertion and defense of Fair Use by scholars engaged in academic research, teaching and non-commercial publishing. Thus, we view the inclusion of “quotations” from existing print, visual, audio and audio-visual texts to be appropriate examples of Fair Use, as are reproductions of visual images for the purpose of scholarly analysis. We encourage authors to obtain appropriate permissions to use materials originally produced by others, but do not require such permissions as long as the usage of such materials falls within the boundaries of Fair Use. The International Journal of Communication encourages authors to employ fair use in their scholarly publishing wherever appropriate. Fair use is the right to use unlicensed copyrighted material (whether it is text, images, audio-visual, or other) in your own work, in some circumstances. We consult the Code of Best Practices in Fair Use for Scholarly Research in Communication , created by the International Communication Association and endorsed by the National Communication Association, and you should too. If you have any questions about whether fair use applies to your uses of copyrighted material (whether it is text, images, audio-visual, or other) in your scholarship, simply include your rationale, grounded in the Best Practices, as a supplementary document with your submission.}, issn = {1932-8036}, shorttitle = {Digital {Traces} in {Context}{\textbar} {Otherwise} {Engaged}}, url = {https://ijoc.org/index.php/ijoc/article/view/6407}, abstract = {Vanity metrics is a term that captures the measurement and display of how well one is doing in the “success theater” of social media. The notion of vanity metrics implies a critique of metrics concerning both the object of measurement as well as their capacity to measure unobtrusively or only to encourage performance. While discussing that critique, this article focuses on how one may consider reworking the metrics. In a research project I call critical analytics, the proposal is to repurpose alt metrics scores and other engagement measures for social research and measure the “otherwise engaged” or other modes of engagement (than vanity) in social media, such as dominant voice, concern, commitment, positioning, and alignment. It thereby furnishes digital methods—or the repurposing of platform data and methods for social research—with a conceptual and applied research agenda concerning social media metrics.}, language = {en}, number = {2018}, urldate = {2024-05-07}, journal = {International Journal of Communication}, author = {Rogers, Richard}, month = jan, year = {2018}, note = {Number: 0}, keywords = {/unread, Review, First Draft Report Cited}, pages = {450--472}, file = {Full Text PDF:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/YTEDYT5D/Rogers - 2018 - Digital Traces in Context Otherwise Engaged Soci.pdf:application/pdf}, } @article{rogersResearchNoteScale2020, title = {Research note: {The} scale of {Facebook}’s problem depends upon how ‘fake news’ is classified}, volume = {1}, shorttitle = {Research note}, url = {https://misinforeview.hks.harvard.edu/article/research-note-the-scale-of-facebooks-problem-depends-upon-how-fake-news-is-classified/}, doi = {10.37016/mr-2020-43}, abstract = {Ushering in the contemporary ‘fake news’ crisis, Craig Silverman of Buzzfeed News reported that it outperformed mainstream news on Facebook in the three months prior to the 2016 US presidential elections. Here the report’s methods and findings are revisited for 2020. Examining Facebook user engagement of election-related stories, and applying Silverman’s classification of fake news,}, language = {en-US}, number = {6}, urldate = {2024-01-31}, journal = {Harvard Kennedy School Misinformation Review}, author = {Rogers, Richard}, month = oct, year = {2020}, keywords = {/unread, First Draft Report Cited, Global North, Mixed}, pages = {1--14}, file = {Full Text PDF:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/WCKKVTGW/Rogers - 2020 - Research note The scale of Facebook’s problem dep.pdf:application/pdf}, } @book{romanoPoliticsPressIndonesia2013, title = {Politics and the press in {Indonesia}: {Understanding} an evolving political culture}, shorttitle = {Politics and the press in {Indonesia}}, url = {https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/mono/10.4324/9780203037607/politics-press-indonesia-angela-romano}, urldate = {2024-03-28}, publisher = {Routledge}, author = {Romano, Angela}, year = {2013}, keywords = {Global South, /unread, First Draft Report Cited, Qual}, } @misc{romeuNewDigitalLaw2023, title = {New digital law tightens clampdown on press freedom in {Cuba}}, url = {https://rsf.org/en/new-digital-law-tightens-clampdown-press-freedom-cuba}, abstract = {Reporters Without Borders (RSF) condemns the Cuban parliament’s adoption of the country’s first law regulating online communication, which enshrines its prohibition of independent media and is designed to eliminate the small space for freedom of expression that had developed online.}, language = {en}, urldate = {2024-05-12}, journal = {Reporters Without Borders}, author = {Romeu, Artur}, month = may, year = {2023}, keywords = {Global South, /unread, Review, First Draft Report Cited}, file = {Snapshot:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/5AZEYL5F/new-digital-law-tightens-clampdown-press-freedom-cuba.html:text/html}, } @techreport{rossarguedasSnapJudgementsHow2022, title = {Snap judgements: how audiences who lack trust in news navigate information on digital platforms}, shorttitle = {Snap judgements}, url = {https://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:0cc7a92c-dc7c-41dd-81fa-33ca63ee0050}, abstract = {This report examines how audiences lacking trust in most news organisations make sense of news they encounter while navigating platforms, specifically Facebook, Google, and WhatsApp. Based on interviews with people in Brazil, India, United Kingdom, and United States, we find that they encounter limited news, and when they do, they often rely on mental shortcuts to determine what they can trust. More specifically, we find they often form snap judgments based on (1) pre-existing ideas about news in general or specific brands, (2) social cues from family and friends, (3) the tone and wording of headlines, (4) the use of visuals, (5) the presence of advertising, and (6) platform-specific cues. While some of these cues may be beyond the scope of what news organisations have influence over – putting the onus on platforms – others are within the scope of publishers' control but require them to be more attuned to how their content is exhibited in these spaces.}, language = {English}, urldate = {2024-01-07}, institution = {Reuters Institute for the Study of Journalism, University of Oxford}, author = {Ross Arguedas, A. and Badrinathan, S. and Mont’Alverne, C. and Toff, B. and Fletcher, R. and Nielsen, R.}, year = {2022}, keywords = {Global South, /unread, BRICS, First Draft Report Cited, Qual}, file = {Full Text PDF:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/7E8K62B8/Ross Arguedas et al. - 2022 - Snap judgements how audiences who lack trust in n.pdf:application/pdf}, } @techreport{rossarguedasNewsPowerfulPrivileged2023, title = {News for the powerful and privileged: how misrepresentation and underrepresentation of disadvantaged communities undermines their trust in news}, shorttitle = {News for the powerful and privileged}, url = {https://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:0f5891b1-56e7-4213-b52b-ae2292d4a4ff}, abstract = {This report draws on 41 focus groups with marginalised and/or underserved audiences in Brazil, India, the UK, and the US to examine how differences along lines of race, caste, religion, class, and place affect perceptions of trustworthy journalism. We highlight commonalities among participants rooted in distinct experiences, needs, and expectations that lead them to perceive news as representing their communities negatively, unfairly, stereotypically, or in divisive or altogether absent ways entirely. In some countries, grievances around deficient or harmful coverage were often intertwined with perceptions of the news media as extensions of broader power structures and impressions of journalists as privileged and out of touch. Finally, we show that many saw news media as intentionally mistreating people from disadvantaged communities while consistently catering to other more powerful audiences, and we summarise what participants recommended as possible solutions for building or restoring their trust.}, language = {English}, urldate = {2024-01-07}, institution = {Reuters Institute for the Study of Journalism, University of Oxford}, author = {Ross Arguedas, A. and Nielsen, R. and Banerjee, S. and Mont’Alverne, C. and Toff, B. and Fletcher, R.}, year = {2023}, keywords = {Global South, /unread, BRICS, First Draft Report Cited, Qual}, file = {Full Text PDF:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/UNRQNPMQ/Ross Arguedas et al. - 2023 - News for the powerful and privileged how misrepre.pdf:application/pdf}, } @techreport{rossarguedasEchoChambersFilter2022, title = {Echo chambers, filter bubbles, and polarisation: a literature review}, shorttitle = {Echo chambers, filter bubbles, and polarisation}, url = {https://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:6e357e97-7b16-450a-a827-a92c93729a08}, abstract = {This literature review examines social scientific evidence regarding the existence, causes, and effects of online echo chambers in the context of concerns about digital platforms contributing to polarisation in our societies generally, and in relation to scientific topics, specifically. The scholarship suggests echo chambers are much less widespread than is commonly assumed, finds no support for the filter bubble hypothesis, and offers a mixed picture on polarisation and the role of news and media use in contributing to polarisation, especially given limited research outside of the United States. Evidence about echo chambers around public discussions of science is limited; however, research on science communication points to the important role of self-selection, elite cues, and small, highly active communities in shaping these debates. These findings are important as terms like echo chambers are widely used in public and policy debates, sometimes in disparate ways, and not always aligned with the evidence.}, language = {English}, urldate = {2024-01-07}, institution = {Reuters Institute for the Study of Journalism, University of Oxford and The Royal Society}, author = {Ross Arguedas, A. and Robertson, C. and Fletcher, R. and Nielsen, R.}, year = {2022}, keywords = {/unread, Global, First Draft Report Cited}, file = {Ross Arguedas et al. - 2022 - Echo chambers, filter bubbles, and polarisation a.pdf:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/RH3I7CXN/Ross Arguedas et al. - 2022 - Echo chambers, filter bubbles, and polarisation a.pdf:application/pdf}, } @techreport{rossarguedasAutomatingDemocracyGenerative2023, title = {Automating democracy: {Generative} {AI}, journalism, and the future of democracy}, shorttitle = {Automating democracy}, url = {https://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:0965ad50-b55b-4591-8c3b-7be0c587d5e7}, abstract = {{\textless}p{\textgreater}Sophisticated AI systems are increasingly everywhere. In many ways, we have already been affected by the rollout of AI systems into more and more areas of life, from insurance and law to healthcare and the media \– often without really noticing. However, 2023 will likely prove to be a particularly critical moment in the history of AI. Ever since the public release of ChatGPT, a so-called Large Language Model (LLM), in December 2022 by the US start-up OpenAI, we are witnessing a proliferation of a form of AI that has been labelled \‘Generative AI\’ due to the ability of these systems to create seemingly everything from realistic text to images. ChatGPT reached 100 million users in just two months and has now been built into Microsoft\’s Bing search engine. Various applications rely on the system, which is increasingly integrated into other software, too. Meanwhile, the \‘AI race\’ is heating up, with Google releasing its own chatbot and other technology companies vying to get a piece of the cake by building and releasing their own models.{\textless}br /{\textgreater}Powerful and technologically impressive as some of these developments are, they also raise important questions about their democratic impact. Up until now, we could take for granted humans\’ central role in shaping democratic deliberation and culture. But what does it mean for the future of democracy, if humans are increasingly side-lined by AI? Does it matter if news articles, policy briefs, lobbying pieces, and entertainment are no longer created solely by humans? How will an increasingly automated journalism and media culture affect democratic participation and deliberation? How can we protect democratic values, like public deliberation and self-governance, in societies which stand to be reshaped through AI? And how might these new technologies be used to promote democratic values?{\textless}/p{\textgreater} {\textless}p{\textgreater}To investigate this situation and to gauge the opinions of experts and academics, the Balliol Interdisciplinary Institute project \‘Automating Democracy: Generative AI, Journalism, and the Future of Democracy\’ convened a group of experts for a public symposium at Balliol College Oxford, in collaboration with the Institute for Ethics in AI and the Oxford Internet Institute. The aim of the symposium, organised jointly by Dr Linda Eggert, an Early Career Fellow in Philosophy, and Felix M. Simon, a communication researcher and DPhil student at the Oxford Internet Institute, was to identify key issues in this space and start a conversation among academics, industry experts, and the public about the questions outlined above. The symposium featured three panel discussions on \‘The Technology, Context, and Socioeconomics of LLMs,\’ \‘How Generative AI is Impacting the News Media,\’ and on \‘Regulating Generative AI Democratically and Globally.\’ {\textless}br /{\textgreater}Speakers included leading experts on AI, the news, and democratic theory: Hannah Kirk, an AI researcher and DPhil student at the Oxford Internet Institute; Hal Hodson, a special projects writer and technology journalist at The Economist; Laura Ellis, the BBC\’s Head of Technology Forecasting; Gary Rogers, co-founder of news agency RADAR and Senior Newsroom Strategy Consultant at Fathm; Dr Gemma Newlands, Departmental Research Lecturer in AI and Work at the Oxford Internet Institute; Polly Curtis, the Chief Executive of think tank Demos; Prof John Tasioulas, Director of the Institute for Ethics in AI and Professor of Ethics and Legal Philosophy at the University of Oxford; and Prof H\él\ène Landemore, Professor of Political Science at Yale University.{\textless}/p{\textgreater} {\textless}p{\textgreater}After briefly introducing and defining LLMs and Generative AI, this report provides a summary of the main themes that emerged during the symposium and outlines a list of open questions to be addressed in future research and discussions.{\textless}/p{\textgreater}}, language = {English}, urldate = {2023-11-29}, institution = {Balliol College, Oxford Internet Institute, University of Oxford and Institute for Ethics in AI}, author = {Ross Arguedas, Amy and Simon, Felix M}, year = {2023}, note = {Publisher: Balliol Interdisciplinary Institute, University of Oxford}, keywords = {/unread, Global, First Draft Report Cited, Qual}, file = {Arguedas_and_Simon_2023_Automating_democracy__Generative.pdf:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/UC9NE4TQ/Arguedas_and_Simon_2023_Automating_democracy__Generative.pdf:application/pdf;Full Text PDF:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/AI7ELATN/Arguedas and Simon - 2023 - Automating democracy Generative AI, journalism, a.pdf:application/pdf}, } @article{rouvroyAlgorithmicGovernmentalityProspects2013, title = {Algorithmic governmentality and prospects of emancipation}, volume = {177}, issn = {0751-7971}, url = {https://www.cairn-int.info/article-E_RES_177_0163--algorithmic-governmentality-and-prospect.htm?contenu=plan}, abstract = {Algorithmic governmentality is characterized primarily by the following dual movement: a) abandoning all forms of 'scale', 'benchmark', or hierarchy, in favour of an immanent normativity evolving in real time, from which a 'dual statistics' of the world emerges and which seems to do away with the old hierarchies devised by normal or average people; and b) avoiding all confrontation with individuals, whose opportunities for subjectification have become increasingly scarce. This dual movement seems to be the fruit of contemporary statistics' focus on relations. We seek to assess the extent to which these two aspects of the 'algorithmic governmentality' thereby outlined, with its sole reliance on relations, could facilitate, first, processes of individuation through relations (Simondon) and, second, the emergence of new forms of life through the plane of immanence overtaking the plane of organization (Deleuze-Guattari). Through this comparison with the main contemporary philosophies of relations, it thus appears that thinking about the evolution and processes of individuation through relations necessarily pertains to the 'disparate' - a heterogeneity of orders of magnitude, a multiplicity of regimes of existence - which algorithmic governmentality precisely incessantly suppresses by enclosing (digitized) reality on itself. Algorithmic governmentality tends rather to foreclose such emancipation perspectives by centring individuation processes on the subjective monad.}, number = {1}, urldate = {2024-02-24}, journal = {Reseaux}, author = {Rouvroy, Antoinette and Berns, Thomas}, translator = {Carey-Libbrecht, Liz}, month = oct, year = {2013}, note = {Bibliographie\_available: 1 Cairndomain: www.cairn-int.info Cite Par\_available: 1 Publisher: La Découverte}, keywords = {/unread, Review, First Draft Report Cited, Global North}, pages = {163--196}, file = {Full Text PDF:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/ZYMG7FCV/Rouvroy et al. - 2013 - Algorithmic governmentality and prospects of emanc.pdf:application/pdf}, } @misc{royBigReliefSupreme2024, title = {Big {Relief}! {Supreme} {Court} {Stays} {Notification} {Constituting} {Fact}-{Check} {Unit}!}, url = {https://internetfreedom.in/sc-stays-notification-constituting-fcu/}, abstract = {In a small win for press freedom, Supreme Court has stayed the notification of Union Government operationalising the Fact-Check Unit under Information Technology Rules, 2021, till the constitutionality of the same is finally decided by Bombay HC.}, language = {en}, urldate = {2024-05-11}, journal = {Internet Freedom Foundation}, author = {Roy, Radhika}, month = mar, year = {2024}, keywords = {Law, /unread, First Draft Report Cited, Global North}, file = {Snapshot:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/EW6PFJNU/sc-stays-notification-constituting-fcu.html:text/html}, } @article{rsfNDTVTakeoverSignals2023, title = {{NDTV} takeover signals end of pluralism in {India}’s leading media}, url = {https://rsf.org/en/ndtv-takeover-signals-end-pluralism-india-s-leading-media}, abstract = {Reporters Without Borders (RSF) expresses concerns over the acquisition of India’s last major independent TV broadcaster, New Delhi Television (NDTV), by Gautam Adani, a billionaire businessman who openly supports Prime Minister Narendra Modi. This takeover, which has triggered the departure of many leading NDTV journalists, is not isolated. Media acquisitions by oligarchs are clearly endangering pluralistic public debate in India, RSF warns.}, language = {en}, urldate = {2024-04-11}, journal = {Reporters Without Borders}, author = {RSF}, month = feb, year = {2023}, keywords = {Global South, /unread, BRICS, First Draft Report Cited}, } @article{ruffoStudyingFakeNews2023, title = {Studying fake news spreading, polarisation dynamics, and manipulation by bots: {A} tale of networks and language}, volume = {47}, issn = {15740137}, shorttitle = {Studying fake news spreading, polarisation dynamics, and manipulation by bots}, url = {https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S157401372200065X}, doi = {10.1016/j.cosrev.2022.100531}, abstract = {With the explosive growth of online social media, the ancient problem of information disorders interfering with news diffusion has surfaced with a renewed intensity threatening our democracies, public health, and news outlets’ credibility. Therefore, thousands of scientific papers have been published in a relatively short period, making researchers of different disciplines struggle with an information overload problem. The aim of this survey is threefold: (1) we present the results of a network-based analysis of the existing multidisciplinary literature to support the search for relevant trends and central publications; (2) we describe the main results and necessary background to attack the problem under a computational perspective; (3) we review selected contributions using network science as a unifying framework and computational linguistics as the tool to make sense of the shared content. Despite scholars working on computational linguistics and networks traditionally belong to different scientific communities, we expect that those interested in the area of fake news should be aware of crucial aspects of both disciplines.}, language = {en}, number = {2023}, urldate = {2023-12-12}, journal = {Computer Science Review}, author = {Ruffo, Giancarlo and Semeraro, Alfonso and Giachanou, Anastasia and Rosso, Paolo}, month = feb, year = {2023}, keywords = {/unread, First Draft Report Cited, Global North, Quant}, pages = {1--26}, file = {Ruffo et al. - 2023 - Studying fake news spreading, polarisation dynamic.pdf:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/HFZP6EBA/Ruffo et al. - 2023 - Studying fake news spreading, polarisation dynamic.pdf:application/pdf}, } @incollection{ruohonenDavidGoliathPrivacy2003, title = {David and {Goliath}: {Privacy} {Lobbying} in the {European} {Union}}, shorttitle = {David and {Goliath}}, url = {http://arxiv.org/abs/1906.01883}, abstract = {The paper examines a question of how much more resources do organized business interests have when compared to resources of civil society groups in the context of privacy lobbying in the European Union (EU). To answer to the question, the paper draws from classical literature on power resources and pluralism. The empirical material comes from a lobbying register maintained by the EU. According to the results, (a) there is only a small difference in terms of the average financial and human resources, but a vast difference when absolute amounts are used. Furthermore, (b) organized business interests are better affiliated with each other and other organizations. Finally, (c) many organized business interests maintain their offices in the United States, whereas the non-governmental organizations observed are mostly European. With these results and the accompanying discussion, the paper contributes to the underresearched but inflammatory topic of privacy politics.}, urldate = {2024-04-23}, booktitle = {The {Challenge} of {Change} in {EU} {Business} {Associations}}, publisher = {Macmillan Palgrave}, author = {Ruohonen, Jukka}, editor = {Greenwood, Justin}, year = {2003}, note = {arXiv:1906.01883 [cs]}, keywords = {Computer Science - Computers and Society, /unread, Review, First Draft Report Cited, Global North}, pages = {139--149}, file = {arXiv.org Snapshot:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/APZ8S8KZ/1906.html:text/html;Full Text PDF:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/EPYHZPB4/Ruohonen - 2019 - David and Goliath Privacy Lobbying in the Europea.pdf:application/pdf}, } @article{ryan-mosleyHowGenerativeAI2023, title = {How generative {AI} is boosting the spread of disinformation and propaganda}, url = {https://www.technologyreview.com/2023/10/04/1080801/generative-ai-boosting-disinformation-and-propaganda-freedom-house/}, abstract = {In a new report, Freedom House documents the ways governments are now using the tech to amplify censorship.}, language = {en}, urldate = {2024-02-09}, journal = {MIT Technology Review}, author = {Ryan-Mosley, Tate}, month = oct, year = {2023}, keywords = {Global South, /unread, BRICS, First Draft Report Cited, Qual}, file = {Snapshot:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/I8F2XZZK/generative-ai-boosting-disinformation-and-propaganda-freedom-house.html:text/html}, } @article{ryngInternetShutdownsHuman2022, title = {Internet {Shutdowns}: {A} {Human} {Rights} {Issue}}, volume = {167}, issn = {0307-1847}, shorttitle = {Internet {Shutdowns}}, url = {https://doi.org/10.1080/03071847.2022.2156234}, doi = {10.1080/03071847.2022.2156234}, abstract = {The internet is a double-edged sword: civilians can mobilise it to assemble and voice dissent, but illiberal regimes can also weaponise it to consolidate power and suppress any form of opposition. Internet shutdowns – intentional disruptions of internet services – represent one method used to limit citizens’ freedom of expression, information, peaceful assembly and other associated rights in the name of national security. Julia Ryng, Guillemette Guicherd, Judy Al Saman, Priyanka Choudhury and Angharad Kellett examine the cases of Myanmar and Belarus: two distinct political regimes that nonetheless converge on similar strategies of repression. Through this comparative analysis, the authors highlight how future repression is likely to work and how compelling policy responses can be formulated. ◼}, number = {4-5}, urldate = {2024-04-20}, journal = {The RUSI Journal}, author = {Ryng, Julia and Guicherd, Guillemette and Saman, Judy Al and Choudhury, Priyanka and Kellett, Angharad}, month = jul, year = {2022}, note = {Publisher: Routledge \_eprint: https://doi.org/10.1080/03071847.2022.2156234}, keywords = {Global South, /unread, Review, First Draft Report Cited}, pages = {50--63}, file = {Full Text PDF:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/B69P3IIR/Ryng et al. - 2022 - Internet Shutdowns A Human Rights Issue.pdf:application/pdf}, } @article{sacasasMaterialityDigitalCulture2021, title = {The {Materiality} of {Digital} {Culture}: {It}'s not as invisible—or as disembodying—as our devices lead us to believe}, url = {https://comment.org/the-materiality-of-digital-culture/}, abstract = {It's not as invisible—or as disembodying—as our devices lead us to believe.}, language = {en-US}, urldate = {2024-04-12}, journal = {Comment.org}, author = {Sacasas, L.M.}, month = aug, year = {2021}, keywords = {Global South, /unread, Review, First Draft Report Cited}, file = {Snapshot:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/QN3UY9VE/the-materiality-of-digital-culture.html:text/html}, } @article{sadowskiWhenDataCapital2019, title = {When data is capital: {Datafication}, accumulation, and extraction}, volume = {6}, issn = {2053-9517}, shorttitle = {When data is capital}, url = {https://doi.org/10.1177/2053951718820549}, doi = {10.1177/2053951718820549}, abstract = {The collection and circulation of data is now a central element of increasingly more sectors of contemporary capitalism. This article analyses data as a form of capital that is distinct from, but has its roots in, economic capital. Data collection is driven by the perpetual cycle of capital accumulation, which in turn drives capital to construct and rely upon a universe in which everything is made of data. The imperative to capture all data, from all sources, by any means possible influences many key decisions about business models, political governance, and technological development. This article argues that many common practices of data accumulation should actually be understood in terms of data extraction, wherein data is taken with little regard for consent and compensation. By understanding data as a form capital, we can better analyse the meaning, practices, and implications of datafication as a political economic regime.}, language = {en}, number = {1}, urldate = {2023-12-22}, journal = {Big Data \& Society}, author = {Sadowski, Jathan}, month = jan, year = {2019}, note = {Publisher: SAGE Publications Ltd}, keywords = {/unread, Review, First Draft Report Cited, Global North}, pages = {1--12}, file = {SAGE PDF Full Text:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/367CB5QI/Sadowski - 2019 - When data is capital Datafication, accumulation, .pdf:application/pdf;When data is capital\: Datafication, accumulation, and extraction - Jathan Sadowski, 2019:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/99BWK28S/2053951718820549.html:text/html}, } @incollection{samoilenkoArtificialIntelligenceDeepfakes2023, address = {Cham}, title = {Artificial {Intelligence} and {Deepfakes} in {Strategic} {Deception} {Campaigns}: {The} {U}.{S}. and {Russian} {Experiences}}, isbn = {978-3-031-22552-9}, shorttitle = {Artificial {Intelligence} and {Deepfakes} in {Strategic} {Deception} {Campaigns}}, url = {https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-22552-9_19}, abstract = {Strategic communication campaigns using artificial intelligence (AI) are rapidly gaining notoriety for their use of manipulated videos involving humans. Strategic deception campaigns are detrimental to society when they promote fake political statements made by imposters or disseminate revenge porn that targets investigative journalists. Deepfake technology is especially virulent when it comes to persuading mass audiences. In recent years, deepfakes have been weaponized as a tool of strategic deception in political power contests, character assassination, efforts to fight the opposition, and information warfare. This chapter seeks to contribute to the growing body of literature investigating the perils of the malicious use of artificial intelligence (MUAI). The chapter provides a strong conceptual framework for addressing manipulation and deception strategies in the new era of political standoffs and psychological warfare operations between the United States and Russia. The authors discuss several novel concepts, including trolling, pranking, visual manipulation, and computational propaganda. The chapter explores and accentuates the strategic applications of deepfake technology across various scenarios. It concludes by reflecting on the effects of MUAI on society, new detection approaches, and potential measures against online deception.}, language = {en}, urldate = {2024-04-15}, booktitle = {The {Palgrave} {Handbook} of {Malicious} {Use} of {AI} and {Psychological} {Security}}, publisher = {Springer International Publishing}, author = {Samoilenko, Sergei A. and Suvorova, Inna}, editor = {Pashentsev, Evgeny}, year = {2023}, doi = {10.1007/978-3-031-22552-9_19}, keywords = {Global South, /unread, BRICS, Review, First Draft Report Cited, Global North}, pages = {507--529}, } @article{sancaninUseArtificialIntelligence2022, title = {Use of {Artificial} {Intelligence} for the {Generation} of {Media} {Content}}, volume = {1}, issn = {29560764}, url = {https://socialinformaticsjournal.com/index.php/sij/article/view/3}, doi = {10.58898/sij.v1i1.01-07}, abstract = {Artificial intelligence (AI) is a powerful catalyst that enables media organizations to optimize and improve their operations. The aim of the paper is to emphasize the importance and potential of AI during high-performance data analytics and media content generation. The focus is on responsible and ethically acceptable use of AI, which imposes the need to continuously build trust, through numerous challenges, during the management of potential risks. Standardization and mandatory publication of AI product data can pave the way for increased transparency and trust building. Otherwise, the power of AI, which has a huge potential to contribute to a better quality of life, could be transformed into a suicide tool.}, number = {1}, urldate = {2023-12-06}, journal = {Social Informatics Journal}, author = {Sančanin, Branislav and Penjišević, Aleksandra}, month = dec, year = {2022}, keywords = {/unread, Review, First Draft Report Cited, Global North}, pages = {1--7}, file = {Sančanin and Penjišević - 2022 - USE OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE FOR THE GENERATION .pdf:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/XP8PVBDQ/Sančanin and Penjišević - 2022 - USE OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE FOR THE GENERATION .pdf:application/pdf}, } @techreport{santiniPermanentCampaignPress2023, address = {Rio de Janeiro}, title = {The {Permanent} {Campaign} {Against} the {Press} in {Brazil}: {Analysis} of the {Media} {Ecosystem} and {Multiplatform} {Digital} {Advertising}}, url = {https://netlab.eco.ufrj.br/post/desinforma%C3%A7%C3%A3o-e-campanha-contra-a-imprensa}, language = {English}, urldate = {2023-12-14}, institution = {NetLab – Laboratory of Internet and Social Network Studies, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ)}, author = {Santini, Rose Marie and Salles, Débora and Borges, Marcio and Medeiros, Priscila and Traiano, Heloísa and Ferreira, Fernando and Grael, Felipe and Mello, Danielle and Moreira, Alékis and Loureiro, Marina and Barros, Carlos Eduardo and Martins, Bruno and Melo, Bianca and Haddad, João Gabriel and Murakami, Lucas and Loiola, Daniel and Carmo, Vitor do and Magalhães, Thamyres and Dias, Bernardo and Silva, Daphne and Gomes, Matheus and Seade, Renata and Bastos, Manoela}, month = mar, year = {2023}, keywords = {Global South, /unread, BRICS, First Draft Report Cited, Mixed}, pages = {58}, file = {Santini et al. - 2023 - The Permanent Campaign Against the Press in Brazil.pdf:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/Q6N2G2GA/Santini et al. - 2023 - The Permanent Campaign Against the Press in Brazil.pdf:application/pdf}, } @article{santosJournalismJusticeNormative2022, title = {Towards a {Journalism} for {Justice}: {A} {Normative} {Overture}}, volume = {43}, issn = {2374-3670}, shorttitle = {Towards a {Journalism} for {Justice}}, url = {https://doi.org/10.1080/23743670.2021.2009533}, doi = {10.1080/23743670.2021.2009533}, abstract = {In thinking about how African journalism can serve society better, one has to pay attention to the moment in which humanity finds itself today. Arguably one of the most exigent issues in contemporary society is that of social justice, whose dimensions have been exposed by the denudational forces of an equally potent malignant force, the COVID-19 pandemic. Given the crucial role of the media as a vector of social change, an appraisal of contemporary journalisms’ potency in fostering the transformation of society towards a just configuration is imperative. This article argues that the limitations of the morally indifferent objectivist journalism and the parochial focus of “corrective journalisms” are not adequate to meet the demands of multidimensional and imbricated justice questions in contemporary society. Drawing on both Fraser’s Justice Theory and Crenshaw’s Intersectional Theory as well as an empirical institutional analysis of the online journalism platforms New Frame and The Conversation Africa, this article argues that a journalism that is oriented towards justice would provide the optimum tools for nuanced discourses on extant, emerging and imbricated questions of social justice at both the local and international levels.}, number = {1}, urldate = {2023-12-25}, journal = {African Journalism Studies}, author = {Santos, Phillip and Ndlovu, Khulekani}, month = jan, year = {2022}, note = {Publisher: Routledge \_eprint: https://doi.org/10.1080/23743670.2021.2009533}, keywords = {inequality, intersectionality, COVID-19, Journalism, Global South, /unread, First Draft Report Cited, OID Media, Qual, USED, justice, marginality}, pages = {70--88}, file = {Santos and Ndlovu - 2022 - Towards a Journalism for Justice A Normative Over.pdf:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/6UYN7VLK/Santos and Ndlovu - 2022 - Towards a Journalism for Justice A Normative Over.pdf:application/pdf}, } @article{saxenaHowFairnessDefinitions2020, title = {How do fairness definitions fare? {Testing} public attitudes towards three algorithmic definitions of fairness in loan allocations}, volume = {283}, issn = {0004-3702}, shorttitle = {How do fairness definitions fare?}, url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0004370219301055}, doi = {10.1016/j.artint.2020.103238}, abstract = {What is the best way to define algorithmic fairness? While many definitions of fairness have been proposed in the computer science literature, there is no clear agreement over a particular definition. In this work, we investigate ordinary people's perceptions of three of these fairness definitions. Across three online experiments, we test which definitions people perceive to be the fairest in the context of loan decisions, and whether fairness perceptions change with the addition of sensitive information (i.e., race or gender of the loan applicants). Overall, one definition (calibrated fairness) tends to be more preferred than the others, and the results also provide support for the principle of affirmative action.}, language = {en}, number = {2020}, urldate = {2020-04-15}, journal = {Artificial Intelligence}, author = {Saxena, Nripsuta Ani and Huang, Karen and DeFilippis, Evan and Radanovic, Goran and Parkes, David C. and Liu, Yang}, month = jun, year = {2020}, keywords = {/unread, First Draft Report Cited, Global North, Quant, Fairness, Algorithmic definition, Human experiments, Public attitudes}, pages = {1--15}, file = {Saxena et al. - 2020 - How do fairness definitions fare Testing public a.pdf:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/LNPGSDKG/Saxena et al. - 2020 - How do fairness definitions fare Testing public a.pdf:application/pdf}, } @article{schippersArtificialIntelligenceDemocratic2020, title = {Artificial {Intelligence} and {Democratic} {Politics} - {Birgit} {Schippers}, 2020}, volume = {11}, url = {https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/full/10.1177/2041905820911746}, number = {1}, urldate = {2024-04-15}, journal = {Political Insight}, author = {Schippers, Birgit}, year = {2020}, keywords = {/unread, Review, First Draft Report Cited, Global North}, pages = {32--35}, file = {Schippers - 2020 - Artificial Intelligence and Democratic Politics - .pdf:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/UXZ5NM3L/Schippers - 2020 - Artificial Intelligence and Democratic Politics - .pdf:application/pdf}, } @article{schneiderGovernableSpacesFeminist2022, title = {Governable spaces: {A} feminist agenda for platform policy}, volume = {11}, copyright = {https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/de/legalcode}, issn = {2197-6775}, shorttitle = {Governable spaces}, url = {https://www.econstor.eu/handle/10419/254277}, doi = {10.14763/2022.1.1628}, abstract = {Feminist tradition reveals with particular clarity how the online economy has contrived to be both apparently open and persistently unaccountable. Diverse feminist critiques amount to an overlapping insistence that the systems that organize our technology should be governable by the people who rely on them. This article extrapolates from feminist insights and experiences toward a policy agenda for vexing challenges in three domains of the online economy: social-media communities, platform-mediated work, and network infrastructure. The agenda calls for crafting "governable spaces" through diverse and accountable forms of user participation.}, language = {eng}, number = {1}, urldate = {2023-12-23}, journal = {Internet Policy Review}, author = {Schneider, Nathan}, year = {2022}, note = {Publisher: Berlin: Alexander von Humboldt Institute for Internet and Society}, keywords = {/unread, Review, First Draft Report Cited, Global North, USED, OID Data Gov}, pages = {1--19}, file = {Schneider - 2022 - Governable spaces A feminist agenda for platform .pdf:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/MDYNBHCB/Schneider - 2022 - Governable spaces A feminist agenda for platform .pdf:application/pdf}, } @article{schoonDecolonisingDigitalMedia2020, title = {Decolonising {Digital} {Media} {Research} {Methods}: {Positioning} {African} {Digital} {Experiences} as {Epistemic} {Sites} of {Knowledge} {Production}}, volume = {41}, copyright = {https://doi.org/10.1080/23743670.2020.1865645}, issn = {2374-3670}, shorttitle = {Decolonising {Digital} {Media} {Research} {Methods}}, abstract = {This introductory essay argues for a decolonial approach that privileges qualitative methods in ways that position African digital experiences as “epistemic sites” of knowledge production in their own right in digital media scholarship. In proffering this argument, we challenge and confront elements of the global knowledge system, which are driven by an implicit “civilising mission” in which methods and intellectual approaches drawn from the West are seen as sacrosanct, while approaches and concepts emerging from the Global South are deemed to have a lower ontological density in the hierarchical ordering of knowledge. We explore methodological questions that relate to the studies carried in this Special Issue and consider various strategies for aligning digital media scholarship with Southern epistemologies—whether these are found in the “epistemologies of everyday” popular culture or epistemologies emerging through the work of African activists and artists. Equally, we emphasise the value of methods that pay attention to issues of power and economic extraction to understand the very different roles of social media platforms in various African countries. The paper also considers how the precarious and contingent nature of infrastructure and African cities in general demands methods that pay attention to issues of digital materiality and infrastructure. Finally, we discuss Big Data methods and the need for African researchers to establish themselves more firmly in this space.}, number = {4}, urldate = {2021-07-25}, journal = {African Journalism Studies}, author = {Schoon, Alette and Mabweazara, Hayes Mawindi and Bosch, Tanja and Dugmore, Harry}, month = oct, year = {2020}, keywords = {digital methods, Global South, /unread, Review, First Draft Report Cited, decoloniality, Epistemic freedom, research methods}, pages = {1--15}, file = {Schoon et al. - 2020 - Decolonising Digital Media Research Methods Posit.pdf:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/GMQHL7ED/Schoon et al. - 2020 - Decolonising Digital Media Research Methods Posit.pdf:application/pdf}, } @techreport{schotIncomeModelsIndependent2020, title = {Income {Models} of {Independent} {Media} in {Difficult} {Contexts}}, url = {https://kq.freepressunlimited.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/11/Income-Models-of-Independent-Media-in-Difficult-Contexts.pdf}, institution = {Free Press Unlimited}, author = {Schot, Evaline}, year = {2020}, keywords = {Global South, /unread, First Draft Report Cited, Mixed}, file = {Schot - 2020 - Income Models of Independent Media in Difficult Co.pdf:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/YTFC7DTI/Schot - 2020 - Income Models of Independent Media in Difficult Co.pdf:application/pdf}, } @incollection{schranzMediaTrustMedia2018, address = {Wiesbaden}, title = {Media {Trust} and {Media} {Use}}, isbn = {978-3-658-20765-6}, url = {https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-658-20765-6_5}, abstract = {This article uses survey data on media usage and media trust in 2016 for 13 selected countries to apply a regression analysis to examine how strongly media use affects trust in the media. In a second step we analyzed the effects from trust/ distrust for important parameters of the media industry (e.g willingness to pay, advertising acceptance). It is shown that news consumption generally promotes trust in the media systems. Further it became clearly apparent that consumption of public broadcasting as well as of conventional quality services such as the subscription press significantly strengthens trust in the media system. Therefore, it must be a key concern of the industry to strengthen trust in the media, because intact media trust promotes not only a willingness to pay for news but also the acceptance of advertising.}, language = {en}, urldate = {2024-05-13}, booktitle = {Trust in {Media} and {Journalism}: {Empirical} {Perspectives} on {Ethics}, {Norms}, {Impacts} and {Populism} in {Europe}}, publisher = {Springer Fachmedien}, author = {Schranz, Mario and Schneider, Jörg and Eisenegger, Mark}, editor = {Otto, Kim and Köhler, Andreas}, year = {2018}, doi = {10.1007/978-3-658-20765-6_5}, keywords = {/unread, First Draft Report Cited, Global North, Quant}, pages = {73--91}, file = {Schranz et al. - 2018 - Media Trust and Media Use.pdf:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/5T88L6B3/Schranz et al. - 2018 - Media Trust and Media Use.pdf:application/pdf}, } @book{schudsonDiscoveringNewsSocial1978, address = {New York, NY}, title = {Discovering {The} {News}: {A} {Social} {History} {Of} {American} {Newspapers}}, isbn = {978-0-465-01666-2}, shorttitle = {Discovering {The} {News}}, language = {English}, publisher = {Basic Books}, author = {Schudson, Michael}, year = {1978}, keywords = {/unread, First Draft Report Cited, Global North, Qual}, } @article{schudsonWhatDoesTrust2022, title = {What {Does} “{Trust} in the {Media}” {Mean}?}, volume = {151}, issn = {0011-5266}, url = {https://doi.org/10.1162/daed_a_01948}, doi = {10.1162/daed_a_01948}, abstract = {Is public trust in the news media in decline? So polls seem to indicate. But the decline goes back to the early 1970s, and it may be that “trust” in the media at that point was too high for the good of a journalism trying to serve democracy. And “the media” is a very recent (1970s) notion popularized by some because it sounded more abstract and distant than a familiar term like “the press.” It may even be that people answering a pollster are not trying to report accurately their level of trust but are acting politically to align themselves with their favored party's perceived critique of the media. This essay tries to reach a deeper understanding of what gives rise to faith or skepticism in various cultural authorities, including journalism.}, number = {4}, urldate = {2024-05-13}, journal = {Daedalus}, author = {Schudson, Michael}, month = nov, year = {2022}, keywords = {/unread, Review, First Draft Report Cited}, pages = {144--160}, file = {Schudson - 2022 - What Does “Trust in the Media” Mean.pdf:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/8CBMEZIN/Schudson - 2022 - What Does “Trust in the Media” Mean.pdf:application/pdf}, } @incollection{schunemannThreatDemocraciesOverview2022, title = {A threat to democracies? {An} overview of theoretical approaches and empirical measurements for studying the effects of disinformation}, isbn = {978-1-00-311022-4}, shorttitle = {A threat to democracies?}, url = {https://www.taylorfrancis.com/chapters/oa-edit/10.4324/9781003110224-4/threat-democracies-wolf-sch%C3%BCnemann}, abstract = {This chapter looks at the existing literature about information operations, asking what its contributions and findings are in terms of theory, methods, and empirics. Overall, it puts particular emphasis on the alleged effects of disinformation on democracies. As to the general debate and current threat perceptions, it argues for a reorientation toward knowledge-oriented perspectives and social constructivist research strategies. This is illustrated by a brief document analysis of security strategies issued by core actors at the international scene with respect to recurrent threat frames. As to threat assessment, empirical studies are grouped according to levels of analysis: micro-, meso-, and macro level. The paper argues for a stronger orientation toward the study of macro-level effects and discursive vulnerabilities that would allow for more reflexive and critical research on the issue. This is combined, at the end of the chapter, with a warning against alarmist discourse, securitization, and political overreactions in both: regulatory activities and international security.}, booktitle = {Cyber {Security} {Politics}}, publisher = {Routledge}, author = {Schünemann, Wolf J.}, editor = {Cavelty, Myriam Dunn and Wenger, Andreas}, year = {2022}, note = {Num Pages: 16}, keywords = {/unread, Review, First Draft Report Cited}, pages = {32--47}, file = {Full Text PDF:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/EP34JAZR/Schünemann - 2022 - A threat to democracies An overview of theoretic.pdf:application/pdf}, } @article{seippDealingOpinionPower2023, title = {Dealing with {Opinion} {Power} in the {Platform} {World}: {Why} {We} {Really} {Have} to {Rethink} {Media} {Concentration} {Law}}, volume = {11}, doi = {10.1080/21670811.2022.2161924}, number = {8}, journal = {Digital Journalism}, author = {Seipp, Theresa Josephine and Helberger, Natali and de Vreese, Claes and Ausloos, Jef}, year = {2023}, keywords = {platforms, news media, /unread, First Draft Report Cited, Global North, OID Media, Qual, opinion power, Media concentration, media pluralism}, pages = {1542--1567}, file = {Seipp et al. - 2023 - Dealing with Opinion Power in the Platform World .pdf:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/SR36I2ZG/Seipp et al. - 2023 - Dealing with Opinion Power in the Platform World .pdf:application/pdf}, } @incollection{selbstFairnessAbstractionSociotechnical2019, address = {Atlanta GA USA}, title = {Fairness and {Abstraction} in {Sociotechnical} {Systems}}, isbn = {978-1-4503-6125-5}, url = {https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3287560.3287598}, language = {en}, urldate = {2024-05-10}, booktitle = {Proceedings of the {Conference} on {Fairness}, {Accountability}, and {Transparency}}, publisher = {ACM}, author = {Selbst, Andrew D. and Boyd, Danah and Friedler, Sorelle A. and Venkatasubramanian, Suresh and Vertesi, Janet}, editor = {ACM}, month = jan, year = {2019}, keywords = {/unread, First Draft Report Cited, Global North, Qual}, pages = {59--68}, file = {Full Text PDF:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/NXMNBEXA/Selbst et al. - 2019 - Fairness and Abstraction in Sociotechnical Systems.pdf:application/pdf}, } @incollection{seySubSaharanAfrica2022, title = {Sub-{Saharan} {Africa}}, url = {https://idl-bnc-idrc.dspacedirect.org/bitstreams/aafc0871-9bfe-4d11-bd8e-eb7921064621/download}, booktitle = {Meeting the {Challenges} of {Information} {Disorder} in the {Global} {South}}, publisher = {IDRC Research Results}, author = {Sey, Araba and Shilongo, Kristophina and Hlomani, Hanani and Diouf, Dominique}, editor = {Wasserman, Herman}, year = {2022}, keywords = {Global South, /unread, First Draft Report Cited, Mixed}, pages = {138--189}, file = {Araba Sey - 2022 - Meeting the Challenges of Information Disorder in .pdf:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/CIEM8HVA/Araba Sey - 2022 - Meeting the Challenges of Information Disorder in .pdf:application/pdf}, } @techreport{shahbazCounteringAuthoritarianOverhaul2022, title = {Countering an {Authoritarian} {Overhaul} of the {Internet}}, url = {https://freedomhouse.org/report/freedom-net/2022/countering-authoritarian-overhaul-internet}, institution = {Freedom House}, author = {Shahbaz, Adrian and Funk, Allie and Vesteinsson, Kian}, year = {2022}, keywords = {Global South, /unread, First Draft Report Cited, Quant}, } @misc{shearerMoreEighttenAmericans2021, title = {More than eight-in-ten {Americans} get news from digital devices}, url = {https://www.pewresearch.org/short-read/2021/01/12/more-than-eight-in-ten-americans-get-news-from-digital-devices/}, abstract = {More than eight-in-ten U.S. adults say they get news from a smartphone, computer or tablet “often” or “sometimes.”}, language = {en-US}, urldate = {2024-04-20}, journal = {Pew Research Center}, author = {Shearer, Elisa}, month = jan, year = {2021}, keywords = {/unread, First Draft Report Cited, Global North, Quant}, file = {Snapshot:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/42Z6J4P2/more-than-eight-in-ten-americans-get-news-from-digital-devices.html:text/html}, } @article{shermanIndiasSuddenReversal2022, title = {India’s {Sudden} {Reversal} on {Privacy} {Will} {Affect} the {Global} {Internet}}, issn = {1091-2339}, url = {https://slate.com/technology/2022/09/india-data-protection-bill-fourth-way.html}, abstract = {The Modi government says a data protection bill has become “too cumbersome” and that it needs to start again.}, language = {en-US}, urldate = {2024-05-10}, journal = {Slate}, author = {Sherman, Justin}, month = sep, year = {2022}, keywords = {privacy, Global South, /unread, BRICS, Review, First Draft Report Cited, india, silicon-valley}, file = {Snapshot:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/U3NZMNY4/india-data-protection-bill-fourth-way.html:text/html}, } @article{shinAlgorithmAwarenessWhy2022, title = {Algorithm awareness: {Why} user awareness is critical for personal privacy in the adoption of algorithmic platforms?}, volume = {65}, issn = {0268-4012}, shorttitle = {Algorithm awareness}, url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0268401222000251}, doi = {10.1016/j.ijinfomgt.2022.102494}, abstract = {Understanding how algorithms shape users’ online experiences is a prerequisite to developing an effective algorithm design. Due to the rapid algorithmification of platforms, it is timely to examine users’ awareness of algorithms on online platforms because these algorithms can shape everyday decisions and interactions through mediating, gatekeeping, and structuring user interactions. Focusing on the role of algorithm awareness (AA) in the privacy calculus process, we investigate users’ intention to disclose personal information when using a platform with personalized algorithms. By conceptualizing AA with a range of theoretical and behavioral variables, we examine how users’ self-efficacy affects their privacy concerns when they adopt, consume, and interact with such platforms. The findings show that AA leads users to envisage, understand, and interact with algorithms depending on their understanding of the control of the information flow embedded within them. The awareness that users have regarding algorithms influences the trust of algorithmic processes and the way users evaluate privacy concerns and self-disclosures. The cognitive user processes of AA provide conceptual frameworks for algorithm design and a practical guideline for the design of personalized algorithms.}, number = {2022}, urldate = {2023-12-23}, journal = {International Journal of Information Management}, author = {Shin, Dong-Hee and Kee, Kerk F. and Shin, Emily Y.}, month = aug, year = {2022}, keywords = {Global South, /unread, First Draft Report Cited, OID Media, USED, Quant, Algorithm awareness, Personal privacy, Personalized algorithms, Privacy calculus, Self-disclosure, Self-efficacy}, pages = {1--13}, file = {Shin et al. - 2022 - Algorithm awareness Why user awareness is critica.pdf:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/RE3X8H27/Shin et al. - 2022 - Algorithm awareness Why user awareness is critica.pdf:application/pdf}, } @article{shirikovFakeNewsAll2024, title = {Fake {News} for {All}: {How} {Citizens} {Discern} {Disinformation} in {Autocracies}}, volume = {41}, issn = {1058-4609}, shorttitle = {Fake {News} for {All}}, url = {https://doi.org/10.1080/10584609.2023.2257618}, doi = {10.1080/10584609.2023.2257618}, abstract = {Research on autocracies often posits that propaganda can manipulate citizens’ beliefs, but existing work does not systematically investigate how well individuals recognize misinformation in authoritarian environments and whether susceptibility to propaganda is related to vulnerability to false news. I present the results of four surveys in Russia, in which more than 60,000 participants evaluated 74 true and false news headlines. I find that Russians’ capacity to discern falsehoods is comparable to discernment found in other political contexts, and they could often detect false news stories. However, consumers of state media gave less accurate evaluations than consumers of independent media, and government supporters were substantially more susceptible to pro-regime misinformation than opposition-minded citizens. Supporters also strongly rejected true messages inconsistent with their political dispositions. These results help understand why in environments dominated by propaganda individuals can be quite vulnerable to information manipulation. At the same time, regime critics in my study often fell for propaganda-inconsistent falsehoods. These results highlight the broader challenge of fighting misinformation and propaganda in a situation when many citizens exhibit political biases.}, number = {1}, urldate = {2023-12-23}, journal = {Political Communication}, author = {Shirikov, Anton}, month = jan, year = {2024}, note = {Publisher: Routledge \_eprint: https://doi.org/10.1080/10584609.2023.2257618}, keywords = {propaganda, Russia, Misinformation, Global South, /unread, BRICS, First Draft Report Cited, USED, Quant, OID Mis/Disinfo, autocracy}, pages = {45--65}, file = {Shirikov - 2024 - Fake News for All How Citizens Discern Disinforma.pdf:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/LEDKYDNL/Shirikov - 2024 - Fake News for All How Citizens Discern Disinforma.pdf:application/pdf}, } @misc{shleiferDoesCompetitionDestroy2004, title = {Does {Competition} {Destroy} {Ethical} {Behavior}?}, url = {https://www.nber.org/system/files/working_papers/w10269/w10269.pdf}, urldate = {2024-04-23}, publisher = {NBER Working Paper 10269}, author = {Shleifer, Andrei}, year = {2004}, keywords = {/unread, Review, First Draft Report Cited, Global North}, file = {w10269.pdf:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/G2VBMUSL/w10269.pdf:application/pdf}, } @book{shoemakerGatekeepingTheory2009, address = {New York}, title = {Gatekeeping {Theory}}, isbn = {978-0-203-93165-3}, url = {https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203931653}, abstract = {Gatekeeping is one of the media’s central roles in public life: people rely on mediators to transform information about billions of events into a manageable number of media messages. This process determines not only which information is selected, but also what the content and nature of messages, such as news, will be. Gatekeeping Theory describes the powerful process through which events are covered by the mass media, explaining how and why certain information either passes through gates or is closed off from media attention. This book is essential for understanding how even single, seemingly trivial gatekeeping decisions can come together to shape an audience’s view of the world, and illustrates what is at stake in the process.}, publisher = {Routledge}, author = {Shoemaker, Pamela J. and Vos, Timothy}, month = apr, year = {2009}, doi = {10.4324/9780203931653}, keywords = {Theory, /unread, First Draft Report Cited}, } @article{simonUneasyBedfellowsAI2022, title = {Uneasy {Bedfellows}: {AI} in the {News}, {Platform} {Companies} and the {Issue} of {Journalistic} {Autonomy}}, volume = {10}, issn = {2167-0811}, shorttitle = {Uneasy {Bedfellows}}, url = {https://doi.org/10.1080/21670811.2022.2063150}, doi = {10.1080/21670811.2022.2063150}, abstract = {Platform companies play an important role in the production and distribution of news. This article analyses this role and questions of control, dependence and autonomy in the light of the ‘AI goldrush’ in the news. I argue that the introduction of AI in the news risks shifting even more control to and increasing the news industry’s dependence on platform companies. While platform companies’ power over news organisations has to date mainly flown from their control over the channels of distribution, AI potentially allows them to extend this control to the means of production as the technology increasingly permeates all stages of the news-making process. As a result, news organisations risk becoming even more tethered to platform companies in the long-run, potentially limiting their autonomy and, by extension, contributing to a restructuring of the public arena as news organisations are re-shaped according to the logics of platform businesses. I conclude by mapping a research agenda that highlights potential implications and spells out areas in need of further exploration.}, number = {10}, urldate = {2023-12-25}, journal = {Digital Journalism}, author = {Simon, Felix M.}, month = nov, year = {2022}, note = {Publisher: Routledge \_eprint: https://doi.org/10.1080/21670811.2022.2063150}, keywords = {AI, journalism, news, gatekeeping, /unread, Review, First Draft Report Cited, Global North, OID Media, USED, autonomy, platform companies, public arena}, pages = {1832--1854}, file = {Simon - 2022 - Uneasy Bedfellows AI in the News, Platform Compan.pdf:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/I45M986N/Simon - 2022 - Uneasy Bedfellows AI in the News, Platform Compan.pdf:application/pdf}, } @article{simonMisinformationReloadedFears2023, title = {Misinformation reloaded? {Fears} about the impact of generative {AI} on misinformation are overblown}, volume = {4}, shorttitle = {Misinformation reloaded?}, url = {https://misinforeview.hks.harvard.edu/article/misinformation-reloaded-fears-about-the-impact-of-generative-ai-on-misinformation-are-overblown/}, doi = {10.37016/mr-2020-127}, abstract = {Many observers of the current explosion of generative AI worry about its impact on our information environment, with concerns being raised about the increased quantity, quality, and personalization of misinformation. We assess these arguments with evidence from communication studies, cognitive science, and political science. We argue that current concerns about the effects of generative AI on the misinformation landscape are overblown.}, language = {en}, number = {5}, urldate = {2024-04-15}, journal = {Harvard Kennedy School Misinformation Review}, author = {Simon, Felix M. and Altay, Sacha and Mercier, Hugo}, month = oct, year = {2023}, keywords = {/unread, Review, First Draft Report Cited, OID Mis/Disinfo}, pages = {1--11}, file = {Simon et al. - 2023 - Misinformation reloaded Fears about the impact of.pdf:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/JDZISVLT/Simon et al. - 2023 - Misinformation reloaded Fears about the impact of.pdf:application/pdf;Simon et al. - 2023 - Misinformation reloaded Fears about the impact of.pdf:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/QDA997IT/Simon et al. - 2023 - Misinformation reloaded Fears about the impact of.pdf:application/pdf}, } @techreport{singaporestatutesProtectionOnlineFalsehoods2019, title = {Protection from {Online} {Falsehoods} and {Manipulation} {Act} 2019}, url = {https://sso.agc.gov.sg/Act/POFMA2019#:~:text=An%20Act%20to%20prevent%20the,to%20be%20taken%20to%20enhance}, institution = {Government of Singapore}, author = {Singapore Statutes}, year = {2019}, keywords = {Global South, Law, /unread, First Draft Report Cited}, file = {Singapore Statutes - 2019 - Protection from Online Falsehoods and Manipulation.pdf:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/MCMRPNB3/Singapore Statutes - 2019 - Protection from Online Falsehoods and Manipulation.pdf:application/pdf}, } @article{singhModernityBrand2023, title = {Modernity with a {Brand}}, url = {https://www.epw.in/journal/2023/2/commentary/modernity-brand.html}, urldate = {2024-04-11}, journal = {Economic and Political Weekly}, author = {Singh, Bhupen}, month = jan, year = {2023}, keywords = {Global South, /unread, Review, First Draft Report Cited}, pages = {np}, } @article{singhMisinformationBelievabilityVaccine2022, title = {Misinformation, believability, and vaccine acceptance over 40 countries: {Takeaways} from the initial phase of the {COVID}-19 infodemic}, volume = {17}, issn = {1932-6203}, shorttitle = {Misinformation, believability, and vaccine acceptance over 40 countries}, url = {https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0263381}, doi = {10.1371/journal.pone.0263381}, abstract = {The COVID-19 pandemic has been damaging to the lives of people all around the world. Accompanied by the pandemic is an infodemic, an abundant and uncontrolled spread of potentially harmful misinformation. The infodemic may severely change the pandemic’s course by interfering with public health interventions such as wearing masks, social distancing, and vaccination. In particular, the impact of the infodemic on vaccination is critical because it holds the key to reverting to pre-pandemic normalcy. This paper presents findings from a global survey on the extent of worldwide exposure to the COVID-19 infodemic, assesses different populations’ susceptibility to false claims, and analyzes its association with vaccine acceptance. Based on responses gathered from over 18,400 individuals from 40 countries, we find a strong association between perceived believability of COVID-19 misinformation and vaccination hesitancy. Our study shows that only half of the online users exposed to rumors might have seen corresponding fact-checked information. Moreover, depending on the country, between 6\% and 37\% of individuals considered these rumors believable. A key finding of this research is that poorer regions were more susceptible to encountering and believing COVID-19 misinformation; countries with lower gross domestic product (GDP) per capita showed a substantially higher prevalence of misinformation. We discuss implications of our findings to public campaigns that proactively spread accurate information to countries that are more susceptible to the infodemic. We also defend that fact-checking platforms should prioritize claims that not only have wide exposure but are also perceived to be believable. Our findings give insights into how to successfully handle risk communication during the initial phase of a future pandemic.}, language = {en}, number = {2}, urldate = {2024-01-02}, journal = {PLoS ONE}, author = {Singh, Karandeep and Lima, Gabriel and Cha, Meeyoung and Cha, Chiyoung and Kulshrestha, Juhi and Ahn, Yong-Yeol and Varol, Onur}, month = feb, year = {2022}, keywords = {Vaccination and immunization, Vaccines, Social media, Facebook, Pandemics, COVID 19, Surveys, Viral vaccines, Global South, /unread, First Draft Report Cited, Quant}, pages = {1--21}, file = {Full Text PDF:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/X86U7PI6/Singh et al. - 2022 - Misinformation, believability, and vaccine accepta.pdf:application/pdf}, } @techreport{singhEconomicRightsDataBased2020, title = {Economic {Rights} in a {Data}-{Based} {Society}: {Collective} {Data} {Ownership}, {Workers}' {Rights}, and the {Role} of the {Public} {Sector}}, url = {https://itforchange.net/sites/default/files/add/Economic%20rights%20in%20a%20data%20based%20society.pdf}, institution = {Public Services International, Friedrich Ebert Foundation and IT for Change}, author = {Singh, Parminder Jeet}, month = jan, year = {2020}, keywords = {Global South, /unread, Review, First Draft Report Cited}, file = {Singh - 2020 - Economic Rights in a Data-Based Society Collectiv.pdf:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/E2F4DWKP/Singh - 2020 - Economic Rights in a Data-Based Society Collectiv.pdf:application/pdf}, } @article{sinpengDigitalMediaPolitical2020, title = {Digital media, political authoritarianism, and {Internet} controls in {Southeast} {Asia}}, volume = {42}, issn = {0163-4437}, url = {https://doi.org/10.1177/0163443719884052}, doi = {10.1177/0163443719884052}, abstract = {A sharp rise in the use of digital media in Southeast Asia in recent years has raised questions about the impact of these digitally networked technologies on the prospect for democratization in a region known for its authoritarian resilience. In the absence of a regional uprising as witnessed in the Middle East through the Arab Spring, Southeast Asian authoritarian states have maintained their durability despite a massive surge in online political activities and in some cases, digitally mediated large-scale mobilization of opposition groups. What explains authoritarian resilience in Southeast Asia in the face of rising opportunities for online political opposition? This article argues that while digital media has emerged as an important repertoire of activism, particularly for political opposition groups, a deft combination of political authoritarianism and increasing Internet controls have stunted democratic pressure in society and hampered future prospect for democratization. It also offers a comparative analysis of how the Internet more generally and digital media in particular has affected state-society relations in Southeast Asia in recent years. In order for digitally mediated political opposition to meaningfully challenge the existing authoritarian incumbents, sufficient opening in the political system is needed. This means, authoritarian states with competitive, routinized elections which have recently experienced large-scale or sustained mobilization by opposition groups are most likely to be susceptible to breakdown than closed regimes.}, language = {en}, number = {1}, urldate = {2024-04-20}, journal = {Media, Culture \& Society}, author = {Sinpeng, Aim}, month = jan, year = {2020}, note = {Publisher: SAGE Publications Ltd}, keywords = {Global South, /unread, First Draft Report Cited, Qual}, pages = {25--39}, file = {SAGE PDF Full Text:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/4XWUKZA5/Sinpeng - 2020 - Digital media, political authoritarianism, and Int.pdf:application/pdf}, } @article{sirbuAlgorithmicBiasAmplifies2019, title = {Algorithmic bias amplifies opinion fragmentation and polarization: {A} bounded confidence model}, volume = {14}, issn = {1932-6203}, shorttitle = {Algorithmic bias amplifies opinion fragmentation and polarization}, doi = {10.1371/journal.pone.0213246}, abstract = {The flow of information reaching us via the online media platforms is optimized not by the information content or relevance but by popularity and proximity to the target. This is typically performed in order to maximise platform usage. As a side effect, this introduces an algorithmic bias that is believed to enhance fragmentation and polarization of the societal debate. To study this phenomenon, we modify the well-known continuous opinion dynamics model of bounded confidence in order to account for the algorithmic bias and investigate its consequences. In the simplest version of the original model the pairs of discussion participants are chosen at random and their opinions get closer to each other if they are within a fixed tolerance level. We modify the selection rule of the discussion partners: there is an enhanced probability to choose individuals whose opinions are already close to each other, thus mimicking the behavior of online media which suggest interaction with similar peers. As a result we observe: a) an increased tendency towards opinion fragmentation, which emerges also in conditions where the original model would predict consensus, b) increased polarisation of opinions and c) a dramatic slowing down of the speed at which the convergence at the asymptotic state is reached, which makes the system highly unstable. Fragmentation and polarization are augmented by a fragmented initial population.}, language = {eng}, number = {3}, journal = {PloS One}, author = {Sîrbu, Alina and Pedreschi, Dino and Giannotti, Fosca and Kertész, János}, collaborator = {Gargiulo, Floriana}, year = {2019}, note = {Place: United States Publisher: Public Library of Science}, keywords = {Social networks, Internet, Algorithms, Social aspects, Political aspects, Social Sciences, Online social networks, Analysis, Public Opinion, /unread, First Draft Report Cited, Global North, Quant, Information flow, Psychological aspects, Bias, Biology and Life Sciences, Computer and Information Sciences, Computer Simulation, Fragmentation, Information management, International conferences, Mimicry, Models, Theoretical, Population, Probability, Psychological research, Research and Analysis Methods, Set (Psychology), Simulation, Social information processing}, pages = {1--20}, file = {Full Text:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/N8ZM5V65/Sîrbu et al. - 2019 - Algorithmic bias amplifies opinion fragmentation a.pdf:application/pdf}, } @article{sjodinArtificialIntelligenceEnabling2023, title = {Artificial intelligence enabling circular business model innovation in digital servitization: {Conceptualizing} dynamic capabilities, {AI} capacities, business models and effects}, volume = {197}, issn = {0040-1625}, shorttitle = {Artificial intelligence enabling circular business model innovation in digital servitization}, url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0040162523005887}, doi = {10.1016/j.techfore.2023.122903}, abstract = {This study explores the potential of AI to enable circular business model innovation (CBMI) for industrial manufacturers and the corresponding AI capacities and dynamic capabilities required for their commercialization. Employing an analysis of six leading B2B firms engaged in digital servitization, we conceptualize the perceptive, predictive, and prescriptive capacities of AI, which enhance resource efficiency by automating and augmenting data-driven analysis and decision making. We further identify two innovative classes of AI-enabled CBMs – augmentation (e.g., optimization solutions) and automation (e.g., autonomous solutions) business models – and their main circular value drivers. Finally, our research reveals novel dynamic capabilities underpinning the innovation of AI-enabled business models – value discovery, value realization, and value optimization capabilities – which enable manufacturers to make economic and sustainable values come to life in collaborating with customers and ecosystem partners. This study represents an important step in our understanding of how AI can drive circularity and sustainable innovation in industrial digital servitization. Overall, our study contributes to practice and the academic literature on AI, circular business models, and digital servitization by highlighting the potential of AI to empower CBMs for industrial manufacturers and the underlying processes of this digital transformation.}, number = {2023}, urldate = {2024-05-16}, journal = {Technological Forecasting and Social Change}, author = {Sjödin, David and Parida, Vinit and Kohtamäki, Marko}, month = dec, year = {2023}, keywords = {Artificial intelligence, /unread, Review, First Draft Report Cited, Sustainability, Digital transformation, Circular business models, Circular economy, Digital servitization, Ecosystem, Platform, Twin transition}, pages = {1--15}, file = {ScienceDirect Snapshot:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/BA35UG8Z/S0040162523005887.html:text/html;Sjödin et al. - 2023 - Artificial intelligence enabling circular business.pdf:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/NJ23WVTS/Sjödin et al. - 2023 - Artificial intelligence enabling circular business.pdf:application/pdf}, } @misc{skibinskiSpecialReportTop2021, title = {Special {Report}: {Top} brands are sending \$2.6 billion to misinformation websites each year}, shorttitle = {Special {Report}}, url = {https://www.newsguardtech.com/special-reports/brands-send-billions-to-misinformation-websites-newsguard-comscore-report}, abstract = {An analysis of programmatic advertising data conducted by NewsGuard and Comscore finds that misinformation publishers are reaping billions in annual advertising revenue from top brands By Matt Skibinski, Media Credibility Reporter and GM at NewsGuard The journalism industry is struggling worldwide–with newsrooms across the world cutting staff, shutting their doors, or fighting to stay afloat. […]}, language = {en-US}, urldate = {2024-04-15}, journal = {NewsGuard}, author = {Skibinski, Matt}, year = {2021}, keywords = {/unread, Review, First Draft Report Cited, Global North}, file = {Snapshot:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/3ES25VB8/brands-send-billions-to-misinformation-websites-newsguard-comscore-report.html:text/html}, } @article{skovsgaardConceptualizingNewsAvoidance2020, title = {Conceptualizing {News} {Avoidance}: {Towards} a {Shared} {Understanding} of {Different} {Causes} and {Potential} {Solutions}}, volume = {21}, issn = {1461-670X, 1469-9699}, shorttitle = {Conceptualizing {News} {Avoidance}}, url = {https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/1461670X.2019.1686410}, doi = {10.1080/1461670X.2019.1686410}, abstract = {News avoidance is considered an increasing problem for the news industry and democracy at large. As news companies lose consumers, democracy loses the informed foundation for an engaged citizenry. Meanwhile, research on news avoidance is hampered by the lack of a common understanding of the phenomenon. In this conceptual study, we first review and discuss extant conceptualizations and operationalisations of news avoidance. Second, we present a model distinguishing two types of news avoidance—intentional and unintentional—depending on the underlying causes leading people to tune out. Third, we argue that different solutions apply to the two types of news avoidance. To engage intentional news avoiders, the news selection and news presentation must to be changed. To engage unintentional news avoiders, the opportunity structures provided in the media system must be more favourable towards inadvertent news exposure.}, language = {en}, number = {4}, urldate = {2022-12-20}, journal = {Journalism Studies}, author = {Skovsgaard, Morten and Andersen, Kim}, month = mar, year = {2020}, keywords = {/unread, Global, Review, First Draft Report Cited}, pages = {459--476}, file = {Skovsgaard et Andersen - 2020 - Conceptualizing News Avoidance Towards a Shared U.pdf:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/VYFYA6YJ/Skovsgaard et Andersen - 2020 - Conceptualizing News Avoidance Towards a Shared U.pdf:application/pdf}, } @incollection{sleibiWartimeOpportunitiesSway2023, title = {Wartime {Opportunities}: {The} {Sway} of {Russian} {Disinformation} on the {MENA} {Region}}, shorttitle = {Wartime {Opportunities}}, url = {https://www.iemed.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/07/Wartime-Russian-Disinformation-MENA-Region-Sleibi-IEMedYearbook2023.pdf}, abstract = {When exploring the tone of MENA online discourses on the Ukraine-Russia conflict, “anti-Western” and “anti-democratic” perceptions and (distorted) narratives are striking.}, language = {en-US}, urldate = {2024-04-19}, booktitle = {Wartime-{Russia} {Yearbook} 2023}, publisher = {European Institute of the Mediterranean (EIMed)}, author = {Sleibi, Abdullatif}, editor = {EIMed}, year = {2023}, keywords = {Global South, /unread, First Draft Report Cited, Quant}, pages = {312--317}, file = {Sleibi - 2023 - Wartime Opportunities The Sway of Russian Disinfo.pdf:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/Q8BAASZM/Sleibi - 2023 - Wartime Opportunities The Sway of Russian Disinfo.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/FMHC5AQC/wartime-opportunities-the-sway-of-russian-disinformation-on-the-mena-region.html:text/html}, } @misc{smithIBMResearchReleases2019, title = {{IBM} {Research} releases '{Diversity} in {Faces}' dataset to advance study of fairness in facial recognition systems}, url = {https://phys.org/news/2019-01-ibm-diversity-dataset-advance-fairness.html}, abstract = {Have you ever been treated unfairly? How did it make you feel? Probably not too good. Most people generally agree that a fairer world is a better world, and our AI researchers couldn't agree more. That's why we are harnessing the power of science to create AI systems that are more fair and accurate.}, language = {en}, urldate = {2024-05-07}, journal = {Phys.org}, author = {Smith, John R.}, month = jan, year = {2019}, keywords = {/unread, Review, First Draft Report Cited}, file = {Snapshot:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/AXQUEHX4/2019-01-ibm-diversity-dataset-advance-fairness.html:text/html}, } @article{sodhiAdanisNDTVNew2023, title = {Adani’s {NDTV}: {New} channels, {Modi} documentaries, a leadership void, and big plans for this year}, shorttitle = {Adani’s {NDTV}}, url = {https://www.newslaundry.com/2023/07/15/adanis-ndtv-new-channels-modi-documentaries-a-leadership-void-and-big-plans-for-this-year}, abstract = {Adani’s NDTV: New channels, Modi documentaries, a leadership void, and big plans for this year}, language = {en}, urldate = {2024-04-11}, journal = {Newslaundry}, author = {Sodhi, Tanishka}, month = jul, year = {2023}, keywords = {Global South, /unread, BRICS, First Draft Report Cited, Qual}, } @article{offenhuberShapesFrictionsSynthetic2024, title = {Shapes and frictions of synthetic data}, volume = {11}, issn = {2053-9517}, url = {https://doi.org/10.1177/20539517241249390}, doi = {10.1177/20539517241249390}, abstract = {Synthetic data are computer-generated data that mimic and substitute empirical observations without directly corresponding to real-world phenomena. Widely used in privacy protection, machine learning, and simulation, synthetic data is an emerging field only just beginning to be explored in the social sciences and critical data studies. However, recent developments, such as the use of synthetic data in the US Census and American Community Survey, make a reflection on the nature and implications of synthetic data urgent. While earlier work focused mostly on training data for machine-learning models, this paper presents a broad typology of synthetic data and discusses its frictions. The main argument presented is that the traditional representational model of data as symbolic references to corresponding physical or conceptual objects is insufficient for understanding and critically engaging with issues and implications of synthetic data. The paper discusses an alternative relational model, which defines data not through an object of reference but based on “who uses them, how and for which purposes”. The relational model is more productive for capturing the fact that synthetic data are defined through their purpose; their performance in a particular situation (such as training a machine learning model); and a context-dependent operationalization of evidence. The post-representational anything-goes epistemology of synthetic data can be productively challenged through a forensic approach that foregrounds the outliers, artifacts, and gaps in datasets as meaningful information.}, language = {en}, number = {2}, urldate = {2024-05-18}, journal = {Big Data \& Society}, author = {Offenhuber, Dietmar}, month = jun, year = {2024}, note = {Publisher: SAGE Publications Ltd}, keywords = {/unread, Final Draft Additions, Review}, pages = {1--16}, file = {SAGE PDF Full Text:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/UWCXPV3G/Offenhuber - 2024 - Shapes and frictions of synthetic data.pdf:application/pdf}, } @techreport{g20G20MinisterialStatement2019, title = {G20 {Ministerial} {Statement} on {Trade} and {Digital} {Economy}, {Annex} {G20} {AI} {Principles}}, url = {https://wp.oecd.ai/app/uploads/2021/06/G20-AI-Principles.pdf}, institution = {G20}, author = {G20}, month = jun, year = {2019}, keywords = {/unread, Global, First Draft Report Cited, Policy}, file = {G20 - 2019 - G20 AI Principles.pdf:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/Z9XMV8LR/G20 - 2019 - G20 AI Principles.pdf:application/pdf}, } @techreport{g7HiroshimaProcessInternational2023, title = {Hiroshima {Process} {International} {Guiding} {Principles} for {Organizations} {Developing} {Advanced} {AI} systems}, url = {https://www.mofa.go.jp/files/100573471.pdf}, abstract = {The International Guiding Principles for Organizations Developing Advanced AI Systems aims to promote safe, secure, and trustworthy AI worldwide and will provide guidance for organizations developing and using the most advanced AI systems, including the most advanced foundation models and generative AI systems.}, language = {en}, urldate = {2023-12-22}, institution = {G7 2023 Hiroshima Summit}, author = {G7}, month = oct, year = {2023}, keywords = {/unread, Global, First Draft Report Cited, USED, Policy, OID AI}, file = {European Commission - 2023 - Hiroshima Process International Guiding Principles.pdf:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/WJMKXQVJ/European Commission - 2023 - Hiroshima Process International Guiding Principles.pdf:application/pdf}, } @techreport{gagliardoneCounteringOnlineHate2015, title = {Countering {Online} {Hate} {Speech}}, url = {https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000233231}, institution = {Prepared for UNESCO}, author = {Gagliardone, Iginio and Gal, Danit and Alves, Thiago and Martinez, Gabriela}, year = {2015}, keywords = {Global South, /unread, First Draft Report Cited, Mixed}, file = {Gagliardone et al. - 2015 - Countering Online Hate Speech.pdf:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/MIDMVGYU/Gagliardone et al. - 2015 - Countering Online Hate Speech.pdf:application/pdf}, } @article{galantinoHowWillEU2023, title = {How {Will} the {EU} {Digital} {Services} {Act} {Affect} the {Regulation} of {Disinformation}?}, volume = {20}, url = {https://script-ed.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/02/Sharon-Galantino_February-2023.pdf?d=05112024}, number = {1}, journal = {SCRIPTed: A Journal of Law, Technology and Society}, author = {Galantino, Sharon}, year = {2023}, keywords = {/unread, Review, First Draft Report Cited, Global North}, pages = {89--129}, file = {Galantino - 2023 - How Will the EU Digital Services Act Affect the Re.pdf:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/IAUWN454/Galantino - 2023 - How Will the EU Digital Services Act Affect the Re.pdf:application/pdf;How Will the EU Digital Services Act Affect the Regulation of Disinformation? 20 SCRIPTed\: A Journal of Law, Technology and Society 2023:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/X8AT52JY/LandingPage.html:text/html}, } @article{garciaInfluenceFacebookAlgorithms2023, title = {Influence of {Facebook} algorithms on political polarization tested}, volume = {620}, copyright = {2023 Springer Nature Limited}, url = {https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-023-02325-x}, doi = {10.1038/d41586-023-02325-x}, abstract = {The effects of social-media feed algorithms on political polarization.}, language = {en}, number = {7972}, urldate = {2024-05-15}, journal = {Nature}, author = {Garcia, David}, month = aug, year = {2023}, note = {Bandiera\_abtest: a Cg\_type: News And Views Publisher: Nature Publishing Group Subject\_term: Society, Politics}, keywords = {Politics, /unread, First Draft Report Cited, Global North, Quant, Society}, pages = {39--41}, file = {Full Text PDF:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/L5KXZXTV/Garcia - 2023 - Influence of Facebook algorithms on political pola.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/J43YAJH4/d41586-023-02325-x.html:text/html}, } @article{garciaramirezJournalismAttentionEconomy2021, title = {Journalism in the {Attention} {Economy} - {The} relation between digital platforms and news organisations}, volume = {17}, doi = {10.25200/BJR.v17n1.2021.1332}, language = {English}, number = {1}, journal = {Brazilian Journalism Research}, author = {Garcia Ramirez, Diego}, year = {2021}, keywords = {Global South, /unread, Review, First Draft Report Cited}, pages = {1--24}, file = {Journalism in the economy - the relation between digital platforms and news organisation .pdf:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/N264PBAS/Journalism in the economy - the relation between digital platforms and news organisation .pdf:application/pdf}, } @misc{gatesAgeAIHas2023, title = {The {Age} of {AI} has begun}, url = {https://www.gatesnotes.com/The-Age-of-AI-Has-Begun}, abstract = {Bill Gates explains why AI is as revolutionary as personal computers, mobile phones, and the Internet, and he gives three principles for how to think about it.}, urldate = {2024-05-06}, journal = {gatesnotes.com}, author = {Gates, Bill}, month = mar, year = {2023}, keywords = {/unread, Review, First Draft Report Cited}, } @article{gautierMergersDigitalEconomy2021, title = {Mergers in the digital economy}, volume = {54}, issn = {01676245}, url = {https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0167624520301347}, doi = {10.1016/j.infoecopol.2020.100890}, language = {en}, number = {2021}, urldate = {2024-05-10}, journal = {Information Economics and Policy}, author = {Gautier, Axel and Lamesch, Joe}, month = mar, year = {2021}, keywords = {/unread, Review, First Draft Report Cited, Global North}, pages = {1--15}, file = {Gautier and Lamesch - 2021 - Mergers in the digital economy.pdf:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/EX5EFVBZ/Gautier and Lamesch - 2021 - Mergers in the digital economy.pdf:application/pdf}, } @article{geissLoopholesEchoChambers2021, title = {Loopholes in the {Echo} {Chambers}: {How} the {Echo} {Chamber} {Metaphor} {Oversimplifies} the {Effects} of {Information} {Gateways} on {Opinion} {Expression}}, volume = {9}, issn = {2167-0811}, shorttitle = {Loopholes in the {Echo} {Chambers}}, url = {https://doi.org/10.1080/21670811.2021.1873811}, doi = {10.1080/21670811.2021.1873811}, abstract = {Social media (SM) are often regarded drivers of personalized echo chambers in which only ideas resonante that individuals already hold, leading to more extreme opinions and intensified opinion expression. However, recent theorizing and evidence has cast doubts on the universal applicability of the echo chamber metaphor, pointing out that communication effects on opinion expression are much more complex than the metaphor suggests. Using the refugee crisis in Germany as a background, the current study challenges four implicit premises of the echo chamber metaphor empirically. The findings show a more complex picture than the metaphor implies: (1) Ignoring other information sources beyond SM may lead to severe misinterpretations; seeming evidence for echo chambers disappears after controlling for news media use. (2) SM reliance does not generally stimulate opinion expression. (3) Attitude extremity moderates the effect of SM reliance, suggesting that people with more extreme views are susceptible to echo chamber effects. (4) Attitude position on the issue-at-hand moderates the effect of SM reliance, which suggests that echo chambers do not completely shield their users from the public discourse. We propose the Echo Chamber Continuum (ECCo) Model to stimulate developing the echo chamber metaphor into a theory suitable for studying opinion formation.}, number = {5}, urldate = {2023-12-25}, journal = {Digital Journalism}, author = {Geiß, Stefan and Magin, Melanie and Jürgens, Pascal and Stark, Birgit}, month = may, year = {2021}, note = {Publisher: Routledge \_eprint: https://doi.org/10.1080/21670811.2021.1873811}, keywords = {social media, Echo chambers, selective exposure, refugee crisis, /unread, First Draft Report Cited, Global North, OID Media, USED, Quant, climate of opinion, mobile diary, political information use}, pages = {660--686}, file = {Geiß et al. - 2021 - Loopholes in the Echo Chambers How the Echo Chamb.pdf:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/S923L3Q9/Geiß et al. - 2021 - Loopholes in the Echo Chambers How the Echo Chamb.pdf:application/pdf}, } @book{georgiouBeingHumanDigital2023, address = {Medford}, edition = {1st edition}, title = {Being {Human} in {Digital} {Cities}}, isbn = {978-1-5095-3080-9}, url = {https://www.amazon.co.uk/Being-Human-Digital-Cities-Georgiou/dp/1509530800}, language = {English}, publisher = {Polity}, author = {Georgiou, Myria}, month = dec, year = {2023}, keywords = {Global South, /unread, Review, First Draft Report Cited}, } @article{gerbnerAgingTelevisionImages1980, title = {Aging with television: images on television drama and conceptions of social reality.}, volume = {30}, shorttitle = {Aging with television}, url = {https://eric.ed.gov/?id=EJ221287}, number = {1}, urldate = {2024-04-01}, journal = {Journal of Communication}, author = {Gerbner, George and Gross, Larry and Signorielli, Nancy and Morgan, Michael}, year = {1980}, note = {Publisher: ERIC}, keywords = {/unread, Review, First Draft Report Cited, Global North}, pages = {37--47}, file = {Gerbner et al. - 1980 - Aging with television images on television drama .pdf:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/CKG7EKWN/Gerbner et al. - 1980 - Aging with television images on television drama .pdf:application/pdf}, } @misc{germainBansThenUnbans2024, title = {X {Bans} and {Then} {Unbans} {Journalists} and {Podcasters} in {Twitter}'s {Latest} {Free} {Speech} {Massacre}}, url = {https://gizmodo.com/elon-musk-x-twitter-journalists-banning-spree-1851151593}, abstract = {Elon Musk's "free speech" social media platform banned a number of accounts recently critical of Israel.}, language = {en}, urldate = {2024-01-10}, journal = {Gizmodo}, author = {Germain, Thomas}, month = jan, year = {2024}, keywords = {/unread, Report, First Draft Report Cited, Global North}, file = {Snapshot:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/8WKQ872D/elon-musk-x-twitter-journalists-banning-spree-1851151593.html:text/html}, } @article{gerpottZeroratingArrangementsMobile2018, title = {Zero-rating arrangements of mobile {Internet} access service providers – {An} analysis of main factors shaping the need for regulatory interventions}, volume = {42}, issn = {03085961}, url = {https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0308596117304780}, doi = {10.1016/j.telpol.2018.03.003}, language = {en}, number = {6}, urldate = {2024-01-12}, journal = {Telecommunications Policy}, author = {Gerpott, Torsten J.}, month = jul, year = {2018}, keywords = {/unread, Review, First Draft Report Cited}, pages = {489--500}, file = {Gerpott - 2018 - Zero-rating arrangements of mobile Internet access.pdf:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/CXHM7DLV/Gerpott - 2018 - Zero-rating arrangements of mobile Internet access.pdf:application/pdf}, } @misc{ghosalPossibilitiesImpossibilitiesAIgenerated2023, title = {Towards {Possibilities} \& {Impossibilities} of {AI}-generated {Text} {Detection}: {A} {Survey}}, shorttitle = {Towards {Possibilities} \& {Impossibilities} of {AI}-generated {Text} {Detection}}, url = {http://arxiv.org/abs/2310.15264}, abstract = {Large Language Models (LLMs) have revolutionized the domain of natural language processing (NLP) with remarkable capabilities of generating human-like text responses. However, despite these advancements, several works in the existing literature have raised serious concerns about the potential misuse of LLMs such as spreading misinformation, generating fake news, plagiarism in academia, and contaminating the web. To address these concerns, a consensus among the research community is to develop algorithmic solutions to detect AI-generated text. The basic idea is that whenever we can tell if the given text is either written by a human or an AI, we can utilize this information to address the above-mentioned concerns. To that end, a plethora of detection frameworks have been proposed, highlighting the possibilities of AI-generated text detection. But in parallel to the development of detection frameworks, researchers have also concentrated on designing strategies to elude detection, i.e., focusing on the impossibilities of AI-generated text detection. This is a crucial step in order to make sure the detection frameworks are robust enough and it is not too easy to fool a detector. Despite the huge interest and the flurry of research in this domain, the community currently lacks a comprehensive analysis of recent developments. In this survey, we aim to provide a concise categorization and overview of current work encompassing both the prospects and the limitations of AI-generated text detection. To enrich the collective knowledge, we engage in an exhaustive discussion on critical and challenging open questions related to ongoing research on AI-generated text detection.}, urldate = {2024-04-15}, publisher = {arXiv}, author = {Ghosal, Soumya Suvra and Chakraborty, Souradip and Geiping, Jonas and Huang, Furong and Manocha, Dinesh and Bedi, Amrit Singh}, month = oct, year = {2023}, note = {arXiv:2310.15264 [cs]}, keywords = {Computer Science - Computation and Language, Computer Science - Artificial Intelligence, /unread, Review, First Draft Report Cited, Quant}, file = {arXiv.org Snapshot:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/E5BAU9YT/2310.html:text/html;Full Text PDF:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/YHWP9J6C/Ghosal et al. - 2023 - Towards Possibilities & Impossibilities of AI-gene.pdf:application/pdf}, } @article{ghoseUseInformationTechnology2001, title = {Use of {Information} {Technology} for {Community} {Empowerment}: {Transforming} {Geographic} {Information} {Systems} into {Community} {Information} {Systems}: {Transactions} in {GIS}}, volume = {5}, issn = {13611682}, shorttitle = {Use of {Information} {Technology} for {Community} {Empowerment}}, url = {http://proxy.library.georgetown.edu/login?url=https://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&AuthType=ip,uid&db=aph&AN=4914868&site=ehost-live&scope=site}, doi = {10.1111/1467-9671.00073}, abstract = {GIS has emerged as an elitist, anti-democratic technology by virtue of its technological complexity and cost. The question of democratizing this technology has been addressed in the GIS and Society literature. This paper addresses the thorny issue of uneven access to GIS and the associated social power it confers. Following the principle that effective access to information leads to better government as well as to community empowerment, this paper explores the issues of providing equitable access to GIS at the grass-roots level. The paper discusses a university/community partnership with the distressed, inner city neighborhood of Metcalfe Park in Milwaukee, Wisconsin. In this project, the members of an inner-city neighborhood organization were given training in GIS for accessing public information, creating new databases from their own surveys, and analyzing these databases, with the purpose of making them able and active adjuncts to the conduct of city management and the formation of public policy. The paper evaluates the successes and failures of the project. It also explores the nature of GIS usage in this resource poor community organization between 1993-2000.}, number = {2}, urldate = {2024-04-25}, journal = {Transactions in GIS}, author = {Ghose, Rhina}, month = mar, year = {2001}, note = {Publisher: Wiley-Blackwell}, keywords = {/unread, Review, First Draft Report Cited, Global North, GEOGRAPHIC information systems, INFORMATION technology}, pages = {141--163}, file = {EBSCO Full Text:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/WVMKHJZR/Ghose - 2001 - Use of Information Technology for Community Empowe.pdf:application/pdf}, } @techreport{ghoshDigitalDeceitTechnologies2018, title = {Digital {Deceit}: {The} {Technologies} {Behind} {Precision} {Propaganda} on the {Internet}}, shorttitle = {Digital {Deceit}}, url = {http://newamerica.org/pit/policy-papers/digitaldeceit/}, abstract = {Examining the technologies behind precision propaganda and political disinformation on the internet}, language = {en}, urldate = {2024-04-15}, institution = {New America, Public Interest Technology, and Harvard Kennedy School Shorenstein Center}, author = {Ghosh, Dipayan and Scott, Ben}, year = {2018}, keywords = {/unread, First Draft Report Cited, Global North, Qual}, file = {Ghosh and Scott - 2018 - Digital Deceit The Technologies Behind Precision .pdf:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/KCD368XZ/Ghosh and Scott - 2018 - Digital Deceit The Technologies Behind Precision .pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/AG239ERI/digitaldeceit.html:text/html}, } @article{gildezunigaFuelingCivilDisobedience2023, title = {Fueling civil disobedience in democracy: {WhatsApp} news use, political knowledge, and illegal political protest}, volume = {25}, issn = {1461-4448}, shorttitle = {Fueling civil disobedience in democracy}, url = {https://doi.org/10.1177/14614448211047850}, doi = {10.1177/14614448211047850}, abstract = {Prior scholarship has consistently shown that informed citizens tend to better understand government actions, expectations, and priorities, potentially mitigating radicalism such as partaking in illegal protest. However, the role of social media may prove this relationship to be challenging, with an increasingly pervasive use of applications such as WhatsApp for information and mobilization. Findings from a two-wave US panel survey data show that WhatsApp news is negatively associated to political knowledge and positively associated to illegal protest. Less politically knowledgeable citizens also tend to engage in illegal protest more frequently. Results also suggest an influential role of political knowledge in mediating the effects of WhatsApp news over illegal protests. Those who consume more news on WhatsApp tend to know less about politics which, in turn, positively relates to unlawful political protest activities. This study suggests that WhatsApp affordances provide fertile paths to nurture illegal political protest participation.}, language = {en}, number = {12}, urldate = {2023-12-23}, journal = {New Media \& Society}, author = {Gil de Zúñiga, Homero and Goyanes, Manuel}, month = dec, year = {2023}, note = {Publisher: SAGE Publications}, keywords = {/unread, First Draft Report Cited, Global North, OID Media, USED, Quant}, pages = {3500--3520}, file = {Gil de Zúñiga and Goyanes - 2023 - Fueling civil disobedience in democracy WhatsApp .pdf:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/Y4N4RWG8/Gil de Zúñiga and Goyanes - 2023 - Fueling civil disobedience in democracy WhatsApp .pdf:application/pdf}, } @article{gilardiSocialMediaPolitical2022, title = {Social {Media} and {Political} {Agenda} {Setting}}, volume = {39}, issn = {1058-4609, 1091-7675}, url = {https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/10584609.2021.1910390}, doi = {10.1080/10584609.2021.1910390}, abstract = {What is the role of social media in political agenda setting? Digital platforms have reduced the gatekeeping power of traditional media and, potentially, they have increased the capacity of various kinds of actors to shape the agenda. We study this question in the Swiss context by examining the connections between three agendas: the traditional media agenda, the social media agenda of parties, and the social media agenda of politicians. Specifically, we validate and apply supervised machine learning classifiers to categorize 2.78 million arti­ cles published in 84 newspapers, 6,500 tweets posted on official party accounts, and 210,000 tweets posted by politicians on their own accounts from January 2018 until December 2019. We first use the classifier to measure the salience of the four most relevant issues of the period: the environment, Europe, gender equality, and immigration. Then, using a vector autoregression (VAR) approach, we analyze the relationship between the three agendas. Results show that not only do the traditional media agenda, the social media agenda of parties, and the social media agenda of politicians influence one another but, overall, no agenda leads the others more than it is led by them. There is one important exception: for the environment issue, the social media agenda of parties is more predictive of the traditional media agenda than vice-versa. These findings underscore how closely differ­ ent agendas are tied together, but also show that advocacy campaigns may play an important role in both constraining and enabling parties to push their specific agendas.}, language = {en}, number = {1}, urldate = {2024-02-20}, journal = {Political Communication}, author = {Gilardi, Fabrizio and Gessler, Theresa and Kubli, Maël and Müller, Stefan}, month = jan, year = {2022}, keywords = {/unread, First Draft Report Cited, Global North, Mixed}, pages = {39--60}, file = {Gilardi et al. - 2022 - Social Media and Political Agenda Setting.pdf:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/GNLSS6V3/Gilardi et al. - 2022 - Social Media and Political Agenda Setting.pdf:application/pdf}, } @article{gillespieContentModerationAI2020, title = {Content moderation, {AI}, and the question of scale}, volume = {7}, issn = {2053-9517, 2053-9517}, url = {http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/2053951720943234}, doi = {10.1177/2053951720943234}, abstract = {AI seems like the perfect response to the growing challenges of content moderation on social media platforms: the immense scale of the data, the relentlessness of the violations, and the need for human judgments without wanting humans to have to make them. The push toward automated content moderation is often justified as a necessary response to the scale: the enormity of social media platforms like Facebook and YouTube stands as the reason why AI approaches are desirable, even inevitable. But even if we could effectively automate content moderation, it is not clear that we should.}, language = {en}, number = {2}, urldate = {2023-12-09}, journal = {Big Data \& Society}, author = {Gillespie, Tarleton}, month = jul, year = {2020}, keywords = {/unread, Review, First Draft Report Cited}, pages = {1--5}, file = {Gillespie - 2020 - Content moderation, AI, and the question of scale.pdf:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/YPUL4STG/Gillespie - 2020 - Content moderation, AI, and the question of scale.pdf:application/pdf}, } @techreport{gillwaldDataJusticePractice2022, title = {Data {Justice} in {Practice}: {A} {Guide} for {Impacted} {Communities}}, url = {https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=4080046}, institution = {The Global Partnership on Artificial Intelligence}, author = {Gillwald, Alison and Murkick, Dewey and Leslie, David and Katell, Michael and Aitken, Mhairi and Singh, Jatinder and Briggs,, Morgan and Powell, Rosamund and Rincon, Cami and Perini, Antonella Maia and Jayadeva, Smera}, month = nov, year = {2022}, keywords = {Global South, /unread, First Draft Report Cited, USED, Mixed, OID Data Gov}, file = {Gilwald and Murkick - 2022 - Data Justice in Practice A Guide for Impacted Com.pdf:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/BDCJFQIB/Gilwald and Murkick - 2022 - Data Justice in Practice A Guide for Impacted Com.pdf:application/pdf}, } @book{gitelmanAlwaysAlreadyNew2006, address = {Cambridge, MA}, title = {Always {Already} {New}: {Media}, {History}, and the {Data} of {Culture}}, isbn = {978-0-262-57247-7}, shorttitle = {Always {Already} {New}}, abstract = {In Always Already New, Lisa Gitelman explores the newness of new media while she asks what it means to do media history. Using the examples of early recorded sound and digital networks, Gitelman challenges readers to think about the ways that media work as the simultaneous subjects and instruments of historical inquiry. Presenting original case studies of Edison's first phonographs and the Pentagon's first distributed digital network, the ARPANET, Gitelman points suggestively toward similarities that underlie the cultural definition of records (phonographic and not) at the end of the nineteenth century and the definition of documents (digital and not) at the end of the twentieth. As a result, Always Already New speaks to present concerns about the humanities as much as to the emergent field of new media studies. Records and documents are kernels of humanistic thought, after all—part of and party to the cultural impulse to preserve and interpret. Gitelman's argument suggests inventive contexts for "humanities computing" while also offering a new perspective on such traditional humanities disciplines as literary history. Making extensive use of archival sources, Gitelman describes the ways in which recorded sound and digitally networked text each emerged as local anomalies that were yet deeply embedded within the reigning logic of public life and public memory. In the end Gitelman turns to the World Wide Web and asks how the history of the Web is already being told, how the Web might also resist history, and how using the Web might be producing the conditions of its own historicity.}, language = {en}, publisher = {MIT Press}, author = {Gitelman, Lisa}, year = {2006}, note = {Google-Books-ID: nVoGEAAAQBAJ}, keywords = {Social Science / Media Studies, /unread, Review, First Draft Report Cited, Technology \& Engineering / History}, } @book{glasbergPoliticalSociologyOppression2010, title = {Political {Sociology}: {Oppression}, {Resistance}, and the {State}}, url = {https://uk.sagepub.com/en-gb/eur/political-sociology/book234500}, publisher = {SAGE Publications}, author = {Glasberg, Davita Silfen and Shannon, Deric}, year = {2010}, keywords = {/unread, Review, First Draft Report Cited}, } @article{glimmerveenWhoParticipatesPublic2022, title = {Who {Participates} in {Public} {Participation}? {The} {Exclusionary} {Effects} of {Inclusionary} {Efforts}}, volume = {54}, issn = {0095-3997}, shorttitle = {Who {Participates} in {Public} {Participation}?}, url = {https://doi.org/10.1177/00953997211034137}, doi = {10.1177/00953997211034137}, abstract = {Highlighting public-service actors’ deliberately tokenistic or self-serving efforts, existing literature has shown that public participation often involves the co-optation of sympathetic citizens. In contrast, our study demonstrates that participatory advocates may discredit and marginalize critical voices despite their own inclusive, democratic ideals. We analyze the entangled legitimacy claims of participating citizens and “inviting” public-service actors, capturing (a) the often-unintended dynamics through which the inclusion of particular participants legitimizes the exclusion of others, while illuminating (b) the tenacious propensity of participatory initiatives to establish “constructive cooperation” as the norm for participation and, subsequently, to normalize exclusionary practices.}, language = {en}, number = {4}, urldate = {2024-04-24}, journal = {Administration \& Society}, author = {Glimmerveen, Ludo and Ybema, Sierk and Nies, Henk}, month = apr, year = {2022}, note = {Publisher: SAGE Publications Inc}, keywords = {/unread, First Draft Report Cited, Global North, Qual}, pages = {543--574}, file = {SAGE PDF Full Text:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/RWJ63WMN/Glimmerveen et al. - 2022 - Who Participates in Public Participation The Excl.pdf:application/pdf}, } @techreport{globalkidsonlineGlobalKidsOnline2019, title = {Global {Kids} {Online} {Comparative} {Report}}, url = {https://www.unicef-irc.org/publications/1059-global-kids-online-comparative-report.html}, abstract = {The internet is often celebrated for its ability to aid children’s development. But it is simultaneously criticized for reducing children’s quality of life and exposing them to unknown and unprecedented dangers. There is considerable debate about}, language = {en}, urldate = {2024-04-06}, institution = {UNICEF Office of Research - Innocenti}, author = {Global Kids Online}, year = {2019}, keywords = {Global South, /unread, BRICS, First Draft Report Cited, Mixed}, file = {2019 - Global Kids Online Comparative Report.pdf:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/UYCGNYPM/2019 - Global Kids Online Comparative Report.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/PFYL6AH5/1059-global-kids-online-comparative-report.html:text/html}, } @techreport{advoxteamUnfreedomMonitorMethodology2024, title = {The {Unfreedom} {Monitor}: {A} {Methodology} for {Tracking} {Digital} {Authoritarianism} {Around} the {World}}, url = {https://globalvoices.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/08/Unfreedom_Monitor_Observatory_Final_Report_2023.pdf}, abstract = {The Unfreedom Monitor is a project to analyze, document, and report on the growing use of digital communications technology to advance authoritarian governance around the world.}, language = {en}, urldate = {2024-05-03}, institution = {Global Voices advox, DW Akademie and German Cooperation (Deutsche Zusammenarbeit)}, author = {Advox Team}, year = {2024}, keywords = {Global South, /unread, First Draft Report Cited, Qual}, file = {Global Voices - 2024 - The Unfreedom Monitor A Methodology for Tracking .pdf:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/VMMRPGWW/Global Voices - 2024 - The Unfreedom Monitor A Methodology for Tracking .pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/7CQN3R4L/unfreedom-monitor.html:text/html}, } @misc{globalwitnessHowBigTech2023, title = {How big tech platforms are neglecting their non-{English} language users}, url = {https:///en/campaigns/digital-threats/how-big-tech-platforms-are-neglecting-their-non-english-language-users/}, abstract = {We analysed the latest Big Tech reports, published as part of the EU's Digital Services Act, and found that platforms are failing to properly invest in safeguards for their many of their non-English language users}, language = {en}, urldate = {2024-05-09}, journal = {Global Witness}, author = {Global Witness}, year = {2023}, keywords = {/unread, First Draft Report Cited, Global North, Quant}, file = {Snapshot:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/9YYGQIAK/how-big-tech-platforms-are-neglecting-their-non-english-language-users.html:text/html}, } @book{goffmanFrameAnalysisEssay1974, title = {Frame analysis: {An} essay on the organization of experience.}, shorttitle = {Frame analysis}, url = {https://www.amazon.co.uk/Frame-Analysis-Essay-Organization-Experience/dp/093035091X}, urldate = {2024-04-01}, publisher = {Harvard University Press}, author = {Goffman, Erving}, year = {1974}, keywords = {/unread, First Draft Report Cited, Qual}, } @article{gollwitzerPartisanDifferencesPhysical2020, title = {Partisan differences in physical distancing are linked to health outcomes during the {COVID}-19 pandemic}, volume = {4}, copyright = {2020 The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature Limited}, issn = {2397-3374}, url = {https://www.nature.com/articles/s41562-020-00977-7}, doi = {10.1038/s41562-020-00977-7}, abstract = {Numerous polls suggest that COVID-19 is a profoundly partisan issue in the United States. Using the geotracking data of 15 million smartphones per day, we found that US counties that voted for Donald Trump (Republican) over Hillary Clinton (Democrat) in the 2016 presidential election exhibited 14\% less physical distancing between March and May 2020. Partisanship was more strongly associated with physical distancing than numerous other factors, including counties’ COVID-19 cases, population density, median income, and racial and age demographics. Contrary to our predictions, the observed partisan gap strengthened over time and remained when stay-at-home orders were active. Additionally, county-level consumption of conservative media (Fox News) was related to reduced physical distancing. Finally, the observed partisan differences in distancing were associated with subsequently higher COVID-19 infection and fatality growth rates in pro-Trump counties. Taken together, these data suggest that US citizens’ responses to COVID-19 are subject to a deep—and consequential—partisan divide.}, language = {en}, number = {11}, urldate = {2024-04-19}, journal = {Nature Human Behaviour}, author = {Gollwitzer, Anton and Martel, Cameron and Brady, William J. and Pärnamets, Philip and Freedman, Isaac G. and Knowles, Eric D. and Van Bavel, Jay J.}, month = nov, year = {2020}, note = {Publisher: Nature Publishing Group}, keywords = {Human behaviour, Politics and international relations, /unread, First Draft Report Cited, Global North, Quant, Viral infection}, pages = {1186--1197}, file = {Full Text PDF:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/VIPRXUCA/Gollwitzer et al. - 2020 - Partisan differences in physical distancing are li.pdf:application/pdf}, } @article{goncalvesCommonSenseCensorship2023, title = {Common sense or censorship: {How} algorithmic moderators and message type influence perceptions of online content deletion}, volume = {25}, issn = {1461-4448}, shorttitle = {Common sense or censorship}, url = {https://doi.org/10.1177/14614448211032310}, doi = {10.1177/14614448211032310}, abstract = {Hateful content online is a concern for social media platforms, policymakers, and the public. This has led high-profile content platforms, such as Facebook, to adopt algorithmic content-moderation systems; however, the impact of algorithmic moderation on user perceptions is unclear. We experimentally test the extent to which the type of content being removed (profanity vs hate speech) and the explanation given for its removal (no explanation vs link to community guidelines vs specific explanation) influence user perceptions of human and algorithmic moderators. Our preregistered study encompasses representative samples (N = 2870) from the United States, the Netherlands, and Portugal. Contrary to expectations, our findings suggest that algorithmic moderation is perceived as more transparent than human, especially when no explanation is given for content removal. In addition, sending users to community guidelines for further information on content deletion has negative effects on outcome fairness and trust.}, language = {en}, number = {10}, urldate = {2023-12-23}, journal = {New Media \& Society}, author = {Gonçalves, João and Weber, Ina and Masullo, Gina M. and Torres da Silva, Marisa and Hofhuis, Joep}, month = oct, year = {2023}, note = {Publisher: SAGE Publications}, keywords = {/unread, First Draft Report Cited, Global North, USED, Quant, OID AI}, pages = {2595--2617}, file = {Gonçalves et al. - 2023 - Common sense or censorship How algorithmic modera.pdf:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/QSQAP537/Gonçalves et al. - 2023 - Common sense or censorship How algorithmic modera.pdf:application/pdf}, } @article{gorwaAlgorithmicContentModeration2020, title = {Algorithmic content moderation: {Technical} and political challenges in the automation of platform governance}, volume = {7}, issn = {2053-9517, 2053-9517}, shorttitle = {Algorithmic content moderation}, url = {http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/2053951719897945}, doi = {10.1177/2053951719897945}, language = {en}, number = {1}, urldate = {2024-01-30}, journal = {Big Data \& Society}, author = {Gorwa, Robert and Binns, Reuben and Katzenbach, Christian}, month = jan, year = {2020}, keywords = {/unread, Review, First Draft Report Cited}, pages = {1--15}, file = {Gorwa et al. - 2020 - Algorithmic content moderation Technical and poli.pdf:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/JY9BKUY6/Gorwa et al. - 2020 - Algorithmic content moderation Technical and poli.pdf:application/pdf}, } @article{gorwaUnpackingSocialMedia2020, title = {Unpacking the {Social} {Media} {Bot}: {A} {Typology} to {Guide} {Research} and {Policy}}, volume = {12}, issn = {1944-2866}, shorttitle = {Unpacking the {Social} {Media} {Bot}}, url = {https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/poi3.184}, doi = {10.1002/poi3.184}, abstract = {Amid widespread reports of digital influence operations during major elections, policymakers, scholars, and journalists have become increasingly interested in the political impact of social media bots. Most recently, platform companies like Facebook and Twitter have been summoned to testify about bots as part of investigations into digitally enabled foreign manipulation during the 2016 U.S. Presidential election. Facing mounting pressure from both the public and from legislators, these companies have been instructed to crack down on apparently malicious bot accounts. But as this article demonstrates, since the earliest writings on bots in the 1990s, there has been substantial confusion as to exactly what a “bot” is and what it does. We argue that multiple forms of ambiguity are responsible for much of the complexity underlying contemporary bot-related policy, and that before successful policy interventions can be formulated, a more comprehensive understanding of bots—especially how they are defined and measured—will be needed. In this article, we provide a typology of different types of bots, provide clear guidelines for better categorizing political automation, and unpack the impact that it can have on contemporary technology policy. We conclude by outlining the main challenges and ambiguities that will face both researchers and legislators as they tackle bots in the future.}, language = {en}, number = {2}, urldate = {2024-04-15}, journal = {Policy \& Internet}, author = {Gorwa, Robert and Guilbeault, Douglas}, year = {2020}, note = {\_eprint: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1002/poi3.184}, keywords = {Twitter, Facebook, democracy, algorithms, /unread, Review, First Draft Report Cited, Global North, public policy, algoritmos, automatización política, bots de redes sociales, democracia, política pública, political automation, political propaganda, propaganda política, social media bots}, pages = {225--248}, file = {Full Text PDF:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/P6LXJPTA/Gorwa and Guilbeault - 2020 - Unpacking the Social Media Bot A Typology to Guid.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/NB3KDK72/poi3.html:text/html}, } @misc{eddyRepublicansYoungAdults2024, title = {Republicans, young adults now nearly as likely to trust info from social media as from national news outlets}, url = {https://www.pewresearch.org/short-reads/2024/10/16/republicans-young-adults-now-nearly-as-likely-to-trust-info-from-social-media-as-from-national-news-outlets/}, abstract = {In just five years, the percentage of Republicans with at least some trust in national news organizations has been cut in half.}, language = {en-US}, urldate = {2023-08-08}, journal = {Pew Research Center}, author = {Eddy, Kirsten}, year = {2024}, keywords = {/unread, Report, First Draft Report Cited, Global North}, file = {Snapshot:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/B2LJDQEP/partisan-divides-in-media-trust-widen-driven-by-a-decline-among-republicans.html:text/html}, } @techreport{governmentoffranceRegardingFightInformation2018, title = {Regarding the {Fight} {Against} {Information} {Manipulation}}, url = {https://www.legifrance.gouv.fr/loda/id/JORFTEXT000037847556}, institution = {Government of France, Organic Law No. 2018-1201 of 22 December 2018}, author = {Government of France}, year = {2018}, keywords = {Law, /unread, First Draft Report Cited, Global North}, } @techreport{governmentofindiaDigitalPersonalData2023, title = {The {Digital} {Personal} {Data} {Protection} {Act}, 2023}, url = {https://www.meity.gov.in/content/digital-personal-data-protection-act-2023}, institution = {Government of India Ministry of Electronics \& Information Technology}, author = {Government of India}, month = aug, year = {2023}, keywords = {Global South, Law, /unread, BRICS, First Draft Report Cited}, file = {Government of India - 2023 - The Digital Personal Data Protection Act, 2023.pdf:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/827CUIRK/Government of India - 2023 - The Digital Personal Data Protection Act, 2023.pdf:application/pdf}, } @book{grahamGeographiesDigitalExclusion2022, title = {Geographies of {Digital} {Exclusion}: {Data} and {Inequality}}, url = {https://www.oii.ox.ac.uk/wp-content/uploads/2022/01/9781786807410-2.pdf}, publisher = {Pluto Press}, author = {Graham, M and Dittus, Martin}, year = {2022}, keywords = {Global South, /unread, First Draft Report Cited, Mixed}, file = {Full text:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/27KS7YTR/Graham e Dittus - 2022 - Geographies of Digital Exclusion Data and Inequal.pdf:application/pdf}, } @techreport{gravesRiseFactCheckingSites2016, title = {The {Rise} of {Fact}-{Checking} {Sites} in {Europe}}, url = {https://reutersinstitute.politics.ox.ac.uk/sites/default/files/research/files/The%2520Rise%2520of%2520Fact-Checking%2520Sites%2520in%2520Europe.pdf}, language = {en}, institution = {Reuters Institute for the Study of Journalism, University of Oxford}, author = {Graves, Lucas and Cherubini, Federica}, year = {2016}, keywords = {/unread, First Draft Report Cited, Global North, Qual}, file = {Graves and Cherubini - The Rise of Fact-Checking Sites in Europe.pdf:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/6CP5E2WW/Graves and Cherubini - The Rise of Fact-Checking Sites in Europe.pdf:application/pdf}, } @article{greenEscapingImpossibilityFairness2022, title = {Escaping the {Impossibility} of {Fairness}: {From} {Formal} to {Substantive} {Algorithmic} {Fairness}}, volume = {35}, issn = {2210-5441}, shorttitle = {Escaping the {Impossibility} of {Fairness}}, url = {https://doi.org/10.1007/s13347-022-00584-6}, doi = {10.1007/s13347-022-00584-6}, abstract = {Efforts to promote equitable public policy with algorithms appear to be fundamentally constrained by the “impossibility of fairness” (an incompatibility between mathematical definitions of fairness). This technical limitation raises a central question about algorithmic fairness: How can computer scientists and policymakers support equitable policy reforms with algorithms? In this article, I argue that promoting justice with algorithms requires reforming the methodology of algorithmic fairness. First, I diagnose the problems of the current methodology for algorithmic fairness, which I call “formal algorithmic fairness.” Because formal algorithmic fairness restricts analysis to isolated decision-making procedures, it leads to the impossibility of fairness and to models that exacerbate oppression despite appearing “fair.” Second, I draw on theories of substantive equality from law and philosophy to propose an alternative methodology, which I call “substantive algorithmic fairness.” Because substantive algorithmic fairness takes a more expansive scope of analysis, it enables an escape from the impossibility of fairness and provides a rigorous guide for alleviating injustice with algorithms. In sum, substantive algorithmic fairness presents a new direction for algorithmic fairness: away from formal mathematical models of “fair” decision-making and toward substantive evaluations of whether and how algorithms can promote justice in practice.}, language = {en}, number = {4}, urldate = {2024-05-10}, journal = {Philosophy \& Technology}, author = {Green, Ben}, month = oct, year = {2022}, keywords = {Discrimination, /unread, Review, First Draft Report Cited, Justice, Algorithmic bias, Algorithmic fairness, Risk assessments, Substantive equality}, pages = {1--32}, file = {Full Text PDF:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/EMKDFP99/Green - 2022 - Escaping the Impossibility of Fairness From Forma.pdf:application/pdf}, } @misc{greenbergHowAdTech2022, title = {How {Ad} {Tech} {Became} {Cop} {Spy} {Tech}}, url = {https://www.eff.org/deeplinks/2022/08/how-ad-tech-became-cop-spy-tech}, abstract = {If a company wants to advertise something to you on the internet, it first has to know who you are and what you like to buy. There are many different approaches to gathering this data, but all generally have one goal in common: they link you with the data generated by your devices. If law enforcement wants to track you via data generated by your devices, it first has to know where to find that data and how it links to you. As it turns out, these goals align quite strongly with the advertisers. You can probably guess where this is going.}, language = {en}, urldate = {2024-04-16}, journal = {Electronic Frontier Foundation}, author = {Greenberg, Will}, month = aug, year = {2022}, keywords = {/unread, Report, First Draft Report Cited, Global North}, file = {Snapshot:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/ES9IVP5X/how-ad-tech-became-cop-spy-tech.html:text/html}, } @book{greeneSiliconStatesPower2018, address = {Berkeley, California}, title = {Silicon {States}: {The} {Power} and {Politics} of {Big} {Tech} and {What} {It} {Means} for {Our} {Future}}, isbn = {978-1-64009-071-2}, shorttitle = {Silicon {States}}, abstract = {Named a Best Book of the Year by Esquire Winner of the 800-CEO-READ Business Book Award in Current Events and Public Affairs In an era when faith in government and its institutions is quickly eroding, the businesses of Silicon Valley are stepping in to fill the gap. With outsize supplies of cash, talent, and ambition, a small group of corporations have been gradually seizing leadership―and consumer confidence―around the world. In Silicon States, renowned futurist and celebrated international think-tank leader Lucie Greene offers an unparalleled look at the players, promises, and potential problems of Big Tech. Through interviews with corporate leaders, influential venture capitalists, scholars, journalists, activists, and more, Greene explores the tension inherent in Silicon Valley's global influence. If these companies can invent a social network, how might they soon transform our political and health-care systems? If they can revolutionize the cell phone, what might they do for space travel, education, or the housing market? As Silicon Valley faces increased scrutiny over its mistreatment of women, cultural shortcomings, and its role in widespread Russian election interference, we are learning where its interests truly lie, and about the great power these companies wield over an unsuspecting citizenry. While the promise of technology is seductive, it is important to understand these corporations' possible impacts on our political and socioeconomic institutions. Greene emphasizes that before we hand our future over to a rarefied group of companies, we should examine the world they might build and confront its benefits, prejudices, and inherent flaws. Silicon States pushes us to ask if, ultimately, this is the future we really want.}, language = {English}, publisher = {Counterpoint}, author = {Greene, Lucie}, month = aug, year = {2018}, keywords = {/unread, Review, First Draft Report Cited, Global North}, } @article{gregoryFortifyTruthHow2023, title = {Fortify the {Truth}: {How} to {Defend} {Human} {Rights} in an {Age} of {Deepfakes} and {Generative} {AI}}, volume = {15}, issn = {1757-9627}, shorttitle = {Fortify the {Truth}}, url = {https://doi.org/10.1093/jhuman/huad035}, doi = {10.1093/jhuman/huad035}, abstract = {Audiovisual digital media and tools are critical elements in contemporary human rights documentation and advocacy. Generative AI, deepfakes and synthetic media compound questions of what to trust in an existing situation of government suppression, difficulty proving witness accounts and broader societal challenges to trust. There is a need to ‘fortify the truth’ by fostering resilient witnessing practices that can ensure trustworthy videos and strengthen narratives of vulnerable communities. The author identifies and speculates on actions at tactical, strategic, tools, technology, and policy levels, drawing upon human rights organization WITNESS’s work on proactive preparation for emerging technologies and technical infrastructures. Practical steps occur across a trajectory of using images and video in human rights advocacy and activism including filming, storytelling, watching, analysing, sharing, advocacy, and preservation. Guidance on filming must evolve to address deepfakes and opportunities and challenges in ‘authenticity infrastructure’. Narrative video advocacy and formal legal and policy processes must adapt to new technologies including text-to-image and text-to-video, new disinformation threats such as ‘floods of falsehood’ and new presentation opportunities. The evolution of watching, scrutinizing, and sharing videos accountability amid increasing volume and normalized image manipulation includes positive dimensions of the ‘media forensic turn’, including collaborative ‘open-source intelligence’ verification, and negative aspects involving excessive scrutiny. Finally, preserving audiovisual media is critical, and emerging socio-technical infrastructure should be shaped for community control. Underlying principles for ‘fortifying the truth’ include taking a proactive approach, centring voices and needs of people facing human rights abuses, and working with and challenging technologists and technology companies.}, number = {3}, urldate = {2023-11-29}, journal = {Journal of Human Rights Practice}, author = {Gregory, Sam}, month = sep, year = {2023}, keywords = {/unread, Review, First Draft Report Cited}, pages = {702--714}, file = {Full Text PDF:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/THXSUBSF/Gregory - 2023 - Fortify the Truth How to Defend Human Rights in a.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/EZHY7LSG/7261649.html:text/html}, } @techreport{griffenLegalResponsesOnlinend, title = {Legal {Responses} to {Online} {Harassment} and {Abuse} of {Journalists}: {Perspectives} from {Finland}, {France} and {Ireland}}, shorttitle = {Legal {Responses} to {Online} {Harassment} and {Abuse} of {Journalists}}, url = {https://www.osce.org/representative-on-freedom-of-media/413552}, abstract = {This report specifically examines legal remedies for online attacks against journalists. It looks at three case studies, in Finland, France and Ireland, of female journalists who were viciously attacked online for their work and the ensuing attempts to hold the perpetrators accountable.}, language = {en}, urldate = {2024-04-15}, institution = {OSCE Representative on Freedom of the Media and International Press Institute}, author = {Griffen, Scott and McCully, Jonathan}, keywords = {/unread, Review, First Draft Report Cited, Global North}, file = {Griffen and McCully - Legal Responses to Online Harassment and Abuse of .pdf:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/Z4GP7YEY/Griffen and McCully - Legal Responses to Online Harassment and Abuse of .pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/IDGJAQXX/413552.html:text/html}, } @techreport{grizzleMediaInformationLiterate2021, address = {Paris}, title = {Media and information literate citizens: think critically, click wisely!}, url = {https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000377068}, language = {English}, institution = {UNESCO}, author = {Grizzle, Alton and Wilson, Carolyn and Tuazon, Ramon and Cheung, C.K. and Lau, Jesus and Fischer, Rachel and Gordon, Dorothy and Akyempong, Kwame and Singh, Jagtar and Carr, Paul R. and Stewart, Kristine and Tayie, Samy and Suraj, Olunifesi and Jaakkola, Maarit and Thésée, Gina and Gu, Curmira and Menyeng, Andzongo and Blaise, Pascal and Fama, Zibi and Alain, Paul}, year = {2021}, keywords = {Global South, /unread, First Draft Report Cited, Qual}, file = {Grizzle et al. - 2021 - Media and information literate citizens think cri.pdf:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/D6TVZ2Q2/Grizzle et al. - 2021 - Media and information literate citizens think cri.pdf:application/pdf}, } @article{guallarDisinformationHoaxesCuration2022, title = {Disinformation, hoaxes, curation and verification: review of studies in {Ibero}-{America} 2017-2020}, volume = {1}, copyright = {De Gruyter expressly reserves the right to use all content for commercial text and data mining within the meaning of Section 44b of the German Copyright Act.}, issn = {2749-9049}, shorttitle = {Disinformation, hoaxes, curation and verification}, url = {https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.1515/omgc-2022-0055/html?lang=en}, doi = {10.1515/omgc-2022-0055}, abstract = {The objective of this article is to carry out a review of disinformation research in the Ibero-American area between 2017 and 2020. To do this, American Psychological Association standards for social scientific reviews are followed and about 60 papers published in indexed journals in Ibero-America are analyzed, as well as published books on the subject. The results are shown grouped into three parts. First, the three fundamental concepts related to disinformation are reviewed: the term of disinformation itself, as well as post-truth and infodemic. Second, the main disinformation products are studied: fake news, information disorders and hoaxes, according to their types, themes, formats, and channels. In the third part, the main strategies against disinformation are presented, reviewing the published works of two of them: content curation and fact checking. The most notable authors, by quantity of research, on the subject are Magallón-Rosa with 6 works, Ufarte-Ruiz with 4 and García-Marín with 3 works. Likewise, the studies by Dolors Palau-Sampio (2018. Fact-checking y vigilancia del poder: La verificación del discurso público en los nuevos medios de América Latina [Fact-checking and surveillance of power: The verification of public discourse in Latin America’s new media]. Communication \& Society 31(3). 347–365), Ángel Vizoso \& Jorge Vázquez-Herrero (2019. Plataformas de fact checking en español. Características, organización y método [Fact checking platforms in Spanish. Characteristics, organization and method]. Communication \& Society 32(1). 127–144), and Carlos Rodríguez-Pérez (2019. No diga fake news, di desinformación: Una revisión sobre el fenómeno de las noticias falsas y sus implicaciones [Don’t say fake news, say disinformation: A review of the fake news phenomenon and its implications]. Comunicación 40. 65–74), can be highlighted for their analysis of disinformation in the Ibero-American area; for their analysis of the typologies of hoaxes the work of Ramón Salaverría, Nataly Buslón, Fernando López-Pan, Bienvenido León, Ignacio López-Goñi \& María-Carmen Erviti (2020. Desinformación en tiempos de pandemia: tipología de los bulos sobre la covid-19 [Disinformation in times of pandemic: Typology of Covid-19 hoaxes]. El profesional de la información 29(3). e290315) and for the proposals on curation the works of López-Borrull with collaborators. Conclusions include that the phenomenon of disinformation is highly polyhedral, but society has instruments to deal with it, such as curation and verification (fact checking).}, language = {en}, number = {3}, urldate = {2024-04-15}, journal = {Online Media and Global Communication}, author = {Guallar, Javier and Codina, Lluís and Freixa, Pere and Pérez-Montoro, Mario}, month = sep, year = {2022}, note = {Publisher: De Gruyter Mouton}, keywords = {disinformation, fake news, post-truth, fact checking, hoaxes, Global South, /unread, First Draft Report Cited, Qual, verification, content curation, fact checkers, infodemic}, pages = {648--668}, file = {Full Text PDF:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/YDVVPSGX/Guallar et al. - 2022 - Disinformation, hoaxes, curation and verification.pdf:application/pdf}, } @article{guessHowSocialMedia2023, title = {How do social media feed algorithms affect attitudes and behavior in an election campaign?}, volume = {381}, url = {https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.abp9364}, abstract = {We investigated the effects of Facebook’s and Instagram’s feed algorithms during the 2020 US election. We assigned a sample of consenting users to reverse-chronologically-ordered feeds instead of the default algorithms. Moving users out of algorithmic feeds substantially decreased the time they spent on the platforms and their activity. The chronological feed also affected exposure to content: The amount of political and untrustworthy content they saw increased on both platforms, the amount of content classified as uncivil or containing slur words they saw decreased on Facebook, and the amount of content from moderate friends and sources with ideologically mixed audiences they saw increased on Facebook. Despite these substantial changes in users’ on-platform experience, the chronological feed did not significantly alter levels of issue polarization, affective polarization, political knowledge, or other key attitudes during the 3-month study period.}, number = {6656}, journal = {Science}, author = {Guess, Andrew M and Malhotra, Neil and Pan, Jennifer and Barbera, Pablo and Allcott, Hunt and Brown, Taylor and Crespo-Tenorio, Adriana and Dimmery, Drew and Freelon, Deen and Tucker, Joshua A and and 19 others}, year = {2023}, keywords = {/unread, First Draft Report Cited, Global North, Quant}, pages = {398--404}, file = {Guess et al. - 2023 - How do social media feed algorithms affect attitud.pdf:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/LJXF9BW6/Guess et al. - 2023 - How do social media feed algorithms affect attitud.pdf:application/pdf}, } @article{guessAlmostEverythingModeration2021, title = {({Almost}) {Everything} in {Moderation}: {New} {Evidence} on {Americans}' {Online} {Media} {Diets}}, volume = {65}, copyright = {©2021, Midwest Political Science Association}, issn = {1540-5907}, shorttitle = {({Almost}) {Everything} in {Moderation}}, url = {https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/ajps.12589}, doi = {10.1111/ajps.12589}, abstract = {Does the internet facilitate selective exposure to politically congenial content? To answer this question, I introduce and validate large-N behavioral data on Americans' online media consumption in both 2015 and 2016. I then construct a simple measure of media diet slant and use machine classification to identify individual articles related to news about politics. I find that most people across the political spectrum have relatively moderate media diets, about a quarter of which consist of mainstream news websites and portals. Quantifying the similarity of Democrats' and Republicans' media diets, I find nearly 65\% overlap in the two groups' distributions in 2015 and roughly 50\% in 2016. An exception to this picture is a small group of partisans who drive a disproportionate amount of traffic to ideologically slanted websites. If online “echo chambers” exist, they are a reality for relatively few people who may nonetheless exert disproportionate influence and visibility.}, language = {en}, number = {4}, urldate = {2024-04-06}, journal = {American Journal of Political Science}, author = {Guess, Andrew M.}, year = {2021}, note = {\_eprint: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1111/ajps.12589}, keywords = {/unread, First Draft Report Cited, Global North, Quant}, pages = {1007--1022}, file = {Guess - 2021 - (Almost) Everything in Moderation New Evidence on.pdf:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/SPL78TCF/Guess - 2021 - (Almost) Everything in Moderation New Evidence on.pdf:application/pdf}, } @article{guessLessYouThink2019, title = {Less than you think: {Prevalence} and predictors of fake news dissemination on {Facebook}}, volume = {5}, issn = {2375-2548}, shorttitle = {Less than you think}, url = {https://advances.sciencemag.org/content/5/1/eaau4586}, doi = {10.1126/sciadv.aau4586}, abstract = {So-called “fake news” has renewed concerns about the prevalence and effects of misinformation in political campaigns. Given the potential for widespread dissemination of this material, we examine the individual-level characteristics associated with sharing false articles during the 2016 U.S. presidential campaign. To do so, we uniquely link an original survey with respondents’ sharing activity as recorded in Facebook profile data. First and foremost, we find that sharing this content was a relatively rare activity. Conservatives were more likely to share articles from fake news domains, which in 2016 were largely pro-Trump in orientation, than liberals or moderates. We also find a strong age effect, which persists after controlling for partisanship and ideology: On average, users over 65 shared nearly seven times as many articles from fake news domains as the youngest age group. Fake news sharing in 2016 was rare but significantly more common among older Americans. Fake news sharing in 2016 was rare but significantly more common among older Americans.}, language = {en}, number = {1}, urldate = {2020-03-24}, journal = {Science Advances}, author = {Guess, Andrew and Nagler, Jonathan and Tucker, Joshua}, month = jan, year = {2019}, keywords = {/unread, First Draft Report Cited, Global North, Quant}, pages = {1--8}, file = {Guess et al. - 2019 - Less than you think Prevalence and predictors of .pdf:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/V5DACBX4/Guess et al. - 2019 - Less than you think Prevalence and predictors of .pdf:application/pdf}, } @article{guessResharesSocialMedia2023, title = {Reshares on social media amplify political news but do not detectably affect beliefs or opinions}, volume = {381}, url = {https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.add8424}, abstract = {We studied the effects of exposure to reshared content on Facebook during the 2020 US election by assigning a random set of consenting, US-based users to feeds that did not contain any reshares over a 3-month period. We find that removing reshared content substantially decreases the amount of political news, including content from untrustworthy sources, to which users are exposed; decreases overall clicks and reactions; and reduces partisan news clicks. Further, we observe that removing reshared content produces clear decreases in news knowledge within the sample, although there is some uncertainty about how this would generalize to all users. Contrary to expectations, the treatment does not significantly affect political polarization or any measure of individual-level political attitudes.}, number = {6656}, journal = {Science}, author = {Guess, Andrew M and Malhotra, Neil and Pan, Jennifer and Barbera, Pablo and Allcott, Hunt and Brown, Taylor and Crespo-Tenorio, Adriana and Dimmery, Drew and Freelon, Deen and Gentzkow, Matthew and González-Bailón, Sandra and Kennedy, Edward and Kim, Young Mie and Lazer, David and Moehler, Devra and Nyhan, Brendan and Rivera, Carlos Velasco and Settle, Jaime and Thomas, Daniel Robert and Thorson, Emily and Tromble, Rebekah and Wilkins, Arjun and Wojcieszak, Magdalena and Xiong, Beixian and Kiewiet de Jonge, Chad and Franco, Annie and Mason, Winter and Stroud, Natalie Jomini and Tucker, Joshua A}, year = {2023}, keywords = {/unread, First Draft Report Cited, Global North, Quant}, pages = {404--408}, file = {Guess et al. - 2023 - Reshares on social media amplify political news bu.pdf:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/78NT3XZF/Guess et al. - 2023 - Reshares on social media amplify political news bu.pdf:application/pdf}, } @article{gulatiMetasOversightBoard2023, title = {Meta’s {Oversight} {Board} and {Transnational} {Hybrid} {Adjudication}—{What} {Consequences} for {International} {Law}?}, volume = {24}, issn = {2071-8322}, url = {https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/german-law-journal/article/metas-oversight-board-and-transnational-hybrid-adjudicationwhat-consequences-for-international-law/8541F268AB3B6CB23641BDE7D5CF4FC8}, doi = {10.1017/glj.2023.34}, abstract = {Meta, formerly the Facebook Company, faces immense pressure from users, governments, and civil society to act transparently and with accountability. Responding to such calls, in 2018, it announced plans to create an independent oversight body to review content decisions. Such a forum is now in place in the form of the Oversight Board. To Meta’s credit, the speed at which the Oversight Board has been established is remarkable. Within two years, a global consultation process was completed with input obtained from users as well as experts, the regulatory infrastructure for the Oversight Board built, its members selected, and the first decisions of the Board already rendered in January 2021. With its institutional structure in place, and plenty of resources to tap into, the Oversight Board could have a real effect on how some transnational disputes are resolved. Thus, the Oversight Board may very well be setting the direction for how tech companies in particular, and multinational corporations in general, go about providing grievance mechanisms to individuals who their actions adversely affect. Through a study of the Oversight Board, this article considers whether we are witnessing the birth of a special type of “transnational hybrid adjudication” that could have a systemic impact on international law, or an experiment with limited relevance.}, language = {en}, number = {3}, urldate = {2024-05-06}, journal = {German Law Journal}, author = {Gulati, Rishi}, month = apr, year = {2023}, keywords = {digitalization, /unread, Review, First Draft Report Cited, access to justice, business and human rights, Meta Oversight Board, Transnational dispute resolution}, pages = {473--493}, file = {Full Text PDF:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/ZFWFMXLS/Gulati - 2023 - Meta’s Oversight Board and Transnational Hybrid Ad.pdf:application/pdf}, } @misc{gurievCurtailingFalseNews2023, title = {Curtailing {False} {News}, {Amplifying} {Truth} ({Also} published as {CEPR} {Discussion} {Paper}, order of authors different, {Dec} 2023}, url = {https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=4616553}, abstract = {We develop a comprehensive framework to assess policy measures aimed at curbing false news dissemination on social media. A randomized experiment on Twitter during the 2022 U.S. mid-term elections evaluates such policies as priming the awareness of misinformation, fact-checking, confirmation clicks, and prompting careful consideration of content. Priming is the most effective policy in reducing sharing of false news while increasing sharing of true content. A model of sharing decisions, motivated by persuasion, partisan signaling, and reputation concerns, predicts that policies affect sharing through three channels: (i) updating perceived veracity and partisanship of content, (ii) raising the salience of reputation, and (iii) increasing sharing frictions. Structural estimation shows that all policies impact sharing via the salience of reputation and cost of friction. Affecting perceived veracity plays a negligible role as a mechanism in all policies, including fact-checking. The priming intervention performs best in enhancing reputation salience with minimal added friction.}, language = {en}, urldate = {2024-02-17}, publisher = {SSRN Scholarly Paper}, author = {Guriev, Sergai and Henry, Emeric and Marquis, Theo and Zhuravskaya, Ekaterina}, month = nov, year = {2023}, keywords = {/unread, First Draft Report Cited, Global North, Quant}, file = {Guriev et al. - 2023 - DP18650 Curtailing False News, Amplifying Truth.pdf:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/3S5XCD68/Guriev et al. - 2023 - DP18650 Curtailing False News, Amplifying Truth.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/XMLHN2D8/dp18650.html:text/html}, } @article{gurievInformationalAutocrats2019, title = {Informational {Autocrats}}, volume = {33}, issn = {0895-3309}, url = {https://www.jstor.org/stable/26796838}, abstract = {In recent decades, dictatorships based on mass repression have largely given way to a new model based on the manipulation of information. Instead of terrorizing citizens into submission, "informational autocrats" artificially boost their popularity by convincing the public they are competent. To do so, they use propaganda and silence informed members of the elite by co-optation or censorship. Using several sources, including a newly created dataset on authoritarian control techniques, we document a range of trends in recent autocracies consistent with this new model: a decline in violence, efforts to conceal state repression, rejection of official ideologies, imitation of democracy, a perceptions gap between the masses and the elite, and the adoption by leaders of a rhetoric of performance rather than one aimed at inspiring fear.}, number = {4}, urldate = {2024-04-15}, journal = {The Journal of Economic Perspectives}, author = {Guriev, Sergei and Treisman, Daniel}, year = {2019}, note = {Publisher: American Economic Association}, keywords = {Global South, /unread, First Draft Report Cited, Mixed}, pages = {100--127}, file = {JSTOR Full Text PDF:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/TP8IMSLC/Guriev and Treisman - 2019 - Informational Autocrats.pdf:application/pdf}, } @techreport{gurumurthyWickedProblemAI2019, title = {The {Wicked} {Problem} of {AI} {Governance}}, url = {https://www.google.com/url?q=https://itforchange.net/sites/default/files/1664/The-Wicked-Problem-of-AI-Governance.pdf&sa=D&source=editors&ust=1708710596207583&usg=AOvVaw3Pq4J4oFuTeQCmaHm3K7ug}, institution = {IT for Change, Friedrich Ebert Stiftung}, author = {Gurumurthy, Anita and Chami, Nandini}, month = aug, year = {2019}, keywords = {Global South, /unread, Review, First Draft Report Cited}, file = {Gurumuthy and Chami - 2019 - The Wicked Problem of AI Governance.pdf:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/4UEMC2HF/Gurumuthy and Chami - 2019 - The Wicked Problem of AI Governance.pdf:application/pdf}, } @techreport{gurumurthyGoverningResourceData2022, title = {Governing the {Resource} of {Data}: {To} {What} {End} and for {Whom}? {Conceptual} {Building} {Blocks} of a {Semi}-{Commons} {Approach}}, url = {https://itforchange.net/sites/default/files/1741/WP23-Governing-the-Resource-of-Data-AG-NC.pdf}, institution = {Data Governance Network, IDFC Institute Working Paper No. 23}, author = {Gurumurthy, Anita and Chami, Nandini}, month = jan, year = {2022}, keywords = {Global South, /unread, Review, First Draft Report Cited}, file = {Gurumuthy and Chami - 2022 - Governing the Resource of Data To What End and fo.pdf:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/Z4GFKRQA/Gurumuthy and Chami - 2022 - Governing the Resource of Data To What End and fo.pdf:application/pdf}, } @article{gutierrez-cobaFakeNewsCovid192020, title = {Fake news about {Covid}-19: a comparative analysis of six {Iberoamerican} countries}, volume = {78}, copyright = {Copyright Laboratorio de Technologías de la Informaciò y Nuevos Análisis, LATINA, de la Universidad de La Laguna 2020}, shorttitle = {Fake news about {Covid}-19}, url = {https://www.proquest.com/docview/2466372250/abstract/D210122B733746BAPQ/1}, doi = {10.4185/RLCS-2020-1476}, abstract = {Introduction: Producers of misinformation and fake news find in fear, uncertainty in pandemic times, and virtual social networks facilitators for disseminating them, doing harder the task to detect them even for experts and laymen. Typologies designed to identify and classify hoaxes allow their analysis from theoretical perspectives such as echo chambers, filter bubbles, information manipulation, and cognitive dissonance. Method: A content analysis was developed with 371 fake news, previously verified by fact-checkers. After the intercoder test, it was proceeded to classify disinformation according to their type, intentionality, the main topic addressed, networks where they circulated, deception technique, country of origin, transnational character, among other variables. Results: The most common intent of fake news was ideological, associated with issues such as false announcements by governments, organizations, or public figures, as well as with false context elaboration technique. A quarter of the hoaxes analyzed were repeated in several countries, mainly promoting false cures with fabricated content as a deception technique. Discussion and Conclusions: Disinformation is a manipulation and filtering phenomenon based on ideological and emotional coincidence shared by those who circulate them. (Dis)information that converges with the users' interests, makes its dissemination indiscriminate, and facilitates its transnationality, with slight modifications, without affecting its acceptance and recirculation. Alternate abstract: Introducción: Los productores de desinformación y noticias falsas encuentran en el temor, la incertidumbre en tiempos de pandemia y las redes sociales virtuales facilitadores para su difusión, haciendo más difícil su detección para expertos y legos en el tema. Las tipologías diseñadas para la identificación y clasificación de bulos permiten su análisis desde perspectivas teóricas como las cámaras de eco, las burbujas de filtro, la manipulación de la información y la disonancia cognitiva. Método: Se realizó un análisis de contenido a 371 noticias falsas, previamente verificadas por factcheckers. Luego de una prueba de intercodificadores, se procedió a clasificar los bulos según su tipo, intencionalidad, tema principal abordado, las redes en que circularon, la técnica de engaño, el país de origen, su carácter transnacional, entre otras variables. Resultados: La intención de bulo más común fue de carácter ideológico, asociada con temas como los falsos anuncios de gobiernos, organizaciones o personajes públicos, así como con la técnica de contexto falso para su elaboración. Una cuarta parte de los bulos analizados se repitieron en varios países, promoviendo principalmente falsas curas con contenidos fabricados como técnica de engaño. Discusión y Conclusiones: Desinformar es un fenómeno de manipulación y filtraje basado en la coincidencia ideológica y emocional que comparten quienes circulan bulos. La (des)información que converge con los intereses de sus usuarios, hace que su difusión se haga de manera indiscriminada y facilite su transnacionalidad, con leves modificaciones, sin que esto afecte su aceptación y su recirculación.}, language = {English}, number = {2020}, urldate = {2024-04-19}, journal = {Revista Latina de Comunicación Social, English ed.}, author = {Gutiérrez-Coba, Liliana María and Coba-Gutiérrez, Patricia and Gómez-Díaz, Javier Andrés}, year = {2020}, note = {Num Pages: 237-264 Place: Tenerife, Spain Publisher: Laboratorio de Technologías de la Informaciò y Nuevos Análisis, LATINA, de la Universidad de La Laguna}, keywords = {Classification, Social networks, Internet, Content analysis, Ideology, COVID-19, False information, News, Global South, /unread, First Draft Report Cited, Qual, Deception, Bubble chambers, Communications, Convergence, Coronaviruses, Cures, Deception techniques, Disease transmission, Gossip, Hoaxes, Virtual networks}, pages = {237--264}, file = {Full Text PDF:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/XWDGNRSH/Gutiérrez-Coba et al. - 2020 - Fake news about Covid-19 a comparative analysis o.pdf:application/pdf}, } @article{haResearchTrendsDigital2023, title = {Research trends of digital platforms: {A} survey of the literature from 2018 to 2021}, volume = {47}, issn = {0308-5961}, shorttitle = {Research trends of digital platforms}, url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S030859612300054X}, doi = {10.1016/j.telpol.2023.102543}, abstract = {In recent years, there has been a vigorous discussion about digital platforms due to their emerging significance in the digital ecosystem. However, despite common interests in the digital platform, comprehensive literature reviews on the topic are still limited. Therefore, this study offers a systematic and interdisciplinary review of the literature on digital platforms by collecting and analyzing a sample of 1,224 articles published from January 2018 to December 2021. In particular, this study focuses on which country leads platform research. By interpreting the concentration of research fields that study platforms and financial funding for platform research, this article provides a new perspective on the countries leading academic platform research. Our findings show that those holding platform hegemony in the real world are also active leaders in platform research. Amid fierce competition among major countries and continents surrounding the platform industry, this paper aims to provide an understanding of the ongoing research trend regarding platforms and be a guideline for future research.}, number = {8}, urldate = {2023-11-05}, journal = {Telecommunications Policy}, author = {Ha, Seungyeon and Park, Yujun and Kim, Jongpyo and Kim, Seongcheol}, month = sep, year = {2023}, keywords = {Systematic literature review, /unread, First Draft Report Cited, Global North, OID General, Digital platform, Business platform, E-Commerce platform, Internet platform, Online platform, Platform hegemony}, pages = {1--16}, file = {Ha et al. - 2023 - Research trends of digital platforms A survey of .pdf:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/RL3D7DZ7/Ha et al. - 2023 - Research trends of digital platforms A survey of .pdf:application/pdf}, } @book{haagerupConstructiveNewsHow2017, title = {Constructive {News}: {How} to save the media and democracy with journalism of tomorrow}, isbn = {978-87-7184-485-6}, shorttitle = {Constructive {News}}, abstract = {Negative stories make the news. Drama and conflicts, victims and villains are our modern world. Or are they? This revised second edtion on constructive news challenges the traditional concepts and thinking of the news media. It shows the consequences media negativity has on the audience, public discourse, the press and democracy as a whole. The book also explores ways to change old news habits and provides hands-on guidelines on how to do so. Moreover, the book presents numerous examples from the author\&\#39;s ten-year tenure as executive director of news at the Danish Broadcasting Corporation where he led a successful paradigm shift in news production. Constructive News is a wake-up call for a media world that struggles for a future, as well as an inspirational handbook on the next megatrend in journalism.}, language = {en}, publisher = {Aarhus University Press}, author = {Haagerup, Ulrik}, month = dec, year = {2017}, note = {Google-Books-ID: xJtWDwAAQBAJ}, keywords = {Social Science / Media Studies, Language Arts \& Disciplines / Journalism, /unread, Review, First Draft Report Cited, Global North}, } @techreport{haasPlatformContentGovernance2024, title = {Platform and {Content} {Governance} in {Times} of {Crisis}}, url = {https://www.osce.org/files/f/documents/2/4/564961.pdf}, institution = {OSCE}, author = {Haas, Julia and Kettemann, Matthias}, month = apr, year = {2024}, keywords = {/unread, Global, Review, First Draft Report Cited}, file = {_.pdf:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/BC4SREKK/_.pdf:application/pdf}, } @book{habermasStructuralTransformationPublic2015, title = {The {Structural} {Transformation} of the {Public} {Sphere}: {An} {Inquiry} {Into} a {Category} of {Bourgeois} {Society}}, isbn = {978-0-7456-9233-3}, shorttitle = {The {Structural} {Transformation} of the {Public} {Sphere}}, abstract = {This major work retraces the emergence and development of the Bourgeois public sphere - that is, a sphere which was distinct from the state and in which citizens could discuss issues of general interest. In analysing the historical transformations of this sphere, Habermas recovers a concept which is of crucial significance for current debates in social and political theory. Habermas focuses on the liberal notion of the bourgeois public sphere as it emerged in Europe in the early modern period. He examines both the writings of political theorists, including Marx, Mill and de Tocqueville, and the specific institutions and social forms in which the public sphere was realized. This brilliant and influential work has been widely recognized for many years as a classic of contemporary social and political thought, of interest to students and scholars throughout the social sciences and humanities.}, language = {en}, publisher = {John Wiley \& Sons first published 1962 in German, First English Translation 1989}, author = {Habermas, Jürgen}, month = jan, year = {2015}, note = {Google-Books-ID: EJP3CQAAQBAJ}, keywords = {Political Science / General, /unread, Review, First Draft Report Cited, Political Science / History \& Theory, Philosophy / Social}, } @article{habermasReflectionsHypothesesFurther2022, title = {Reflections and {Hypotheses} on a {Further} {Structural} {Transformation} of the {Political} {Public} {Sphere}}, volume = {39}, issn = {0263-2764, 1460-3616}, url = {http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/02632764221112341}, doi = {10.1177/02632764221112341}, abstract = {This article contains reflections on the further structural transformation of the public sphere, building on the author’s widely-discussed social-historical study, The Structural Transformation of the Public Sphere, which originally appeared in German in 1962 (English translation 1989). The first three sections contain preliminary theoretical reflections on the relationship between normative and empirical theory, the deliberative understanding of democracy, and the demanding preconditions of the stability of democratic societies under conditions of capitalism. The fourth section turns to the implications of digitalisation for the account of the role of the media in the public sphere developed in the original work, specifically to how it is leading to the expansion and fragmentation of the public sphere and is turning all participants into potential authors. The following section presents empirical data from German studies which shows that the rapid expansion of digital media is leading to a marked diminution of the role of the classical print media. The article concludes with observations on the threats that these developments pose for the traditional role of the public sphere in discursive opinion and will formation in democracies.}, language = {en}, number = {4}, urldate = {2024-02-20}, journal = {Theory, Culture \& Society}, author = {Habermas, Jürgen}, month = jul, year = {2022}, keywords = {/unread, Review, First Draft Report Cited}, pages = {145--171}, file = {Habermas - 2022 - Reflections and Hypotheses on a Further Structural.pdf:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/Y75UEY2A/Habermas - 2022 - Reflections and Hypotheses on a Further Structural.pdf:application/pdf}, } @misc{hackenburgEvaluatingPersuasiveInfluence2023, title = {Evaluating the persuasive influence of political microtargeting with large language models}, url = {https://osf.io/wnt8b}, doi = {10.31219/osf.io/wnt8b}, abstract = {Recent advancements in large language models (LLMs) have raised the prospect of scalable, automated, and fine-grained political microtargeting on a scale previously unseen; however, the persuasive influence of microtargeting with LLMs remains unclear. Here, we build a custom web application capable of integrating self-reported demographic and political data into GPT-4 prompts in real-time, facilitating the live creation of unique messages tailored to persuade individual users on four political issues. We then deploy this application in a pre-registered randomized control experiment (n = 8,587) to investigate the extent to which access to individual-level data increases the persuasive influence of GPT-4. Our approach yields two key findings. First, messages generated by GPT-4 were broadly persuasive, in some cases increasing levels of support for an issue stance by nearly 50\%. Second, in aggregate, the persuasive impact of microtargeted messages was not statistically different from that of non-microtargeted messages (5.68\% vs 7.32\%, respec- tively, P = 0.082). These trends hold even when manipulating the type and number of attributes used to tailor the message. Taken together, these findings suggest — contrary to widespread speculation — that the influence of current LLMs may reside not in their ability to tailor messages to individuals, but rather in the persuasiveness of their generic, non-targeted messages. This work secondarily contributes by offering a robust and replicable approach – through a custom web-based pipeline – to integrating LLMs into experimental designs, and a novel dataset, GPTarget2023, containing metadata for thousands of tailored AI-generated messages.}, language = {en-us}, urldate = {2024-04-15}, publisher = {OSF}, author = {Hackenburg, Kobi and Margetts, Helen}, month = aug, year = {2023}, keywords = {/unread, First Draft Report Cited, Global North, Quant, large language models, AI Safety, microtargeting, AI-mediated communication, political persuasion}, file = {Submitted Version:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/QJAMQTB7/Hackenburg and Margetts - 2023 - Evaluating the persuasive influence of political m.pdf:application/pdf}, } @article{hadimogaviChatGPTEducationBlessing2024, title = {{ChatGPT} in education: {A} blessing or a curse? {A} qualitative study exploring early adopters’ utilization and perceptions}, volume = {2}, issn = {29498821}, shorttitle = {{ChatGPT} in education}, url = {https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S2949882123000270}, doi = {10.1016/j.chbah.2023.100027}, abstract = {To foster the development of pedagogically potent and ethically sound AI-integrated learning landscapes, it is pivotal to critically explore the perceptions and experiences of the users immersed in these contexts. In this study, we perform a thorough qualitative content analysis across four key social media platforms. Our goal is to un­ derstand the user experience (UX) and views of early adopters of ChatGPT across different educational sectors. The results of our research show that ChatGPT is most commonly used in the domains of higher education, K-12 education, and practical skills training. In social media dialogues, the topics most frequently associated with ChatGPT are productivity, efficiency, and ethics. Early adopters’ attitudes towards ChatGPT are multifaceted. On one hand, some users view it as a transformative tool capable of amplifying student self-efficacy and learning motivation. On the other hand, there is a degree of apprehension among concerned users. They worry about a potential overdependence on the AI system, which they fear might encourage superficial learning habits and erode students’ social and critical thinking skills. This dichotomy of opinions underscores the complexity of Human-AI Interaction in educational contexts. Our investigation adds depth to this ongoing discourse, providing crowd-sourced insights for educators and learners who are considering incorporating ChatGPT or similar generative AI tools into their pedagogical strategies.}, language = {en}, number = {1}, urldate = {2024-05-11}, journal = {Computers in Human Behavior: Artificial Humans}, author = {Hadi Mogavi, Reza and Deng, Chao and Juho Kim, Justin and Zhou, Pengyuan and D. Kwon, Young and Hosny Saleh Metwally, Ahmed and Tlili, Ahmed and Bassanelli, Simone and Bucchiarone, Antonio and Gujar, Sujit and Nacke, Lennart E. and Hui, Pan}, month = jan, year = {2024}, keywords = {Global South, /unread, BRICS, First Draft Report Cited, Global North, Qunat}, pages = {1--20}, file = {Hadi Mogavi et al. - 2024 - ChatGPT in education A blessing or a curse A qua.pdf:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/VIH8SU6I/Hadi Mogavi et al. - 2024 - ChatGPT in education A blessing or a curse A qua.pdf:application/pdf}, } @article{haenigTaleTwoSoutheast2024, title = {A tale of two {Southeast} {Asian} states: media governance and authoritarian regimes in {Singapore} and {Vietnam}}, volume = {3}, issn = {2731-5835}, shorttitle = {A tale of two {Southeast} {Asian} states}, url = {https://doi.org/10.1007/s44216-024-00024-6}, doi = {10.1007/s44216-024-00024-6}, abstract = {Political scientists have crafted intricate taxonomies to classify nations beyond liberal democracy, positioning these societies along an authoritarian continuum. Despite the pivotal role of journalists in accelerating political dynamics, there exists a lack of comparative research on media governance in these regimes. Consequently, this study scrutinizes the media governance ecosystems in Vietnam and Singapore. Vietnam is a one-party authoritarian state, whereas Singapore represents a hybrid political system. However, both countries exhibit a stable and uninterrupted rule by the respective ruling party. Our research uncovers the nuances of Singapore’s media regulation, which embeds trusted stakeholders with financial interests in key press roles to reinforce the implicit political norms. Conversely, Vietnam employs a more direct, coercive, and state-centric approach. Media actors in both nations occasionally test the boundaries of acceptable discourses, with each government’s responses being shaped by specific contexts and broader history. Reforms in Vietnam, embracing privatization and commercialization, mirror Singapore’s integration of capitalism, public ownership, and commercial interests when governing media. These findings highlight diverse yet effective authoritarian media governance strategies, unique features, and commonalities in both systems. Overall, media structures in these Southeast Asian countries have undergone profound evolutions towards more sophisticated regulatory tools to manage societal and political transformations.}, language = {en}, number = {4}, urldate = {2024-04-20}, journal = {Asian Review of Political Economy}, author = {Haenig, Martin Albrecht and Ji, Xianbai}, month = mar, year = {2024}, keywords = {Authoritarianism, Singapore, Global South, /unread, First Draft Report Cited, Qual, Hybrid regimes, Media governance, Media law, Vietnam}, pages = {1--23}, file = {Full Text PDF:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/WYRK2XZQ/Haenig and Ji - 2024 - A tale of two Southeast Asian states media govern.pdf:application/pdf}, } @article{hallSystematicReviewSociotechnical2023, title = {A systematic review of socio-technical gender bias in {AI} algorithms}, volume = {47}, issn = {1468-4527}, url = {https://doi.org/10.1108/OIR-08-2021-0452}, doi = {10.1108/OIR-08-2021-0452}, abstract = {Purpose Gender bias in artificial intelligence (AI) should be solved as a priority before AI algorithms become ubiquitous, perpetuating and accentuating the bias. While the problem has been identified as an established research and policy agenda, a cohesive review of existing research specifically addressing gender bias from a socio-technical viewpoint is lacking. Thus, the purpose of this study is to determine the social causes and consequences of, and proposed solutions to, gender bias in AI algorithms. Design/methodology/approach A comprehensive systematic review followed established protocols to ensure accurate and verifiable identification of suitable articles. The process revealed 177 articles in the socio-technical framework, with 64 articles selected for in-depth analysis. Findings Most previous research has focused on technical rather than social causes, consequences and solutions to AI bias. From a social perspective, gender bias in AI algorithms can be attributed equally to algorithmic design and training datasets. Social consequences are wide-ranging, with amplification of existing bias the most common at 28\%. Social solutions were concentrated on algorithmic design, specifically improving diversity in AI development teams (30\%), increasing awareness (23\%), human-in-the-loop (23\%) and integrating ethics into the design process (21\%). Originality/value This systematic review is the first of its kind to focus on gender bias in AI algorithms from a social perspective within a socio-technical framework. Identification of key causes and consequences of bias and the breakdown of potential solutions provides direction for future research and policy within the growing field of AI ethics. Peer review The peer review history for this article is available at https://publons.com/publon/10.1108/OIR-08-2021-0452}, number = {7}, urldate = {2024-04-15}, journal = {Online Information Review}, author = {Hall, Paula and Ellis, Debbie}, month = jan, year = {2023}, note = {Publisher: Emerald Publishing Limited}, keywords = {Systematic literature review, /unread, First Draft Report Cited, Algorithmic bias, AI ethics, AI gender Bias, Gender bias, Socio-technical framework}, pages = {1264--1279}, file = {Full Text PDF:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/DMDMIJ87/Hall and Ellis - 2023 - A systematic review of socio-technical gender bias.pdf:application/pdf}, } @article{hameleersItsNothingDeepfake2023, title = {It’s {Nothing} but a {Deepfake}! {The} {Effects} of {Misinformation} and {Deepfake} {Labels} {Delegitimizing} an {Authentic} {Political} {Speech}}, volume = {17}, issn = {1932-8036}, url = {https://ijoc.org/index.php/ijoc/article/view/20777}, abstract = {Mis- and disinformation labels are increasingly weaponized and used as delegitimizing accusations targeted at mainstream media and political opponents. To better understand how such accusations can affect the credibility of real information and policy preferences, we conducted a two-wave panel experiment (Nwave2 = 788) to assess the longer-term effect of delegitimizing labels targeting an authentic video message. We find that exposure to an accusation of misinformation or disinformation lowered the perceived credibility of the video but did not affect policy preferences related to the content of the video. Furthermore, more extreme disinformation accusations were perceived as less credible than milder misinformation labels. The effects lasted over a period of three days and still occurred when there was a delay in the label attribution. These findings indicate that while mis- and disinformation labels might make authentic content less credible, they are themselves not always deemed credible and are less likely to change substantive policy preferences.}, language = {en}, number = {2023}, urldate = {2023-12-23}, journal = {International Journal of Communication}, author = {Hameleers, Michael and Marquart, Franziska}, month = oct, year = {2023}, note = {Number: 0}, keywords = {misinformation, disinformation, credibility, /unread, First Draft Report Cited, Global North, OID Media, USED, Quant, deepfakes, fake news labels}, pages = {6291--6307}, file = {Hameleers and Marquart - 2023 - It’s Nothing but a Deepfake! The Effects of Misinf.pdf:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/C4WWQ9J5/Hameleers and Marquart - 2023 - It’s Nothing but a Deepfake! The Effects of Misinf.pdf:application/pdf}, } @book{hamelinkCommunicationHumanRights2023, address = {Medford}, edition = {1st edition}, title = {Communication and {Human} {Rights}: {Towards} {Communicative} {Justice}}, isbn = {978-0-7456-4984-9}, shorttitle = {Communication and {Human} {Rights}}, abstract = {Human rights and communication are deeply connected: human rights need communication to expose violations and to offer platforms for dialogue, while communication needs human rights to provide standards for free speech and confidentiality. Together, they confront the reality of today’s social and international order in which justice and understanding often seem unattainable.In this book, Cees J. Hamelink guides the reader through the historical evolution of communication and human rights. In this original framework, he discusses topics such as the right to communicate and freedom of expression, as well as major challenges posed by the environmental crisis and digital technologies. With authority, he passionately argues that ‘communicative justice’ is the ultimate goal of applying the international human rights regime to different forms of communication. This goal can only be achieved if we manage to move from the prevailing ‘thin’ liberal conception of human rights to a ‘thick’ cosmopolitan conception of them.Written by one of the world’s leading scholars in this area, this wide-ranging book will be of interest to students of media and communication, human rights scholars, as well as practitioners, activists and anyone interested in applying the notion of justice to the basis of human existence: communication.}, language = {English}, publisher = {Polity}, author = {Hamelink, Cees J.}, month = jun, year = {2023}, keywords = {/unread, Review, First Draft Report Cited, Mixed, OID General}, } @article{hancockEUsUphillBattle2024, title = {The {EU}’s uphill battle against {Big} {Tech} power}, url = {https://www.politico.eu/article/the-eus-uphill-battle-against-big-tech-power/}, abstract = {The bloc finds itself outmatched against corporate resources when it comes to enforcing the Digital Markets Act.}, language = {en-GB}, urldate = {2024-04-25}, journal = {POLITICO}, author = {Hancock, Edith}, month = mar, year = {2024}, keywords = {/unread, Report, First Draft Report Cited, Global North}, file = {Snapshot:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/7QY4JGS5/the-eus-uphill-battle-against-big-tech-power.html:text/html}, } @article{hanitzschCaughtNexusComparative2018, title = {Caught in the {Nexus}: {A} {Comparative} and {Longitudinal} {Analysis} of {Public} {Trust} in the {Press}}, volume = {23}, issn = {1940-1612, 1940-1620}, shorttitle = {Caught in the {Nexus}}, url = {http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/1940161217740695}, doi = {10.1177/1940161217740695}, abstract = {Despite signs of declining press trust in many western countries, we know little about trends in press trust across the world. Based on comparative survey data from the World Values Survey (WVS) and European Values Study (EVS), this study looks into national levels of trust in the press and identifies factors that drive differences across societies and individuals as well as over time. Findings indicate that the widely noted decline in media trust is not a universal trend; it is true for only about half of the studied countries, with the United States experiencing the largest and most dramatic drop in trust in the press. Political trust has emerged as key factor for our understanding of trust in the press. We found robust evidence for what we called the trust nexus—the idea that trust in the news media is strongly linked to the way publics look at political institutions. The link between press trust and political trust was considerably stronger in politically polarized societies. Furthermore, our analysis indicates that the relation between press trust and political trust is becoming stronger over time. We reason that the strong connection between media and political trust may be driven by a growing public sentiment against elite groups.}, language = {en}, number = {1}, urldate = {2024-01-10}, journal = {The International Journal of Press/Politics}, author = {Hanitzsch, Thomas and Van Dalen, Arjen and Steindl, Nina}, month = jan, year = {2018}, keywords = {First Draft Report Cited, Global North, Quant}, pages = {3--23}, file = {Full Text:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/Y9BZVJ9U/Hanitzsch et al. - 2018 - Caught in the Nexus A Comparative and Longitudina.pdf:application/pdf}, } @article{hanitzschJournalismDemocracyNew2018, title = {Journalism beyond democracy: {A} new look into journalistic roles in political and everyday life}, volume = {19}, issn = {1464-8849, 1741-3001}, shorttitle = {Journalism beyond democracy}, url = {http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/1464884916673386}, doi = {10.1177/1464884916673386}, abstract = {Journalism researchers have tended to study journalistic roles from within a Western framework oriented toward the media’s contribution to democracy and citizenship. In so doing, journalism scholarship often failed to account for the realities in nondemocratic and non-Western contexts, as well as for forms of journalism beyond political news. Based on the framework of discursive institutionalism, we conceptualize journalistic roles as discursive constructions of journalism’s identity and place in society. These roles have sedimented in journalism’s institutional norms and practices and are subject to discursive (re)creation, (re)interpretation, appropriation, and contestation. We argue that journalists exercise important roles in two domains: political life and everyday life. For the domain of political life, we identify 18 roles addressing six essential needs of political life: informational-instructive, analytical-deliberative, criticalmonitorial, advocative-radical, developmental-educative, and collaborative-facilitative. In the domain of everyday life, journalists carry out roles that map onto three areas: consumption, identity, and emotion.}, language = {en}, number = {2}, urldate = {2024-03-28}, journal = {Journalism}, author = {Hanitzsch, Thomas and Vos, Tim P}, month = feb, year = {2018}, keywords = {/unread, Global, First Draft Report Cited, Qual}, pages = {146--164}, file = {Hanitzsch et Vos - 2018 - Journalism beyond democracy A new look into journ.pdf:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/HE3YMQDQ/Hanitzsch et Vos - 2018 - Journalism beyond democracy A new look into journ.pdf:application/pdf}, } @article{haoNewVisionArtificial2022, title = {A new vision of artificial intelligence for the people}, url = {https://www.technologyreview.com/2022/04/22/1050394/artificial-intelligence-for-the-people/}, urldate = {2024-04-25}, journal = {MIT Technology Review}, author = {Hao, Karen}, month = apr, year = {2022}, keywords = {Global South, /unread, First Draft Report Cited, Qual}, } @misc{harbathHistoryCambridgeAnalytica2023, title = {History of the {Cambridge} {Analytica} {Controversy}}, url = {https://bipartisanpolicy.org/blog/cambridge-analytica-controversy/}, abstract = {The Cambridge Analytica scandal exploded into the political class’s consciousness five years ago this week. The idea of political persuasion and data mining suddenly…}, language = {en}, urldate = {2024-04-15}, journal = {Bipartisan Policy Center}, author = {Harbath, Katie and Fernekes, Collier}, month = mar, year = {2023}, keywords = {/unread, First Draft Report Cited, Global North, Qual}, file = {Snapshot:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/NAGCR5IU/cambridge-analytica-controversy.html:text/html}, } @article{hardyEGovernmentPolicyPractice2008, title = {E-{Government} {Policy} and {Practice}: {A} {Theoretical} and {Empirical} {Exploration} of {Public} {E}-{Procurement}}, volume = {25}, shorttitle = {E-{Government} {Policy} and {Practice}}, doi = {10.1016/j.giq.2007.02.003}, abstract = {The purpose of this paper is to theoretically and empirically explore how public e-procurement policies are translated into practice. The theoretical argument draws on actor network theory (ANT), coupled with Colebatch’s [Colebatch, H. K. (2002). Policy (2nd ed.). Maidenhead, Open University Press.] social construct of policy, to analyze the actors, actions, and circumstances through which understanding of public e-procurement comes to stabilize (or not) into a coherent policy for action. Drawing on three case studies of central government agencies in Italy, Scotland, and Western Australia, we suggest new intellectual perspectives and methodological heuristics that may assist researchers and practitioners analytical efforts in examining sociotechnical change and the implications for policy development and implementation.}, number = {2}, journal = {Government Information Quarterly}, author = {Hardy, Catherine and Williams, Susan}, year = {2008}, keywords = {/unread, First Draft Report Cited, Global North, Qual}, pages = {155--180}, file = {Full Text PDF:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/3KRCLHI5/Hardy and Williams - 2008 - E-Government Policy and Practice A Theoretical an.pdf:application/pdf}, } @article{harlowNewPeoplesPress2022, title = {A {New} {People}’s {Press}? {Understanding} {Digital}-{Native} {News} {Sites} in {Latin} {America} as {Alternative} {Media}}, volume = {10}, issn = {2167-0811}, shorttitle = {A {New} {People}’s {Press}?}, url = {https://doi.org/10.1080/21670811.2021.1907204}, doi = {10.1080/21670811.2021.1907204}, abstract = {This triangulated study combines surveys of readers of digital-native news sites in Latin America with focus groups of journalists working at these sites to explore how the emerging media sphere of digital-native media in the region might be redefining what it means to be “alternative.” Results show survey respondents were motivated to read the digital-native sites because of their alternative characteristics, such as media participation in the community, taking a stance against injustice, and their independence. Similarly, focus group findings indicated journalists distinguish themselves from mainstream media because of their innovative approaches to journalism, their independence, their participation in communities, and the stances they take. Ultimately, this study suggests that this trend of independent, online-native news sites does not fit neatly into alternative or mainstream categorizations. Rather, this study points to a hybrid, or mestizaje, way of doing journalism that is simultaneously alike and in contrast to mainstream and alternative media.}, number = {8}, urldate = {2023-12-25}, journal = {Digital Journalism}, author = {Harlow, Summer}, month = nov, year = {2022}, note = {Publisher: Routledge \_eprint: https://doi.org/10.1080/21670811.2021.1907204}, keywords = {survey, alternative media, Latin America, focus groups, protest, Global South, /unread, First Draft Report Cited, OID Media, USED, Quant, digital journalism}, pages = {1322--1341}, file = {Harlow - 2022 - A New People’s Press Understanding Digital-Native.pdf:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/ZWLS9UJF/Harlow - 2022 - A New People’s Press Understanding Digital-Native.pdf:application/pdf}, } @book{harlowLiberationTechnologySalvador2017, title = {Liberation {Technology} in {El} {Salvador}: {Re}-appropriating {Social} {Media} among {Alternative} {Media} {Projects}}, url = {https://link.springer.com/book/10.1007/978-3-319-48039-8}, language = {en}, urldate = {2024-04-15}, publisher = {Springer}, author = {Harlow, Summers}, year = {2017}, keywords = {Global South, /unread, First Draft Report Cited, Qual}, file = {Snapshot:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/R3CADCVA/978-3-319-48039-8.html:text/html}, } @article{harrisGoogleDrawsBacklash2023, title = {Google draws backlash from {Brazil} with lobbying against ‘fake news’ bill}, url = {https://www.ft.com/content/8a4bb131-e792-491d-a348-9dee4de41ce2}, urldate = {2024-05-10}, journal = {The Financial Times}, author = {Harris, Bryan}, month = may, year = {2023}, keywords = {Global South, /unread, BRICS, Report, First Draft Report Cited}, file = {Google draws backlash from Brazil with lobbying against ‘fake news’ bill:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/CGWJUBZ9/8a4bb131-e792-491d-a348-9dee4de41ce2.html:text/html}, } @article{harsinThreeCritiquesDisinformation2024, title = {Three {Critiques} of {Disinformation} ({For}-{Hire}) {Scholarship}: {Definitional} {Vortexes}, {Disciplinary} {Unneighborliness}, and {Cryptonormativity}}, volume = {10}, issn = {2056-3051}, shorttitle = {Three {Critiques} of {Disinformation} ({For}-{Hire}) {Scholarship}}, url = {https://doi.org/10.1177/20563051231224732}, doi = {10.1177/20563051231224732}, abstract = {This article presents three critiques of disinformation scholarship, with an emphasis on “for-hire.” The article argues that disinformation is defined in unpromising and contradictory ways. Concepts have ontological and epistemological repercussions, and thus far, disinformation scholarship has failed to engage them. Partly because scholars are studying disinformation even when they do not use that word to label their work, the article argues that explicit disinformation scholarship tends to neglect neighboring fields and scholars—the second critique. By most definitions of the term disinformation, neighbors are researching the same object domain, which could provide rich resources for scholars newly attracted to “disinformation”: propaganda, public relations, promotional culture, political consulting/marketing, and post-truth studies. It discusses the neighbors’ deep historical and contemporary research on for-hire deceptive communication, including that pertaining to social media. The third critique argues that disinformation scholarship has a cryptonormative tendency, evident in language of disorder, threats, dysfunctions, and pollution; it therefore needs more overt normative justification (or defense of anti-normativity). The cryptonormativity also entails a tendency toward ethnocentrism. The article ends by questioning whether disinformation is conceptually suitable for the theoretical work with which it tasks itself.}, language = {en}, number = {1}, urldate = {2024-01-27}, journal = {Social Media + Society}, author = {Harsin, Jayson}, month = jan, year = {2024}, note = {Publisher: SAGE Publications Ltd}, keywords = {Systematic literature review, /unread, First Draft Report Cited}, pages = {1--12}, file = {SAGE PDF Full Text:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/HUDRLCDF/Harsin - 2024 - Three Critiques of Disinformation (For-Hire) Schol.pdf:application/pdf}, } @article{hartleyAutonomiesDependenciesShifting2023, title = {Autonomies and {Dependencies}: {Shifting} {Configurations} of {Power} in the {Platformization} of {News}}, volume = {11}, issn = {2167-0811}, shorttitle = {Autonomies and {Dependencies}}, url = {https://doi.org/10.1080/21670811.2023.2257759}, doi = {10.1080/21670811.2023.2257759}, abstract = {In this introduction, we draw together the articles in the special issue on the platformization of news, highlighting that the articles contribute by answering two central questions. First, what is the extent of contemporary journalists and news organizations’ platform dependence, and how does this vary according to geographic context, organizational resources, and other factors? Second, what is the nature of journalism’s platform dependency? Platforms’ most overt editorial influence on news publishers (e.g., dictating areas of coverage, reshaping headlines, and so on) has arguably waned in recent years – and was never straightforward to begin with. The articles in this special issue encourage us to consider how the platform/publisher relationship is now defined by more subtle, or even hidden, dependencies that are nevertheless impactful. We further argue that various forms of power are at play in the shifting, contextual and embedded configurations of dependency and autonomy in the platform/publisher relationship. The forms of power, which we can observe across the articles, and which matter for dependence/autonomy configurations, are infrastructural, cultural, and geopolitical.}, number = {8}, urldate = {2023-12-22}, journal = {Digital Journalism}, author = {Hartley, Jannie Møller and Petre, Caitlin and Bengtsson, Mette and Kammer, Aske}, month = sep, year = {2023}, note = {Publisher: Routledge \_eprint: https://doi.org/10.1080/21670811.2023.2257759}, keywords = {journalism, power, /unread, Review, First Draft Report Cited, Global North, USED, OID Data Gov, autonomy, dependence, new, Platformatization, publishers}, pages = {1375--1390}, file = {Full Text PDF:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/LGRPGEPJ/Hartley et al. - 2023 - Autonomies and Dependencies Shifting Configuratio.pdf:application/pdf}, } @article{harviePublisherBeDamned2013, title = {Publisher, be damned! {From} price gouging to the open road}, volume = {31}, issn = {1470-1030}, url = {https://www.scienceopen.com/hosted-document?doi=10.1080/08109028.2014.891710}, doi = {10.1080/08109028.2014.891710}, abstract = {{\textless}p xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" class="first" id="d1744051e159"{\textgreater} \textit{All four authors are members of the Leicester school of critical management and have previously written together on academic publishing. David Harvie lectures in finance and is interested in ethical issues related to this and other matters. He is a member of The Free Association writing collective. Geoff Lightfoot lectures in entrepreneurship and has particular interests in the ideology of markets and critical accounting. Simon Lilley works on information aspects of organisation and is currently head of the School of Management at Leicester University. Kenneth Weir is interested in accounting practices, especially critical and social accounting. } {\textless}/p{\textgreater}}, number = {3}, urldate = {2024-05-10}, journal = {Prometheus}, author = {Harvie, David and Lightfoot, Geoff and Lilley, Simon and Weir, Kenneth}, month = sep, year = {2013}, note = {Publisher: Pluto Journals}, keywords = {/unread, Review, First Draft Report Cited, Global North}, pages = {229--239}, file = {Full Text PDF:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/LEXIX8PR/Harvie et al. - 2013 - Publisher, be damned! From price gouging to the op.pdf:application/pdf}, } @article{haseAdaptingAffordancesAudiences2023, title = {Adapting to {Affordances} and {Audiences}? {A} {Cross}-{Platform}, {Multi}-{Modal} {Analysis} of the {Platformization} of {News} on {Facebook}, {Instagram}, {TikTok}, and {Twitter}}, volume = {11}, issn = {2167-0811}, shorttitle = {Adapting to {Affordances} and {Audiences}?}, url = {https://doi.org/10.1080/21670811.2022.2128389}, doi = {10.1080/21670811.2022.2128389}, abstract = {To capture audiences’ attention on social media, news outlets may disseminate journalistic content in line with platform instead of mass media logics, indicating a platformization of news. Taking a cross-platform, multi-modal approach, we analyze how German outlets select and adapt existing stories for Facebook, Instagram, TikTok, and Twitter. We combine a computational and a manual content analysis of articles and social media posts (N = 4,412), including related images/videos (N = 6,850). Overall, evidence for outlets following platform logics on social media is limited: News outlets select and adapt news on a technical level, for instance by distributing more content on news-centered platforms like Twitter or by fostering on-platform engagement by excluding external links on Instagram. However, they do not systematically select or adapt news on a more communicative level, for instance by preferring specific topics for social media or by using more engaging language on platforms.}, number = {8}, urldate = {2023-12-22}, journal = {Digital Journalism}, author = {Hase, Valerie and Boczek, Karin and Scharkow, Michael}, month = sep, year = {2023}, note = {Publisher: Routledge \_eprint: https://doi.org/10.1080/21670811.2022.2128389}, keywords = {Twitter, social media, Facebook, Instagram, computational methods, /unread, First Draft Report Cited, Global North, Quant, platformization, Digital news, TikTok}, pages = {1499--1520}, file = {Full Text PDF:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/BBT6KTRC/Hase et al. - 2023 - Adapting to Affordances and Audiences A Cross-Pla.pdf:application/pdf}, } @inproceedings{hasimiDetectionDisinformationContent2024, address = {Glasgow}, title = {Detection of disinformation and content filtering using machine learning: implications to human rights and freedom of speech}, url = {https://ceur-ws.org/Vol-3677/paper6.pdf}, abstract = {The spreading of fake news and disinformation has become a pressing and widely debated issue in recent times, with far-reaching implications for society. While efforts to combat fake news and disinformation have gained momentum, there is a need to consider the implications for human rights in the context of disinformation detection and content filtering. The paper investigates the implications of fake news and disinformation and various aspects of human rights and freedom of speech. It examines the use and the impact of Artificial Intelligence (AI), while highlighting the potential risks to the right of freedom of expression when responses to these issues lead to censorship and the suppression of critical thinking. The paper further emphasizes the need for a balanced approach that safeguards freedom of expression and human rights while addressing the negative impacts of misinformation and biased algorithms.}, language = {en}, author = {Hasimi, Lumbardha and Poniszewska-Marańda, Aneta}, month = mar, year = {2024}, keywords = {/unread, Review, First Draft Report Cited}, file = {Hasimi and Poniszewska-Marańda - Detection of disinformation and content filtering .pdf:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/XA3QMNJV/Hasimi and Poniszewska-Marańda - Detection of disinformation and content filtering .pdf:application/pdf}, } @article{heeksDigitalInequalityDigital2022, title = {Digital inequality beyond the digital divide: conceptualizing adverse digital incorporation in the global {South}}, volume = {28}, issn = {0268-1102}, shorttitle = {Digital inequality beyond the digital divide}, url = {https://doi.org/10.1080/02681102.2022.2068492}, doi = {10.1080/02681102.2022.2068492}, abstract = {Digital systems are significantly associated with inequality in the global South. That association has traditionally been understood in terms of the digital divide or related terminologies whose core conceptualization is the exclusion of some groups from the benefits of digital systems. However, with the growing breadth and depth of digital engagement in the global South, an exclusion worldview is no longer sufficient. What is also needed is an understanding of how inequalities are created for some groups that are included in digital systems. This paper creates such an understanding, drawing from ideas in the development studies literature on chronic poverty to inductively build a model of a new concept: ‘adverse digital incorporation’, meaning inclusion in a digital system that enables a more-advantaged group to extract disproportionate value from the work or resources of another, less-advantaged group. This new model will enable those involved with digital development to understand why, how and for whom inequality can emerge from the growing use of digital systems in the global South. It creates a systematic framework incorporating the processes, the drivers, and the causes of adverse digital incorporation that will provide detailed new insights. The paper concludes with implications for both digital development researchers and practitioners that derive from the model and its exposure to the broader components of power that shape the inclusionary connection between digital and inequality.}, number = {4}, urldate = {2022-07-14}, journal = {Information Technology for Development}, author = {Heeks, Richard}, month = jul, year = {2022}, note = {Publisher: Routledge \_eprint: https://doi.org/10.1080/02681102.2022.2068492}, keywords = {digital divide, digital inequality, Global South, /unread, First Draft Report Cited, Qual, Adverse digital incorporation, digital development}, pages = {1--17}, file = {Heeks - 2022 - Digital inequality beyond the digital divide conc.pdf:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/8F9XSPI5/Heeks - 2022 - Digital inequality beyond the digital divide conc.pdf:application/pdf}, } @incollection{heitzAIContentCuration2021, address = {Vienna}, title = {{AI} in {Content} {Curation} and {Media} {Pluralism}}, copyright = {info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess}, isbn = {978-92-9234-749-9}, url = {https://www.osce.org/representative-on-freedom-of-media/456319}, abstract = {This part focuses on the use of AI in content curation, addressing the impact of data-driven content recommender systems on diversity and media pluralism. This part and the next one highlighting shortcomings of AI-based content curation and targeted advertising provide human rights-centred recommendations to prevent the negative impact of AI tools in content curation on the right to freedom of opinion and expression.}, language = {eng}, urldate = {2024-01-30}, booktitle = {Spotlight on {Artificial} {Intelligence} and {Freedom} of {Expression} – {A} {Policy} {Manual}}, publisher = {OSCE}, author = {Heitz, Lucien and Rozgonyi, Krisztina and Kostic, Bojana}, editor = {Wagner, Deniz and Haas, Julia}, year = {2021}, doi = {10.5167/uzh-213723}, keywords = {/unread, Review, First Draft Report Cited}, pages = {56--70}, file = {Full text:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/8T5MEGMW/Heitz et al. - 2021 - AI in Content Curation and Media Pluralism.pdf:application/pdf}, } @article{helbergerGoverningOnlinePlatforms2018, title = {Governing online platforms: {From} contested to cooperative responsibility}, volume = {34}, issn = {0197-2243}, shorttitle = {Governing online platforms}, url = {https://doi.org/10.1080/01972243.2017.1391913}, doi = {10.1080/01972243.2017.1391913}, abstract = {Online platforms, from Facebook to Twitter, and from Coursera to Uber, have become deeply involved in a wide range of public activities, including journalism, civic engagement, education, and transport. As such, they have started to play a vital role in the realization of important public values and policy objectives associated with these activities. Based on insights from theories about risk sharing and the problem of many hands, this article develops a conceptual framework for the governance of the public role of platforms, and elaborates on the concept of cooperative responsibility for the realization of critical public policy objectives in Europe. It argues that the realization of public values in platform-based public activities cannot be adequately achieved by allocating responsibility to one central actor (as is currently common practice), but should be the result of dynamic interaction between platforms, users, and public institutions.}, number = {1}, urldate = {2023-12-23}, journal = {The Information Society}, author = {Helberger, Natali and Pierson, Jo and Poell, Thomas}, month = jan, year = {2018}, note = {Publisher: Routledge \_eprint: https://doi.org/10.1080/01972243.2017.1391913}, keywords = {Facebook, online platforms, /unread, Review, First Draft Report Cited, USED, OID Data Gov, public values, Cooperative responsibility, problem of many hands, Uber}, pages = {1--14}, file = {Helberger et al. - 2018 - Governing online platforms From contested to coop.pdf:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/P7UMHBT5/Helberger et al. - 2018 - Governing online platforms From contested to coop.pdf:application/pdf}, } @article{helbergerNormativePerspectiveJournalistic2022, title = {Towards a {Normative} {Perspective} on {Journalistic} {AI}: {Embracing} the {Messy} {Reality} of {Normative} {Ideals}}, volume = {10}, issn = {2167-0811}, shorttitle = {Towards a {Normative} {Perspective} on {Journalistic} {AI}}, url = {https://doi.org/10.1080/21670811.2022.2152195}, doi = {10.1080/21670811.2022.2152195}, abstract = {Few would disagree that AI systems and applications need to be “responsible,” but what is “responsible” and how to answer that question? Answering that question requires a normative perspective on the role of journalistic AI and the values it shall serve. Such a perspective needs to be grounded in a broader normative framework and a thorough understanding of the dynamics and complexities of journalistic AI at the level of people, newsrooms and media markets. This special issue aims to develop such a normative perspective on the use of AI-driven tools in journalism and the role of digital journalism studies in advancing that perspective. The contributions in this special issue combine conceptual, organisational and empirical angles to study the challenges involved in actively using AI to promote editorial values, the powers at play, the role of economic and regulatory conditions, and ways of bridging academic ideals and the messy reality of the real world. This editorial brings the different contributions into conversation, situates them in the broader digital journalism studies scholarship and identifies seven key-take aways.}, number = {10}, urldate = {2023-01-11}, journal = {Digital Journalism}, author = {Helberger, Natali and van Drunen, Max and Moeller, Judith and Vrijenhoek, Sanne and Eskens, Sarah}, month = nov, year = {2022}, note = {Publisher: Routledge \_eprint: https://doi.org/10.1080/21670811.2022.2152195}, keywords = {/unread, First Draft Report Cited, Global North, OID Media, USED, Mixed, forward-looking vision, governance and regulation, Journalistic AI, normative perspective, professional values}, pages = {1605--1626}, file = {Helberger et al. - 2022 - Towards a Normative Perspective on Journalistic AI.pdf:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/WIEMSEHX/Helberger et al. - 2022 - Towards a Normative Perspective on Journalistic AI.pdf:application/pdf}, } @article{hendersonDataLiteracyTraining2020, title = {Data literacy training and use for educational professionals}, volume = {14}, issn = {2397-7604}, url = {https://doi.org/10.1108/JRIT-11-2019-0074}, doi = {10.1108/JRIT-11-2019-0074}, abstract = {Purpose A literature review of 28 data literacy, education articles from 2010 to 2018 was conducted to gain a better understanding of the current state of data literacy research. Design/methodology/approach A systematic literature review of ERIC, Education Source, and JSTOR was conducted. Articles were included in this literature review if they focused on “data literacy” for K-12 teachers or leaders. Findings Results demonstrated that the concept of data literacy has become more concrete, but there is still disagreement about the parameters of the construct. While data literacy was shown to be gaining in importance, training from schools of education were focused heavily on assessment literacy. Four recommendations are made as follows: (1) create skill-focused educator prep programs, (2) encourage opportunities for collaboration, (3) model data use from both quantitative and qualitative sources and (4) investigate the role of technology and big data on data literacy. Research limitations The scope of this literature review was very narrow and, as such, does not fully encapsulate data-driven decision-making in K-12 education overall. Originality/value Data literacy is important for both teachers and leaders, as educational environments strive to better understand individual learners and improve learning outcomes. This literature review looks to pull together the current status of data literacy research with hopes of inspiring more targeted research that influences training practices for both teachers and leaders.}, number = {2}, urldate = {2024-04-15}, journal = {Journal of Research in Innovative Teaching \& Learning}, author = {Henderson, Jessa and Corry, Michael}, month = jan, year = {2020}, note = {Publisher: Emerald Publishing Limited}, keywords = {Systematic literature review, /unread, First Draft Report Cited, Global North, Data literacy, Data-driven decision-making, Leadership, Professional development, Teacher education}, pages = {232--244}, file = {Full Text PDF:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/6NZHQE5P/Henderson and Corry - 2020 - Data literacy training and use for educational pro.pdf:application/pdf}, } @article{hendrickxPowerPeopleConceptualising2023, title = {Power to the {People}? {Conceptualising} {Audience} {Agency} for the {Digital} {Journalism} {Era}}, volume = {11}, issn = {2167-0811}, shorttitle = {Power to the {People}?}, url = {https://doi.org/10.1080/21670811.2022.2084432}, doi = {10.1080/21670811.2022.2084432}, abstract = {This article proposes a conceptual framework for the concept audience agency, which plays a vital role in the current audience turn in journalism (research). It presents two types of audience agency, deliberate and incidental, and three levels at which they can manifest: the micro level of the individual, the meso level of organised groups and the macro level of collective audiences. While incidental, individual agency is much more commonplace, both media professionals and scholars increasingly aggregate and study – and risk to misinterpret – individuals’ behaviour at a deliberate audience level. Finally, future research avenues are suggested to advance knowledge and debate on audience agency within digital journalism, including studying the concept through editorial, commercial and/or democratic lenses.}, number = {7}, urldate = {2024-06-30}, journal = {Digital Journalism}, author = {Hendrickx, Jonathan}, month = aug, year = {2023}, note = {Publisher: Routledge \_eprint: https://doi.org/10.1080/21670811.2022.2084432}, keywords = {big data, audience studies, /unread, Review, First Draft Report Cited, Agency, audience analytics, audience engagement}, pages = {1365--1373}, file = {Hendrickx - 2023 - Power to the People Conceptualising Audience Agen.pdf:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/BEHEDNDQ/Hendrickx - 2023 - Power to the People Conceptualising Audience Agen.pdf:application/pdf}, } @techreport{henningsenPublicFinancingNews2024, title = {Public {Financing} of {News} {Media} in the {EU}: {Final} {Report}}, url = {https://www.europarl.europa.eu/meetdocs/2014_2019/plmrep/COMMITTEES/CULT/DV/2024/04-09/PublicfinancingofnewsmediaintheEU_EN.pdf}, institution = {Report for European Commission by Henningsen Consulting and Technopolis}, author = {Henningsen, Astrid and Krčál, Adam}, year = {2024}, keywords = {/unread, Review, First Draft Report Cited, Global North}, file = {Henningsen and Krčál - 2024 - Public Financing of News Media in the EU Final Re.pdf:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/BCPBEPB4/Henningsen and Krčál - 2024 - Public Financing of News Media in the EU Final Re.pdf:application/pdf}, } @incollection{heppNewPerspectivesCritical2022, address = {Cham}, title = {New {Perspectives} in {Critical} {Data} {Studies}: {The} {Ambivalences} of {Data} {Power}—{An} {Introduction}}, isbn = {978-3-030-96180-0}, shorttitle = {New {Perspectives} in {Critical} {Data} {Studies}}, url = {https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-96180-0_1}, abstract = {Data power is a highly ambivalent phenomenon and it is precisely these ambivalences that open up important perspectives for the burgeoning field of critical data studies: First, the ambivalences between global infrastructures and local invisibilities. These challenge the grand narrative of the ephemeral nature of a global data infrastructure and instead make visible the local working and living conditions, and resources and arrangements required to operate and run them. Second is the ambivalences between the state and data justice. These consider data justice in relation to state surveillance and data capitalism and reflect the ambivalences between an “entrepreneurial state” and a “welfare state”. Third is the ambivalences of everyday practices and collective action, in which civil society groups, communities, and movements try to position the interests of people against the “big players” in the tech industry. With this introduction, we want to make the argument that seeing data power and its irreducible ambivalences in a pointed way will provide an orientation to the chapters of this book. To this end, we first give a brief outline of the development of critical data studies. In part, we also want to situate the data power conferences, the most recent of which this volume is based on. This will then serve as a basis for taking a closer look at three facets of the ambivalence of data power.}, language = {en}, urldate = {2024-04-10}, booktitle = {New {Perspectives} in {Critical} {Data} {Studies}: {The} {Ambivalences} of {Data} {Power}}, publisher = {Springer International Publishing}, author = {Hepp, Andreas and Jarke, Juliane and Kramp, Leif}, editor = {Hepp, Andreas and Jarke, Juliane and Kramp, Leif}, year = {2022}, doi = {10.1007/978-3-030-96180-0_1}, keywords = {/unread, Review, First Draft Report Cited, Datafication, Critical data studies, Data infrastructures, Deep mediatization, Digital data}, pages = {1--23}, file = {Full Text PDF:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/HGNH5RKQ/Hepp et al. - 2022 - New Perspectives in Critical Data Studies The Amb.pdf:application/pdf}, } @book{hermanManufacturingConsentPolitical1989, title = {Manufacturing {Consent}: {The} {Political} {Economy} of the {Mass} {Media}.}, shorttitle = {Manufacturing {Consent}}, language = {en}, publisher = {Penguin}, author = {Herman, Edward S. and Chomsky, Noam}, editor = {Bennett, James R.}, year = {1989}, keywords = {/unread, First Draft Report Cited, Global North}, file = {Bennett et al. - 1989 - Manufacturing Consent The Political Economy of th.pdf:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/CBHNVEDJ/Bennett et al. - 1989 - Manufacturing Consent The Political Economy of th.pdf:application/pdf}, } @misc{hermidaJournalismPreparesPostsearch2023, type = {Predictions for {Journalism}, 2024}, title = {Journalism prepares for a post-search, post-social future}, url = {https://www.niemanlab.org/2023/12/journalism-prepares-for-a-post-search-post-social-future/}, abstract = {"The loss of reach for news publishers comes with a loss of visibility, which is likely to hit new, digital-born journalism organizations the hardest."}, urldate = {2023-12-12}, journal = {Nieman Lab}, author = {Hermida, Alfred}, year = {2023}, keywords = {/unread, First Draft Report Cited, Global North, Qual}, } @article{higginsWhatDisinformation2023, title = {What to do about disinformation}, url = {https://www.ft.com/content/0b9469e5-7111-445f-a7d2-464ed21748c6}, abstract = {The proliferation of falsehood online is dividing the world as never before. Education, not regulation, is the answer, argues Bellingcat founder Eliot Higgins}, language = {en-GB}, urldate = {2024-05-11}, journal = {The Financial Times}, author = {Higgins, Eliot}, month = dec, year = {2023}, keywords = {/unread, Global, Review, First Draft Report Cited}, file = {Snapshot:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/WQAP7VI9/0b9469e5-7111-445f-a7d2-464ed21748c6.html:text/html}, } @article{hildebrandtPresentFutureNet2024, title = {The past, present, and future of (net) neutrality: {A} state of knowledge review and research agenda}, volume = {39}, issn = {0268-3962}, shorttitle = {The past, present, and future of (net) neutrality}, url = {https://doi.org/10.1177/02683962231170891}, doi = {10.1177/02683962231170891}, abstract = {For almost two decades, the debate on net neutrality influences the governance of the Internet infrastructure operated by Internet service providers (ISPs) and has spurred an enormous body of academic literature. However, new business models such as zero-rating, rapid technological progress, changing consumer behavior and political transformations constantly challenge our understanding of net neutrality. Despite the breadth and depth of knowledge on this topic, a conceptualization and synthesis of almost two decades of interdisciplinary literature is missing. This paper provides a comprehensive state of knowledge review based on a framework of net neutrality that captures the chronology of the debate as well as individual, organizational, and societal level concepts, which allows us to disentangle the nature, effects, and implications of different business practices of ISPs in order to extract new insights. Finally, we develop a research agenda on net neutrality in telecommunications and on neutrality in the wider Internet ecosystem addressing the challenges with respect to digital platforms and data gatekeepers.}, language = {en}, number = {1}, urldate = {2024-05-16}, journal = {Journal of Information Technology}, author = {Hildebrandt, Christian and Wiewiorra, Lukas}, month = mar, year = {2024}, note = {Publisher: SAGE Publications Ltd}, keywords = {Systematic literature review, /unread, First Draft Report Cited}, pages = {167--193}, file = {SAGE PDF Full Text:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/I2A4J7IB/Hildebrandt and Wiewiorra - 2024 - The past, present, and future of (net) neutrality.pdf:application/pdf}, } @article{himma-kadakasDebunkingFalseInformation2022, title = {Debunking {False} {Information}: {Investigating} {Journalists}’ {Fact}-{Checking} {Skills}}, volume = {10}, issn = {2167-0811}, shorttitle = {Debunking {False} {Information}}, url = {https://doi.org/10.1080/21670811.2022.2043173}, doi = {10.1080/21670811.2022.2043173}, abstract = {The study presented in this article demonstrates journalists’ abilities to debunk mis-, dis- and malinformation in everyday work situations. It shows how journalists use core skills and competencies to verify the information and it describes why false information evades the journalistic filter and gets published. We combined semi-structured interviews with a think-aloud method in which 20 Estonian journalists were shown constructed episodes of false information and then asked to discuss them. Based on the results, we argue that journalists use traditional fact-checking skills in specific combinations, which is usually sufficient to validate the information. However, when under time pressure, journalists tend to trust their professional experience and take the risk of publishing unchecked information. This risk is even higher when the source seems to be trustworthy and the information is presented on an official social media platform or on the journalist’s personal social media page, or if the journalist lacks more in-depth knowledge about a specific topic. Video manipulation (e.g. deep fake) and decontextualised photo presentations are the most difficult for journalists to verify, and that is similar regardless of the platform the journalist specialises in. The results of this study are useful for training journalism students and practicing journalists in how to debunk false information.}, number = {5}, urldate = {2023-12-25}, journal = {Digital Journalism}, author = {Himma-Kadakas, Marju and Ojamets, Indrek}, month = may, year = {2022}, note = {Publisher: Routledge \_eprint: https://doi.org/10.1080/21670811.2022.2043173}, keywords = {disinformation, fake news, information disorder, fact-checking, false news, /unread, First Draft Report Cited, Global North, OID Media, Qual, USED, journalistic skills}, pages = {866--887}, file = {Himma-Kadakas and Ojamets - 2022 - Debunking False Information Investigating Journal.pdf:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/ZCDLPGGA/Himma-Kadakas and Ojamets - 2022 - Debunking False Information Investigating Journal.pdf:application/pdf}, } @misc{hlomaniFutureProofingAfricanDemocracy2023, title = {Future-{Proofing} {African} {Democracy}: {Assessing} {Electoral} {Laws} {Amidst} {AI} {Advancements}}, url = {https://researchictafrica.net/2023/09/12/future-proofing-african-democracy-assessing-electoral-laws-amidst-ai-advancements/}, journal = {Research ICT Africa}, author = {Hlomani, Hanani}, month = sep, year = {2023}, keywords = {Global South, /unread, Review, First Draft Report Cited}, file = {Hlomani - 2023 - Future-Proofing African Democracy Assessing Elect.pdf:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/LY8SX5TX/Hlomani - 2023 - Future-Proofing African Democracy Assessing Elect.pdf:application/pdf}, } @misc{holtInformationDisorderIsraelHamas2023, title = {Information disorder in the {Israel}-{Hamas} war highlights shifts in the fight against online misinformation}, url = {https://www.isdglobal.org/digital_dispatches/information-disorder-in-the-israel-hamas-war-highlights-shifts-in-the-fight-against-online-misinformation/}, abstract = {In light of the Israel-Hamas war, swathes of US news-seekers have turned to social media influencers for the latest updates on the conflict. However, they will find a cruel battlefield of another kind.}, language = {en-GB}, urldate = {2024-02-22}, journal = {ISD Digital Dispatches}, author = {Holt, Jared}, month = nov, year = {2023}, keywords = {Global South, /unread, First Draft Report Cited, Global North, Qual}, file = {Holt - 2023 - Information disorder in the Israel-Hamas war highl.pdf:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/HNDM6NGB/Holt - 2023 - Information disorder in the Israel-Hamas war highl.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/VNI77VXQ/information-disorder-in-the-israel-hamas-war-highlights-shifts-in-the-fight-against-online-misi.html:text/html}, } @article{holtonNotTheirFault2023, title = {“{Not} {Their} {Fault}, but {Their} {Problem}”: {Organizational} {Responses} to the {Online} {Harassment} of {Journalists}}, volume = {17}, issn = {1751-2786}, shorttitle = {“{Not} {Their} {Fault}, but {Their} {Problem}”}, url = {https://doi.org/10.1080/17512786.2021.1946417}, doi = {10.1080/17512786.2021.1946417}, abstract = {Journalists are increasingly reporting that online harassment has become a common feature of their working lives, contributing to experiences of fatigue, anxiety and disconnection from social media as well as their profession. Drawing on interviews with American newsworkers, this study finds at least three distinct forms of harassment: acute harassment such as generalized verbal abuse, chronic harassment occurring over time and often from the same social media users and escalatory harassment that is more personalized and directly threatening. Women journalists said they especially are experiencing chronic and escalatory forms of harassment. Journalists also discussed a perceived lack of systemic efforts on the part of news organizations to address such harassment, leaving journalists to search for preventative and palliative coping mechanisms on their own. Such labor may be driving journalists’ disconnection from social media as well as the profession of journalism and highlights a growing need for news organizations to address harassment as a systemic, rather than individual, issue. The mental health and well-being of journalists may depend on such action, especially at a time when more journalists are reporting fatigue, burnout, and a desire to exit the profession.}, number = {4}, urldate = {2024-04-15}, journal = {Journalism Practice}, author = {Holton, Avery E. and Bélair-Gagnon, Valérie and Bossio, Diana and Molyneux, Logan}, month = apr, year = {2023}, note = {Publisher: Routledge \_eprint: https://doi.org/10.1080/17512786.2021.1946417}, keywords = {harassment, social media, /unread, First Draft Report Cited, Global North, Qual, journalists, Burnout, management, mental health, news organizations, newspapers}, pages = {859--874}, file = {Holton et al. - 2023 - “Not Their Fault, but Their Problem” Organization.pdf:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/IUFMLDT7/Holton et al. - 2023 - “Not Their Fault, but Their Problem” Organization.pdf:application/pdf}, } @techreport{hooperProblemsDataGovernance2022, title = {Problems with {Data} {Governance} in {UK} {Schools}: the cases of {Google} {Classroom} and {Class} {Dojo}}, url = {https://digitalfuturescommission.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2022/08/Problems-with-data-governance-in-UK-schools.pdf}, institution = {Digital Futures Commission and 5Rights Foundation uK}, author = {Hooper, Louise and Livingstone, Sonia and Pothong, Krakae}, year = {2022}, keywords = {/unread, First Draft Report Cited, Global North, Qual}, file = {Livingstone et al. - 2022 - Problems with Data Governance in Uk Schools the c.pdf:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/GXS4T6GI/Livingstone et al. - 2022 - Problems with Data Governance in Uk Schools the c.pdf:application/pdf}, } @book{horowitzEpistemicRightsEra2024, address = {Cham}, series = {Global {Transformations} in {Media} and {Communication} {Research} - {A} {Palgrave} and {IAMCR} {Series}}, title = {Epistemic {Rights} in the {Era} of {Digital} {Disruption}}, isbn = {978-3-031-45976-4}, shorttitle = {Epistemic {Rights} and {Digital} {Communications} {Policies}}, url = {https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-45976-4_6}, abstract = {By engaging with both theoretical concerns and concrete experiences—of regulatory arrangements, social mobilisations, and resistance to knowledge hierarchies and economic hegemonies—it contributes to clarifying epistemic rights both as a concept and in relation to different actors’ responsibilities in different locales, thus, making clear that the promotion of epistemic rights requires the commitment of many institutions, including but not limited to the media.}, language = {en}, urldate = {2024-01-10}, publisher = {Springer International Publishing}, editor = {Horowitz, Minna Aslama and Nieminen, Hannu and Lehtisaari, Katja and D'Arma, Alessandro}, year = {2024}, doi = {10.1007/978-3-031-45976-4_6}, keywords = {Global South, /unread, BRICS, First Draft Report Cited, Mixed}, file = {Aslama Horowitz et al. - 2024 - Epistemic Rights in the Era of Digital Disruption.pdf:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/E2PF95ED/Aslama Horowitz et al. - 2024 - Epistemic Rights in the Era of Digital Disruption.pdf:application/pdf}, } @article{hoskinsFarRightDigital2024, title = {Far {Right} {\textgreater} {Digital} {Rights}: {The} {Precarity} of {Free} {Expression}, {Internet} {Access}, {Net} {Neutrality} and {Data} {Privacy} in {Bolsonaro}’s {Brazil}}, volume = {31}, issn = {1318-3222}, shorttitle = {Far {Right} {\textgreater} {Digital} {Rights}}, url = {https://doi.org/10.1080/13183222.2024.2346704}, doi = {10.1080/13183222.2024.2346704}, abstract = {The election of Jair Bolsonaro to the Brazilian Presidency in 2018 was a politically destabilising event with far-reaching consequences. The fate of digital rights in Brazil was particularly impacted, with the legacy of the celebrated Marco Civil da Internet rights charter called into question. By examining the many ways that the fragile gains of the Marco Civil were corroded during the Bolsonaro presidency – including systematic attacks on freedom of expression online, disinformation campaigns, the violation of network neutrality through zero rating, and the continuing assault on privacy rights – we can understand the multi-pronged nature of Bolsonaro’s assault on the public sphere in Brazil as well as the inadequacy of digital rights in safeguarding against the conjoined threats of platform capitalism and far-right populism.}, number = {2}, urldate = {2024-05-16}, journal = {Javnost - The Public}, author = {Hoskins, Guy T.}, year = {2024}, note = {Publisher: Routledge \_eprint: https://doi.org/10.1080/13183222.2024.2346704}, keywords = {Brazil, privacy, Global South, /unread, BRICS, First Draft Report Cited, Qual, network neutrality, digital rights, Marco Civil, zero-rating}, pages = {309--326}, file = {Full Text PDF:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/HL3SQS9R/Hoskins - 2024 - Far Right Digital Rights The Precarity of Free .pdf:application/pdf}, } @article{houserGDPREndGoogle2018, title = {{GDPR}: {The} {End} of {Google} and {Facebook} or a {New} {Paradigm} in {Data} {Privacy}?}, volume = {25}, shorttitle = {{GDPR}}, url = {https://jolt.richmond.edu/files/2018/11/Houser_Voss-FE.pdf}, doi = {10.2139/ssrn.3212210}, language = {en}, number = {1}, urldate = {2024-05-12}, journal = {Richmond Journal of Law \& Technology}, author = {Houser, Kimberly and Voss, W. Gregory}, year = {2018}, keywords = {/unread, Review, First Draft Report Cited, Global North}, pages = {1--109}, file = {Houser and Voss - 2018 - GDPR The End of Google and Facebook or a New Para.pdf:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/SBKQK5Z3/Houser and Voss - 2018 - GDPR The End of Google and Facebook or a New Para.pdf:application/pdf}, } @book{howardDemocracysFourthWave2013, address = {Oxford}, title = {Democracy's {Fourth} {Wave}? {Digital} {Media} and the {Arab} {Spring}}, publisher = {Oxford University Press}, author = {Howard, P N and Hussain, M M}, year = {2013}, keywords = {Global South, /unread, First Draft Report Cited, Mixed}, } @techreport{howardDigitalMisinformationDisinformation2021, title = {Digital misinformation / disinformation and children}, url = {www.unicef.org/globalinsight/media/2096/file/UNICEF-Global-Insight-Digital-Mis-Disinformation-and-Children-2021.pdf}, institution = {UNICEF Rapid Analysis Report}, author = {Howard, Philip N and Neudert, Lisa-Maria and Prakash, Nayana and Vosloo, Steven}, month = aug, year = {2021}, keywords = {/unread, Global, Review, First Draft Report Cited, USED, OID Mis/Disinfo}, file = {Howard et al. - 2021 - Digital misinformation disinformation and child.pdf:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/8HLAVEVF/Howard et al. - 2021 - Digital misinformation disinformation and child.pdf:application/pdf}, } @article{humprechtSharingDisinformationCrossnational2023, title = {The sharing of disinformation in cross-national comparison: analyzing patterns of resilience}, volume = {26}, issn = {1369-118X, 1468-4462}, shorttitle = {The sharing of disinformation in cross-national comparison}, url = {https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/1369118X.2021.2006744}, doi = {10.1080/1369118X.2021.2006744}, abstract = {Although the problem of disinformation is on the rise across the globe, previous research has found that countries differ in the extent of widespread disinformation. In this study, we examine the willingness to disseminate disinformation across six countries (Belgium, France, Germany, Switzerland, the U.K. and the U.S.). We use a model by Humprecht et al. (2020) to study to what degree various systemic-structural factors influence individual behavior and contribute to resilience to disinformation. We draw on uniformly collected primary survey data and use regression analyses to examine which factors may explain citizens’ decisions to not further propagate disinformation. The results of our crossnational study show that resilience factors are country-specific and are highly dependent on the respective political and information environments. While in some countries extreme ideology weakens resilience, in others low education can have such an effect. Crossnational resilience factors include heavy social media use, the use of alternative media, and populist party support. We discuss what kind of tailored measures in combating online disinformation are needed to improve social resilience across different countries.}, language = {en}, number = {7}, urldate = {2024-02-02}, journal = {Information, Communication \& Society}, author = {Humprecht, Edda and Esser, Frank and Aelst, Peter Van and Staender, Anna and Morosoli, Sophie}, month = may, year = {2023}, keywords = {/unread, First Draft Report Cited, Global North, Quant}, pages = {1342--1362}, file = {Humprecht et al. - 2023 - The sharing of disinformation in cross-national co.pdf:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/UVQXLCYC/Humprecht et al. - 2023 - The sharing of disinformation in cross-national co.pdf:application/pdf}, } @article{humprechtResilienceOnlineDisinformation2020, title = {Resilience to {Online} {Disinformation}: {A} {Framework} for {Cross}-{National} {Comparative} {Research}}, volume = {25}, issn = {1940-1612, 1940-1620}, shorttitle = {Resilience to {Online} {Disinformation}}, url = {http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/1940161219900126}, doi = {10.1177/1940161219900126}, abstract = {Online disinformation is considered a major challenge for modern democracies. It is widely understood as misleading content produced to generate profits, pursue political goals, or maliciously deceive. Our starting point is the assumption that some countries are more resilient to online disinformation than others. To understand what conditions influence this resilience, we choose a comparative cross-national approach. In the first step, we develop a theoretical framework that presents these country conditions as theoretical dimensions. In the second step, we translate the dimensions into quantifiable indicators that allow us to measure their significance on a comparative cross-country basis. In the third part of the study, we empirically examine eighteen Western democracies. A cluster analysis yields three country groups: one group with high resilience to online disinformation (including the Northern European systems, for instance) and two country groups with low resilience (including the polarized Southern European countries and the United States). In the final part, we discuss the heuristic value of the framework for comparative political communication research in the age of information pollution.}, language = {en}, number = {3}, urldate = {2024-02-02}, journal = {The International Journal of Press/Politics}, author = {Humprecht, Edda and Esser, Frank and Van Aelst, Peter}, month = jul, year = {2020}, keywords = {/unread, First Draft Report Cited, Global North, Quant}, pages = {493--516}, file = {Humprecht et al. - 2020 - Resilience to Online Disinformation A Framework f.pdf:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/FHBI4VIP/Humprecht et al. - 2020 - Resilience to Online Disinformation A Framework f.pdf:application/pdf}, } @article{hungHowChinasCognitive2022, title = {How {China}'s {Cognitive} {Warfare} {Works}: {A} {Frontline} {Perspective} of {Taiwan}'s {Anti}-{Disinformation} {Wars}}, volume = {7}, issn = {2057-3170}, shorttitle = {How {China}'s {Cognitive} {Warfare} {Works}}, url = {https://doi.org/10.1093/jogss/ogac016}, doi = {10.1093/jogss/ogac016}, abstract = {Cognitive warfare—controlling others’ mental states and behaviors by manipulating environmental stimuli—is a significant and ever-evolving issue in global conflict and security, especially during the COVID-19 crisis. In this article, we aim to contribute to the field by proposing a two-dimensional framework to evaluate China's cognitive warfare and explore promising ways of counteracting it. We first define the problem by clarifying relevant concepts and then present a case study of China's attack on Taiwan. Next, based on predictive coding theory from the cognitive sciences, we offer a framework to explain how China's cognitive warfare works and to what extent it succeeds. We argue that this framework helps identify vulnerable targets and better explains some of the conflicting data in the literature. Finally, based on the framework, we predict China's strategy and discuss Taiwan's options in terms of cognitive and structural interventions.}, number = {4}, urldate = {2024-04-19}, journal = {Journal of Global Security Studies}, author = {Hung, Tzu-Chieh and Hung, Tzu-Wei}, month = dec, year = {2022}, keywords = {Systematic literature review, Global South, /unread, BRICS, First Draft Report Cited}, pages = {1--18}, file = {Full Text PDF:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/DYMSNL7N/Hung and Hung - 2022 - How China's Cognitive Warfare Works A Frontline P.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/EEU3R35R/6647447.html:text/html}, } @article{hyzenPropagandaWeb302023, title = {Propaganda and the {Web} 3.0: {Truth} and ideology in the digital age}, volume = {5}, shorttitle = {Propaganda and the {Web} 3.0}, url = {https://sciendo.com/article/10.2478/njms-2023-0004}, doi = {10.2478/njms-2023-0004}, abstract = {ABSTRACT The aim of this contribution is to elaborate on propaganda to better define the term in its constituent parts and to build a conceptual model that can also serve as a programme of study. To this end, I develop a definition of propaganda as the enforcement of ideological goals to manage public opinion. Next, I discuss the complex relationship between truth and propaganda positioned alongside mis- and disinformation and argue true information can be, and often is, used as propaganda. I argue the contextual environment can play an equal role to the message itself in the process of distribution, dissemination, and reproduction of propaganda, particularly in light of the technological developments of Web 3.0. I discuss the crucial role of repetition and stereotypes, alongside “hot” and “banal” propaganda in either long- or short-term use. Lastly, I discuss the relationship between propaganda and its audiences from a cyclical perspective, considering them in their reception and participating role in a propaganda campaign and the consequences of intended and unintended audiences.}, language = {en}, number = {1}, urldate = {2023-11-09}, journal = {Nordic Journal of Media Studies}, author = {Hyzen, Aaron}, month = jun, year = {2023}, keywords = {/unread, Review, First Draft Report Cited, OID Media}, pages = {49--67}, file = {Hyzen - 2023 - Propaganda and the Web 3.0 Truth and ideology in .pdf:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/SJVSI8E5/Hyzen - 2023 - Propaganda and the Web 3.0 Truth and ideology in .pdf:application/pdf}, } @article{iamnitchiModelingInformationDiffusion2023, title = {Modeling information diffusion in social media: data-driven observations}, volume = {6}, issn = {2624-909X}, shorttitle = {Modeling information diffusion in social media}, url = {https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fdata.2023.1135191}, doi = {10.3389/fdata.2023.1135191}, abstract = {Accurately modeling information diffusion within and across social media platforms has many practical applications, such as estimating the size of the audience exposed to a particular narrative or testing intervention techniques for addressing misinformation. However, it turns out that real data reveal phenomena that pose significant challenges to modeling: events in the physical world affect in varying ways conversations on different social media platforms; coordinated influence campaigns may swing discussions in unexpected directions; a platform’s algorithms direct who sees which message, which affects in opaque ways how information spreads. This article describes our research efforts in the SocialSim program of the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency. As formulated by DARPA, the intent of the SocialSim research program was "to develop innovative technologies for high-fidelity computational simulation of online social behavior ... [focused] specifically on information spread and evolution". In this article we document lessons we learned over the 4+ years of the recently concluded project. Our hope is that an accounting of our experience may prove useful to other researchers should they attempt a related project.}, language = {English}, urldate = {2024-04-15}, journal = {Frontiers in Big Data}, author = {Iamnitchi, Adriana and Hall, Lawrence O. and Horawalavithana, Sameera and Mubang, Frederick and Ng, Kin Wai and Skvoretz, John}, month = may, year = {2023}, note = {Publisher: Frontiers}, keywords = {Twitter, Social Media, Reddit, Global South, /unread, BRICS, First Draft Report Cited, Quant, Data-driven, Forecasting, youtube}, pages = {1--19}, file = {Full Text PDF:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/H9JGDBVW/Iamnitchi et al. - 2023 - Modeling information diffusion in social media da.pdf:application/pdf}, } @techreport{ieeeEthicallyAlignedDesign2019, title = {Ethically {Aligned} {Design}: {A} {Vision} for {Prioritizing} {Human} {Well}-{Being} with {Autonomous} and {Intelligent} {Systems}}, institution = {IEEE, Version 2}, author = {IEEE}, year = {2019}, keywords = {/unread, Review, First Draft Report Cited}, file = {IEEE - 2019 - Ethically Aligned Design A Vision for Prioritizin.pdf:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/WI5T33ED/IEEE - 2019 - Ethically Aligned Design A Vision for Prioritizin.pdf:application/pdf}, } @article{ihlebaekUnderstandingAlternativeNews2022, title = {Understanding {Alternative} {News} {Media} and {Its} {Contribution} to {Diversity}}, volume = {10}, copyright = {© 2022 The Author(s). Published by Informa UK Limited, trading as Taylor \& Francis Group.}, issn = {2167-0811}, url = {https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/21670811.2022.2134165}, abstract = {In this introduction to the special issue Contesting the Mainstream: Understanding Alternative News Media, we discuss how and to what extent alternative news media contribute to news diversity. We ...}, language = {EN}, number = {8}, urldate = {2024-01-07}, journal = {Digital Journalism}, author = {Ihlebæk, Karoline Andrea and Figenschou, Tine Ustad and Eldridge II, Scott A and Frischlich, Lena and Cushion, Stephen and Holt, Kristoffer}, month = sep, year = {2022}, keywords = {/unread, Global, First Draft Report Cited, Mixed}, pages = {1267--1282}, file = {Snapshot:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/5WC3RV7P/Ihlebæk et al. - 2022 - Understanding Alternative News Media and Its Contr.html:text/html;Understanding Alternative News Media and Its Contribution to Diversity (1).pdf:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/3I7IHWJW/Understanding Alternative News Media and Its Contribution to Diversity (1).pdf:application/pdf}, } @article{ihlebaekGlobalPlatformsAsymmetrical2023, title = {Global platforms and asymmetrical power: {Industry} dynamics and opportunities for policy change}, volume = {25}, issn = {1461-4448}, shorttitle = {Global platforms and asymmetrical power}, url = {https://doi.org/10.1177/14614448211029662}, doi = {10.1177/14614448211029662}, abstract = {Global platforms have radically changed institutional dynamics within the media industry. In this study, we explore how national media organisations manoeuvre in an increasingly uneven playing field. Combining theoretical perspectives from platform studies and the media policy field approach, we analyse how asymmetrical platform power impacts industry-policy relations in a small-nation context. We find that national players collectively frame the power of global platforms as a potential threat to the media sector and to democracy. In this framing, all the players – regardless of size or market position – define themselves as ‘small’ to signal a common threat and mission across the industry. Being ‘small’ however does not entail the same for all players, which results in different action logics. We also find that industry players use collective framing to protect existing support schemes and to legitimate the call for new ones, while they seek international collaboration to impact regulation of global platforms.}, language = {en}, number = {8}, urldate = {2023-07-14}, journal = {New Media \& Society}, author = {Ihlebæk, Karoline Andrea and Sundet, Vilde Schanke}, month = aug, year = {2023}, note = {Publisher: SAGE Publications}, keywords = {/unread, First Draft Report Cited, Global North, Qual, OID Data Gov}, pages = {2183--2200}, file = {Ihlebæk and Sundet - 2023 - Global platforms and asymmetrical power Industry .pdf:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/4PPZRYCT/Ihlebæk and Sundet - 2023 - Global platforms and asymmetrical power Industry .pdf:application/pdf}, } @article{iliadisSeerSeenSurveying2022, title = {The seer and the seen: {Surveying} {Palantir}’s surveillance platform}, volume = {38}, issn = {0197-2243}, shorttitle = {The seer and the seen}, url = {https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/epdf/10.1080/01972243.2022.2100851?needAccess=true}, language = {en}, number = {5}, urldate = {2024-04-25}, journal = {The Information Society}, author = {Iliadis, Andrew and Acker, Amelia}, year = {2022}, keywords = {/unread, First Draft Report Cited, Global North, Mixed}, pages = {334--363}, file = {Iliadis and Acker - The seer and the seen Surveying Palantir’s survei.pdf:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/WRHKEXVZ/Iliadis and Acker - The seer and the seen Surveying Palantir’s survei.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/S74EMA82/01972243.2022.html:text/html}, } @techreport{indiajudiciaryJusticeKSPuttaswamy2017, title = {Justice {K}.{S}. {Puttaswamy} ({Retd}.) \& {Anr}. vs. {Union} of {India} \& {Ors}.}, url = {https://privacylibrary.ccgnlud.org/case/justice-ks-puttaswamy-ors-vs-union-of-india-ors#:~:text=Case%20Brief&text=The%20nine%20Judge%20Bench%20in,of%20dignity%2C%20autonomy%20and%20liberty.}, institution = {Judge Bench Civil Writ Petition, Case (2017) 10SCC 1, AIR 2017 SC 4161}, author = {India Judiciary}, year = {2017}, keywords = {Global South, /unread, First Draft Report Cited, Qual}, file = {India Judiciary - 2017 - Justice K.S. Puttaswamy (Retd.) & Anr. vs. Union o.pdf:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/35D95IQN/India Judiciary - 2017 - Justice K.S. Puttaswamy (Retd.) & Anr. vs. Union o.pdf:application/pdf}, } @techreport{internationalideaGlobalStateDemocracy2023, title = {The {Global} {State} of {Democracy} 2023: {The} {New} {Checks} and {Balances}}, url = {https://cdn.sanity.io/files/2e5hi812/production/0c4fe84a1378d22287fdfcdf36584c237264bef9.pdf}, institution = {International Institute for Democracy and Electoral Assistance (International IDEA)}, author = {International IDEA}, year = {2023}, keywords = {/unread, Global, First Draft Report Cited, Quant}, file = {International IDEA - 2024 - The Global State of Democracy 2023 The New Checks.pdf:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/QF22GKLC/International IDEA - 2024 - The Global State of Democracy 2023 The New Checks.pdf:application/pdf}, } @techreport{ipieCountermeasuresMitigatingDigital2023, address = {Zurich}, title = {Countermeasures for {Mitigating} {Digital} {Misinformation}: {A} {Systemic} {Review}}, url = {https://www.ipie.info/research/sr2023-1}, institution = {International Panel on the Information Environment IPIE SR2023.1}, author = {IPIE}, year = {2023}, keywords = {Systematic literature review, /unread, First Draft Report Cited}, file = {International Panel on the Information Environment - 2023 - Countermeasures for Mitigating Digital Misinformat.pdf:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/KAL5MIWW/International Panel on the Information Environment - 2023 - Countermeasures for Mitigating Digital Misinformat.pdf:application/pdf}, } @techreport{ipiePlatformResponsesMisinformation2023, address = {Zurich}, title = {Platform {Responses} to {Misinformation}: {A} {Meta}-{Analysis} of {Data}}, url = {https://www.ipie.info/research/sr2023-2}, institution = {International Panel on the Information Environment, IPIE SR2023.2}, author = {IPIE}, year = {2023}, keywords = {Systematic literature review, /unread, Global, First Draft Report Cited}, file = {International Panel on the Information Environment - 2023 - Platform Responses to Misinformation A Meta-Analy.pdf:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/ZZRZPAH8/International Panel on the Information Environment - 2023 - Platform Responses to Misinformation A Meta-Analy.pdf:application/pdf}, } @techreport{ipieTrendsGlobalInformation2023, address = {Zurich}, title = {Trends in the {Global} {Information} {Environment}}, url = {https://www.ipie.info/research/sr2023-3}, institution = {International Panel on the Information Environment, IPIE SR2023.3}, author = {IPIE}, year = {2023}, keywords = {/unread, Global, First Draft Report Cited, Mixed}, file = {International Panel on the Information Environment - 2023 - Trends in the Global Information Environment.pdf:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/SC5FFYGS/International Panel on the Information Environment - 2023 - Trends in the Global Information Environment.pdf:application/pdf}, } @book{isinBeingDigitalCitizens2020, title = {Being {Digital} {Citizens}}, isbn = {978-1-78661-449-0}, abstract = {From the rise of cyberbullying and hactivism to the issues surrounding digital privacy rights and freedom of speech, the Internet is changing the ways in which we govern and are governed as citizens. This book examines how citizens encounter and perform new sorts of rights, duties, opportunities and challenges through the Internet. By disrupting prevailing understandings of citizenship and cyberspace, the authors highlight the dynamic relationship between these two concepts. Rather than assuming that these are static or established “facts” of politics and society, the book shows how the challenges and opportunities presented by the Internet inevitably impact upon the action and understanding of political agency. In doing so, it investigates how we conduct ourselves in cyberspace through digital acts. This book provides a new theoretical understanding of what it means to be a citizen today for students and scholars across the social sciences.This new and updated edition includes two new chapters. A Preface consists of reflections on developments in digital politics since the book was published in 2015. It considers how recent major political struggles over digital technologies and data can be understood in relation to the conceptualization of digital citizens that the book offers. While the Preface positions dominant responses to these struggles such as government regulations as ‘closings’, a new final chapter, Digital citizens-yet-to-come offers examples of ‘openings’ – digital acts such as new forms of data activism that are less recognised but which point to the emergence of paradoxical digital acts that are producing new digital political subjectivities.}, language = {en}, publisher = {Rowman \& Littlefield}, author = {Isin, Engin and Ruppert, Evelyn}, month = may, year = {2020}, keywords = {/unread, Review, First Draft Report Cited, Political Science / International Relations / General, Political Science / Security (National \& International), Political Science / Political Process / Media \& Internet}, } @techreport{itforchangeFeministPerspectivesSocial2023, title = {Feminist {Perspectives} on {Social} {Media} {Governance}}, url = {https://itforchange.net/feminist-perspectives-on-social-media-governance-0}, abstract = {As part of IT for Change’s ‘Recognize-Resist-Remedy’ project, supported by IDRC (Canada), the World Wide Web Foundation, and the Ford Foundation, in collaboration with InternetLab, a roundtable was co-roganized to catalyze a productive debate revolving around the central question: What new imaginaries of social media governance will be adequate to eradicate the unfreedoms arising from misogyny in online communications agora? This curated compendium of essay submissions is from the participants of the roundtable and offers glimpses of the enriching discussions that also covered among other things the role of platforms in perpetuating hate, disinformation, and gender-based violence and its implications for its profitability.}, urldate = {2024-02-22}, institution = {IT for Change}, author = {IT for Change}, year = {2023}, keywords = {Global South, /unread, First Draft Report Cited, Qual}, file = {Feminist Perspectives on Social Media Governance | IT for Change:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/WIRAYMXI/feminist-perspectives-on-social-media-governance-0.html:text/html;IT for Change - 2023 - Feminist Perspectives on Social Media Governance .pdf:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/ZJ2FF3F2/IT for Change - 2023 - Feminist Perspectives on Social Media Governance .pdf:application/pdf}, } @techreport{itforchangeITChangesSubmission2023, title = {{IT} for {Change}’s {Submission} to the {Forum} on {Information} and {Democracy}'s {Working} {Group} on {AI} and its {Implications} for the {Information} \& {Communication} {Space}}, url = {https://itforchange.net/it-for-change%E2%80%99s-submission-to-fid-working-group-on-ai-and-its-implications-for-information}, urldate = {2024-02-23}, institution = {IT for Change Submission to the Forum on Information and Democracy's Working Group on AI and its Implications for the Information and Communication Space}, author = {IT for Change}, month = nov, year = {2023}, keywords = {Global South, /unread, Review, First Draft Report Cited}, file = {IT for Change - 2023 - IT for Change’s Submission to the FID Working Grou.pdf:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/YKHTK4YW/IT for Change - 2023 - IT for Change’s Submission to the FID Working Grou.pdf:application/pdf;IT for Change’s Submission to the FID Working Group on AI and its Implications for the Information & Communication Space | IT for Change:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/2H5TBNGN/it-for-change’s-submission-to-fid-working-group-on-ai-and-its-implications-for-information.html:text/html}, } @misc{ituStatisticsITU2024, title = {Statistics {ITU}}, url = {https://www.itu.int/en/ITU-D/Statistics/pages/stat/default.aspx}, language = {en-US}, urldate = {2024-05-08}, journal = {International Telecommunication Union}, author = {ITU}, month = feb, year = {2024}, keywords = {/unread, Global, First Draft Report Cited, Quant}, file = {Snapshot:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/4GE55PZ5/default.html:text/html}, } @article{jackobTendencyTrustIndividual2012, title = {The tendency to trust as individual predisposition – exploring the associations between interpersonal trust, trust in the media and trust in institutions}, volume = {37}, issn = {0341-2059, 1613-4087}, url = {https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.1515/commun-2012-0005/html}, doi = {10.1515/commun-2012-0005}, abstract = {Abstract Trust in the media has become an increasingly important issue in communication research. Traditional credibility research and modern media skepticism studies have bred a multiplicity of empirical findings illustrating the attitudes of the recipients toward the mass media, possible reasons for trust or skepticism, and possible consequences of media trust for the individual and society. However, the psychological causes of trust in the media have not attracted much attention in communication research. This is especially true for personality traits such as individual level of interpersonal trust, which, as a global attitude, might be considered as one possible reason for the development of further trust relationships. In this paper it is assumed that the individual level of generalized social trust is one possible reason for the development of trust in the media. It is assumed that people tending to generally trust their fellow humans also express high levels of trust in the media and in other institutions. Based on a representative telephonic survey of the German population, it was found that there are positive correlations between interpersonal trust, trust in the media, and trust in other institutions.}, language = {en}, number = {1}, urldate = {2024-04-02}, journal = {Communications}, author = {Jackob, Nikolaus}, month = mar, year = {2012}, keywords = {/unread, Review, First Draft Report Cited}, pages = {99--120}, file = {Available Version (via Google Scholar):/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/DCXT7UFW/Jackob - 2012 - The tendency to trust as individual predisposition.pdf:application/pdf}, } @misc{jainWeWroteElection2023, title = {We wrote to the {Election} {Commissioner} of {India} on the use of {Facial} {Recognition} {Technology} for voter verification in {Karnataka}}, url = {https://internetfreedom.in/we-wrote-to-the-election-commissioner-of-india-on-the-use-of-facial-recognition-technology-for-voter-verification/}, abstract = {We asked them to immediately cease the use in light of the potential harms it may cause.}, language = {en}, urldate = {2024-02-23}, journal = {Internet Freedom Foundation}, author = {Jain, Anushka}, month = may, year = {2023}, keywords = {Regulation, Global South, /unread, First Draft Report Cited}, } @article{jamiesonRelationMediaConsumption2020, title = {The {Relation} between {Media} {Consumption} and {Misinformation} at the {Outset} of the {SARS}-{CoV}-2 {Pandemic} in the {US}}, volume = {1}, url = {http://nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:HUL.InstRepos:42661740}, number = {2}, journal = {The Harvard Kennedy School (HKS) Misinformation Review}, author = {Jamieson, Kathleen H. and Albarracin, Dolores}, year = {2020}, keywords = {/unread, First Draft Report Cited, Global North, Quant}, pages = {1--23}, file = {Jamieson and Albarracin - 2020 - The Relation between Media Consumption and Misinfo.pdf:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/WX9ZU3JG/Jamieson and Albarracin - 2020 - The Relation between Media Consumption and Misinfo.pdf:application/pdf}, } @incollection{jasanoffFutureImperfectScience2015, address = {Chicago, IL}, title = {Future {Imperfect}: {Science}, {Technology}, and the {Imaginations} of {Modernity}}, isbn = {978-0-226-27666-3}, url = {https://www.universitypressscholarship.com/view/10.7208/chicago/9780226276663.001.0001/upso-9780226276496-chapter-1}, abstract = {This chapter introduces the concept of sociotechnical imaginaries, showing how it fills a gap between theoretical work on the nature and origin of collective social imaginations and empirical work on the politics of science and technology. Emphasizing the role of both practices and performance in constituting imaginaries, the chapter distinguishes sociotechnical imaginaries from other related analytic concepts, such as frames, and addresses problems such as the relationship between individual and collective imaginations, the relative significance of state and non-state actors, the durability of imaginaries, and the potential for resistance to dominant imaginaries.}, language = {en\_US}, urldate = {2020-08-22}, booktitle = {Dreamscapes of {Modernity}: {Sociotechnical} {Imaginaries} and the {Fabrication} of {Power}}, publisher = {University of Chicago Press}, author = {Jasanoff, Sheila}, editor = {Jasanoff, Sheila and Kim, Sang-Hyun}, year = {2015}, keywords = {/unread, Review, First Draft Report Cited}, pages = {1--34}, } @article{jaunauxZeroRatingEndusers2019, title = {Zero rating and end-users’ freedom of choice: an economic analysis}, volume = {21}, issn = {2398-5038}, shorttitle = {Zero rating and end-users’ freedom of choice}, url = {https://www.emerald.com/insight/content/doi/10.1108/DPRG-06-2018-0030/full/html}, doi = {10.1108/DPRG-06-2018-0030}, abstract = {Purpose According to European Union Open Internet Regulation, commercial practices of internet access service providers (IASP) should not restrict end-users’ choice regarding services, applications or contents. This paper aims to analyze the effects of Zero Rating (ZR) on freedom of choice translating this regulatory criterion into a formal expression: providing a ZR offer on a content or application provider (CAP) restricts end-users’ choice if it reduces the volume or provision of others usages. Design/methodology/approach The analysis is made in two steps. First, the authors assess the direct effect of introducing zero rating on non-ZR usages, all other things equal. Second, the paper studies the knock-on effect of ZR on IASP offers and the supply of CAP. Findings In the short term, zero rating does not restrict end-users’ choice increasing both ZR and non-ZR usages. In the long term, in the case of pure ZR, IASPs may adapt their offer to support ZR costs impacting negatively other usages. However, in practice, these effects are compensated or diluted by competitive forces or if the ZR traffic is small relatively to the data allowance. In the case of SD, the CAP covers the cost which prevents cross-subsidies and protects freedom of choice if SD is open to all CAPs. Originality/value The economic literature on zero rating is scarce and assesses this practice from the general economic criterion of social or consumer welfare. This paper is the first one to use economic analysis to analyze whether Zero Rating is compatible with the EU regulatory criterion of freedom of choice.}, language = {en}, number = {2}, urldate = {2024-02-08}, journal = {Digital Policy, Regulation and Governance}, author = {Jaunaux, Laure and Lebourges, Marc}, month = mar, year = {2019}, keywords = {/unread, First Draft Report Cited, Global North, Quant}, pages = {115--128}, file = {Jaunaux and Lebourges - 2019 - Zero rating and end-users’ freedom of choice an e.pdf:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/8QV6P8L2/Jaunaux and Lebourges - 2019 - Zero rating and end-users’ freedom of choice an e.pdf:application/pdf}, } @article{jeongMediaLiteracyInterventions2012, title = {Media {Literacy} {Interventions}: {A} {Meta}-{Analytic} {Review}}, volume = {62}, issn = {0021-9916}, shorttitle = {Media {Literacy} {Interventions}}, url = {https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-2466.2012.01643.x}, doi = {10.1111/j.1460-2466.2012.01643.x}, abstract = {Although numerous media literacy interventions have been developed and delivered over the past 3 decades, a comprehensive meta-analytic assessment of their effects has not been available. This study investigates the average effect size and moderators of 51 media literacy interventions. Media literacy interventions had positive effects (d = .37) on outcomes including media knowledge, criticism, perceived realism, influence, behavioral beliefs, attitudes, self-efficacy, and behavior. Moderator analyses indicated that interventions with more sessions were more effective, but those with more components were less effective. Intervention effects did not vary by the agent, target age, the setting, audience involvement, the topic, the country, or publication status.}, number = {3}, urldate = {2022-12-11}, journal = {Journal of Communication}, author = {Jeong, Se-Hoon and Cho, Hyunyi and Hwang, Yoori}, month = jun, year = {2012}, keywords = {Systematic literature review, /unread, First Draft Report Cited}, pages = {454--472}, file = {Jeong et al. - 2012 - Media Literacy Interventions A Meta-Analytic Revi.pdf:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/RK6HXKP9/Jeong et al. - 2012 - Media Literacy Interventions A Meta-Analytic Revi.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/P7CAIPBR/4085797.html:text/html}, } @article{jeppesenUnderstandingAlternativeMedia2016, title = {Understanding {Alternative} {Media} {Power}: {Mapping} {Content} \& {Practice} to {Theory}, {Ideology}, and {Political} {Action}}, volume = {27}, shorttitle = {Understanding {Alternative} {Media} {Power}}, url = {https://journals.flvc.org/demcom/article/view/88322}, abstract = {Alternative media is a term that signifies a range of media forms and practices,from radical critical media to independent media, and from grassrootsautonomous media to community, citizen and participatory media. This papercritically analyzes the political content and organizational practices ofdifferent alternative media types to reveal the ideologies and conceptions ofpower embedded in specific conceptions of alternative media. Consideringseveral competing conceptions of alternative media theory, including subculturestudies (Hebdige 1979), community media for social change (Rodríguez2011), critical communication studies (Fuchs 2010), and radical media(Downing 2001), four distinct categories emerge: DIY media influenced byindividualist ideologies and subcultural belonging; citizen media theorizedby third-world Marxism and engaged in local community organizing; criticalmedia influenced by the Frankfurt School of critical theory and focusedon global anti-capitalist content; and autonomous media influenced by socialanarchism and rooted in global anti-authoritarian social movements. Thissynthesized taxonomy provides an important mapping of key similarities anddifferences among the diverse political projects, theories, practices and ideologies of alternative media, allowing for a more comprehensive and nuanced understanding of the limitations and political challenges to media power afforded by specific types of alternative media.}, language = {en-US}, number = {1}, urldate = {2020-09-18}, journal = {Democratic Communique}, author = {Jeppesen, Sandra}, year = {2016}, keywords = {/unread, Review, First Draft Report Cited}, pages = {54--77}, file = {Jeppesen - 2016 - Understanding Alternative Media Power Mapping Con.pdf:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/YLWBWCQ4/Jeppesen - 2016 - Understanding Alternative Media Power Mapping Con.pdf:application/pdf}, } @article{jhaverUsersWantPlatform2023, title = {Do users want platform moderation or individual control? {Examining} the role of third-person effects and free speech support in shaping moderation preferences}, volume = {Online First}, issn = {1461-4448}, shorttitle = {Do users want platform moderation or individual control?}, url = {https://doi.org/10.1177/14614448231217993}, doi = {10.1177/14614448231217993}, abstract = {This study examines social media users’ preferences for the use of platform-wide moderation in comparison to user-controlled, personalized moderation tools to regulate three categories of norm-violating content—hate speech, sexually explicit content, and violent content. Via a nationally representative survey of 984 US adults, we explore the influence of third-person effects and support for freedom of expression on this choice. We find that perceived negative effects on others negatively predict while free speech support positively predicts a preference for having personal moderation settings over platform-directed moderation for regulating each speech category. Our findings show that platform governance initiatives need to account for both actual and perceived media effects of norm-violating speech categories to increase user satisfaction. Our analysis also suggests that users do not view personal moderation tools as an infringement on others’ free speech but as a means to assert greater agency over their social media feeds.}, language = {en}, urldate = {2023-12-29}, journal = {New Media \& Society}, author = {Jhaver, Shagun and Zhang, Amy X.}, month = dec, year = {2023}, note = {Publisher: SAGE Publications}, keywords = {/unread, First Draft Report Cited, Global North, USED, Quant, OID Mis/Disinfo}, pages = {1--21}, file = {Jhaver and Zhang - 2023 - Do users want platform moderation or individual co.pdf:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/GXUZGJJ3/Jhaver and Zhang - 2023 - Do users want platform moderation or individual co.pdf:application/pdf}, } @misc{jiangDisinformationDetectionEvolving2023, title = {Disinformation {Detection}: {An} {Evolving} {Challenge} in the {Age} of {LLMs}}, shorttitle = {Disinformation {Detection}}, url = {http://arxiv.org/abs/2309.15847}, doi = {10.48550/arXiv.2309.15847}, abstract = {The advent of generative Large Language Models (LLMs) such as ChatGPT has catalyzed transformative advancements across multiple domains. However, alongside these advancements, they have also introduced potential threats. One critical concern is the misuse of LLMs by disinformation spreaders, leveraging these models to generate highly persuasive yet misleading content that challenges the disinformation detection system. This work aims to address this issue by answering three research questions: (1) To what extent can the current disinformation detection technique reliably detect LLM-generated disinformation? (2) If traditional techniques prove less effective, can LLMs themself be exploited to serve as a robust defense against advanced disinformation? and, (3) Should both these strategies falter, what novel approaches can be proposed to counter this burgeoning threat effectively? A holistic exploration for the formation and detection of disinformation is conducted to foster this line of research.}, urldate = {2024-01-02}, publisher = {arXiv}, author = {Jiang, Bohan and Tan, Zhen and Nirmal, Ayushi and Liu, Huan}, month = sep, year = {2023}, note = {arXiv:2309.15847 [cs]}, keywords = {Computer Science - Computation and Language, Computer Science - Computers and Society, Computer Science - Artificial Intelligence, /unread, First Draft Report Cited, Quant}, file = {arXiv Fulltext PDF:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/IJXHZT8U/Jiang et al. - 2023 - Disinformation Detection An Evolving Challenge in.pdf:application/pdf;arXiv.org Snapshot:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/Z7XKHWRE/Jiang et al. - 2023 - Disinformation Detection An Evolving Challenge in.html:text/html}, } @techreport{jindalDataStewardshipNonPersonal2020, title = {Data {Stewardship} for {Non}-{Personal} {Data} in {India}: {A} {Position} {Paper} on {Data} {Trusts}}, url = {https://vidhilegalpolicy.in/research/data-stewardship-for-non-personal-data-in-india/}, institution = {Vidhi Centre for Legal Policy, Indraprastha Institute of Information Technology, Cyril Amarch and Mangaldas and Omidyar Network India}, author = {Jindal, Trishi and Nigam, Aniruddh}, year = {2020}, keywords = {Global South, /unread, First Draft Report Cited, Qual}, file = {201120_Data-Trusts_Position-Paper_Final-1.pdf:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/VD4S72HP/201120_Data-Trusts_Position-Paper_Final-1.pdf:application/pdf}, } @article{jonesWhyAmericansDont2004, title = {Why {Americans} {Don}’t {Trust} the {Media}: {A} {Preliminary} {Analysis}}, volume = {9}, issn = {1081-180X}, shorttitle = {Why {Americans} {Don}’t {Trust} the {Media}}, url = {http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/1081180X04263461}, doi = {10.1177/1081180X04263461}, abstract = {An alarming number of Americans no longer trust the media to report the news fairly—a serious problem in a democracy that depends so much on news organizations to inform its citizens. As a first step toward explaining this phenomenon, this study explores various factors that explain individual-level variation in media trust. One key factor appears to be trust in government, suggesting that the media’s lowly stature may stem more from general political malaise than from the many shortcomings of contemporary news coverage. Interestingly, trust in the media is particularly low among conservative Republicans, especially those who listen to political talk radio. For these Americans, perhaps the problem with the media rests on what they see as a liberal bias, not declining journalistic standards.}, language = {en}, number = {2}, urldate = {2023-01-19}, journal = {Harvard International Journal of Press/Politics}, author = {Jones, David A.}, month = apr, year = {2004}, keywords = {/unread, First Draft Report Cited, Global North, Quant}, pages = {60--75}, file = {Jones - 2004 - Why Americans Don’t Trust the Media A Preliminary.pdf:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/TEIK8X27/Jones - 2004 - Why Americans Don’t Trust the Media A Preliminary.pdf:application/pdf}, } @article{jones-jangDoesMediaLiteracy2021, title = {Does {Media} {Literacy} {Help} {Identification} of {Fake} {News}? {Information} {Literacy} {Helps}, but {Other} {Literacies} {Don}’t}, volume = {65}, issn = {0002-7642}, shorttitle = {Does {Media} {Literacy} {Help} {Identification} of {Fake} {News}?}, url = {https://doi.org/10.1177/0002764219869406}, doi = {10.1177/0002764219869406}, abstract = {Concerns over fake news have triggered a renewed interest in various forms of media literacy. Prevailing expectations posit that literacy interventions help audiences to be ?inoculated? against any harmful effects of misleading information. This study empirically investigates such assumptions by assessing whether individuals with greater literacy (media, information, news, and digital literacies) are better at recognizing fake news, and which of these literacies are most relevant. The results reveal that information literacy?but not other literacies?significantly increases the likelihood of identifying fake news stories. Interpreting the results, we provide both conceptual and methodological explanations. Particularly, we raise questions about the self-reported competencies that are commonly used in literacy scales.}, language = {en}, number = {2}, urldate = {2022-12-10}, journal = {American Behavioral Scientist}, author = {Jones-Jang, S. Mo and Mortensen, Tara and Liu, Jingjing}, month = feb, year = {2021}, note = {Publisher: SAGE Publications Inc}, keywords = {/unread, First Draft Report Cited, Global North, Quant}, pages = {371--388}, file = {Jones-Jang et al. - 2021 - Does Media Literacy Help Identification of Fake Ne.pdf:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/HRKS6W83/Jones-Jang et al. - 2021 - Does Media Literacy Help Identification of Fake Ne.pdf:application/pdf}, } @article{jordanEvaluatingZeroRatingAssociated2017, title = {Evaluating {Zero}-{Rating} and {Associated} {Throttling} {Practices} {Under} the {Open} {Internet} {Order}}, volume = {7}, issn = {2381-5892, 2158-3897}, url = {https://scholarlypublishingcollective.org/information-policy/article/doi/10.5325/jinfopoli.7.2017.0450/314467/Evaluating-Zero-Rating-and-Associated-Throttling}, doi = {10.5325/jinfopoli.7.2017.0450}, abstract = {Abstract Zero-rating practices and associated throttling practices have been an issue of intense public policy debate. This article evaluates such practices under the Open Internet Order's transparency, no-throttling, and general conduct rules. The evaluation separately considers application-agnostic zero-rating, class-based zero-rating, edge provider-based zero-rating, and affiliated zero-rating. The article evaluates sponsored data programs (AT\&T Sponsored Data, Verizon FreeBee Data), zero-rating and throttling of video streaming (T-Mobile Binge On), free mobile Internet access to specific edge providers (T-Mobile Music Freedom), and zero-rated or unlimited access to affiliated content (AT\&T Data Free TV, Verizon go90, Comcast XFINITY Stream TV).}, language = {en}, urldate = {2024-02-08}, journal = {Journal of Information Policy}, author = {Jordan, Scott}, month = feb, year = {2017}, keywords = {/unread, Review, First Draft Report Cited, Global North}, pages = {450--507}, file = {Jordan - 2017 - Evaluating Zero-Rating and Associated Throttling P.pdf:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/UD86DZAA/Jordan - 2017 - Evaluating Zero-Rating and Associated Throttling P.pdf:application/pdf}, } @article{jorgensenWhatPlatformsMean2017, title = {What {Platforms} {Mean} {When} {They} {Talk} {About} {Human} {Rights}}, volume = {9}, issn = {1944-2866}, url = {https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/poi3.152}, doi = {10.1002/poi3.152}, abstract = {This article examines how staff working on two major Internet platforms—Google and Facebook—make sense of human rights such as freedom of expression and privacy. Based on interviews and online material, the article examines how the two rights are spoken of, how threats are perceived, and how the companies define their role in terms of protecting those rights. The article finds that both companies frame themselves as strongly committed to (and actively promoting) human rights. The framing, however, focuses primarily on potential human rights violations by governments, and pays less attention to areas where the companies’ own business practices may have a negative impact on their users’ rights and freedoms. While the platforms are spoken of using civic-minded metaphors connected to people's ability to exercise rights and thus to participate in public life, the companies actually retain the freedom to set and enforce their own rules of engagement.}, language = {en}, number = {3}, urldate = {2024-06-07}, journal = {Policy \& Internet}, author = {Jørgensen, Rikke Frank}, year = {2017}, note = {\_eprint: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1002/poi3.152}, keywords = {Google, Facebook, privacy, freedom of expression, /unread, Review, First Draft Report Cited, personal information economy}, pages = {280--296}, file = {Jørgensen - 2017 - What Platforms Mean When They Talk About Human Rig.pdf:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/RIUKAV39/Jørgensen - 2017 - What Platforms Mean When They Talk About Human Rig.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/RE4DA7LZ/poi3.html:text/html}, } @article{jorisAppreciatingNewsAlgorithms2021, title = {Appreciating {News} {Algorithms}: {Examining} {Audiences}’ {Perceptions} to {Different} {News} {Selection} {Mechanisms}}, volume = {9}, issn = {2167-0811}, shorttitle = {Appreciating {News} {Algorithms}}, url = {https://doi.org/10.1080/21670811.2021.1912626}, doi = {10.1080/21670811.2021.1912626}, abstract = {As news selection is increasingly controlled by algorithms, a growing number of scholars are exploring how news recommenders can serve public services. Despite aspirations towards public service algorithms, little is known about which type of news recommender people prefer, let alone about a news recommender that aims to promote societal values. This study aims to give insights into audiences’ perceptions to news recommenders and their underlying news selection mechanisms. To do so, we distinguish between three news selection mechanisms, namely between content-based similarity, collaborative similarity and content-based diversity. The first two strive for similarity, respectively between news content and news users, while the third one aims for diversity in the news content consumed. Results of a large-scale survey (n = 943) show that people prefer content-based similarity over collaborative similarity and content-based diversity. Audience characteristics, such as news information overload and concerns towards missing challenging viewpoints, explain how audiences evaluate the different news selection mechanisms. We discuss how these results align with concerns about selectivity and how news algorithms can be used to tackle these concerns. We therefore introduce the concept ‘personalized diversity’ and promote the idea of news recommenders as an individual filter for the growing abundance of online information.}, number = {5}, urldate = {2023-12-25}, journal = {Digital Journalism}, author = {Joris, Glen and Grove, Frederik De and Van Damme, Kristin and De Marez, Lieven}, month = may, year = {2021}, note = {Publisher: Routledge \_eprint: https://doi.org/10.1080/21670811.2021.1912626}, keywords = {/unread, First Draft Report Cited, Global North, USED, Quant, OID Mis/Disinfo, public service algorithms, Algorithmic appreciation, algorithmic perceptions, collaborative similarity, content-based diversity, content-based similarity, news recommenders, news selection}, pages = {589--618}, file = {Joris et al. - 2021 - Appreciating News Algorithms Examining Audiences’.pdf:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/9V7P3DJ5/Joris et al. - 2021 - Appreciating News Algorithms Examining Audiences’.pdf:application/pdf}, } @article{jungherrArtificialIntelligencePublic2023, title = {Artificial intelligence and the public arena}, volume = {33}, url = {https://academic.oup.com/ct/article/33/2-3/164/7202294}, number = {2-3}, urldate = {2024-04-15}, journal = {Communication Theory}, author = {Jungherr, Andreas and Schroeder, Ralph}, year = {2023}, keywords = {/unread, Review, First Draft Report Cited}, pages = {164--173}, file = {Jungherr - 2023 - Artificial intelligence and the public arena.pdf:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/DH4BWL7V/Jungherr - 2023 - Artificial intelligence and the public arena.pdf:application/pdf}, } @article{justWhichBeMaster2022, title = {Which is to {Be} {Master}? {Competition} {Law} or {Regulation} in {Platform} {Markets}}, volume = {16}, url = {https://ijoc.org/index.php/ijoc/article/view/13095/3657}, number = {2022}, journal = {International Journal of Communication}, author = {Just, Natascha}, year = {2022}, keywords = {Regulation, Law, /unread, First Draft Report Cited, Global North}, pages = {504--524}, file = {Just - 2022 - Which is to Be Master Competition Law or Regulati.pdf:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/NWBEKS9V/Just - 2022 - Which is to Be Master Competition Law or Regulati.pdf:application/pdf}, } @book{kahnemanNoiseFlawHuman2021, title = {Noise: {A} {Flaw} in {Human} {Judgment}}, url = {https://www.amazon.co.uk/Noise-Daniel-Kahneman/dp/0008308993}, publisher = {William Collins}, author = {Kahneman, Daniel and Sibony, Olivier and Sunstein, Cass R}, year = {2021}, keywords = {/unread, First Draft Report Cited, Global North, Quant}, } @article{kampJointStatementInformal2023, title = {Joint {Statement} of the informal {OSCE} {Group} of {Friends} on {Safety} of {Journalists}}, url = {https://osce.usmission.gov/joint-statement-of-the-informal-osce-group-of-friends-on-safety-of-journalists/}, abstract = {The internal repression and clampdown on media freedom in Russia and Belarus is an attempt to silence all independent voices and impartial reporting.}, language = {en-US}, urldate = {2024-04-13}, journal = {U.S. Mission to the OSCE reporting Ambassador, Netherlands to OSCE statement}, author = {Kamp, Christophe}, month = may, year = {2023}, keywords = {/unread, Review, First Draft Report Cited, Global North}, file = {Snapshot:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/H2AWD55Y/joint-statement-of-the-informal-osce-group-of-friends-on-safety-of-journalists.html:text/html}, } @techreport{kantarmediaBrandTrustFragmented2016, title = {Brand and trust in a fragmented news environment}, url = {https://reutersinstitute.politics.ox.ac.uk/our-research/brand-and-trust-fragmented-news-environment}, language = {en}, urldate = {2024-04-04}, institution = {Prepared by Kantar Media for Reuters Institute for the Study of Journalism}, author = {Kantar Media}, year = {2016}, keywords = {/unread, First Draft Report Cited, Global North, Qual}, file = {Kantar Media - 2016 - Brand and trust in a fragmented news environment.pdf:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/PHUMG275/Kantar Media - 2016 - Brand and trust in a fragmented news environment.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/ILD3ZKQS/brand-and-trust-fragmented-news-environment.html:text/html}, } @article{kapantaiSystematicLiteratureReview2021, title = {A systematic literature review on disinformation: {Toward} a unified taxonomical framework}, volume = {23}, issn = {1461-4448}, shorttitle = {A systematic literature review on disinformation}, url = {https://doi.org/10.1177/1461444820959296}, doi = {10.1177/1461444820959296}, abstract = {The scale, volume, and distribution speed of disinformation raise concerns in governments, businesses, and citizens. To respond effectively to this problem, we first need to disambiguate, understand, and clearly define the phenomenon. Our online information landscape is characterized by a variety of different types of false information. There is no commonly agreed typology framework, specific categorization criteria, and explicit definitions as a basis to assist the further investigation of the area. Our work is focused on filling this need. Our contribution is twofold. First, we collect the various implicit and explicit disinformation typologies proposed by scholars. We consolidate the findings following certain design principles to articulate an all-inclusive disinformation typology. Second, we propose three independent dimensions with controlled values per dimension as categorization criteria for all types of disinformation. The taxonomy can promote and support further multidisciplinary research to analyze the special characteristics of the identified disinformation types.}, language = {en}, number = {5}, urldate = {2023-11-29}, journal = {New Media \& Society}, author = {Kapantai, Eleni and Christopoulou, Androniki and Berberidis, Christos and Peristeras, Vassilios}, month = may, year = {2021}, note = {Publisher: SAGE Publications}, keywords = {Systematic literature review, /unread, First Draft Report Cited, USED, OID Mis/Disinfo}, pages = {1301--1326}, file = {Kapantai et al. - 2021 - A systematic literature review on disinformation .pdf:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/S7YI8IYV/Kapantai et al. - 2021 - A systematic literature review on disinformation .pdf:application/pdf}, } @techreport{kapoorHowPrepareDeluge2023, title = {How to {Prepare} for the {Deluge} of {Generative} {AI} on {Social} {Media}: {A} {Grounded} {Analysis} of the {Challenges} and {Opportunities}}, url = {http://knightcolumbia.org/content/how-to-prepare-for-the-deluge-of-generative-ai-on-social-media}, language = {en}, urldate = {2023-11-29}, institution = {Knight First Amendment Institute, Columbia University}, author = {Kapoor, Sayash and Narayanan, Arvind}, month = jun, year = {2023}, keywords = {/unread, Review, First Draft Report Cited}, file = {Kapoor and Narayanan - 2023 - How to Prepare for the Deluge of Generative AI on .pdf:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/L7EAUCAK/Kapoor and Narayanan - 2023 - How to Prepare for the Deluge of Generative AI on .pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/8YQZPBNC/how-to-prepare-for-the-deluge-of-generative-ai-on-social-media.html:text/html}, } @article{karlsenHighChoiceMediaEnvironments2020, title = {Do {High}-{Choice} {Media} {Environments} {Facilitate} {News} {Avoidance} {A} {Longitudinal} {Study} 1997 2016}, volume = {64}, url = {https://www-tandfonline-com.gate3.library.lse.ac.uk/doi/full/10.1080/08838151.2020.1835428}, number = {5}, journal = {Journal of Broadcasting \& Electronic Media}, author = {Karlsen, Rune and Beyer, Audun and Steen-Johnsen, Kari}, year = {2020}, keywords = {/unread, First Draft Report Cited, Global North, Quant}, pages = {794--814}, file = {Do High-Choice Media Environments Facilitate News Avoidance A Longitudinal Study 1997 2016.pdf:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/M5MKTKAG/Do High-Choice Media Environments Facilitate News Avoidance A Longitudinal Study 1997 2016.pdf:application/pdf}, } @incollection{karpfHowDigitalDisinformation2020, address = {Cambridge}, series = {{SSRC} {Anxieties} of {Democracy}}, title = {How {Digital} {Disinformation} {Turned} {Dangerous}}, isbn = {978-1-108-84305-8}, url = {https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/disinformation-age/how-digital-disinformation-turned-dangerous/0B7D5DB5401D9694627F09F94ECE4A5C}, abstract = {Karpf explores how online conspiracy theories, disinformation, and propaganda havechanged over the 25-year history of the World Wide Web. Drawing a historical comparisonbetween digital disinformation in the 1996 and the 2016 presidentialelections, the chapter explores how the mechanisms of online diffusion, the politicaleconomy of journalism and propaganda, and the slow, steady erosion of load-bearingnorms among political elites have combined to create a much more dangerous contexttoday than in decades' past. The chapter concludes with a discussion of how technologyplatforms, political elites, and journalistic organizations might respond to the current stateof online disinformation.}, urldate = {2023-12-08}, booktitle = {The {Disinformation} {Age}}, publisher = {Cambridge University Press}, author = {Karpf, Dave}, editor = {Livingston, Steven and Bennett, W. Lance}, year = {2020}, doi = {10.1017/9781108914628.006}, keywords = {social media, /unread, Review, First Draft Report Cited, Global North, digital disinformation, internet history, online conspiracy theories, political economy of the Internet, Web 1.0}, pages = {153--168}, file = {Karpf - 2020 - How Digital Disinformation Turned Dangerous.pdf:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/9C8CXRWB/Karpf - 2020 - How Digital Disinformation Turned Dangerous.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/CEY2GL9Z/0B7D5DB5401D9694627F09F94ECE4A5C.html:text/html}, } @article{kaskaziEngagementMarginsInvestigating2023, title = {Engagement at the margins: {Investigating} how marginalized teens use digital media for political participation}, volume = {25}, issn = {1461-4448}, shorttitle = {Engagement at the margins}, url = {https://doi.org/10.1177/14614448211009460}, doi = {10.1177/14614448211009460}, abstract = {This study investigates the information and participatory political practices of marginalized youth via four focus groups with 23 teens (aged 13–17 years) from two geographically distinct regions of the United States to address this limited understanding. The findings indicate that teens encounter political information and news from members of their social networks via digital media more than legacy media outlets, because it enables them to assert agency over social and political issues to which they feel connected. Furthermore, teens identify a tension between viewing adults, specifically teachers and politicians, as authoritative yet untrustworthy information sources, which can lead to their use of digital media to verify or challenge what adults are telling them. Finally, teens must navigate the sociotechnical challenges of digital media, including exposure to unwanted information and the potential social backlash of posting content that could be considered by others to represent slacktivism.}, language = {en}, number = {1}, urldate = {2023-12-22}, journal = {New Media \& Society}, author = {Kaskazi, Amana and Kitzie, Vanessa}, month = jan, year = {2023}, note = {Publisher: SAGE Publications}, keywords = {/unread, First Draft Report Cited, Global North, Qual, USED, OID Mis/Disinfo}, pages = {72--94}, file = {Kaskazi and Kitzie - 2023 - Engagement at the margins Investigating how margi.pdf:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/YH698CHG/Kaskazi and Kitzie - 2023 - Engagement at the margins Investigating how margi.pdf:application/pdf}, } @article{katsireaFakeNewsReconsidering2018, title = {“{Fake} news”: reconsidering the value of untruthful expression in the face of regulatory uncertainty}, volume = {10}, issn = {1757-7632}, shorttitle = {“{Fake} news”}, url = {https://doi.org/10.1080/17577632.2019.1573569}, doi = {10.1080/17577632.2019.1573569}, abstract = {"The questions raised are not covered by the RAP questions, but are relevant to RAP 4 Q. 6 and Q.10: In how far is untruthful expression protected by international human rights norms? To what extent are regulatory interventions to curb untruthful expression legitimate from a human rights perspective?" This article (citation 1) discusses the protection of mis-and disinformation under international human rights norms (ECHR, Germany, UK and US). It is relevant because action to curb these forms of expression needs to be take the risks for freedom of expression into account. It needs to be based on an empirically grounded understanding of the potential harmful effects of mis- and dis information, and be an effective means to mitigate them. The response also has to be proportionate so as not to unduly stifle freedom of expression. This is particularly important in view of the many guises of mis- and dis- information; the oversimplistic binary between truth and untruth, especially in the area of politics; and the risk of potential weaponization of these terms against legitimate forms of expression. Against the backdrop of the regulatory furore over ‘fake news’, this article examines the protection that is afforded to untruthful expression by the European Court of Human Rights and by national courts in Germany, the UK and the US. It argues that the suppression of ‘fake news’ in the face of uncertainty over the contours of this highly politicised term and of the evidentiary vacuum as to the harm posed, may run counter to constitutional guarantees of free speech. Regulatory interventions seeking to curb the flow of ‘fake news’, which is not per se illegal, require careful consideration lest they should empower governments or unaccountable technology corporations without editorial culture to become the arbiters of truth.}, number = {2}, urldate = {2023-12-26}, journal = {Journal of Media Law}, author = {Katsirea, Irini}, month = jul, year = {2018}, note = {EXTERNAL CONTRIBUTOR}, keywords = {Fake news, Germany, United States, freedom of expression, United Kingdom, /unread, Review, First Draft Report Cited, Global North, USED, OID Mis/Disinfo, OID EXTERNAL CONTRIBUTOR}, pages = {159--188}, file = {Katsirea - 2018 - “Fake news” reconsidering the value of untruthful.pdf:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/PEAC4RR4/Katsirea - 2018 - “Fake news” reconsidering the value of untruthful.pdf:application/pdf}, } @book{katzPersonalInfluencePart1955, address = {New York, NY}, title = {Personal {Influence}: {The} {Part} {Played} by {People} in the {Flow} of {Mass} {Communications}}, shorttitle = {Personal {Influence}}, language = {en}, publisher = {Free Press}, author = {Katz, Elihu and Lazarsfeld, Paul}, year = {1955}, note = {Google-Books-ID: s8yWoAEACAAJ}, keywords = {/unread, Review, First Draft Report Cited}, } @article{katzenbachAIWillFix2021, title = {“{AI} will fix this” – {The} {Technical}, {Discursive}, and {Political} {Turn} to {AI} in {Governing} {Communication}}, volume = {8}, issn = {2053-9517}, url = {https://doi.org/10.1177/20539517211046182}, doi = {10.1177/20539517211046182}, abstract = {Technologies of “artificial intelligence” (AI) and machine learning (ML) are increasingly presented as solutions to key problems of our societies. Companies are developing, investing in, and deploying machine learning applications at scale in order to filter and organize content, mediate transactions, and make sense of massive sets of data. At the same time, social and legal expectations are ambiguous, and the technical challenges are substantial. This is the introductory article to a special theme that addresses this turn to AI as a technical, discursive and political phenomena. The opening article contextualizes this theme by unfolding this multi-layered nature of the turn to AI. It argues that, whereas public and economic discourses position the widespread deployment of AI and automation in the governance of digital communication as a technical turn with a narrative of revolutionary breakthrough-moments and of technological progress, this development is at least similarly dependent on a parallel discursive and political turn to AI. The article positions the current turn to AI in the longstanding motif of the “technological fix” in the relationship between technology and society, and identifies a discursive turn to responsibility in platform governance as a key driver for AI and automation. In addition, a political turn to more demanding liability rules for platforms further incentivizes platforms to automatically screen their content for possibly infringing or violating content, and position AI as a solution to complex social problems.}, language = {en}, number = {2}, urldate = {2024-01-03}, journal = {Big Data \& Society}, author = {Katzenbach, Christian}, month = jul, year = {2021}, keywords = {/unread, Review, First Draft Report Cited, Global North}, pages = {1--8}, file = {SAGE PDF Full Text:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/9ZXTSUIJ/Katzenbach - 2021 - “AI will fix this” – The Technical, Discursive, an.pdf:application/pdf}, } @techreport{kayeReportSpecialRapporteur2015, title = {Report of the {Special} {Rapporteur} on the promotion and protection of the right to freedom of opinion and expression, {David} {Kaye}}, url = {https://www.ohchr.org/en/special-procedures/sr-freedom-of-opinion-and-expression}, language = {en}, urldate = {2024-01-27}, institution = {UN Human Rights Council}, author = {Kaye, David}, month = may, year = {2015}, keywords = {Law, /unread, Global, First Draft Report Cited}, file = {Kaye - 2015 - Report of the Special Rapporteur on the promotion .pdf:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/WTNINJK8/Kaye - 2015 - Report of the Special Rapporteur on the promotion .pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/RXM94ASI/sr-freedom-of-opinion-and-expression.html:text/html}, } @techreport{kayeMandateSpecialRapporteur2018, title = {Mandate of the {Special} {Rapporteur} on the {Promotion} and {Protection} of the {Right} to {Freedom} of {Opinion} and {Expression}: {Letter} by {David} {Kay}}, url = {https://www.ohchr.org/sites/default/files/Documents/Issues/Opinion/Legislation/OL-ITA-1-2018.pdf}, institution = {OHCR Letter OL-ITA-1-2018}, author = {Kaye, David}, month = mar, year = {2018}, keywords = {Law, /unread, First Draft Report Cited, Global North}, file = {Kaye - 2018 - Mandate of the Special Rapporteur on the Promotion.pdf:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/D23FHG37/Kaye - 2018 - Mandate of the Special Rapporteur on the Promotion.pdf:application/pdf}, } @article{kellerSocialBotsElection2019, title = {Social {Bots} in {Election} {Campaigns}: {Theoretical}, {Empirical}, and {Methodological} {Implications}}, volume = {36}, issn = {1058-4609, 1091-7675}, shorttitle = {Social {Bots} in {Election} {Campaigns}}, url = {https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/10584609.2018.1526238}, doi = {10.1080/10584609.2018.1526238}, language = {en}, number = {1}, urldate = {2024-04-15}, journal = {Political Communication}, author = {Keller, Tobias R. and Klinger, Ulrike}, month = jan, year = {2019}, keywords = {/unread, First Draft Report Cited, Global North, Quant}, pages = {171--189}, file = {Full Text PDF:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/82PQRZUM/Keller and Klinger - 2019 - Social Bots in Election Campaigns Theoretical, Em.pdf:application/pdf}, } @article{kennedyRepeatSpreadersElection2022, title = {Repeat {Spreaders} and {Election} {Delegitimization}: {A} {Comprehensive} {Dataset} of {Misinformation} {Tweets} from the 2020 {U}.{S}. {Election}}, volume = {2}, shorttitle = {Repeat {Spreaders} and {Election} {Delegitimization}}, url = {https://par.nsf.gov/biblio/10356222-repeat-spreaders-election-delegitimization-comprehensive-dataset-misinformation-tweets-from-election}, doi = {10.51685/jqd.2022.013}, abstract = {This paper introduces and presents a first analysis of a uniquely curated dataset of misinformation, disinformation, and rumors spreading on Twitter about the 2020 U.S. election. Previous research on misinformation—an umbrella term for false and misleading content—has largely focused either on broad categories, using a finite set of keywords to cover a complex topic, or on a few, focused case studies, with increased precision but limited scope. Our approach, by comparison, leverages real-time reports collected from September through November 2020 to develop a comprehensive dataset of tweets connected to 456 distinct misinformation stories from the 2020 U.S. election (our ElectionMisinfo2020 dataset), 307 of which sowed doubt in the legitimacy of the election. By relying on real-time incidents and streaming data, we generate a curated dataset that not only provides more granularity than a large collection based on a finite number of search terms, but also an improved opportunity for generalization compared to a small set of case studies. Though the emphasis is on misleading content, not all of the tweets linked to a misinformation story are false: some are questions, opinions, corrections, or factual content that nonetheless contributes to misperceptions. Along with a detailed description of the data, this paper provides an analysis of a critical subset of election-delegitimizing misinformation in terms of size, content, temporal diffusion, and partisanship. We label key ideological clusters of accounts within interaction networks, describe common misinformation narratives, and identify those accounts which repeatedly spread misinformation. We document the asymmetry of misinformation spread: accounts associated with support for President Biden shared stories in ElectionMisinfo2020 far less than accounts supporting his opponent. That asymmetry remained among the accounts who were repeatedly influential in the spread of misleading content that sowed doubt in the election: all but two of the top 100 ‘repeat spreader’ accounts were supporters of then-President Trump. These findings support the implementation and enforcement of ‘strike rules’ on social media platforms, directly addressing the outsized role of repeat spreaders.}, language = {en}, number = {2022}, urldate = {2024-01-02}, journal = {Journal of Quantitative Description: Digital Media}, author = {Kennedy, Ian and Wack, Morgan and Beers, Andrew and Schafer, Joseph S. and Garcia-Camargo, Isabella and Spiro, Emma S. and Starbird, Kate}, month = jan, year = {2022}, keywords = {/unread, First Draft Report Cited, Global North, Mixed}, pages = {1--49}, file = {Full Text PDF:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/B3A79BAE/Kennedy et al. - 2022 - Repeat Spreaders and Election Delegitimization A .pdf:application/pdf}, } @techreport{kerberHorizontalSectoralData2020, title = {From ({Horizontal} and {Sectoral}) {Data} {Access} {Solutions} towards {Data} {Governance} {Systems}}, url = {https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3681263}, abstract = {Starting with the assumption that under certain conditions also mandatory solutions for access to privately held data can be necessary, this paper analyses the legal and regulatory instruments for the implementation of such data access solutions. After an analysis of advantages and problems of horizontal versus sectoral access solutions, the main thesis of this paper is that focusing only on data access solutions is often not enough for achieving the desired positive effects on competition and innovation. An analysis of the two examples access to bank account data (PSD2: Second Payment Service Directive) and access to data of the connected car shows that successful data access solutions might require an entire package of additional complementary regulatory solutions (e.g. regarding interoperability, standardisation, and safety and security), and therefore the analysis and regulatory design of entire data governance systems (based upon an economic market failure analysis). In the last part important instruments that can be used within data governance systems are discussed, like, e.g. data trustee solutions.}, language = {en}, institution = {Joint Discussion Paper No. 40-2020 Series in Economics by Universities of Aachen, Gießen, Göttingen Kassel, Marburg, Siegen}, author = {Kerber, Wolfgang}, year = {2020}, keywords = {/unread, Review, First Draft Report Cited}, file = {Joint Discussion Paper.pdf:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/WAJ8D89V/Joint Discussion Paper.pdf:application/pdf}, } @article{keremogluHowDictatorsControl2020, title = {How {Dictators} {Control} the {Internet}: {A} {Review} {Essay}}, volume = {53}, issn = {0010-4140}, shorttitle = {How {Dictators} {Control} the {Internet}}, url = {https://doi.org/10.1177/0010414020912278}, doi = {10.1177/0010414020912278}, abstract = {A growing body of research has studied how autocratic regimes interfere with internet communication to contain challenges to their rule. In this review article, we survey the literature and identify the most important directions and challenges for future research. We structure our review along different network layers, each of which provides particular ways of governmental influence and control. While current research has made much progress in understanding individual digital tactics, we argue that there is still a need for theoretical development and empirical progress. First, we need a more comprehensive understanding of how particular tactics fit into an overall digital strategy, but also how they interact with traditional, “offline” means of autocratic politics, such as cooptation or repression. Second, we discuss a number of challenges that empirical research needs to address, such as the effectiveness of digital tactics, the problem of attribution, and the tool dependence of existing research.}, language = {en}, number = {10-11}, urldate = {2024-04-20}, journal = {Comparative Political Studies}, author = {Keremoğlu, Eda and Weidmann, Nils B.}, month = sep, year = {2020}, note = {Publisher: SAGE Publications Inc}, keywords = {Systematic literature review, Global South, /unread, First Draft Report Cited}, pages = {1690--1703}, file = {SAGE PDF Full Text:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/ABMZBJ5T/Keremoğlu and Weidmann - 2020 - How Dictators Control the Internet A Review Essay.pdf:application/pdf}, } @article{kertysovaArtificialIntelligenceDisinformation2018, title = {Artificial {Intelligence} and {Disinformation}: {How} {AI} {Changes} the {Way} {Disinformation} is {Produced}, {Disseminated}, and {Can} {Be} {Countered}}, volume = {29}, issn = {1875-0230, 1874-7337}, shorttitle = {Artificial {Intelligence} and {Disinformation}}, url = {https://brill.com/view/journals/shrs/29/1-4/article-p55_55.xml}, doi = {10.1163/18750230-02901005}, abstract = {This article explores the challenges and opportunities presented by advances in artificial intelligence (AI) in the context of information operations. The article first examines the ways in which AI can be used to counter disinformation online. It then dives into some of the limitations of AI solutions and threats associated with AI techniques, namely user profiling, micro-targeting, and deep fakes. Finally, the paper reviews a number of solutions that could help address the spread of AI-powered disinformation and improve the online environment. The article recognises that in the fight against disinformation, there is no single fix. The next wave of disinformation calls first and foremost for societal resilience.}, language = {eng}, number = {1-4}, urldate = {2023-12-12}, journal = {Security and Human Rights}, author = {Kertysova, Katarina}, month = dec, year = {2018}, note = {Publisher: Brill Nijhoff}, keywords = {social media, disinformation, algorithms, artificial intelligence, /unread, Review, First Draft Report Cited, automated fact-checking, deep fakes, micro-targeting, profiling}, pages = {55--81}, file = {Full Text PDF:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/4HHA5MIR/Kertysova - 2018 - Artificial Intelligence and Disinformation How AI.pdf:application/pdf}, } @book{kettemannNormativeOrderInternet2022, address = {Oxford}, edition = {1}, title = {The {Normative} {Order} of the {Internet}. {A} {Theory} of {Rule} and {Regulation} {Online}}, url = {https://global.oup.com/academic/product/the-normative-order-of-the-internet-9780198865995?q=Kettemann&lang=en&cc=gb#}, publisher = {Oxford University Press}, author = {Kettemann, Matthias}, year = {2022}, keywords = {/unread, Review, First Draft Report Cited}, } @book{kettemannHowPlatformsRespond2022, title = {How {Platforms} {Respond} to {Human} {Rights} {Conflicts} {Online}: {Best} {Practices} in {Weighing} {Rights} and {Obligations} in {Hybrid} {Online} {Orders}}, url = {https://www.ssoar.info/ssoar/bitstream/handle/document/81873/ssoar-2022-kettemann-How_Platforms_Respond_to_Human.pdf?sequence=4&isAllowed=y&lnkname=ssoar-2022-kettemann-How_Platforms_Respond_to_Human.pdf}, publisher = {Verlag Hans-Bredow-Institute}, editor = {Kettemann, Matthias C}, year = {2022}, keywords = {/unread, Global, First Draft Report Cited, Mixed}, } @techreport{kettemannPlatformDemocracyPerspectives2023, address = {Hamburg}, title = {Platform://{Democracy} – {Perspectives} on {Platform} {Power}, {Public} {Values} and the {Potential} of {Social} {Media} {Councils}.}, url = {https://graphite.page/platform-democracy-report/}, institution = {Verlag Hans-Bredow-Institut}, author = {Kettemann, Matthias and Schulz, Wolfgang}, year = {2023}, keywords = {Global South, /unread, First Draft Report Cited, Qual}, file = {Kettemann and Schulz - 2023 - PlatformDemocracy – Perspectives on Platform Po.pdf:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/DCVT2JRS/Kettemann and Schulz - 2023 - PlatformDemocracy – Perspectives on Platform Po.pdf:application/pdf}, } @article{kimWhenAlgorithmicTransparency2021, title = {When {Algorithmic} {Transparency} {Failed}: {Controversies} {Over} {Algorithm}-{Driven} {Content} {Curation} in the {South} {Korean} {Digital} {Environment}}, volume = {65}, issn = {0002-7642, 1552-3381}, shorttitle = {When {Algorithmic} {Transparency} {Failed}}, url = {http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/0002764221989783}, doi = {10.1177/0002764221989783}, abstract = {Content curation in contemporary digital platforms leverages both algorithmic decision making and human judgment. As much as algorithm has become an integral part of digital configurations, there are growing concerns about the lack of accountability surrounding algorithm-driven digital services. The issue of algorithmic accountability is attributed not only to intrinsic opacity in computational processes but also to the lack of transparency in platform governance. This article discusses two controversial cases surrounding algorithmic transparency in the South Korean digital environment. It first epitomizes the notion of algorithmic transparency as a prerequisite for accountability. Then, it situates the use of algorithms for online content curation in the South Korean digital environment to illustrate how algorithmic transparency is complicated by sociopolitical conditions. Finally, this research offers several suggestions for promoting a more accountable algorithm society.}, language = {en}, number = {6}, urldate = {2024-01-30}, journal = {American Behavioral Scientist}, author = {Kim, Kitae and Moon, Shin-Il}, month = may, year = {2021}, keywords = {/unread, Review, First Draft Report Cited, Global North}, pages = {847--862}, file = {Kim and Moon - 2021 - When Algorithmic Transparency Failed Controversie.pdf:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/KLUANEAX/Kim and Moon - 2021 - When Algorithmic Transparency Failed Controversie.pdf:application/pdf}, } @article{kimRepertoireApproachCrossplatform2016, title = {A repertoire approach to cross-platform media use behavior}, volume = {18}, issn = {1461-4448, 1461-7315}, url = {http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/1461444814543162}, doi = {10.1177/1461444814543162}, abstract = {Media users receive an overwhelmingly large supply of media content from multiple media, yet much research on media use examines the use of a single medium. This study investigates patterns of media use across multiple media platforms by taking a media repertoire approach. Using single-source data that merge television peoplemeter data and a survey on other media use of the same respondents, this study identifies five distinctive media repertoires (TV-Oriented Entertainment, Internet Only, News on Traditional Media, Tabloid Newspapers, and Cable TV Only). This study finds significant differences in user background characteristics, total news media use, political interest, and political knowledge among representative users of each media repertoire. Regression analyses on factor scores reveal that media repertoires are explained by individual and structural factors of media choice discussed in previous research. The implications for future research on media repertoires as news, information, and entertainment sources are discussed.}, language = {en}, number = {3}, urldate = {2024-02-09}, journal = {New Media \& Society}, author = {Kim, Su Jung}, month = mar, year = {2016}, keywords = {/unread, First Draft Report Cited, Global North, Quant}, pages = {353--372}, file = {Kim - 2016 - A repertoire approach to cross-platform media use .pdf:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/BTZYKUEH/Kim - 2016 - A repertoire approach to cross-platform media use .pdf:application/pdf}, } @article{kimStumblingNewsInternet2013, title = {Stumbling upon news on the {Internet}: {Effects} of incidental news exposure and relative entertainment use on political engagement}, volume = {29}, shorttitle = {Stumbling upon news on the {Internet}}, url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0747563213001970}, number = {6}, urldate = {2024-04-05}, journal = {Computers in human behavior}, author = {Kim, Yonghwan and Chen, Hsuan-Ting and De Zúñiga, Homero Gil}, year = {2013}, note = {Publisher: Elsevier}, keywords = {/unread, First Draft Report Cited, Global North, Quant}, pages = {2607--2614}, file = {Available Version (via Google Scholar):/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/3DFZEHL3/Kim et al. - 2013 - Stumbling upon news on the Internet Effects of in.pdf:application/pdf}, } @book{klapperEffectsMassCommunication1960, address = {New York, NY}, title = {The {Effects} of {Mass} {Communication}}, isbn = {978-0-02-917380-0}, language = {en}, publisher = {Free Press}, author = {Klapper, Joseph T.}, year = {1960}, note = {Google-Books-ID: \_\_thAAAAMAAJ}, keywords = {Social Science / Media Studies, /unread, Language Arts \& Disciplines / Communication Studies, Review, First Draft Report Cited}, } @article{kleinNaomiKleinHow2020, chapter = {News}, title = {Naomi {Klein}: {How} big tech plans to profit from the pandemic}, issn = {0261-3077}, shorttitle = {Naomi {Klein}}, url = {https://www.theguardian.com/news/2020/may/13/naomi-klein-how-big-tech-plans-to-profit-from-coronavirus-pandemic}, abstract = {The long read: As the coronavirus continues to kill thousands each day, tech companies are seizing the opportunity to extend their reach and power}, language = {en-GB}, urldate = {2024-04-25}, journal = {The Guardian}, author = {Klein, Naomi}, month = may, year = {2020}, keywords = {Technology, Google, Surveillance, /unread, Review, First Draft Report Cited, Privacy, Society, Artificial intelligence (AI), Coronavirus, Eric Schmidt, Technology sector}, file = {Snapshot:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/DQAN45SZ/naomi-klein-how-big-tech-plans-to-profit-from-coronavirus-pandemic.html:text/html}, } @article{klonickNewGovernorsPeople2017, title = {The {New} {Governors}: {The} {People}, {Rules}, and {Processes} {Governing} {Online} {Speech}}, volume = {131}, shorttitle = {The {New} {Governors}}, url = {https://harvardlawreview.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/04/1598-1670_Online.pdf}, language = {eng}, number = {6}, urldate = {2024-04-19}, journal = {Harvard Law Review}, author = {Klonick, Kate}, year = {2017}, keywords = {/unread, Review, First Draft Report Cited}, pages = {1598--1670}, file = {Full Text PDF:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/7GZES9SA/Klonick - 2017 - The New Governors The People, Rules, and Processe.pdf:application/pdf}, } @article{knudsenHowPublicUnderstands2022, title = {How the public understands news media trust: {An} open-ended approach}, volume = {23}, issn = {1464-8849, 1741-3001}, shorttitle = {How the public understands news media trust}, url = {http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/14648849211005892}, doi = {10.1177/14648849211005892}, abstract = {Despite the central role that ordinary citizens play as ‘trustors’ (i.e. the actor that places trust) in the literature on news media trust, prior quantitative studies have paid little attention to how ordinary citizens understand and define news media trust. Here, trust tends to be studied from a researcher-defined – rather than an audiencedefined – perspective. To address this gap, we investigate how the public describes news media trust in their own words by asking them directly. We analyse 1500 written responses collected through a Norwegian online probability-based survey, here using a semisupervised quantitative text analysis technique called structural topic modelling (STM). We find that citizens’ own understanding of news media trust can be categorised into four distinct topics that, in some instances, are comparable to academic and professional discourse. We show that citizens’ written descriptions of news media trust vary by many of the same variables that prior research has found to be important predictors of levels of trust. Respondents’ written descriptions of news media trust vary by education and satisfaction with democracy but not other known predictors of trust, such as ideological self-placement and political preferences.}, language = {en}, number = {11}, urldate = {2024-02-14}, journal = {Journalism}, author = {Knudsen, Erik and Dahlberg, Stefan and Iversen, Magnus H and Johannesson, Mikael P and Nygaard, Silje}, month = nov, year = {2022}, keywords = {/unread, First Draft Report Cited, Global North, Mixed}, pages = {2347--2363}, file = {Knudsen et al. - 2022 - How the public understands news media trust An op.pdf:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/M4KI5A4N/Knudsen et al. - 2022 - How the public understands news media trust An op.pdf:application/pdf}, } @article{knuutilaWhoAfraidFake2022, title = {Who is afraid of fake news? {Modeling} risk perceptions of misinformation in 142 countries}, volume = {3}, shorttitle = {Who is afraid of fake news?}, url = {https://misinforeview.hks.harvard.edu/article/who-is-afraid-of-fake-news-modeling-risk-perceptions-of-misinformation-in-142-countries/}, doi = {10.37016/mr-2020-97}, abstract = {Using survey data from 154,195 respondents in 142 countries, we investigate internet user perceptions of the risks associated with being exposed to misinformation. We find that: 1) The majority of regular internet users globally (58.5\%) worry about misinformation, and young and low-income groups are most likely to be concerned. 2) Risk perception among internet users varies starkly across regions whereby concern is highest in Latin America and the Caribbean (74.2\%), and lowest in South Asia (31.2\%). 3)}, language = {en-US}, number = {3}, urldate = {2023-12-29}, journal = {Harvard Kennedy School Misinformation Review}, author = {Knuutila, Aleksi and Neudert, Lisa-Maria and Howard, Philip N.}, month = apr, year = {2022}, keywords = {/unread, Global, First Draft Report Cited, USED, Quant, OID Mis/Disinfo}, pages = {1--13}, file = {Knuutila et al. - 2022 - Who is afraid of fake news Modeling risk percepti.pdf:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/565NFLS9/Knuutila et al. - 2022 - Who is afraid of fake news Modeling risk percepti.pdf:application/pdf}, } @article{kohringTrustNewsMedia2007, title = {Trust in {News} {Media}: {Development} and {Validation} of a {Multidimensional} {Scale}}, volume = {34}, issn = {0093-6502, 1552-3810}, shorttitle = {Trust in {News} {Media}}, url = {http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/0093650206298071}, doi = {10.1177/0093650206298071}, abstract = {The dimensions that individuals apply in evaluating the trustworthiness or credibility of news media bear great theoretical and practical relevance. In previous research, however, there is no standardized scale for the measurement of trust in news media. Thus, the purpose of this article is to present the development and validation of a multidimensional scale of trust in news media. A theoretically derived model is tested on a representative sample via confirmatory factor analysis. After some modifications, the model is then validated on another independent sample. These results confirm the hypothesis that trust in news media can be considered a hierarchical factor (of second order) that consists of four lower order factors, including trust in the selectivity of topics, trust in the selectivity of facts, trust in the accuracy of depictions, and trust in journalistic assessment. This model is the first validated scale of trust in news media in communication research.}, language = {en}, number = {2}, urldate = {2023-01-15}, journal = {Communication Research}, author = {Kohring, Matthias and Matthes, Jörg}, month = apr, year = {2007}, keywords = {/unread, First Draft Report Cited, Global North, Quant}, pages = {231--252}, file = {Kohring et Matthes - 2007 - Trust in News Media Development and Validation of.pdf:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/X4AGFSR5/Kohring et Matthes - 2007 - Trust in News Media Development and Validation of.pdf:application/pdf}, } @article{koiralaFemaleJournalistsExperience2020, title = {Female {Journalists}’ {Experience} of {Online} {Harassment}: {A} {Case} {Study} of {Nepal}}, volume = {8}, issn = {2183-2439}, shorttitle = {Female {Journalists}’ {Experience} of {Online} {Harassment}}, url = {https://www.cogitatiopress.com/mediaandcommunication/article/view/2541}, doi = {10.17645/mac.v8i1.2541}, abstract = {Samiksha Koirala}, language = {en}, number = {1}, urldate = {2024-04-15}, journal = {Media and Communication}, author = {Koirala, Samiksha}, month = feb, year = {2020}, keywords = {Global South, /unread, First Draft Report Cited, Qual}, pages = {47--56}, file = {Full Text PDF:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/IQ2DA3W2/Koirala - 2020 - Female Journalists’ Experience of Online Harassmen.pdf:application/pdf}, } @misc{kopShapingLawAI2020, address = {Rochester, NY}, title = {Shaping the {Law} of {AI}: {Transatlantic} {Perspectives}}, shorttitle = {Shaping the {Law} of {AI}}, url = {https://papers.ssrn.com/abstract=3705590}, doi = {10.2139/ssrn.3705590}, abstract = {Currently, the European Commission (EC) is drafting its Law of AI. This article gives 25 AI \& data regulatory recommendations to the EC, in response to its Inception Impact Assessment on the “Artificial intelligence – ethical and legal requirements” legislative proposal. In addition to a set of fundamental, overarching core AI rules, this article suggests a differentiated industry-specific approach regarding incentives and risks. Besides shaping the Law of AI, the article explores how the upcoming European AI legal framework’s norms, standards, principles and values can be connected to the United States, from a transatlantic, comparative law perspective.In its 2019 "White Paper On Artificial Intelligence - A European approach to excellence and trust", the EC set out its mission to foster the development and uptake of safe and lawful AI that offers legal certainty, a favorable investment climate and an innovation optimum across the Digital Single Market, while respecting fundamental rights, ensuring inclusive societal outcomes, protecting citizen’s wellbeing and safeguarding our common Humanist moral values. The White Paper is the prelude to the European Law of AI. The overall goal of this legislative initiative is to stimulate the uptake of Trustworthy AI in the EU economy. Simultaneous to preparing its Law of AI, the EC is designing a legislative framework for data governance: The Data Act.This article argues that the EU should step up and take the lead to set global norms and standards that will shape the international Law of AI \& Data system. The EU must provide a clear North Star to the world, determine direction and lead toward a purposeful destination. The time is now ripe to show ambition, leadership and guidance in building a global technology regulation framework -that will apply both on earth and in space- safeguarding human rights, the rule of law, democracy as well as social, economic and cultural rights. As it did before with the GDPR, that now has become the international standard for privacy, data sovereignty and data protection.The article maintains that the EU needs to adopt a holistic set of overarching core AI rules. Horizontal rules which apply across all industries. These universal core rules protect our democracy and our fundamental human rights \& freedoms in the Information Age. Since both innovation incentive \& reward mechanisms, as well as safety/security risks vary per industry and per technology, policy makers should differentiate more explicitly between economic sectors when they design their digital governance solutions. Besides implementing the horizontal core AI rules, the article recommends a differentiated risk-based approach that contains vertical, industry specific boundary setting requirements and sector-specific AI regimes.While it is critical that the EU considers AI as part of the European strategic autonomy, and a certain amount of strategic European digital autonomy is required to secure Europe’s culture, the article argues that it is crucial for the EU to work together with countries that share our European digital DNA, based on common interests and mutual values. Sovereignty will ensure strong partnerships amongst equals. Against this backdrop, it is essential to incentivize systematic, multilateral transatlantic cooperation and to jointly achieve inclusive, participative digitization. Transatlantic and geopolitical dialogue on disruptive technology, together with the development of globally accepted technology standards and benchmarks, must be enhanced.In addition, the article explores how the upcoming European AI \& Data Legal-Ethical Framework’s norms, standards, principles and values could be effectively exported from the EU to the US. In general, comparison of legal systems is a rewarding source for legal development and legal reform. Comparative law methods can help facilitate the process of taking on (parts of) the EU framework in the US on state level or even federal level. Given the global nature of the interdisciplinary challenges to be addressed, progression-oriented comparative legal scholarship can play a central role. As the increased use of information and communication technology, including the design and roll-out of its accompanying infrastructure are global phenomena without territorial boundaries, macro level, transnational AI legislation is urgently needed.The article demonstrates that legal issues and legal uncertainty surrounding AI \& data ask for urgent legislative intervention, both in the EU, in the US and beyond. Without legal intervention, these issues continue to cause legal uncertainty and lack of trust, conflict with fundamental human rights, disrupt the transatlantic markets and ultimately hinder AI infused sustainable innovation.The article concludes that the uncodified territory of AI \& Law represents a once in a generation chance to harmonize the AI acquis internationally. The global nature of the identified challenges pertaining to AI, machine learning and data calls for a holistic, unified approach that does justice to ubiquitous nature of AI. An articulated, culturally sensitive global acquis creates a level playing field, supports healthy competition and endorses legal certainty and trust. In this light, it is important that our future AI regulatory frameworks promote “openness”, address risks and take into account the complex, intertwined legal, technical, social and ethical dimensions of our AI \& dataversum. When shaping the Law of AI, we should have a clear vision in our minds of the type of society we want, and the things we care so deeply about in the Information Age, at both sides of the Ocean.}, language = {en}, urldate = {2024-05-03}, publisher = {SSRN Scholarly Paper}, author = {Kop, Mauritz}, month = sep, year = {2020}, keywords = {Innovation, Regulation, Machine Learning, AI, Access, United States, Values, /unread, Review, First Draft Report Cited, Global North, Trustworthy AI, Interoperability, European Commission, Comparative Law, Data Act, Ethically Aligned Design, Impact Assessment, Incentives, IP, Law of AI, Legal Framework, Legal Transplant, Overarching Core AI Rules, Risks}, file = {Full Text PDF:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/PPS9H9L8/Kop - 2020 - Shaping the Law of AI Transatlantic Perspectives.pdf:application/pdf}, } @article{kostyginaDisclosureStandardsSocial2023, title = {Disclosure {Standards} for {Social} {Media} and {Generative} {Artificial} {Intelligence} {Research}: {Toward} {Transparency} and {Replicability}}, volume = {9}, issn = {2056-3051}, shorttitle = {Disclosure {Standards} for {Social} {Media} and {Generative} {Artificial} {Intelligence} {Research}}, url = {https://doi.org/10.1177/20563051231216947}, doi = {10.1177/20563051231216947}, abstract = {Social media dominate today?s information ecosystem and provide valuable information for social research. Market researchers, social scientists, policymakers, government entities, public health researchers, and practitioners recognize the potential for social data to inspire innovation, support products and services, characterize public opinion, and guide decisions. The appeal of mining these rich datasets is clear. However, there is potential risk of data misuse, underscoring an equally huge and fundamental flaw in the research: there are no procedural standards and little transparency. Transparency across the processes of collecting and analyzing social media data is often limited due to proprietary algorithms. Spurious findings and biases introduced by artificial intelligence (AI) demonstrate the challenges this lack of transparency poses for research. Social media research remains a virtual ?wild west,? with no clear standards for reporting regarding data retrieval, preprocessing steps, analytic methods, or interpretation. Use of emerging generative AI technologies to augment social media analytics can undermine validity and replicability of findings, potentially turning this research into a ?black box? enterprise. Clear guidance for social media analyses and reporting is needed to assure the quality of the resulting research. In this article, we propose criteria for evaluating the quality of studies using social media data, grounded in established scientific practice. We offer clear documentation guidelines to ensure that social data are used properly and transparently in research and applications. A checklist of disclosure elements to meet minimal reporting standards is proposed. These criteria will make it possible for scholars and practitioners to assess the quality, credibility, and comparability of research findings using digital data.}, number = {4}, urldate = {2024-04-15}, journal = {Social Media + Society}, author = {Kostygina, Ganna and Kim, Yoonsang and Seeskin, Zachary and LeClere, Felicia and Emery, Sherry}, month = oct, year = {2023}, note = {Publisher: SAGE Publications Ltd}, keywords = {/unread, Review, First Draft Report Cited}, pages = {1--12}, file = {Full Text PDF:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/6G3NHR49/Kostygina et al. - 2023 - Disclosure Standards for Social Media and Generati.pdf:application/pdf}, } @article{kothariArtificialIntelligenceJournalism2022, title = {Artificial {Intelligence} and {Journalism}: {An} {Agenda} for {Journalism} {Research} in {Africa}}, volume = {43}, issn = {2374-3670}, shorttitle = {Artificial {Intelligence} and {Journalism}}, url = {https://doi.org/10.1080/23743670.2021.1999840}, doi = {10.1080/23743670.2021.1999840}, abstract = {Globally, newsrooms are adopting various forms of artificial intelligence (AI) as part of the newsgathering, production and distribution process. Western countries and China, in particular, are leading the innovation of AI in newsrooms—testing technologies that include machine learning, automated content creation and moderation and speech-to-text programs. The adoption of AI in newsrooms, and research of its impact, has predominantly focused on Western countries. Although some African countries have begun incorporating AI into sectors such as government agencies, health, education and finance, little information exists about how newsrooms on the continent are using AI technologies. In this paper, we propose a research agenda to advance the scholarship and understanding of the use of AI in African newsrooms and its implications for journalism in Africa. Through a systematic search of databases, we examine the current use of AI in newsrooms in Africa, along with a review of the opportunities and challenges it presents for journalists. We also present a comprehensive examination and discussion about the theoretical frameworks being used to examine newsroom processes—and the opportunities to adapt those theories to analyse the use of AI in African-led scholarship. Also included in the study are recommendations for addressing methodological challenges related to the use of AI in newsrooms.}, number = {1}, urldate = {2023-12-25}, journal = {African Journalism Studies}, author = {Kothari, Ammina and Cruikshank, Sally Ann}, month = jan, year = {2022}, note = {Publisher: Routledge \_eprint: https://doi.org/10.1080/23743670.2021.1999840}, keywords = {Artificial intelligence, Africa, Global South, /unread, Review, First Draft Report Cited, OID Media, USED, journalists, journalism research, machine-learning bias}, pages = {17--33}, file = {Artificial Intelligence and Journalism An Agenda for Journalism Research in Africa.pdf:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/FD2I8DPU/Artificial Intelligence and Journalism An Agenda for Journalism Research in Africa.pdf:application/pdf}, } @article{kozyrevaToolboxIndividuallevelInterventions2024, title = {Toolbox of {Individual}-level {Interventions} {Against} {Online} {Misinformation}}, volume = {8}, url = {https://www.nature.com/articles/s41562-024-01881-0}, doi = {10.1038/s41562-024-01881-0}, abstract = {The spread of misinformation through media and social networks threatens many aspects of society, including public health and the state of democracies. A wide range of individual-focused interventions aimed at reducing harm from online misinformation have been developed in the behavioral and cognitive sciences. We, an international group of 26 experts, introduce and analyze our toolbox of interventions against misinformation, which includes an up-to-date account of the interventions featured in 42 scientific papers. A resource for scientists, policy makers, and the public, the toolbox delivers both a conceptual overview of the breadth of interventions, including their target and scope, and a summary of the empirical evidence supporting the interventions, including the methods and experimental paradigms used to test them. The toolbox covers 10 types of interventions: accuracy prompts, debunking, friction, inoculation, lateral reading, media-literacy tips, rebuttals of science denialism, self-reflection tools, social norms, and warning and fact-checking labels.}, language = {en}, number = {6}, urldate = {2023-01-07}, journal = {Nature Human Behavior}, author = {Kozyreva, Anastasia and Lorenz-Spreen, Philipp and Herzog, Stefan Michael and Ecker, Ullrich K. H. and Lewandowsky, Stephan and Hertwig, Ralph and and others}, year = {2024}, keywords = {/unread, Review, First Draft Report Cited}, pages = {1044--1052}, file = {Toolbox_2.0_preprint_.pdf:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/7885XCWJ/Toolbox_2.0_preprint_.pdf:application/pdf}, } @article{kramerFreshLookZerorating2018, title = {A fresh look at zero-rating}, volume = {42}, issn = {03085961}, url = {https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0308596118301125}, doi = {10.1016/j.telpol.2018.06.005}, language = {en}, number = {7}, urldate = {2024-02-11}, journal = {Telecommunications Policy}, author = {Krämer, Jan and Peitz, Martin}, month = aug, year = {2018}, keywords = {/unread, Review, First Draft Report Cited}, pages = {501--513}, file = {Krämer and Peitz - 2018 - A fresh look at zero-rating.pdf:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/Q7PCE3AJ/Krämer and Peitz - 2018 - A fresh look at zero-rating.pdf:application/pdf}, } @article{kreissReviewProvocationPolarization2023, title = {A review and provocation: {On} polarization and platforms}, volume = {26}, issn = {1461-4448}, shorttitle = {A review and provocation}, url = {https://doi.org/10.1177/14614448231161880}, doi = {10.1177/14614448231161880}, abstract = {Scholars increasingly point to polarization as a central threat to democracy—and identify technology platforms as key contributors to polarization. In contrast, we argue that polarization can only be seen as a central threat to democracy if inequality is ignored. The central theoretical claim of this piece is that political identities map more or less onto social groups, and groups are, in turn, located in social structures. As such, scholars must analyze groups as they are embedded in relations of power to meaningfully evaluate the democratic consequences of polarization. Groups struggling for equality, such as the Black Lives Matter movement, often cause polarization because they threaten the extant power and status of dominant groups. To develop a shared theoretical lens around polarization and its relationship with inequality, we take up the case of research on the role of platforms in polarization, showing how scholarship routinely lacks analysis of inequality.}, language = {en}, number = {1}, urldate = {2023-12-23}, journal = {New Media \& Society}, author = {Kreiss, Daniel and McGregor, Shannon C}, month = apr, year = {2023}, note = {Publisher: SAGE Publications}, keywords = {/unread, Review, First Draft Report Cited, OID Media, USED}, pages = {556--579}, file = {Full Text PDF:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/Y9ASWCDT/Kreiss and McGregor - 2024 - A review and provocation On polarization and plat.pdf:application/pdf;Kreiss and McGregor - 2023 - A review and provocation On polarization and plat.pdf:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/BM23U74T/Kreiss and McGregor - 2023 - A review and provocation On polarization and plat.pdf:application/pdf}, } @article{krepsHowAIThreatens2023, title = {How {AI} {Threatens} {Democracy}}, volume = {34}, issn = {1086-3214}, url = {https://muse.jhu.edu/pub/1/article/907693}, abstract = {The explosive rise of generative AI is already transforming journalism, finance, and medicine, but it could also have a disruptive influence on politics. For example, asking a chatbot how to navigate a complicated bureaucracy or to help draft a letter to an elected official could bolster civic engagement. However, that same technology—with its potential to produce disinformation and misinformation at scale—threatens to interfere with democratic representation, undermine democratic accountability, and corrode social and political trust. This essay analyzes the scope of the threat in each of these spheres and discusses potential guardrails for these misuses, including neural networks used to identify generated content, self-regulation by generative-AI platforms, and greater digital literacy on the part of the public and elites alike.}, number = {4}, urldate = {2024-04-15}, journal = {Journal of Democracy}, author = {Kreps, Sarah and Kriner, Doug}, year = {2023}, note = {Publisher: Johns Hopkins University Press}, keywords = {/unread, Review, First Draft Report Cited}, pages = {122--131}, file = {Kreps and Kriner - 2023 - How AI Threatens Democracy.pdf:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/YJSQA4F4/Kreps and Kriner - 2023 - How AI Threatens Democracy.pdf:application/pdf}, } @article{krepsAllNewsThats2022, title = {All the {News} {That}’s {Fit} to {Fabricate}: {AI}-{Generated} {Text} as a {Tool} of {Media} {Misinformation}}, volume = {9}, copyright = {https://www.cambridge.org/core/terms}, issn = {2052-2630, 2052-2649}, shorttitle = {All the {News} {That}’s {Fit} to {Fabricate}}, url = {https://www.cambridge.org/core/product/identifier/S2052263020000378/type/journal_article}, doi = {10.1017/XPS.2020.37}, abstract = {Online misinformation has become a constant; only the way actors create and distribute that information is changing. Advances in artificial intelligence (AI) such as GPT-2 mean that actors can now synthetically generate text in ways that mimic the style and substance of human-created news stories. We carried out three original experiments to study whether these AI-generated texts are credible and can influence opinions on foreign policy. The first evaluated human perceptions of AI-generated text relative to an original story. The second investigated the interaction between partisanship and AI-generated news. The third examined the distributions of perceived credibility across different AI model sizes. We find that individuals are largely incapable of distinguishing between AI- and human-generated text; partisanship affects the perceived credibility of the story; and exposure to the text does little to change individuals’ policy views. The findings have important implications in understanding AI in online misinformation campaigns.}, language = {en}, number = {1}, urldate = {2024-04-15}, journal = {Journal of Experimental Political Science}, author = {Kreps, Sarah and McCain, R. Miles and Brundage, Miles}, year = {2022}, keywords = {misinformation, disinformation, media, public opinion, /unread, First Draft Report Cited, Global North, Quant, foreign policy}, pages = {104--117}, file = {Kreps et al. - 2022 - All the News That’s Fit to Fabricate AI-Generated.pdf:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/YQVUBRK8/Kreps et al. - 2022 - All the News That’s Fit to Fabricate AI-Generated.pdf:application/pdf}, } @article{kristensenInfrastructureNewsNegotiating2023, title = {The {Infrastructure} of {News}: {Negotiating} {Infrastructural} {Capture} and {Autonomy} in {Data}-{Driven} {News} {Distribution}}, volume = {11}, issn = {2183-2439}, shorttitle = {The {Infrastructure} of {News}}, url = {https://www.cogitatiopress.com/mediaandcommunication/article/view/6388}, doi = {10.17645/mac.v11i2.6388}, abstract = {Lisa Merete Kristensen, Jannie Møller Hartley}, language = {en}, number = {2}, urldate = {2024-02-23}, journal = {Media and Communication}, author = {Kristensen, Lisa Merete and Hartley, Jannie Møller}, month = jun, year = {2023}, keywords = {/unread, First Draft Report Cited, Global North, Qual}, pages = {307--318}, file = {Full Text PDF:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/W9S6DAF6/Kristensen and Hartley - 2023 - The Infrastructure of News Negotiating Infrastruc.pdf:application/pdf}, } @article{krouwelDoesExtremePolitical2017, title = {Does {Extreme} {Political} {Ideology} {Predict} {Conspiracy} {Beliefs}, {Economic} {Evaluations} and {Political} {Trust}? {Evidence} {From} {Sweden}}, volume = {5}, copyright = {Copyright (c)}, issn = {2195-3325}, shorttitle = {Does {Extreme} {Political} {Ideology} {Predict} {Conspiracy} {Beliefs}, {Economic} {Evaluations} and {Political} {Trust}?}, url = {https://jspp.psychopen.eu/index.php/jspp/article/view/5025}, doi = {10.5964/jspp.v5i2.745}, abstract = {A large volume of academic research has demonstrated that individuals who profess radical political ideology, both left- and right-wing, tend to share similar underlying psychological patterns. By utilizing data collected through a voting advice application in Sweden, this study aims to assess whether extreme leftists and rightists share similarities in the psychological and political understanding of how society functions. We propose three hypotheses to test this pattern: Extreme left and right individuals are more inclined to believe in conspiracy theories than moderates; they are more likely to have negative economic evaluations; and they are less politically and interpersonally trustful. By means of hierarchical regression analyses, we reveal a quadratic relationship between extreme political ideology and conspiracy beliefs. Moreover, we find a similar linkage between ideology and economic evaluations. However, the empirical analyses fail to provide evidence that extreme ideology is related to lower political and interpersonal trust.}, language = {en}, number = {2}, urldate = {2024-05-13}, journal = {Journal of Social and Political Psychology}, author = {Krouwel, Andre and Kutiyski, Yordan and Prooijen, Jan-Willem van and Martinsson, Johan and Markstedt, Elias}, month = oct, year = {2017}, note = {Number: 2}, keywords = {political ideology, trust, extremism, /unread, First Draft Report Cited, Global North, Quant, conspiracy belief, economic evaluations}, pages = {435--462}, file = {Full Text PDF:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/42786UQL/Krouwel et al. - 2017 - Does Extreme Political Ideology Predict Conspiracy.pdf:application/pdf}, } @techreport{kumarCreatingSustainableData2023, title = {Creating {Sustainable} {Data} {Cooperatives} in the {Global} {South}: {Frameworks} for {Institutional} {Support}: {Research} {Brief}}, url = {https://itforchange.net/sites/default/files/2493/ITFC_Creating%20Sustainable%20Data%20Cooperatives%20in%20the%20Global%20South.pdf}, institution = {IT for Change}, author = {Kumar, Ranjitha and Desai, Viraj Samir and Koshy, Natasha Susan}, month = dec, year = {2023}, keywords = {Global South, /unread, First Draft Report Cited, Qual}, file = {Kumar et al. - 2023 - Creating Sustainable Data Cooperatives in the Glob.pdf:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/6CDUHKX6/Kumar et al. - 2023 - Creating Sustainable Data Cooperatives in the Glob.pdf:application/pdf}, } @article{kuznetsovaBlameItAlgorithm2023, title = {Blame {It} on the {Algorithm}? {Russian} {Government}-{Sponsored} {Media} and {Algorithmic} {Curation} of {Political} {Information} on {Facebook}}, volume = {17}, url = {https://ijoc.org/index.php/ijoc/article/view/18687}, abstract = {Previous research highlighted how algorithms on social media platforms can be abused to disseminate disinformation. However, less work has been devoted to understanding the interplay between Facebook news curation mechanisms and propaganda content. To address this gap, we analyze the activities of RT (formerly, Russia Today) on Facebook during the 2020 U.S. presidential election. We use agent-based algorithmic auditing and frame analysis to examine what content RT published on Facebook and how it was algorithmically curated in Facebook News Feeds and Search Results. We find that RT’s strategic framing included the promotion of anti-Biden leaning content, with an emphasis on antiestablishment narratives. However, due to algorithmic factors on Facebook, individual agents were exposed to eclectic RT content without an overarching narrative. Our findings contribute to the debate on computational propaganda by highlighting the ambiguous relationship between government-sponsored media and Facebook algorithmic curation, which may decrease the exposure of users to propaganda and at the same time increase confusion.}, language = {en}, number = {2023}, journal = {International Journal of Communication}, author = {Kuznetsova, Elizaveta and Makhortykh, Mykola}, year = {2023}, keywords = {/unread, First Draft Report Cited, Global North, Mixed}, pages = {971--992}, file = {Kuznetsova - 2023 - Blame It on the Algorithm Russian Government-Spon.pdf:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/N4YS88CU/Kuznetsova - 2023 - Blame It on the Algorithm Russian Government-Spon.pdf:application/pdf}, } @article{kyriakidouQuestioningFactCheckingFight2023, title = {Questioning {Fact}-{Checking} in the {Fight} {Against} {Disinformation}: {An} {Audience} {Perspective}}, volume = {17}, issn = {1751-2786}, shorttitle = {Questioning {Fact}-{Checking} in the {Fight} {Against} {Disinformation}}, url = {https://doi.org/10.1080/17512786.2022.2097118}, doi = {10.1080/17512786.2022.2097118}, abstract = {Fact-checking has been identified as a significant journalistic tool in the fight against disinformation. Relevant studies have focused on its emergence as a movement within journalism aiming at renewing the profession, as well as its effectiveness in challenging disinformation, especially during elections. However, little has been said about how audiences themselves understand fact-checking and employ it in their daily consumption of news. In this article, we answer these questions by drawing upon two sets of data. The first consists of fourteen focus group discussions in the UK, which included 52 participants, and were conducted online between April and May 2021. The second consists of two qualitative surveys that explored news consumers’ understandings of fact-checking and their evaluations of current fact-checking practices of UK media during the same period. We conclude that the use of fact-checking remains largely peripheral, and its influence is minimal in people’s news consumption. However, there is an appetite for more fact-checking in television news, as a way of holding politicians into account and helping the public better understand politics. In this context, we argue, if fact-checking is to play an important role in political discourse, it should become a regular part of broadcast journalism.}, number = {10}, urldate = {2023-12-27}, journal = {Journalism Practice}, author = {Kyriakidou, Maria and Cushion, Stephen and Hughes, Ceri and Morani, Marina}, month = nov, year = {2023}, note = {Publisher: Routledge \_eprint: https://doi.org/10.1080/17512786.2022.2097118}, keywords = {misinformation, survey, Fact-checking, audience studies, focus groups, television news, /unread, First Draft Report Cited, Global North, USED, OID Mis/Disinfo, Mixed}, pages = {2123--2139}, file = {Kyriakidou et al. - 2023 - Questioning Fact-Checking in the Fight Against Dis.pdf:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/5IYS5B8J/Kyriakidou et al. - 2023 - Questioning Fact-Checking in the Fight Against Dis.pdf:application/pdf}, } @article{lacourTheorisingDigitalDisinformation2020, title = {Theorising digital disinformation in international relations}, volume = {57}, issn = {1740-3898}, url = {https://doi.org/10.1057/s41311-020-00215-x}, doi = {10.1057/s41311-020-00215-x}, abstract = {This paper provides an assessment of the ability of different international relations theories to grasp modern uses of international digital disinformation. More specifically, the paper argues that E. H. Carr’s notion of propaganda, John J. Mearsheimer’s typology of lies and Joseph Nye’s conceptualisation of public diplomacy all offer useful theoretical lenses through which we can advance our understanding of international digital disinformation. Their added value is demonstrated by applying these three theoretical perspectives to three ‘prototype cases’ of modern international digital disinformation. The paper concludes that the three theoretical perspectives make new aspects of international digital disinformation intelligible, including the underlying motives for using digital disinformation. However, there still remains a space for a more detailed theoretical account of digital disinformation and its use in modern international relations.}, language = {en}, number = {4}, urldate = {2024-04-15}, journal = {International Politics}, author = {La Cour, Christina}, month = aug, year = {2020}, keywords = {Disinformation, /unread, Review, First Draft Report Cited, Propaganda, IR theory, Lies, Public diplomacy}, pages = {704--723}, file = {Submitted Version:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/QEGB4QNZ/la Cour - 2020 - Theorising digital disinformation in international.pdf:application/pdf}, } @article{labio-bernal8MDemonstrationsSpanish2023, title = {{8M} {Demonstrations}, the {Spanish} {Far} {Right} and the {Pandemic} in a {Hybrid} {Media} {System}}, volume = {11}, url = {https://idus.us.es/handle/11441/142909}, number = {1}, urldate = {2023-12-11}, journal = {Media and Communication}, author = {Labio-Bernal, Aurora and Manzano-Zambruno, Laura}, year = {2023}, note = {Publisher: Cogitatio Press}, keywords = {/unread, First Draft Report Cited, Global North, Qual}, pages = {114--124}, file = {Labio-Bernal and Manzano Zambruno - 2023 - 8M Demonstrations, the Spanish Far Right and the P.pdf:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/CWFEMYWZ/Labio-Bernal and Manzano Zambruno - 2023 - 8M Demonstrations, the Spanish Far Right and the P.pdf:application/pdf}, } @techreport{laforgeGoverningDigitalFuture2023, title = {Governing the {Digital} {Future}}, url = {http://newamerica.org/planetary-politics/reports/governing-the-digital-future/}, abstract = {A new report analyzes the global dynamics of power and governance in the digital domain.}, language = {en}, urldate = {2024-04-12}, institution = {New America}, author = {LaForge, Gordon and Gruver, Patricia}, month = oct, year = {2023}, keywords = {/unread, Global, Review, First Draft Report Cited}, file = {Snapshot:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/YZY6KQ3L/the-global-digital-governance-map.html:text/html}, } @book{lamdanDataCartelsCompanies2022, title = {Data {Cartels}: {The} {Companies} {That} {Control} and {Monopolize} {Our} {Information}}, isbn = {978-1-5036-3372-8}, shorttitle = {Data {Cartels}}, url = {https://www.google.co.uk/books/edition/Data_Cartels/nz2BEAAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=0}, abstract = {In our digital world, data is power. Information hoarding businesses reign supreme, using intimidation, aggression, and force to maintain influence and control. Sarah Lamdan brings us into the unregulated underworld of these "data cartels", demonstrating how the entities mining, commodifying, and selling our data and informational resources perpetuate social inequalities and threaten the democratic sharing of knowledge. Just a few companies dominate most of our critical informational resources. Often self-identifying as "data analytics" or "business solutions" operations, they supply the digital lifeblood that flows through the circulatory system of the internet. With their control over data, they can prevent the free flow of information, masterfully exploiting outdated information and privacy laws and curating online information in a way that amplifies digital racism and targets marginalized communities. They can also distribute private information to predatory entities. Alarmingly, everything they're doing is perfectly legal. In this book, Lamdan contends that privatization and tech exceptionalism have prevented us from creating effective legal regulation. This in turn has allowed oversized information oligopolies to coalesce. In addition to specific legal and market-based solutions, Lamdan calls for treating information like a public good and creating digital infrastructure that supports our democratic ideals.}, language = {en}, publisher = {Stanford University Press}, author = {Lamdan, Sarah}, month = nov, year = {2022}, note = {Google-Books-ID: nz2BEAAAQBAJ}, keywords = {/unread, Global, First Draft Report Cited, Qual, Law / Intellectual Property / General, Law / Science \& Technology, Social Science / Technology Studies}, } @incollection{landauAstoundingGrowthBig2021, title = {The {Astounding} {Growth} of "{Big} {Tech}" and the {Lack} of {Enforcement} of the {Intellectual} {Property}, {Antitrust} and {Contract} {Laws}}, booktitle = {Entertainment, {Publishing} and the {Arts} {Handbook}}, publisher = {Clark Boardman Callaghan}, author = {Landau, Michael}, editor = {Tripp, Karen B}, year = {2021}, keywords = {/unread, Review, First Draft Report Cited, Global North}, file = {The Astounding Growth of "Big Tech" and the Lack of Enforcement of the Intellectual Property, Antitrust, and Contract Laws 30 Albany Law Journal of Science & Technology 2020:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/MDA3BLHG/LandingPage.html:text/html}, } @article{lanierBlueprintBetterDigital2018, title = {A {Blueprint} for a {Better} {Digital} {Society}}, copyright = {https://hbr.org/2018/09/a-blueprint-for-a-better-digital-society}, url = {https://hbr.org/2018/09/a-blueprint-for-a-better-digital-society}, journal = {Harvard Business Review}, author = {Lanier, Jaron and Weyl, E. Glen}, month = sep, year = {2018}, keywords = {/unread, Review, First Draft Report Cited}, pages = {2--19}, } @article{lariviereOligopolyAcademicPublishers2015, title = {The {Oligopoly} of {Academic} {Publishers} in the {Digital} {Era}}, volume = {10}, issn = {1932-6203}, url = {https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0127502}, doi = {10.1371/journal.pone.0127502}, abstract = {The consolidation of the scientific publishing industry has been the topic of much debate within and outside the scientific community, especially in relation to major publishers’ high profit margins. However, the share of scientific output published in the journals of these major publishers, as well as its evolution over time and across various disciplines, has not yet been analyzed. This paper provides such analysis, based on 45 million documents indexed in the Web of Science over the period 1973-2013. It shows that in both natural and medical sciences (NMS) and social sciences and humanities (SSH), Reed-Elsevier, Wiley-Blackwell, Springer, and Taylor \& Francis increased their share of the published output, especially since the advent of the digital era (mid-1990s). Combined, the top five most prolific publishers account for more than 50\% of all papers published in 2013. Disciplines of the social sciences have the highest level of concentration (70\% of papers from the top five publishers), while the humanities have remained relatively independent (20\% from top five publishers). NMS disciplines are in between, mainly because of the strength of their scientific societies, such as the ACS in chemistry or APS in physics. The paper also examines the migration of journals between small and big publishing houses and explores the effect of publisher change on citation impact. It concludes with a discussion on the economics of scholarly publishing.}, language = {en}, number = {6}, urldate = {2024-04-18}, journal = {PLOS ONE}, author = {Larivière, Vincent and Haustein, Stefanie and Mongeon, Philippe}, month = jun, year = {2015}, note = {Publisher: Public Library of Science}, keywords = {Economics, Social sciences, /unread, Global, First Draft Report Cited, Mixed, Bibliometrics, Citation analysis, Libraries, Medical humanities, Medical journals, Scientific publishing}, pages = {1--15}, file = {Full Text PDF:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/Q67ZWN56/Larivière et al. - 2015 - The Oligopoly of Academic Publishers in the Digita.pdf:application/pdf}, } @book{lasswellPropagandaTechniqueWorld1971, address = {Cambridge, MA}, title = {Propaganda {Technique} {In} {World} {War} {I}}, isbn = {978-0-262-62018-5}, abstract = {A classic book on propaganda technique proposes a general theory of the strategy and tactics of propaganda.This classic book on propaganda technique focuses on American, British, French, and German experience in World War I. The book sets forth a simple classification of various psychological materials used to produce certain specific results and proposes a general theory of strategy and tactics for the manipulation of these materials. In an introduction (coauthored by Jackson A. Giddens) written for this edition, Harold Lasswell notes that this study was partially an exercise in the discovery of appropriate theory. It raised the crucial questions of how to classify the content of propaganda—for instance, a distinction is made between "value demands" (war aims, war guilt, and casting the enemy as evil personified) and "expectations" (the illusion of victory)—and how to summarize the procedures employed in organizing and carrying out propaganda operations. Propaganda Technique in World War I deals primarily with problems of internal administration and lateral coordination rather than with the relationship between policymakers and propagandists. However, Jackson Giddens enumerates procedures in the book that illustrate an underlying assumption that decision makers were deeply involved in propaganda and influenced by considerations of public opinion. He takes the study of propaganda further by elaborating on the nature and meaning of the category of "war aims" and its relation to the propagandist, for this, more than any other category of content, "is the catalyst of transnational political action." Giddens's exploration of the development of a comprehensive theory of propaganda adds another dimension to Lasswell's study while confirming its value as outstanding groundwork for continuing research.}, language = {en}, publisher = {MIT Press}, author = {Lasswell, Harold D.}, month = apr, year = {1971}, note = {Google-Books-ID: \_XESEAAAQBAJ}, keywords = {/unread, First Draft Report Cited, Global North, Qual, Political Science / History \& Theory}, } @book{lauferSlowNewsManifesto2014, title = {Slow {News}: {A} {Manifesto} for the {Critical} {News} {Consumer}}, isbn = {978-0-87071-734-5}, shorttitle = {Slow {News}}, abstract = {With this provocative and concise book, journalist Peter Laufer launches a Slow News movement, inviting us to question the value of the perpetual empty-calorie news that accompanies our daily lives. Slow News: A Manifesto for the Critical News Consumer examines the nature of news in the context of the increasingly frenetic pace of modern life in the twenty-first century. Taking a cue from the slow food movement, Laufer suggests that we step back from the constant barrage of instant news to consider news thoughtfully and thoroughly. He argues that it is valuable for both the journalist in the field and the news consumer at home to take the time to ruminate on most news events. Inspired by Michael Pollan's Food Rules, Laufer offers twenty-eight rules--including "Trust accuracy over time," "Know your sources," and "Don't become a news junkie"--to guide us in a gradual quest for slower news.}, language = {en}, publisher = {Oregon State University Press}, author = {Laufer, Peter}, year = {2014}, note = {Google-Books-ID: NeHMnQEACAAJ}, keywords = {Social Science / Media Studies, Language Arts \& Disciplines / Journalism, /unread, Review, First Draft Report Cited, Social Science / Anthropology / Cultural \& Social}, } @article{laupichlerArtificialIntelligenceLiteracy2022, title = {Artificial intelligence literacy in higher and adult education: {A} scoping literature review}, volume = {3}, issn = {2666920X}, shorttitle = {Artificial intelligence literacy in higher and adult education}, url = {https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S2666920X2200056X}, doi = {10.1016/j.caeai.2022.100101}, abstract = {Semantic Scholar extracted view of "Artificial intelligence literacy in higher and adult education: A scoping literature review" by M. C. Laupichler et al.}, language = {en}, number = {2022}, urldate = {2024-04-15}, journal = {Computers and Education: Artificial Intelligence}, author = {Laupichler, Matthias Carl and Aster, Alexandra and Schirch, Jana and Raupach, Tobias}, year = {2022}, keywords = {Systematic literature review, /unread, Global, First Draft Report Cited}, pages = {1--15}, file = {Laupichler et al. - 2022 - Artificial intelligence literacy in higher and adu.pdf:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/CVTHTD6S/Laupichler et al. - 2022 - Artificial intelligence literacy in higher and adu.pdf:application/pdf}, } @article{lemasurierWhatSlowJournalism2015, title = {What is {Slow} {Journalism}?}, volume = {9}, issn = {1751-2786, 1751-2794}, url = {http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/17512786.2014.916471}, doi = {10.1080/17512786.2014.916471}, language = {en}, number = {2}, urldate = {2024-05-08}, journal = {Journalism Practice}, author = {Le Masurier, Megan}, month = mar, year = {2015}, keywords = {/unread, Review, First Draft Report Cited, Global North}, pages = {138--152}, file = {Available Version (via Google Scholar):/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/U6P5H8WW/Le Masurier - 2015 - What is Slow Journalism.pdf:application/pdf}, } @article{ledfordMillionsBlackPeople2019, title = {Millions of black people affected by racial bias in health-care algorithms}, volume = {574}, copyright = {2021 Nature}, url = {https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-019-03228-6}, doi = {10.1038/d41586-019-03228-6}, abstract = {Study reveals rampant racism in decision-making software used by US hospitals — and highlights ways to correct it.}, language = {en}, number = {7780}, urldate = {2024-05-06}, journal = {Nature}, author = {Ledford, Heidi}, month = oct, year = {2019}, note = {Bandiera\_abtest: a Cg\_type: News Publisher: Nature Publishing Group Subject\_term: Computer science, Health care, Policy, Society}, keywords = {Computer science, /unread, First Draft Report Cited, Global North, Qual, Policy, Society, Health care}, pages = {608--609}, file = {Ledford - 2019 - Millions of black people affected by racial bias i.pdf:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/S4PEFRKQ/Ledford - 2019 - Millions of black people affected by racial bias i.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/6PWNJW35/d41586-019-03228-6.html:text/html}, } @article{leePoliticalKnowledgeGaps2014, title = {Political knowledge gaps among news consumers with different news media repertoires across multiple platforms}, volume = {8}, url = {https://ijoc.org/index.php/ijoc/article/view/2455}, number = {2014}, urldate = {2024-04-08}, journal = {International Journal of Communication}, author = {Lee, Hyunwoo and Yang, Jungae}, year = {2014}, keywords = {/unread, First Draft Report Cited, Global North, Quant}, pages = {597--617}, file = {Available Version (via Google Scholar):/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/AVUUCNR8/Lee et Yang - 2014 - Political knowledge gaps among news consumers with.pdf:application/pdf}, } @article{leeHowOnlineHarassment2024, title = {How online harassment affects {Korean} journalists? {The} effects of online harassment on the journalists’ psychological problems and their intention to leave the profession}, volume = {25}, issn = {1464-8849}, shorttitle = {How online harassment affects {Korean} journalists?}, url = {https://doi.org/10.1177/14648849231166511}, doi = {10.1177/14648849231166511}, abstract = {This study examined the effects of online harassment on journalists’ psychological trauma and their intention to leave work. It also investigated whether journalists’ psychological trauma mediates the effects of online harassment on their intention to leave the profession and whether gender makes a difference in that relationship. An online survey of 404 South Korean journalists provided three categories of online harassment that journalists experience: (1) aggressive and abusive expression, (2) disclosure of private information, and (3) cyberstalking and hacking. The findings of this study show that aggressive and abusive expression was the most frequent type of online harassment whereas cyberstalking and hacking was the least frequent. As expected, online harassment was found to be positively associated with journalists’ psychological trauma (PTSD symptoms) and intention to leave work. The results further indicate that journalists’ psychological trauma originating from online harassment frequently resulted in an intention to leave work. Interestingly, journalists’ psychological trauma was a significant mediator in the relationship between psychological trauma levels and intention to leave work for female journalists, but not for male journalists.}, language = {en}, number = {4}, urldate = {2024-04-15}, journal = {Journalism}, author = {Lee, Na Yeon and Park, Ahran}, month = apr, year = {2024}, note = {Publisher: SAGE Publications}, keywords = {/unread, First Draft Report Cited, Global North, Quant}, pages = {900--920}, file = {Lee and Park - 2024 - How online harassment affects Korean journalists .pdf:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/5KV4RXM2/Lee and Park - 2024 - How online harassment affects Korean journalists .pdf:application/pdf}, } @article{leeWhyTheyDont2010, title = {Why {They} {Don}’t {Trust} the {Media}: {An} {Examination} of {Factors} {Predicting} {Trust}}, volume = {54}, issn = {0002-7642, 1552-3381}, shorttitle = {Why {They} {Don}’t {Trust} the {Media}}, url = {http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/0002764210376308}, doi = {10.1177/0002764210376308}, abstract = {Political communication literature reveals an ongoing scholarly interest in issues surrounding the credibility of news media. Despite scientific evidence to the contrary, many consumers continue to believe U.S. news media have a political bias and, therefore, are not to be trusted. This study seeks to explain media trust using a new theoretical model. The findings, based on national survey data, suggest that political ideology and partisanship, trust in government and fellow citizens, and one’s view of the economy influence the degree to which audience members trust the news media.}, language = {en}, number = {1}, urldate = {2023-01-19}, journal = {American Behavioral Scientist}, author = {Lee, Tien-Tsung}, month = sep, year = {2010}, keywords = {/unread, First Draft Report Cited, Global North, Quant}, pages = {8--21}, file = {Lee - 2010 - Why They Don’t Trust the Media An Examination of .pdf:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/ZXRZUUY5/Lee - 2010 - Why They Don’t Trust the Media An Examination of .pdf:application/pdf}, } @article{lehuedeTerritoriesDataOntological2022, title = {Territories of data: ontological divergences in the growth of data infrastructure}, volume = {5}, issn = {null}, shorttitle = {Territories of data}, url = {https://doi.org/10.1080/25729861.2022.2035936}, doi = {10.1080/25729861.2022.2035936}, abstract = {The construction of astronomical observatories in the Atacama Desert has prompted different actors in Chile to envision initiatives for promoting the expansion of data infrastructure. While such projects are usually seen as synonymous with development, Lickan Antay Indigenous activists affected by the construction of an observatory consider this situation the beginning of a new chapter in their history of territorial struggle. Building upon political ontology, this article argues that the growth of data infrastructures can underpin ontological divergences concerning the territory, i.e. what territory is and its relation with other entities. To do so, it compares two divergent ontologies of territory emerging in the Chilean context. While the Natural Laboratories policy and the Datagonia project transform the territory into a source of economic resources affording opportunities for developing data infrastructure (assetized ontology of territory), Lickan Antay activists conceive of territory as a unitary whole made up by human and other-than-human interdependencies (relational ontology of territory). Based on a discursive-material analysis of interviews and documents, this article delves into the ontological dimension of data colonialism and proposes an infrastructural regime that does not reproduce terricide and is aligned with the flourishing of multiple worlds.}, number = {1}, urldate = {2023-08-10}, journal = {Tapuya: Latin American Science, Technology and Society}, author = {Lehuedé, Sebastián}, month = dec, year = {2022}, note = {Publisher: Routledge \_eprint: https://doi.org/10.1080/25729861.2022.2035936}, keywords = {data colonialism, datafication, Global South, /unread, First Draft Report Cited, Qual, OID Data Gov, dataficación, Infrastructure, colonialismo de dados, colonialismo de datos, dataficação, Infraestructura, Infraestrutura, ontologia, ontología, ontology, territorio, território, territory}, pages = {1--18}, file = {Lehuedé - 2022 - Territories of data ontological divergences in th.pdf:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/CEPCF4SV/Lehuedé - 2022 - Territories of data ontological divergences in th.pdf:application/pdf}, } @article{lemkeForeignInterferenceSocial2022, title = {Foreign {Interference} and {Social} {Media} {Networks}: {A} {Relational} {Approach} to {Studying} {Contemporary} {Russian} {Disinformation}}, volume = {7}, issn = {2057-3170}, shorttitle = {Foreign {Interference} and {Social} {Media} {Networks}}, url = {https://doi.org/10.1093/jogss/ogac004}, doi = {10.1093/jogss/ogac004}, abstract = {The use of disinformation to disrupt the domestic politics of other states has become a staple of contemporary global politics. How these campaigns operate at a microlevel of individual users and network communities, however, remains undertheorized. In this article, we develop a theoretical framework to analyze how states leverage existing social media networks strategically for that purpose. Drawing from social network theory, we argue that the spread of disinformation in the digital age is best understood by examining how actors achieve and maintain access to the existing social media networks via a process of cultural keying—mimicking the cultural cues of the target network to camouflage their intentions and attract followers. While this activity is usually limited in scale and scope, it may be amplified to seize on critical domestic and international events. To demonstrate these arguments, we examine the Twitter behavior of the Kremlin-linked news outlets RT and Sputnik during and after the 2017 French presidential election. We first analyze their presence and salience in a network of accounts interested in French politics. We then use structural topic modeling to identify thematic overlap between the outlets and our panel of users. Our analysis suggests that Kremlin-linked outlets are indeed active in local networks and repeatedly key on salient themes such as Islamophobia and Euroscepticism to blend in.}, number = {2}, urldate = {2024-04-15}, journal = {Journal of Global Security Studies}, author = {Lemke, Tobias and Habegger, Michael W}, month = jun, year = {2022}, keywords = {Global South, /unread, BRICS, First Draft Report Cited, Mixed}, pages = {1--25}, file = {Lemke and Habegger - 2022 - Foreign Interference and Social Media Networks A .pdf:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/6DWFCECE/Lemke and Habegger - 2022 - Foreign Interference and Social Media Networks A .pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/9TTNPFZP/6575833.html:text/html}, } @article{lepriFairTransparentAccountable2018, title = {Fair, {Transparent}, and {Accountable} {Algorithmic} {Decision}-making {Processes}}, volume = {31}, issn = {2210-5441}, url = {https://doi.org/10.1007/s13347-017-0279-x}, doi = {10.1007/s13347-017-0279-x}, abstract = {The combination of increased availability of large amounts of fine-grained human behavioral data and advances in machine learning is presiding over a growing reliance on algorithms to address complex societal problems. Algorithmic decision-making processes might lead to more objective and thus potentially fairer decisions than those made by humans who may be influenced by greed, prejudice, fatigue, or hunger. However, algorithmic decision-making has been criticized for its potential to enhance discrimination, information and power asymmetry, and opacity. In this paper, we provide an overview of available technical solutions to enhance fairness, accountability, and transparency in algorithmic decision-making. We also highlight the criticality and urgency to engage multi-disciplinary teams of researchers, practitioners, policy-makers, and citizens to co-develop, deploy, and evaluate in the real-world algorithmic decision-making processes designed to maximize fairness and transparency. In doing so, we describe the Open Algortihms (OPAL) project as a step towards realizing the vision of a world where data and algorithms are used as lenses and levers in support of democracy and development.}, language = {en}, number = {4}, urldate = {2024-05-06}, journal = {Philosophy \& Technology}, author = {Lepri, Bruno and Oliver, Nuria and Letouzé, Emmanuel and Pentland, Alex and Vinck, Patrick}, month = dec, year = {2018}, keywords = {/unread, Review, First Draft Report Cited, Social good, Accountability, Fairness, Algorithmic decision-making, Algorithmic transparency}, pages = {611--627}, file = {Lepri et al. - 2018 - Fair, Transparent, and Accountable Algorithmic Dec.pdf:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/VV4DRDKN/Lepri et al. - 2018 - Fair, Transparent, and Accountable Algorithmic Dec.pdf:application/pdf}, } @article{lewandowskyWhenScienceBecomes2022, title = {When {Science} {Becomes} {Embroiled} in {Conflict}: {Recognizing} the {Public}’s {Need} for {Debate} while {Combating} {Conspiracies} and {Misinformation}}, volume = {700}, issn = {0002-7162}, shorttitle = {When {Science} {Becomes} {Embroiled} in {Conflict}}, url = {https://doi.org/10.1177/00027162221084663}, doi = {10.1177/00027162221084663}, abstract = {We explore the common attributes of political conflicts in which scientific findings have a central role, using the COVID-19 pandemic as a case study, but also drawing on long-standing conflicts over climate change and vaccinations. We analyze situations in which the systematic spread of disinformation or conspiracy theories undermines public trust in the work of scientists and prevents policy from being informed by the best available evidence. We also examine instances in which public opposition to scientifically grounded policy arises from legitimate value judgments and lived experience. We argue for the public benefit of quick identification of politically motivated science denial, and inoculation of the public against its ill effects.}, language = {en}, number = {1}, urldate = {2024-04-19}, journal = {The ANNALS of the American Academy of Political and Social Science}, author = {Lewandowsky, Stephan and Armaos, Konstantinos and Bruns, Hendrik and Schmid, Philipp and Holford, Dawn Liu and Hahn, Ulrike and Al-Rawi, Ahmed and Sah, Sunita and Cook, John}, month = mar, year = {2022}, note = {Publisher: SAGE Publications Inc}, keywords = {/unread, Review, First Draft Report Cited, Global North}, pages = {26--40}, file = {SAGE PDF Full Text:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/27WV27AZ/Lewandowsky et al. - 2022 - When Science Becomes Embroiled in Conflict Recogn.pdf:application/pdf}, } @article{kroetMetaUrgedAnswer2024, chapter = {next\_tech-news}, title = {Meta urged to answer {EU} questions on {CrowdTangle}}, url = {https://www.euronews.com/next/2024/08/16/meta-urged-to-answer-eu-questions-on-crowdtangle}, abstract = {The company's transparency tool was taken offline and replaced by others}, language = {en}, urldate = {2024-10-15}, journal = {euronews}, author = {Kroet, Cynthia}, month = aug, year = {2024}, keywords = {/unread, Final Draft Additions, Report, Global North}, file = {Snapshot:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/85Q22WQP/meta-urged-to-answer-eu-questions-on-crowdtangle.html:text/html}, } @article{murphyBrazilImposesFine2024, chapter = {X Corp}, title = {Brazil imposes fine on {Musk}’s {X} after service returns}, url = {https://www.ft.com/content/2133cca8-ff48-4e11-8ca7-bd35d69201c5}, abstract = {Platform says temporary restoration was ‘inadvertent’ but will keep fighting court order that banned it in the country}, urldate = {2024-10-15}, journal = {Financial Times}, author = {Murphy, Hannah and Pooler, Michael and Harris, Bryan}, month = sep, year = {2024}, keywords = {Global South, /unread, Final Draft Additions, BRICS, Report}, file = {Snapshot:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/VJ7YVETQ/2133cca8-ff48-4e11-8ca7-bd35d69201c5.html:text/html}, } @article{sankaranElonMusksTakes2024, chapter = {Tech}, title = {Elon {Musk}’s {X} takes on {Indian} government in freedom of speech row}, url = {https://www.independent.co.uk/tech/x-twitter-accounts-withheld-india-modi-b2500486.html}, abstract = {X confirms it has suspended accounts and posts related to farmer protests in India but says company ‘disagree[s] with these actions’}, language = {en}, urldate = {2024-10-15}, journal = {The Independent}, author = {Sankaran, Vishwam}, month = feb, year = {2024}, keywords = {Global South, /unread, Final Draft Additions, BRICS, Report}, file = {Snapshot:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/W9T2NIDQ/x-twitter-accounts-withheld-india-modi-b2500486.html:text/html}, } @misc{parkAlgorithmicBiasMarketplaces2024, address = {Rochester, NY}, type = {{SSRN} {Scholarly} {Paper}}, title = {Algorithmic {Bias}, {Marketplaces}, and {Diversity} {Regulation}}, url = {https://papers.ssrn.com/abstract=4912069}, abstract = {This study examines the posited relationship between diversity and the supply of debiased AI, using a cross-sectional survey sample of AI professionals working in Silicon Valley. The results of preliminary analyses show that increased diversity, when indicated by value diversity as opposed to demographic diversity, had a significant effect on decreased AI bias. Further, the analysis found that there was no significant difference in manufactured AI bias or the effort to debias AI attributable to the socio-demographic diversity alone, as self-reported by AI industry insiders. The study concludes with a call for much closer attention 1) to diversity in its conceptual and regulatory operationalization and 2) to conditional institutional variables in translating diversity into discernible effects. The author of this study emphasizes a preliminary nature of the findings, with suggestions for the potential areas of improvement in the future AI debate.}, language = {en}, urldate = {2024-10-16}, publisher = {SSRN}, author = {Park, Yong Jin}, month = jul, year = {2024}, keywords = {AI, Algorithm, /unread, Final Draft Additions, Global North, Quant, Diversity}, file = {Full Text PDF:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/23LFBR84/Park - 2024 - Algorithmic Bias, Marketplaces, and Diversity Regu.pdf:application/pdf}, } @misc{knottEUsDigitalServices2024, title = {The {EU}’s {Digital} {Services} {Act} must provide researchers access to {VLOPs}’ experimental protocols: {Press} {Release} on the paper.}, url = {https://informationdemocracy.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/06/The-EUs-Digital-Services-Act-must-provide-external-researchers-access-to-companies-experimental-platforms-2024.pdf}, journal = {Forum on Information \& Democracy}, author = {Knott, Alistair and Predeschi, Dino and Stray, Jonathan and Russell, Stuart}, year = {2024}, keywords = {/unread, Final Draft Additions, Review, Global North}, file = {Knott et al. - 2024 - The EU’s Digital Services Act must provide researc.pdf:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/ZUDSCYBW/Knott et al. - 2024 - The EU’s Digital Services Act must provide researc.pdf:application/pdf}, } @book{rantanenDeadMensPropaganda2024, title = {Dead {Men}'s {Propaganda}: {Ideology} and {Utopia} in {Comparative} {Communications} {Studies}}, url = {https://press.lse.ac.uk/site/books/m/10.31389/lsepress.wmf/}, urldate = {2024-10-17}, publisher = {LSE Press}, author = {Rantanen, Terhi}, year = {2024}, keywords = {/unread, Final Draft Additions}, file = {Full text:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/V75UJ3G5/Rantanen - 2024 - Dead Men's Propaganda Ideology and Utopia in Comp.pdf:application/pdf;LSE Press:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/IKZC7Q22/lsepress.wmf.html:text/html}, } @article{cramerLiabilityAccountabilityEthics2020, title = {From {Liability} to {Accountability}: {The} {Ethics} of {Citing} {Section} 230 to {Avoid} the {Obligations} of {Running} a {Social} {Media} {Platform}}, volume = {10}, issn = {2381-5892}, shorttitle = {From {Liability} to {Accountability}}, url = {https://scholarlypublishingcollective.org/psup/information-policy/article/doi/10.5325/jinfopoli.10.2020.0123/314452/From-Liability-to-Accountability-The-Ethics-of}, doi = {10.5325/jinfopoli.10.2020.0123}, abstract = {ABSTRACT In the United States, Section 230 of the Communications Decency Act provides immunity from liability for Internet operators who host information submitted by their users. This article will argue that Section 230 allows firms to avoid accountability for the malfeasance that their platforms have enabled. With a focus on the ethical differences between liability (a legal concept) and accountability (an ethical concept), the article will recommend ways to compel today's social media platforms to address their responsibilities toward the proliferating misbehavior that they have enabled.}, urldate = {2021-07-25}, journal = {Journal of Information Policy}, author = {Cramer, Benjamin W.}, year = {2020}, note = {Publisher: Penn State University Press}, keywords = {/unread, Final Draft Additions, Review, Global North}, pages = {123--150}, file = {Cramer - 2020 - From Liability to Accountability The Ethics of Ci.pdf:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/V9GFQ73K/Cramer - 2020 - From Liability to Accountability The Ethics of Ci.pdf:application/pdf}, } @techreport{councilofeuropeGuidelinesResponsibleImplementation2023, title = {Guidelines on the {Responsible} {Implementation} of {Artificial} {Intelligence} ({AI}) in journalism}, url = {https://www.coe.int/en/web/freedom-expression/-/guidelines-on-the-responsible-implementation-of-artificial-intelligence-ai-systems-in-journalism}, institution = {Council of Europe}, author = {Council of Europe}, month = dec, year = {2023}, keywords = {/unread, Final Draft Additions, Global North, Guidelines}, file = {Full text:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/MZ8PXNYL/Council of Europe - 2023 - Guidelines on the Responsible Use of Artificial In.pdf:application/pdf}, } @techreport{leshBreakingNewsShould2023, title = {Breaking the {News}? {Should} digital platforms be required to fund news publishers?}, url = {iea.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2023/02/DP119_Breaking-the-news_web-2.pdf}, institution = {Institute of Economic Affairs, London, IEA Discussion paper No. 119}, author = {Lesh, Matthew}, year = {2023}, keywords = {/unread, Final Draft Additions, Review, Global North}, file = {Lesh - 2023 - Breaking the News Should digital platforms be req.pdf:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/I7QRJGLR/Lesh - 2023 - Breaking the News Should digital platforms be req.pdf:application/pdf}, } @misc{aielectionsaccordAIElectionsAccord2024, title = {{AI} {Elections} {Accord}: {Progress} {Update}}, url = {https://www.aielectionsaccord.com/progress-update/}, abstract = {Read about the progress signatory companies have made against the eight core commitments of the Tech Accord.}, language = {en-US}, urldate = {2024-10-17}, journal = {AI Elections Accord}, author = {AI Elections Accord}, month = sep, year = {2024}, keywords = {/unread, Final Draft Additions, Report}, file = {Snapshot:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/U7MT6939/progress-update.html:text/html}, } @misc{helmingMicrosoftsBingChat2023, title = {Microsoft‘s {Bing} {Chat}: {A} source of misinformation on elections}, shorttitle = {Microsoft‘s {Bing} {Chat}}, url = {https://algorithmwatch.org/en/microsofts-bing-source-misinformation-elections/}, abstract = {Microsoft‘s AI-driven chatbot Copilot, formerly known as Bing Chat, generates factually inaccurate and fabricated information about elections in Switzerland and Germany. This raises concerns about potential damage to the reputation of candidates and news sources. In making search engine results less reliable, generative AI impacts one of the cornerstones of democracy: access to reliable and transparent public information on the internet.}, language = {en}, urldate = {2024-10-17}, journal = {AlgorithmWatch}, author = {Helming, Clara}, month = dec, year = {2023}, keywords = {/unread, Final Draft Additions, Report, Global North}, file = {Snapshot:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/KLTUBE2H/microsofts-bing-source-misinformation-elections.html:text/html}, } @article{bryantFacebookLeadingUs2021, chapter = {Technology}, title = {Is {Facebook} leading us on a journey to the metaverse?}, issn = {0029-7712}, url = {https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2021/sep/26/is-facebook-leading-us-on-a-journey-to-the-metaverse}, abstract = {Nick Clegg will on Monday set out the tech giant’s vision of a virtual world where you can work, shop and ‘live’. But the move is prompting new fears over privacy}, language = {en-GB}, urldate = {2022-04-29}, journal = {The Observer}, author = {Bryant, Miranda}, month = sep, year = {2021}, keywords = {Social media, Internet, Technology, Facebook, Social networking, Mark Zuckerberg, /unread, Final Draft Additions, Ethics, Society, Focus, Life and style, Online dating, Virtual reality}, } @techreport{funkFreedomNet20242024, title = {Freedom on the {Net} 2024: {The} {Struggle} for {Online} {Trust}}, url = {https://freedomhouse.org/sites/default/files/2024-10/FREEDOM-ON-THE-NET-2024-DIGITAL-BOOKLET.pdf}, abstract = {Freedom on the Net is Freedom House’s annual survey and analysis of internet freedom around the world. This cutting-edge project consists of ground-breaking research and analysis, fact-based advocacy, and on-the-ground capacity building. The hallmark of our analysis is the annual Freedom on the Net report. It features a ranked, country-by-country assessment of online freedom, a global overview of the latest developments, as well as in depth country reports.}, language = {en}, urldate = {2024-10-21}, institution = {Freedom House}, author = {Funk, Allie and Vesteinsson, Kian and Baker, Grant}, month = oct, year = {2024}, keywords = {/unread, Final Draft Additions, Global}, file = {Freedom House - 2024 - Freedom on the Net 2024 The Struggle for Online T.pdf:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/HP8ZRYMF/Freedom House - 2024 - Freedom on the Net 2024 The Struggle for Online T.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/5T287ZSY/freedom-net.html:text/html}, } @techreport{harringtonExternalResearcherAccess2024, title = {External researcher access to closed foundation models: {State} of the field and options for improvement}, url = {https://blog.mozilla.org/wp-content/blogs.dir/278/files/2024/10/External-researcher-access-to-closed-foundation-models.pdf}, institution = {AWO supported by Mozilla Foundation}, author = {Harrington, Esme and Vermeulen, Mathias}, year = {2024}, keywords = {/unread, Final Draft Additions}, file = {Harrington and Vermeulen - 2024 - External reearcher access to closed foundation mod.pdf:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/6QWYI5RW/Harrington and Vermeulen - 2024 - External reearcher access to closed foundation mod.pdf:application/pdf}, } @techreport{ainowinstituteRedirectingEuropesAI2024, title = {Redirecting {Europe}'s {AI} {Industrial} {Policy}: {From} {Competitiveness} to {Public} {Interest}}, url = {https://ainowinstitute.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/10/AI-Now_EU-AI-Industrial-Policy_Oct.-2024.pdf}, abstract = {Europe’s nascent industrial policy on AI is gaining steady momentum, potentially allocating significant public and private funds and shaping regulatory actions in ways that will set the trajectory for years to come. This e ort needs urgent public scrutiny. That is where this report intervenes: to ask hard questions of how resources are allocated in these nascent strategies, the process by which priorities will be decided, and most fundamentally, to examine the premises underlying its vision. What kind of (digital) future does Europe want? What role can, and should, AI technologies play? And who will have a say in determining these answers? Rather than accept the narrow and poorly defined motivations of competitiveness and sovereignty that dominate conversations about AI, the authors in this collection redirect towards alternative pathways for Europe’s AI industrial policy- challenging concentrated power in the tech industry rather than entrenching it, and foregrounding benefit to the public and the planet.}, institution = {AI Now Institute}, author = {AI Now Institute}, year = {2024}, keywords = {/unread, Final Draft Additions}, file = {AI Now Institute - 2024 - Redirecting Europe's AI Industrial Policy From Co.pdf:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/JUYC5LZX/AI Now Institute - 2024 - Redirecting Europe's AI Industrial Policy From Co.pdf:application/pdf}, } @techreport{musoniCrossborderDataFlows2024, title = {Cross-border data flows in {Africa}: {Continental} ambitions and political realities}, shorttitle = {Cross-border data flows in {Africa}}, url = {https://ecdpm.org/work/cross-border-data-flows-africa-continental-ambitions-and-political-realities}, abstract = {Melody Musoni, Poorva Karkare and Chloe Teevan argue that to realise the goals of the African Continental Free Trade Area and to drive innovation and AI development, Africa must prioritise data usage and cross-border data sharing. However, national agendas are often prioritised over the broader AU strategy, making the implementation of the continental vision challenging.}, language = {en}, urldate = {2024-10-21}, institution = {ecdpm, funded by the European Union}, author = {Musoni, Melody and Karkare, Poorva and Teevan, Chloe}, month = oct, year = {2024}, keywords = {Global South, /unread, Final Draft Additions}, file = {Cross-border data flows in Africa Continental amb.pdf:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/FJF3EZYH/Cross-border data flows in Africa Continental amb.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/PJDKM2Y2/cross-border-data-flows-africa-continental-ambitions-and-political-realities.html:text/html}, } @book{nardiInformationEcologiesUsing1999, title = {Information ecologies: {Using} technology with heart}, url = {https://direct.mit.edu/books/book/2686/Information-EcologiesUsing-Technology-with-Heart}, publisher = {MIT Press}, author = {Nardi, Bonnie A and O'Day, Vicki}, year = {1999}, keywords = {/unread, Final Draft Additions}, } @article{lanzingTravelingTechnologyPerverted2023, title = {Traveling technology and perverted logics: conceptualizing {Palantir}’s expansion into health as sphere transgression}, volume = {0}, issn = {1369-118X}, shorttitle = {Traveling technology and perverted logics}, url = {https://doi.org/10.1080/1369118X.2023.2279557}, doi = {10.1080/1369118X.2023.2279557}, abstract = {This paper contains a normative interpretation and critique of Palantir’s expansion into the health domain by using the conceptual lens of ‘sphere transgressions’. The technology company, known for its activities in the sphere of security, expanded into the health domain during the pandemic, providing software to monitor the spread of Covid-19. In 2019 Palantir was severely criticized by human rights organizations for its role in Immigration and Customs Enforcement (ICE) under the Trump administration. Activists and politicians worry about Palantir’s move into health. However, critique is often limited to data protection. These concerns fail to grasp the risks and harms of this expansion. In this paper, I explore the risks of Palantir’s expansion into the health sphere using Sharon’s sphere transgressions framework as a conceptual lens and critical tool to understand and judge this move. We should anticipate the risks of no public returns, dominance, and new dependencies. While this might be true for many Big Tech actors, I add that Palantir’s expansion might be particularly pernicious. Palantir’s history reveals the perversion of logics under exclusionary politics in the sphere of security. At the very least, this warrants special vigilance when importing their technologies into the sphere of health. I conclude that the sphere transgressions framework reveals risks beyond data protection regarding Palantir’s expansion into the health domain.}, number = {0}, urldate = {2024-10-21}, journal = {Information, Communication \& Society}, author = {Lanzing, Marjolein}, year = {2023}, note = {Publisher: Routledge \_eprint: https://doi.org/10.1080/1369118X.2023.2279557}, keywords = {/unread, Final Draft Additions, Review, Global North, Big tech expansionism, philosophy of technology, risks, sphere transgression framework}, pages = {1--17}, file = {Full Text PDF:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/3HYXQX5H/Lanzing - Traveling technology and perverted logics concept.pdf:application/pdf}, } @article{introneHealthierInformationEcosystems2024, title = {Healthier information ecosystems: {A} definition and agenda}, volume = {75}, copyright = {© 2024 Association for Information Science and Technology.}, issn = {2330-1643}, shorttitle = {Healthier information ecosystems}, url = {https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/asi.24949}, doi = {10.1002/asi.24949}, abstract = {As digitally enabled information systems play an increasingly central role in culture and economics, their negative consequences have become apparent. This guest editorial addresses the urgent need for information scientists to take a more deliberate stance in designing and guiding the evolution of these systems. We propose a framework for conceptualizing “healthier information ecosystems” by drawing on theories from complex systems and ecological research, grounded in a value-oriented approach. The article reviews key concepts from systems science, complex systems, and ecology, with a focus on ecosystem and adaptation research. These perspectives offer analytical approaches for decomposing information ecosystems and provide a foundation for understanding “health” in the context of evolving, open systems. Unlike natural ecosystems, information ecosystems must be evaluated according to human values; thus, we articulate a set of values as a starting point for defining health in this context. By introducing insights from beyond the field of information systems, we aim to instigate scholarly dialog, connect prior work in new ways, and reveal new opportunities for research and intervention. This connective and argumentative contribution is intended to guide future research and identify solutions to the proliferating problems in our current information ecosystems.}, language = {en}, number = {10}, urldate = {2024-10-22}, journal = {Journal of the Association for Information Science and Technology}, author = {Introne, Joshua and McKernan, Brian and Corsbie-Massay, Charisse L' Pree and Rohlinger, Deana and Tripodi, Francesca Bolla}, year = {2024}, note = {\_eprint: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1002/asi.24949}, keywords = {/unread, Final Draft Additions}, pages = {1025--1040}, file = {Introne et al. - 2024 - Healthier information ecosystems A definition and.pdf:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/X2MN5WET/Introne et al. - 2024 - Healthier information ecosystems A definition and.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/8Z4DA87H/asi.html:text/html}, } @article{riederFabricsMachineModeration2021, title = {The fabrics of machine moderation: {Studying} the technical, normative, and organizational structure of {Perspective} {API}}, volume = {8}, issn = {2053-9517}, shorttitle = {The fabrics of machine moderation}, url = {https://doi.org/10.1177/20539517211046181}, doi = {10.1177/20539517211046181}, abstract = {Over recent years, the stakes and complexity of online content moderation have been steadily raised, swelling from concerns about personal conflict in smaller communities to worries about effects on public life and democracy. Because of the massive growth in online expressions, automated tools based on machine learning are increasingly used to moderate speech. While ‘design-based governance’ through complex algorithmic techniques has come under intense scrutiny, critical research covering algorithmic content moderation is still rare. To add to our understanding of concrete instances of machine moderation, this article examines Perspective API, a system for the automated detection of ‘toxicity’ developed and run by the Google unit Jigsaw that can be used by websites to help moderate their forums and comment sections. The article proceeds in four steps. First, we present our methodological strategy and the empirical materials we were able to draw on, including interviews, documentation, and GitHub repositories. We then summarize our findings along five axes to identify the various threads Perspective API brings together to deliver a working product. The third section discusses two conflicting organizational logics within the project, paying attention to both critique and what can be learned from the specific case at hand. We conclude by arguing that the opposition between ‘human’ and ‘machine’ in speech moderation obscures the many ways these two come together in concrete systems, and suggest that the way forward requires proactive engagement with the design of technologies as well as the institutions they are embedded in.}, language = {en}, number = {2}, urldate = {2024-10-23}, journal = {Big Data \& Society}, author = {Rieder, Bernhard and Skop, Yarden}, month = jul, year = {2021}, note = {Publisher: SAGE Publications Ltd}, keywords = {/unread, Final Draft Additions}, pages = {1--16}, file = {SAGE PDF Full Text:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/TKT7QDYR/Rieder and Skop - 2021 - The fabrics of machine moderation Studying the te.pdf:application/pdf}, } @article{ehrenfeldSharingWorldOthers2020, title = {“{Sharing} a {World} with {Others}”: {Rhetoric}’s {Ecological} {Turn} and the {Transformation} of the {Networked} {Public} {Sphere}}, volume = {50}, issn = {0277-3945}, shorttitle = {“{Sharing} a {World} with {Others}”}, url = {https://doi.org/10.1080/02773945.2020.1813321}, doi = {10.1080/02773945.2020.1813321}, abstract = {This essay investigates the extent to which an “ecological turn” in rhetorical studies—a turn toward systemic understandings of circulation and material interrelation—enables us to understand the ways that rhetors transform the networked public sphere. The essay argues that while ecological models have helped attune us to the complex, ever-shifting interrelations that constitute networked environments, they have demonstrated limitations. Specifically, ecological models have deemphasized (1) the historical specificity of rhetorical ecologies, (2) the role that social imaginaries play in structuring rhetorical ecologies, and (3) the ways that rhetors collectively invest in transforming rhetorical ecologies. Drawing on a qualitative study of activism on Twitter, this essay advocates the development of an infrastructural politics, an approach that emphasizes the ecological qualities of public rhetoric—dispersion, complexity, and emergence—while also attuning us to the collective and ethical dimensions of practicing rhetoric in today’s networked public sphere.}, number = {5}, urldate = {2024-10-23}, journal = {Rhetoric Society Quarterly}, author = {Ehrenfeld, Dan}, month = oct, year = {2020}, note = {Publisher: Routledge \_eprint: https://doi.org/10.1080/02773945.2020.1813321}, keywords = {public sphere, Activism, digital, /unread, Final Draft Additions, circulation, rhetoric}, pages = {305--320}, file = {Full Text PDF:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/HJGVDXSM/Ehrenfeld - 2020 - “Sharing a World with Others” Rhetoric’s Ecologic.pdf:application/pdf}, } @incollection{mouffeDemocracyPowerPolitical1966, title = {Democracy, {Power}, and the ‘{Political}'}, booktitle = {Democracy and {Difference}: {Contesting} the {Boundaries} of the {Political}}, publisher = {Princeton University Press}, author = {Mouffe, Chantal}, editor = {Benhabib, Seyla}, year = {1966}, keywords = {/unread, Final Draft Additions}, pages = {245--256}, } @article{splichalPublicSphereTwilight2022, title = {The public sphere in the twilight zone of publicness}, volume = {37}, issn = {0267-3231}, url = {https://doi.org/10.1177/02673231211061490}, doi = {10.1177/02673231211061490}, abstract = {The article discusses the reasons and conditions for the rise and fall of the popularity of the public sphere concept in scholarly discourse in four parts. The first part examines the peculiar circumstances of the emergence of the concept of the public sphere, and its rapid and widespread adoption in the social sciences. The second part discusses the complexity of the concept “Öffentlichkeit” and its English proxy “the public sphere,” and the contemporary critique of its ideological predispositions. The third part focuses on the liberalization and (operational) banalization of the concept. The final part suggests ways in which social scientists could respond critically to the challenges outlined earlier and reintegrate publicness, the public, and the public sphere into the analysis.}, language = {en}, number = {2}, urldate = {2024-10-23}, journal = {European Journal of Communication}, author = {Splichal, Slavko}, month = apr, year = {2022}, note = {Publisher: SAGE Publications Ltd}, keywords = {/unread, Final Draft Additions}, pages = {198--215}, file = {SAGE PDF Full Text:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/YG3TVID5/Splichal - 2022 - The public sphere in the twilight zone of publicne.pdf:application/pdf}, } @incollection{stetkaRiseIlliberalPublic2024, address = {Cham}, title = {The {Rise} of the {Illiberal} {Public} {Sphere}}, copyright = {https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0}, isbn = {978-3-031-54488-0 978-3-031-54489-7}, url = {https://link.springer.com/10.1007/978-3-031-54489-7}, language = {en}, urldate = {2024-10-23}, booktitle = {The {Illiberal} {Public} {Sphere}: {Media} in {Polarized} {Societies}}, publisher = {Springer Nature Switzerland}, author = {Štětka, Václav and Mihelj, Sabina}, year = {2024}, doi = {10.1007/978-3-031-54489-7}, keywords = {social media, disinformation, conspiracy theories, /unread, Final Draft Additions, Open Access, illiberal public sphere, incivility, polarized audiences}, pages = {25--59}, file = {Full Text PDF:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/C5XPWMYM/Štětka and Mihelj - 2024 - The Illiberal Public Sphere Media in Polarized So.pdf:application/pdf}, } @book{desousasantosEndCognitiveEmpire2018, address = {Durham, NC}, title = {The {End} of the {Cognitive} {Empire}: {The} {Coming} of {Age} of {Epistemologies} of the {South}}, isbn = {978-1-4780-0015-0}, shorttitle = {The {End} of the {Cognitive} {Empire}}, url = {https://www.dukeupress.edu/the-end-of-the-cognitive-empire}, abstract = {In The End of the Cognitive Empire Boaventura de Sousa Santos further develops his concept of the "epistemologies of the South," in which he outlines a theoretical, methodological, and pedagogical framework for challenging the dominance of Eurocentric thought. As a collection of knowledges born of and anchored in the experiences of marginalized peoples who actively resist capitalism, colonialism, and patriarchy, epistemologies of the South represent those forms of knowledge that are generally discredited, erased, and ignored by dominant cultures of the global North. Noting the declining efficacy of established social and political solutions to combat inequality and discrimination, Santos suggests that global justice can only come about through an epistemological shift that guarantees cognitive justice. Such a shift would create new, alternative strategies for political mobilization and activism and give oppressed social groups the means through which to represent the world as their own and in their own terms.}, publisher = {Duke University Press}, author = {de Sousa Santos, Boaventura}, year = {2018}, keywords = {Global South, /unread, Final Draft Additions}, } @misc{royEventSummaryPoverty2004, title = {Event {Summary}: {Poverty} and the {Right} to {Know}}, shorttitle = {Event {Summary}}, url = {https://www.brookings.edu/articles/event-summary-poverty-and-the-right-to-know/}, abstract = {Event summary of the Brookings Forum on the right-to-information movement in India. (10/28/04)}, language = {en-US}, urldate = {2024-10-26}, journal = {Brookings}, author = {Roy, Aruna}, year = {2004}, keywords = {Global South, /unread, Final Draft Additions}, file = {Snapshot:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/N3B29YK7/event-summary-poverty-and-the-right-to-know.html:text/html}, } @article{grantTypologyReviewsAnalysis2009, title = {A typology of reviews: an analysis of 14 review types and associated methodologies}, volume = {26}, issn = {1471-1842}, shorttitle = {A typology of reviews}, url = {https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1471-1842.2009.00848.x}, doi = {10.1111/j.1471-1842.2009.00848.x}, abstract = {Background and objectives: The expansion of evidence-based practice across sectors has lead to an increasing variety of review types. However, the diversity of terminology used means that the full potential of these review types may be lost amongst a confusion of indistinct and misapplied terms. The objective of this study is to provide descriptive insight into the most common types of reviews, with illustrative examples from health and health information domains. Methods: Following scoping searches, an examination was made of the vocabulary associated with the literature of review and synthesis (literary warrant). A simple analytical framework—Search, AppraisaL, Synthesis and Analysis (SALSA)—was used to examine the main review types. Results: Fourteen review types and associated methodologies were analysed against the SALSA framework, illustrating the inputs and processes of each review type. A description of the key characteristics is given, together with perceived strengths and weaknesses. A limited number of review types are currently utilized within the health information domain. Conclusions: Few review types possess prescribed and explicit methodologies and many fall short of being mutually exclusive. Notwithstanding such limitations, this typology provides a valuable reference point for those commissioning, conducting, supporting or interpreting reviews, both within health information and the wider health care domain.}, language = {en}, number = {2}, urldate = {2024-10-30}, journal = {Health Information \& Libraries Journal}, author = {Grant, Maria J. and Booth, Andrew}, year = {2009}, note = {\_eprint: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1111/j.1471-1842.2009.00848.x}, keywords = {/unread, Final Draft Additions}, pages = {91--108}, file = {Full text:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/JM7ZRPG2/Grant e Booth - 2009 - A typology of reviews an analysis of 14 review ty.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/E3QF3BTJ/j.1471-1842.2009.00848.html:text/html}, } @book{higginsCochraneHandbookSystematic2024, title = {Cochrane {Handbook} for {Systematic} {Reviews} of {Interventions}, version 6.5}, url = {https://training.cochrane.org/handbook/current}, publisher = {Cochrane Training}, editor = {Higgins, Julian and Thomas, James and Chandler, Jacqueline and Cumpston, Miranda and Li, Tianjing and Page, Matthew and Welch, Vivian}, year = {2024}, keywords = {/unread, Final Draft Additions}, } @techreport{unitednationssecretarygeneralUnitedNationsStrategy2019, title = {United {Nations} {Strategy} and {Plan} of {Action} on {Hate} {Speech}}, url = {https://www.un.org/en/genocideprevention/documents/advising-and-mobilizing/Action_plan_on_hate_speech_EN.pdf}, institution = {United Nations}, author = {United Nations Secretary General}, month = may, year = {2019}, keywords = {/unread, Final Draft Additions, Global}, file = {United Nations Secretary General - 2019 - United Nations Strategy and Plan of Action on Hate.pdf:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/IYVRLJ6B/United Nations Secretary General - 2019 - United Nations Strategy and Plan of Action on Hate.pdf:application/pdf}, } @article{katzTwoStepFlowCommunication1957, title = {The {Two}-{Step} {Flow} of {Communication}: {An} {Up}-{To}-{Date} {Report} on an {Hypothesis}}, volume = {21}, issn = {0033-362X}, shorttitle = {The {Two}-{Step} {Flow} of {Communication}}, url = {https://doi.org/10.1086/266687}, doi = {10.1086/266687}, abstract = {The hypothesis that “ideas often flow from radio and print to opinion leaders and from these to the less active sections of the population” has been tested in several successive studies. Each study has attempted a different solution to the problem of how to take account of interpersonal relations in the traditional design of survey research. As a result, the original hypothesis is largely corroborated and considerably refined}, number = {1}, urldate = {2024-11-17}, journal = {Public Opinion Quarterly}, author = {Katz, Elihu}, month = jan, year = {1957}, keywords = {/unread, Final Draft Additions}, pages = {61--78}, file = {Snapshot:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/JCX6XYZX/1886822.html:text/html}, } @misc{ningUserLLMEfficientLLM2024, title = {User-{LLM}: {Efficient} {LLM} {Contextualization} with {User} {Embeddings}}, shorttitle = {User-{LLM}}, url = {http://arxiv.org/abs/2402.13598}, doi = {10.48550/arXiv.2402.13598}, abstract = {Large language models (LLMs) have achieved remarkable success across various domains, but effectively incorporating complex and potentially noisy user timeline data into LLMs remains a challenge. Current approaches often involve translating user timelines into text descriptions before feeding them to LLMs, which can be inefficient and may not fully capture the nuances of user behavior. Inspired by how LLMs are effectively integrated with images through direct embeddings, we propose User-LLM, a novel framework that leverages user embeddings to directly contextualize LLMs with user history interactions. These embeddings, generated by a user encoder pretrained using self-supervised learning on diverse user interactions, capture latent user behaviors and interests as well as their evolution over time. We integrate these user embeddings with LLMs through cross-attention, enabling LLMs to dynamically adapt their responses based on the context of a user's past actions and preferences. Our approach achieves significant efficiency gains by representing user timelines directly as embeddings, leading to substantial inference speedups of up to 78.1X. Comprehensive experiments on MovieLens, Amazon Review, and Google Local Review datasets demonstrate that User-LLM outperforms text-prompt-based contextualization on tasks requiring deep user understanding, with improvements of up to 16.33\%, particularly excelling on long sequences that capture subtle shifts in user behavior. Furthermore, the incorporation of Perceiver layers streamlines the integration between user encoders and LLMs, yielding additional computational savings.}, urldate = {2024-11-16}, publisher = {arXiv}, author = {Ning, Lin and Liu, Luyang and Wu, Jiaxing and Wu, Neo and Berlowitz, Devora and Prakash, Sushant and Green, Bradley and O'Banion, Shawn and Xie, Jun}, month = sep, year = {2024}, note = {arXiv:2402.13598}, keywords = {Computer Science - Computation and Language, Computer Science - Artificial Intelligence, Computer Science - Machine Learning, /unread, Final Draft Additions}, file = {Preprint PDF:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/TYVJLFQM/Ning et al. - 2024 - User-LLM Efficient LLM Contextualization with Use.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/F6KSJSHS/2402.html:text/html}, } @techreport{usgovernmentNationalArtificialIntelligence2020, title = {National {Artificial} {Intelligence} {Initiative} {Act} of 2020}, url = {https://www.aip.org/sites/default/files/aipcorp/images/fyi/pdf/national-ai-initiative-act-final.pdf}, institution = {US Government H. R. 6395-1136, Division E.}, author = {US Government}, year = {2020}, keywords = {/unread, Final Draft Additions}, file = {US Government - 2020 - National Artificial Intelligence Initiative Act of.pdf:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/KG6EUG69/US Government - 2020 - National Artificial Intelligence Initiative Act of.pdf:application/pdf}, } @article{shapiroTransnationalNetworksLiteracy2019, title = {Transnational {Networks} of {Literacy} and {Materiality}: {Coltan}, {Sexual} {Violence}, and {Digital} {Literacy}}, volume = {82}, issn = {0010-0994, 2161-8178}, shorttitle = {Transnational {Networks} of {Literacy} and {Materiality}}, url = {https://publicationsncte.org/content/journals/10.58680/ce201930626}, doi = {10.58680/ce201930626}, abstract = {Welcome to the new NCTE Publications site, your gateway to NCTE journals, ebooks, and the Council Chronicle.}, language = {en}, number = {2}, urldate = {2024-11-16}, journal = {College English}, author = {Shapiro, Rachael}, month = nov, year = {2019}, note = {Publisher: NCTE}, keywords = {Global South, /unread, Final Draft Additions}, pages = {204--225}, file = {Shapiro - 2019 - Transnational Networks of Literacy and Materiality.pdf:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/V7KWULUH/Shapiro - 2019 - Transnational Networks of Literacy and Materiality.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/95CX5PQK/ce201930626.html:text/html}, } @article{chenHIPAASecurityCompliance2017, title = {{HIPAA} security compliance challenges: {The} case for small healthcare providers}, volume = {10}, issn = {2047-9700}, shorttitle = {{HIPAA} security compliance challenges}, url = {https://doi.org/10.1080/20479700.2016.1270875}, doi = {10.1080/20479700.2016.1270875}, abstract = {More than 60\% of physicians in the U.S. practice as small healthcare providers. The realm of small healthcare providers includes dental offices, orthodontists, chiropractors, massage therapists, optometrists, long-term care facilities and other small, independent clinics that typically have 1 –30 employees. While studies have reported variable levels of Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA) information security (InfoSec) compliance among hospitals and large medical facilities (Anthony DL, Appari A, Johnson ME. Institutionalizing HIPAA compliance: Organizations and competing logics in U.S. health care. J Health Soc Behav 2014;55(1):108–24; Brady, JW. Securing health care: Assessing factors that affect HIPAA security compliance in academic medical centers. Proceedings of the 2011 44th Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences, Manoa, Hawaii; 2011.), small healthcare providers face even more challenges in their effort to be HIPAA compliant. This paper will use a case study to examine factors that affect the small healthcare providers’ effort in meeting HIPAA InfoSec compliance. The paper also discusses services and technologies available to them to become compliant and how they can maintain continued compliance once they become compliant. Both a process model and an action compass are proposed to guide small healthcare providers. This case study provides support to existing compliance theories. The proposed guidance is useful for not only small healthcare providers but also mid-sized and large businesses in general.}, number = {2}, urldate = {2024-11-16}, journal = {International Journal of Healthcare Management}, author = {Chen, Jim Q. and Benusa, Allen}, month = apr, year = {2017}, note = {Publisher: Taylor \& Francis \_eprint: https://doi.org/10.1080/20479700.2016.1270875}, keywords = {/unread, Final Draft Additions, Healthcare, HIPAA, Information security management, Regulatory compliance}, pages = {135--146}, file = {Full Text PDF:/Users/giovanni/Zotero/storage/CNKLF25W/Chen and Benusa - 2017 - HIPAA security compliance challenges The case for.pdf:application/pdf}, }